1 00:00:01,200 --> 00:00:04,160 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class from how 2 00:00:04,240 --> 00:00:13,960 Speaker 1: Stuff Works dot com. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. 3 00:00:14,080 --> 00:00:17,599 Speaker 1: I'm Tracy Vee Wilson and I'm Holly fry. So. We've 4 00:00:17,600 --> 00:00:19,400 Speaker 1: got a lot of requests over the years to talk 5 00:00:19,440 --> 00:00:23,360 Speaker 1: about the Backuppian Revolt. We've also had a lot of 6 00:00:23,600 --> 00:00:27,440 Speaker 1: good intentions over the last few years to talk about it. 7 00:00:27,440 --> 00:00:30,400 Speaker 1: It's the historical event that's connected to the Jewish holiday 8 00:00:30,400 --> 00:00:34,720 Speaker 1: of Hanka, and two things have thwarted our plans to 9 00:00:34,760 --> 00:00:37,680 Speaker 1: talk about this repeatedly. And the first is that since 10 00:00:37,720 --> 00:00:42,440 Speaker 1: Hanakah falls on the Jewish calendar, which doesn't sync up 11 00:00:42,520 --> 00:00:47,640 Speaker 1: with the Gregorian calendar. Uh, I kept being surprised by 12 00:00:47,680 --> 00:00:51,400 Speaker 1: the fact that Hanka was imminent every year or or 13 00:00:51,560 --> 00:00:56,279 Speaker 1: head started. That's always mine already, Yeah, I didn't know um. 14 00:00:56,400 --> 00:01:01,600 Speaker 1: And also because this historic iCal event is in a 15 00:01:01,680 --> 00:01:04,960 Speaker 1: piece of ancient history that doesn't get as much coverage 16 00:01:04,959 --> 00:01:08,200 Speaker 1: in a lot of classrooms. When I would be surprised 17 00:01:08,240 --> 00:01:11,319 Speaker 1: by the eminent arrival of Hanukah, I would also realize 18 00:01:11,319 --> 00:01:14,039 Speaker 1: I just did not have enough foundational knowledge to be 19 00:01:14,080 --> 00:01:16,560 Speaker 1: able to put an episode together in that period of time. 20 00:01:16,640 --> 00:01:20,880 Speaker 1: Because it's this is after Alexander the Great and before Rome. 21 00:01:21,080 --> 00:01:23,759 Speaker 1: So it's in the it's in the Hellenistic period. So 22 00:01:24,760 --> 00:01:26,600 Speaker 1: that is just one of the places that I have 23 00:01:26,720 --> 00:01:31,840 Speaker 1: not had a whole whole bunch of history education. Um 24 00:01:31,920 --> 00:01:35,720 Speaker 1: My ancient history education kind of went Mesopotamia, Ancient Egypt, 25 00:01:35,760 --> 00:01:40,880 Speaker 1: Classical Greece, Rome, and skipped the Hellenistic period almost entirely. Uh. 26 00:01:40,920 --> 00:01:44,640 Speaker 1: This year, however, I had my act together ahead of time, 27 00:01:45,240 --> 00:01:49,040 Speaker 1: Ye Tracy, so we finally have our episode on the 28 00:01:49,080 --> 00:01:55,080 Speaker 1: Macabean Revolt. Uh. I will say that every Hanakah observance 29 00:01:55,120 --> 00:01:58,200 Speaker 1: I have ever been to is just full of warmth 30 00:01:58,280 --> 00:02:01,640 Speaker 1: and love and comfort and light, and it's it all 31 00:02:01,680 --> 00:02:05,440 Speaker 1: feels very beautiful and friendly. And this history is not 32 00:02:05,600 --> 00:02:10,200 Speaker 1: really that. So if you're coming into this episode expecting 33 00:02:10,240 --> 00:02:12,600 Speaker 1: like a story of warmth and love and triumph, this 34 00:02:12,639 --> 00:02:15,040 Speaker 1: is not really going to be that. And then also, 35 00:02:15,520 --> 00:02:18,519 Speaker 1: having heard multiple experts pronounce a lot of the names 36 00:02:18,560 --> 00:02:22,160 Speaker 1: in this episode completely differently from one another, I'm just 37 00:02:22,200 --> 00:02:25,880 Speaker 1: gonna have a blanket apology in advance. I'm sorry if 38 00:02:25,880 --> 00:02:27,760 Speaker 1: we land on the one that's either not how you 39 00:02:27,840 --> 00:02:31,200 Speaker 1: say it or is just not right. I really did 40 00:02:31,240 --> 00:02:35,320 Speaker 1: have just contradictory responses and how to to say a 41 00:02:35,400 --> 00:02:39,679 Speaker 1: lot of these words and names. Alexander the Third of Macedon, 42 00:02:39,840 --> 00:02:43,760 Speaker 1: also known as Alexander the Great, famously built a massive 43 00:02:43,840 --> 00:02:48,000 Speaker 1: empire through a series of conquests, including conquering the Persian 44 00:02:48,040 --> 00:02:52,000 Speaker 1: Empire in the fourth century b C. And at its height, 45 00:02:52,400 --> 00:02:56,440 Speaker 1: this empire included a huge swath of territory around the Mediterranean, 46 00:02:56,560 --> 00:02:59,720 Speaker 1: Energy and Ceas, and then it stretched west across what's 47 00:02:59,760 --> 00:03:05,200 Speaker 1: now Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. Greek culture also spread 48 00:03:05,200 --> 00:03:10,600 Speaker 1: through and influenced Alexander's territory to varying degrees. Even before 49 00:03:10,680 --> 00:03:15,880 Speaker 1: Alexander's death in early June of three BC, this massive 50 00:03:16,080 --> 00:03:19,800 Speaker 1: empire was starting to fracture, and after he died, his 51 00:03:19,919 --> 00:03:24,000 Speaker 1: generals divided it up among themselves. The two most relevant 52 00:03:24,000 --> 00:03:27,359 Speaker 1: to what we're talking about today both controlled territory along 53 00:03:27,400 --> 00:03:31,000 Speaker 1: the eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea. These were the 54 00:03:31,040 --> 00:03:35,160 Speaker 1: Seleucid Empire, named for Seleucis Nicotour to the north, and 55 00:03:35,200 --> 00:03:39,160 Speaker 1: the Ptolemaic Kingdom, named for Ptolemy first Soto, to the south. 56 00:03:40,200 --> 00:03:44,680 Speaker 1: At first, the Sleucid Empire controlled what is now Israel, Lebanon, Syria, 57 00:03:44,760 --> 00:03:48,080 Speaker 1: and Jordan's and from there this territory stretched east to 58 00:03:48,160 --> 00:03:52,520 Speaker 1: Central Asia. In the Ptolemaic Kingdom primarily controlled what's now 59 00:03:52,600 --> 00:03:56,720 Speaker 1: northern Egypt, including the city of Alexandria. Even though the 60 00:03:56,760 --> 00:04:00,440 Speaker 1: Ptolemaic kingdom was initially much smaller, it was also one 61 00:04:00,480 --> 00:04:03,240 Speaker 1: of the most prosperous and influential of all of the 62 00:04:03,240 --> 00:04:08,120 Speaker 1: Hellenistic kingdoms, with Alexandria becoming one of the most important cities. 63 00:04:09,040 --> 00:04:12,400 Speaker 1: Perhaps unsurprisingly, these two neighbors spent a lot of time 64 00:04:12,440 --> 00:04:15,600 Speaker 1: at war with each other over territory, including who would 65 00:04:15,600 --> 00:04:19,400 Speaker 1: control Syria and the Levant in the eastern Mediterranean. This 66 00:04:19,640 --> 00:04:23,120 Speaker 1: ongoing struggle played out in spite of a number of 67 00:04:23,160 --> 00:04:27,200 Speaker 1: diplomatic and family connections that existed between the Ptolemys and 68 00:04:27,200 --> 00:04:30,839 Speaker 1: the Seleucids, and the fact that both Ptolemy and Seleucists 69 00:04:30,920 --> 00:04:36,120 Speaker 1: themselves had teamed up together against rival h and Antigonus, 70 00:04:36,160 --> 00:04:41,760 Speaker 1: the first just after Alexander's death. During many of these wars, Judea, 71 00:04:41,880 --> 00:04:44,479 Speaker 1: which is the area between the Mediterranean Sea on one 72 00:04:44,520 --> 00:04:47,240 Speaker 1: side and the Dead Sea on the other, was caught 73 00:04:47,240 --> 00:04:49,799 Speaker 1: in the crossfire, and it was passed back and forth 74 00:04:49,839 --> 00:04:54,320 Speaker 1: between the Ptolemy's and the Seleucids as the territory changed hands. 75 00:04:55,800 --> 00:04:59,120 Speaker 1: The city of Jerusalem, which is important some multiple religions, 76 00:04:59,120 --> 00:05:03,880 Speaker 1: including Judaea, the Christianity and Islam, is also located in Judea, 77 00:05:03,960 --> 00:05:06,920 Speaker 1: although at the time we're discussing today, Christianity and Islam 78 00:05:07,120 --> 00:05:10,760 Speaker 1: both had not yet been founded. Jerusalem had been home 79 00:05:10,800 --> 00:05:14,040 Speaker 1: to Solomon's Temple, also known as the First Temple, which 80 00:05:14,080 --> 00:05:16,880 Speaker 1: was destroyed in five eighties seven b c E, and 81 00:05:16,920 --> 00:05:18,960 Speaker 1: at the time that this story takes place, it was 82 00:05:19,000 --> 00:05:21,719 Speaker 1: home to the Second Temple, built in roughly five twenty 83 00:05:21,800 --> 00:05:25,760 Speaker 1: b C. These temples are of enormous religious, spiritual, and 84 00:05:25,800 --> 00:05:30,279 Speaker 1: social importance in Judaism. During the Fifth Syrian War, which 85 00:05:30,320 --> 00:05:34,800 Speaker 1: spanned from two oh two to one, the Soleucids soundly 86 00:05:34,880 --> 00:05:39,000 Speaker 1: defeated the Ptolemy's at the Battle of Panias or Banias, 87 00:05:39,040 --> 00:05:42,240 Speaker 1: also known as the Battle of Panium, and the details 88 00:05:42,360 --> 00:05:45,560 Speaker 1: of the battle itself are mostly lost to time, but 89 00:05:45,640 --> 00:05:48,760 Speaker 1: we do know that following this defeat, the Ptolemy's lost 90 00:05:48,839 --> 00:05:53,760 Speaker 1: most of their territory in the Lavant, including Judea. At first, 91 00:05:54,000 --> 00:05:57,440 Speaker 1: the region's Jewish population continued to live mostly as they 92 00:05:57,480 --> 00:06:00,720 Speaker 1: had been. Many of the Ptolemaic leaders who had controlled 93 00:06:00,760 --> 00:06:04,600 Speaker 1: Judea had been relatively tolerant of religious diversity. There was 94 00:06:04,839 --> 00:06:08,039 Speaker 1: definitely a social hierarchy at play, with the Greeks having 95 00:06:08,120 --> 00:06:11,120 Speaker 1: higher social and economic status than everyone else, but for 96 00:06:11,160 --> 00:06:15,200 Speaker 1: the most part, throughout the Ptolemaic Kingdom, people were allowed 97 00:06:15,200 --> 00:06:20,680 Speaker 1: religious freedom and expression. For example, under Ptolemaic rule, native 98 00:06:20,720 --> 00:06:24,760 Speaker 1: Egyptian religious traditions continued to be upheld, and newly built 99 00:06:24,839 --> 00:06:28,760 Speaker 1: Greek temples and other religious sites often drew inspiration from 100 00:06:28,760 --> 00:06:32,839 Speaker 1: Egyptian deities. The city of Alexandria in the Ptolemaic Kingdom 101 00:06:32,920 --> 00:06:36,200 Speaker 1: also had a sizable Jewish population, and it was in 102 00:06:36,279 --> 00:06:39,479 Speaker 1: Alexandria that the Torah was translated into Greek for the 103 00:06:39,520 --> 00:06:44,120 Speaker 1: first time. The degree to which Jews in Alexandria and 104 00:06:44,120 --> 00:06:48,239 Speaker 1: elsewhere in in Ptolemaic territories spoke Greek and adopted Greek 105 00:06:48,279 --> 00:06:51,839 Speaker 1: customs really really varied from community to community, in person 106 00:06:51,920 --> 00:06:55,120 Speaker 1: to person. There were, of course, a lot of different 107 00:06:55,160 --> 00:06:58,880 Speaker 1: schools of thought about how much assimilation with Greek culture 108 00:06:59,000 --> 00:07:03,760 Speaker 1: was acceptable. Some Jewish religious religious leaders advocated for a 109 00:07:03,800 --> 00:07:07,919 Speaker 1: total rejection of all things Greek, while others thought that 110 00:07:08,080 --> 00:07:11,400 Speaker 1: some degree of assimilation was fine as long as certain 111 00:07:11,800 --> 00:07:16,640 Speaker 1: Jewish laws and customs were still upheld. Later on, Jewish 112 00:07:16,720 --> 00:07:20,040 Speaker 1: religious texts written during this period would be viewed with 113 00:07:20,120 --> 00:07:24,440 Speaker 1: some suspicion because of this Greek influence. So that was 114 00:07:24,480 --> 00:07:27,480 Speaker 1: before the Fifth Syrian War and the Battle of Penias. 115 00:07:28,240 --> 00:07:31,200 Speaker 1: After Judea became part of the Seleucid Empire, at first 116 00:07:31,560 --> 00:07:35,400 Speaker 1: things stayed more or less the same. Seleucid rule continued 117 00:07:35,480 --> 00:07:40,320 Speaker 1: to allow free observance of the Jewish religion. Antiochus the Third, 118 00:07:40,520 --> 00:07:43,520 Speaker 1: also known as Antiochus the Great, then ruler of the 119 00:07:43,560 --> 00:07:47,320 Speaker 1: Seleucid Empire, helped rebuild parts of Jerusalem that had been 120 00:07:47,400 --> 00:07:51,000 Speaker 1: damaged or destroyed in the war. He suspended taxes in 121 00:07:51,120 --> 00:07:54,520 Speaker 1: Jerusalem for three years and banned the import of animals 122 00:07:54,520 --> 00:07:59,080 Speaker 1: that were unfit for consumption under Jewish law into Jerusalem. 123 00:07:59,120 --> 00:08:03,080 Speaker 1: He also allowed Jewish population of Jerusalem to govern itself 124 00:08:03,160 --> 00:08:08,880 Speaker 1: according to Jewish law. However, all that changed radically after 125 00:08:08,920 --> 00:08:12,480 Speaker 1: the death of Antiocus the Third. He was succeeded by 126 00:08:12,520 --> 00:08:16,880 Speaker 1: his son Selucius the Fourth, who was then assassinated by 127 00:08:16,880 --> 00:08:19,000 Speaker 1: one of his ministers who tried to take the throne 128 00:08:19,000 --> 00:08:24,200 Speaker 1: for himself, and ti Acas the Fourth Epiphanies, another of Antiocus, 129 00:08:24,280 --> 00:08:26,920 Speaker 1: the Third Sons, managed to take control of the Selucid 130 00:08:26,960 --> 00:08:30,600 Speaker 1: Empire in one seventy b C. And his ideas on 131 00:08:30,640 --> 00:08:34,160 Speaker 1: religious freedom were completely different than Antocus the Thirds had 132 00:08:34,200 --> 00:08:37,640 Speaker 1: been completely different than the Ptolemy's had been. Basically, it 133 00:08:37,720 --> 00:08:41,560 Speaker 1: was a huge shift from what had been going on 134 00:08:41,600 --> 00:08:45,800 Speaker 1: in Judea over the hundreds of years and many not hundreds, 135 00:08:45,840 --> 00:08:48,440 Speaker 1: but over the many decades and wars that had seen 136 00:08:48,480 --> 00:08:54,200 Speaker 1: it passed back and forth between different ruling empires over time. 137 00:08:55,400 --> 00:08:58,080 Speaker 1: We are going to talk about exactly how after a 138 00:08:58,200 --> 00:09:07,920 Speaker 1: quick word from a sponsor, Antiochus the Fourth wanted to 139 00:09:07,920 --> 00:09:11,600 Speaker 1: restore the Seleucid Empire to its former grandeur, and to 140 00:09:11,679 --> 00:09:15,920 Speaker 1: that end he started actively promoting and even requiring explicitly 141 00:09:16,000 --> 00:09:20,240 Speaker 1: Greek customs, language, and ideals. All the people in his 142 00:09:20,320 --> 00:09:23,440 Speaker 1: empire should be one people, and their culture should be Greek. 143 00:09:24,160 --> 00:09:28,680 Speaker 1: Monotheistic religions, including Judaism, were expected to abandon their own 144 00:09:28,720 --> 00:09:33,120 Speaker 1: customs and practices and instead begin worshiping the Greek Pantheon 145 00:09:33,280 --> 00:09:37,120 Speaker 1: of Gods. The high priest at the Jewish Temple had 146 00:09:37,160 --> 00:09:41,720 Speaker 1: been resisting Greek influence, so Antiochus replaced him with his brother, 147 00:09:42,080 --> 00:09:46,680 Speaker 1: that's the priest brother, not Antiochus's brother, with his brother Jason. 148 00:09:47,320 --> 00:09:50,320 Speaker 1: Jason had hellenized his own name from Hebrew, and he 149 00:09:50,440 --> 00:09:54,640 Speaker 1: built a Greek style gymnasium adjacent to the temple. A 150 00:09:54,760 --> 00:09:57,679 Speaker 1: gymnasium in Greece was a gathering place and a training 151 00:09:57,720 --> 00:10:00,480 Speaker 1: facility for athletes, and it was also an emblem of 152 00:10:00,480 --> 00:10:05,000 Speaker 1: Greek culture, and men who used the gymnasium did so naked. 153 00:10:05,559 --> 00:10:08,920 Speaker 1: This is a problem because nudity, especially public nudity, was 154 00:10:08,960 --> 00:10:12,600 Speaker 1: against Jewish law, so building this gymnasium near the temple 155 00:10:12,720 --> 00:10:16,240 Speaker 1: was not only a reminder of Greek supremacy, but also 156 00:10:16,360 --> 00:10:18,600 Speaker 1: something that was abhorrent in the eyes of many of 157 00:10:18,600 --> 00:10:20,720 Speaker 1: the people who were going to the temple for both 158 00:10:20,760 --> 00:10:25,840 Speaker 1: social and religious reasons. Jason was later replaced by Menelaois, 159 00:10:25,880 --> 00:10:29,360 Speaker 1: also a Hellenizer who continued to promote Greek ideas and 160 00:10:29,400 --> 00:10:33,719 Speaker 1: customs among the Jewish population. In one sixty eight b c. 161 00:10:34,280 --> 00:10:38,160 Speaker 1: Antiochus was away fighting the sixth Syrian War in Egypt, 162 00:10:38,520 --> 00:10:41,000 Speaker 1: and rumors started to spread that he had been killed. 163 00:10:41,800 --> 00:10:45,280 Speaker 1: This prompted some of Jerusalem's more traditional Jewish population to 164 00:10:45,360 --> 00:10:49,800 Speaker 1: rebel against Menelaois, who fled the city. When Antiochus returned 165 00:10:49,800 --> 00:10:52,760 Speaker 1: to Jerusalem and learned what had happened, he was outraged 166 00:10:52,840 --> 00:10:57,240 Speaker 1: and ordered his army to attack the Jewish population. Thousands 167 00:10:57,280 --> 00:11:02,040 Speaker 1: were killed or enslaved, and Tiakis then issued a decree 168 00:11:02,080 --> 00:11:08,320 Speaker 1: outlying Judaism. He specifically forbade Jewish religious observances and customs. 169 00:11:08,360 --> 00:11:11,720 Speaker 1: He outlawed Jewish modes of worship and observances of the 170 00:11:11,760 --> 00:11:15,400 Speaker 1: Sabbath and Jewish festivals, and he also outlawed the practice 171 00:11:15,400 --> 00:11:20,440 Speaker 1: of circumcision. The decree also required Jews to sacrifice pigs 172 00:11:20,480 --> 00:11:24,160 Speaker 1: to Greek idols, and the Second Temple was re dedicated 173 00:11:24,200 --> 00:11:27,800 Speaker 1: to the Greek god Zeus. Failure to obey all of 174 00:11:27,800 --> 00:11:31,920 Speaker 1: this was punishable by death, and many Jews, possibly thousands 175 00:11:31,960 --> 00:11:36,520 Speaker 1: of them, were martyred as a result. Although this decree 176 00:11:36,679 --> 00:11:40,320 Speaker 1: stood in direct opposition to Jewish law, a portion of 177 00:11:40,360 --> 00:11:43,960 Speaker 1: the Jewish community did follow it. Many but not all, 178 00:11:44,040 --> 00:11:48,040 Speaker 1: certainly did so under extreme darrists, but people who had 179 00:11:48,080 --> 00:11:51,600 Speaker 1: not considered Hellenization to be bad or threatening often followed 180 00:11:51,600 --> 00:11:56,000 Speaker 1: the law willingly. This meant that soon the most traditionalist 181 00:11:56,040 --> 00:11:59,200 Speaker 1: parts of the Jewish population were at odds both with 182 00:11:59,240 --> 00:12:03,480 Speaker 1: the Seleucid and with Hellenistic Jews who willingly followed the law. 183 00:12:04,800 --> 00:12:08,240 Speaker 1: An ti Akis's decree was not just directed at the 184 00:12:08,280 --> 00:12:12,360 Speaker 1: city of Jerusalem. It also applied to all of Salucid territory, 185 00:12:12,440 --> 00:12:15,240 Speaker 1: and he sent armed officers from town to town to 186 00:12:15,400 --> 00:12:20,240 Speaker 1: enforce it. This included This included demanding that priests publicly 187 00:12:20,280 --> 00:12:24,520 Speaker 1: make sacrifices to Greek idols or consumed pork, under penalty 188 00:12:24,520 --> 00:12:28,600 Speaker 1: of death if they refused. During this time, a Jewish 189 00:12:28,640 --> 00:12:32,760 Speaker 1: priestly family led by Patriarch matt at Yahoo or Matthias 190 00:12:32,840 --> 00:12:35,600 Speaker 1: or Matthias, depending on how you pronounce it, was living 191 00:12:35,640 --> 00:12:39,120 Speaker 1: in moda Een, west of Jerusalem. When anti A kisses 192 00:12:39,280 --> 00:12:42,880 Speaker 1: men came to moda Een to demand sacrifices to Greek gods. 193 00:12:43,200 --> 00:12:47,959 Speaker 1: Matthias refused. As recorded in First Maccabee's he said, even 194 00:12:48,040 --> 00:12:50,560 Speaker 1: if all the nations that live under the rule of 195 00:12:50,600 --> 00:12:53,640 Speaker 1: the king obey him and have chosen to do his commandments, 196 00:12:54,000 --> 00:12:57,520 Speaker 1: departing each one from the religion of his father's, yet 197 00:12:57,559 --> 00:13:00,280 Speaker 1: I and my sons and my brothers will live by 198 00:13:00,280 --> 00:13:03,240 Speaker 1: the covenant of our fathers. We will not obey the 199 00:13:03,320 --> 00:13:06,120 Speaker 1: King's word by turning aside from our religion to the 200 00:13:06,240 --> 00:13:10,280 Speaker 1: right hand or to the left. Then, when when a 201 00:13:10,320 --> 00:13:13,959 Speaker 1: Hellenistic Jew approached this Greek altar to make a sacrifice 202 00:13:14,000 --> 00:13:18,520 Speaker 1: as ordered, Matthias grabbed an officer officer's sword and killed him, 203 00:13:18,559 --> 00:13:21,920 Speaker 1: before then killing the officer, and then he rallied the 204 00:13:21,960 --> 00:13:24,839 Speaker 1: people who had witnessed this to join him in a 205 00:13:24,920 --> 00:13:29,599 Speaker 1: rebellion against the Seleucid Empire. Although some of the traditionalist 206 00:13:29,720 --> 00:13:33,880 Speaker 1: Jews in the Seleucid Empire had already been resisting Antiochus's 207 00:13:33,960 --> 00:13:37,600 Speaker 1: decree non violently, Matthias and his five sons started a 208 00:13:37,600 --> 00:13:41,560 Speaker 1: campaign of guerrilla warfare. They recruited others and based their 209 00:13:41,559 --> 00:13:45,040 Speaker 1: operations in hills and caves, eating plants they could scavenge 210 00:13:45,080 --> 00:13:47,440 Speaker 1: to avoid the need to eat food that wasn't kosher. 211 00:13:48,240 --> 00:13:51,079 Speaker 1: This revolt was the first war for religious freedom in 212 00:13:51,120 --> 00:13:55,200 Speaker 1: the West and possibly in the world. Matthias was already 213 00:13:55,280 --> 00:13:58,160 Speaker 1: quite old when this resistance started, and he passed away 214 00:13:58,200 --> 00:14:01,800 Speaker 1: not long after. His third son, jude To mccabee or 215 00:14:01,880 --> 00:14:04,760 Speaker 1: jud To the Hammer, became the leader of this resistance, 216 00:14:04,800 --> 00:14:07,200 Speaker 1: and estimates really vary about the size of the fighting 217 00:14:07,200 --> 00:14:10,040 Speaker 1: force that he recruited. It was somewhere between six thousand 218 00:14:10,040 --> 00:14:13,440 Speaker 1: to twelve thousand people, but that's still really paled in 219 00:14:13,520 --> 00:14:17,640 Speaker 1: comparison to the Solucid force of forty thousand. Even so, 220 00:14:17,800 --> 00:14:20,600 Speaker 1: thanks to their superior knowledge of the hills and caves 221 00:14:20,640 --> 00:14:24,920 Speaker 1: around Judea and the fact that the Solucids originally underestimated 222 00:14:25,040 --> 00:14:27,960 Speaker 1: what they were up against, they were able to successfully 223 00:14:28,000 --> 00:14:32,280 Speaker 1: resist and ultimately defeat the Greek force. It wasn't only 224 00:14:32,360 --> 00:14:34,960 Speaker 1: the Greek force that the Maccabee army was fighting, though, 225 00:14:35,200 --> 00:14:37,560 Speaker 1: They were also fighting back against the people they saw 226 00:14:37,600 --> 00:14:42,200 Speaker 1: as godless or Jews who are willing to follow Greek law. Today, 227 00:14:42,240 --> 00:14:45,120 Speaker 1: there's actually some debate among scholars about how much of 228 00:14:45,120 --> 00:14:48,080 Speaker 1: this resistance was really about the Greeks and how much 229 00:14:48,200 --> 00:14:52,840 Speaker 1: was about the Hellenistic Jews. When Antiochus the Fourth died, 230 00:14:53,000 --> 00:14:55,560 Speaker 1: he was succeeded by his son anti Acas the fifth. 231 00:14:55,640 --> 00:14:58,040 Speaker 1: He ruled from one sixty four to one sixty two 232 00:14:58,040 --> 00:15:02,080 Speaker 1: b c E. And Antiocas the fifth repealed his father's decree, 233 00:15:02,160 --> 00:15:04,360 Speaker 1: saying that he wanted the subjects of the kingdom to 234 00:15:04,440 --> 00:15:08,240 Speaker 1: be undisturbed in looking after their own affairs. He left 235 00:15:08,280 --> 00:15:11,520 Speaker 1: the Jewish community free to quote follow the customs of 236 00:15:11,560 --> 00:15:16,520 Speaker 1: their ancestors. Following Anti kis the Fifth Decree, the Jewish 237 00:15:16,520 --> 00:15:20,120 Speaker 1: community in Jerusalem began cleaning the temple and removing the 238 00:15:20,160 --> 00:15:24,000 Speaker 1: Greek idols that had been placed there. In mid December 239 00:15:24,080 --> 00:15:27,840 Speaker 1: of one sixty four b c. Or Kislev in the 240 00:15:27,920 --> 00:15:31,600 Speaker 1: Jewish calendar, it was ready to be rededicated, and this 241 00:15:31,760 --> 00:15:35,760 Speaker 1: rededication was an eight day observants that included songs, prayers, 242 00:15:35,800 --> 00:15:40,040 Speaker 1: and burnt offerings. The word Hanakah means dedication, and the 243 00:15:40,080 --> 00:15:44,040 Speaker 1: holiday is in celebration of this cleansing and rededication of 244 00:15:44,080 --> 00:15:48,200 Speaker 1: the temple. The Hanakah story that most people are the 245 00:15:48,240 --> 00:15:51,480 Speaker 1: most familiar with is that consecrated oil was needed to 246 00:15:51,600 --> 00:15:54,720 Speaker 1: re light the temple's minora, but there was only one 247 00:15:54,880 --> 00:15:57,160 Speaker 1: day's worth of oil and it would take a week 248 00:15:57,240 --> 00:16:00,520 Speaker 1: to consecrate more of it. However, in this story, a 249 00:16:00,560 --> 00:16:04,400 Speaker 1: miracle occurred and that one day's worth of oil burned 250 00:16:04,440 --> 00:16:08,120 Speaker 1: for eight keeping the manora lit, when more, keeping the 251 00:16:08,160 --> 00:16:11,440 Speaker 1: manora lit until more consecrated oil was ready for it. 252 00:16:12,200 --> 00:16:15,240 Speaker 1: This story was first written down hundreds of years after 253 00:16:15,280 --> 00:16:18,880 Speaker 1: the temple's dedication, so many people view it as symbolic 254 00:16:19,080 --> 00:16:22,200 Speaker 1: rather than as a historical fact, and instead of being 255 00:16:22,240 --> 00:16:25,800 Speaker 1: about burning oil, the miracle of Hanakah becomes a twofold miracle, 256 00:16:25,960 --> 00:16:30,080 Speaker 1: combining the spiritual victory of Jewish values over Greek values 257 00:16:30,440 --> 00:16:33,520 Speaker 1: and the military victory of the Jewish force over the 258 00:16:33,560 --> 00:16:38,720 Speaker 1: Seleucid army that vastly outnumbered them and had far superior training, equipment, 259 00:16:38,800 --> 00:16:42,920 Speaker 1: and supplies. And if the story ended here, it would 260 00:16:42,960 --> 00:16:49,080 Speaker 1: be kind of the like peaceful, happy, warm, delicious fried 261 00:16:49,120 --> 00:16:54,640 Speaker 1: food time that I have experienced with Hanneka. But and 262 00:16:54,800 --> 00:16:58,360 Speaker 1: ti akass decree and the rededication of the temple and 263 00:16:58,400 --> 00:17:01,720 Speaker 1: the restoration of religious items did not put an end 264 00:17:01,760 --> 00:17:04,600 Speaker 1: to the Maccabean revolt, and we will talk about how 265 00:17:04,640 --> 00:17:14,240 Speaker 1: and why it continued after a sponsor break. After the 266 00:17:14,280 --> 00:17:17,959 Speaker 1: restoration of Jewish religious freedom and the rededication of the Temple, 267 00:17:18,320 --> 00:17:21,879 Speaker 1: the mccabee's went on to start another revolt, this time 268 00:17:21,880 --> 00:17:26,200 Speaker 1: with the ultimate goal of obtaining total independence from the Seleucids. 269 00:17:27,000 --> 00:17:30,639 Speaker 1: Judah mccabee won a major victory against the fighting force 270 00:17:30,720 --> 00:17:34,840 Speaker 1: led by Seleucid general nicaaner In, and much of the 271 00:17:34,880 --> 00:17:39,080 Speaker 1: Slucid army was destroyed in this battle. This decisive victory 272 00:17:39,200 --> 00:17:42,520 Speaker 1: caught the attention of Rome. The maccabee's went on to 273 00:17:42,640 --> 00:17:46,320 Speaker 1: sign a treaty with Rome that same year. Rome had 274 00:17:46,320 --> 00:17:48,960 Speaker 1: become a threat to both the Ptolemy's and the Seleucids, 275 00:17:49,119 --> 00:17:51,280 Speaker 1: so doing this was a little bit of, you know, 276 00:17:51,400 --> 00:17:54,200 Speaker 1: the enemy of my enemy is my friend kind of thing. 277 00:17:55,520 --> 00:18:00,400 Speaker 1: After Judah mccabee died in battle, his brother Yonnton or Aonathan, 278 00:18:00,800 --> 00:18:03,960 Speaker 1: took over and established himself as the leader in Judea, 279 00:18:04,280 --> 00:18:07,280 Speaker 1: which soon became an autonomous part of the Salucid Empire 280 00:18:07,760 --> 00:18:12,719 Speaker 1: through a treaty with Seleucid king Alexander Balas. Following the treaty, 281 00:18:12,840 --> 00:18:16,119 Speaker 1: Jonathan established himself as ruler in one fifty three b c. 282 00:18:16,720 --> 00:18:19,920 Speaker 1: And at the same time, Jonathan was also a high priest. 283 00:18:20,680 --> 00:18:24,200 Speaker 1: This was a massive upward move in status for the mccabees, 284 00:18:24,240 --> 00:18:26,680 Speaker 1: who also came to be known as the Hasmanian family. 285 00:18:26,960 --> 00:18:30,280 Speaker 1: They had been village priests, and now they were both 286 00:18:30,320 --> 00:18:34,040 Speaker 1: the ruling family of an autonomous Jewish state and also 287 00:18:34,320 --> 00:18:38,800 Speaker 1: the high priestly family of the Jewish Temple. However, simultaneously 288 00:18:38,880 --> 00:18:42,439 Speaker 1: being the secular leader and the high priest was contrary 289 00:18:42,520 --> 00:18:46,119 Speaker 1: to Jewish law and to the hereditary lines of secular 290 00:18:46,200 --> 00:18:52,359 Speaker 1: and religious succession within Judaism, so Jonathan's leadership over religious 291 00:18:52,359 --> 00:18:56,760 Speaker 1: matters became especially problematic because he had been leading battles 292 00:18:56,880 --> 00:19:00,960 Speaker 1: during the revolt. All of this created big, big divisions 293 00:19:00,960 --> 00:19:04,679 Speaker 1: within the Jewish population because there were people who supported 294 00:19:04,720 --> 00:19:08,359 Speaker 1: the Maccabean leadership over both civil and religious matters, and 295 00:19:08,359 --> 00:19:11,719 Speaker 1: then other people who thought this combination of roles and 296 00:19:11,880 --> 00:19:15,679 Speaker 1: disregarding the way that that civil and religious leadership had 297 00:19:15,720 --> 00:19:18,760 Speaker 1: been passed down through generations, felt like that violated the 298 00:19:18,840 --> 00:19:22,879 Speaker 1: law and was wrong. When Jonathan was killed, his brother 299 00:19:23,040 --> 00:19:26,879 Speaker 1: Schumun or Simon, took over, and under Simon's rule, the 300 00:19:26,880 --> 00:19:30,600 Speaker 1: Maccabee's overthrew Acra, which was the Greek stronghold in Jerusalem, 301 00:19:30,720 --> 00:19:35,000 Speaker 1: in one forty two b C. Afterwards, Simon declared total 302 00:19:35,040 --> 00:19:39,320 Speaker 1: independence from the Seleucids, establishing an independent Jewish kingdom that 303 00:19:39,440 --> 00:19:42,960 Speaker 1: came to be known as the Hasmanian Kingdom. This was 304 00:19:43,000 --> 00:19:46,880 Speaker 1: a dynastic kingdom, with leadership passing down from father to son, 305 00:19:47,480 --> 00:19:50,240 Speaker 1: although it was later on in this dynasty before anyone 306 00:19:50,240 --> 00:19:54,080 Speaker 1: actually took the title of king. When Simon died, his 307 00:19:54,200 --> 00:19:58,680 Speaker 1: successor was Johannan's Hercanus or John Hercanus the First, who 308 00:19:58,720 --> 00:20:02,120 Speaker 1: threw a series of military conquests made the has many 309 00:20:02,160 --> 00:20:06,080 Speaker 1: In dynasty about as powerful as the Seleucids. He also 310 00:20:06,320 --> 00:20:12,640 Speaker 1: forcibly converted people to Judaism in this conquered territory. John 311 00:20:12,680 --> 00:20:17,480 Speaker 1: Hercanus's successor was his son Alexander Yunai, who also conquered 312 00:20:17,520 --> 00:20:20,840 Speaker 1: new territory and added it to the has Manian Kingdom. 313 00:20:20,880 --> 00:20:24,000 Speaker 1: And in addition to fighting with his Salucid neighbors, he 314 00:20:24,080 --> 00:20:27,480 Speaker 1: also took sides in a conflict among the various factions 315 00:20:27,480 --> 00:20:30,160 Speaker 1: that had arisen in response to has many In rule, 316 00:20:30,480 --> 00:20:36,520 Speaker 1: at one point reportedly executing eight hundred Pharisees who opposed him. 317 00:20:36,560 --> 00:20:39,040 Speaker 1: The has many And dynasty was in power for about 318 00:20:39,080 --> 00:20:43,240 Speaker 1: eighty years until sixty three BC. It started to decline 319 00:20:43,320 --> 00:20:46,360 Speaker 1: after the death of Queen salome A Alexandra and sixty 320 00:20:46,359 --> 00:20:51,680 Speaker 1: seven BC, and in fighting between her sons weakened the kingdom. 321 00:20:51,920 --> 00:20:55,680 Speaker 1: Roman general Pompey took advantage of these two sons rivalry 322 00:20:55,720 --> 00:20:59,240 Speaker 1: with each other to lay siege to Jerusalem, which ended 323 00:20:59,320 --> 00:21:01,560 Speaker 1: in a mass care and that was really the end 324 00:21:01,560 --> 00:21:04,920 Speaker 1: of the dynasty. As we mentioned earlier in the show, 325 00:21:05,080 --> 00:21:08,920 Speaker 1: the first Hanukah celebrations were in recognition of the cleansing 326 00:21:09,000 --> 00:21:12,880 Speaker 1: and rededication of the Second Temple in Jerusalem, but as 327 00:21:12,880 --> 00:21:16,840 Speaker 1: the Hasmanian dynasty evolved, the celebration of Hanakah served another 328 00:21:16,880 --> 00:21:21,200 Speaker 1: purpose as well. Because the Hasmanian dynasty's dual role as 329 00:21:21,200 --> 00:21:25,720 Speaker 1: both priests and secular rulers was not met with universal approval, 330 00:21:26,280 --> 00:21:29,199 Speaker 1: they established a holiday that would reframe the revolt as 331 00:21:29,240 --> 00:21:34,080 Speaker 1: a noble struggle and ultimately Victoria's struggle against Greek oppression. 332 00:21:35,080 --> 00:21:37,760 Speaker 1: After the end of the Hasmanian dynasty, there was a 333 00:21:37,800 --> 00:21:41,440 Speaker 1: move away from celebrating Hanakah as a major Jewish holiday, 334 00:21:41,920 --> 00:21:45,840 Speaker 1: both due to its origins through the Hasmanian dynasty, the 335 00:21:45,880 --> 00:21:48,439 Speaker 1: fact that that dynasty was problematic for a lot of 336 00:21:48,440 --> 00:21:50,960 Speaker 1: people in terms of Jewish law, and the fact that 337 00:21:51,000 --> 00:21:54,480 Speaker 1: it isn't mentioned anywhere in the Torah. Today, though, Hanaka 338 00:21:54,560 --> 00:21:57,520 Speaker 1: has become a really a culturally important holiday for a 339 00:21:57,560 --> 00:22:00,320 Speaker 1: lot of Jewish people, particularly in the Jewish dia Aspera. 340 00:22:00,920 --> 00:22:03,560 Speaker 1: A lot of the traditions that are most associated with 341 00:22:03,600 --> 00:22:06,600 Speaker 1: Hanukah today, like eating latka and other fried food from 342 00:22:06,640 --> 00:22:09,720 Speaker 1: that has been fried and oil, come from these family 343 00:22:09,840 --> 00:22:12,919 Speaker 1: and community celebrations that started long after the end of 344 00:22:12,920 --> 00:22:16,639 Speaker 1: the Hasmian dynasty, and they've mostly been about, you know, 345 00:22:16,920 --> 00:22:19,920 Speaker 1: a community, a minority community that has often been living 346 00:22:19,960 --> 00:22:23,080 Speaker 1: in a place which where it's been oppressed and discriminated against. 347 00:22:23,160 --> 00:22:26,720 Speaker 1: So Hanakah celebrations around the world have come to reflect 348 00:22:27,080 --> 00:22:30,920 Speaker 1: that the communities and the traditions and the cultures where 349 00:22:30,960 --> 00:22:35,320 Speaker 1: they take place, uh much more so than the story 350 00:22:35,400 --> 00:22:39,960 Speaker 1: that originally launched the holiday, which as I was researching 351 00:22:40,000 --> 00:22:45,160 Speaker 1: this um, I would find I would find things about 352 00:22:45,200 --> 00:22:48,399 Speaker 1: the history of Hanakah that would basically stop at the 353 00:22:48,440 --> 00:22:50,840 Speaker 1: rededication of the temple and not really talk about what 354 00:22:50,880 --> 00:22:54,479 Speaker 1: went on with the Hasmanian dynasty after that. And then 355 00:22:54,520 --> 00:22:58,840 Speaker 1: I would find others by modern Jewish scholars and you 356 00:22:58,840 --> 00:23:03,560 Speaker 1: know rabbis living today, who were like this was anti Jewish, 357 00:23:03,840 --> 00:23:07,040 Speaker 1: Like this was not this this later part of this 358 00:23:07,240 --> 00:23:10,680 Speaker 1: history is not what we as Jews believe today about 359 00:23:10,680 --> 00:23:14,480 Speaker 1: religious freedoms and about Jewish law. So it was really 360 00:23:14,520 --> 00:23:20,280 Speaker 1: interesting as an outsider's perspective to see how like multiple 361 00:23:20,400 --> 00:23:25,480 Speaker 1: perspectives within one faith about how how this has talked 362 00:23:25,480 --> 00:23:28,560 Speaker 1: about in discussed because like they're there's are definitely people 363 00:23:28,560 --> 00:23:30,920 Speaker 1: who were like and this was an independent Jewish state, 364 00:23:31,400 --> 00:23:34,040 Speaker 1: and that was great, and people who are more like 365 00:23:34,119 --> 00:23:37,359 Speaker 1: this was an independent Jewish state, but they were making 366 00:23:37,359 --> 00:23:39,800 Speaker 1: a lot of decisions that I don't know that I 367 00:23:39,840 --> 00:23:45,840 Speaker 1: don't agree with. So uh. There is definitely diversity within 368 00:23:46,119 --> 00:23:50,520 Speaker 1: basically all religions, including Judaism as far as um, you know, 369 00:23:50,560 --> 00:23:54,120 Speaker 1: interpreting events from their past and interpreting events that are 370 00:23:54,119 --> 00:23:57,320 Speaker 1: now holidays with celebrations that are in some ways disconnected 371 00:23:57,440 --> 00:24:04,320 Speaker 1: from what actually happened to spawn that holiday. Do you 372 00:24:04,359 --> 00:24:09,159 Speaker 1: have holiday themed listener mail? Nope, No, I have listener 373 00:24:09,200 --> 00:24:13,200 Speaker 1: mail about prison. This is one of many personal accounts 374 00:24:13,200 --> 00:24:15,120 Speaker 1: that we have gotten from people about either their own 375 00:24:15,160 --> 00:24:18,840 Speaker 1: family members who have been incarcerated or people who work 376 00:24:18,880 --> 00:24:22,320 Speaker 1: in the prison system. And this person graciously gave us 377 00:24:22,920 --> 00:24:25,520 Speaker 1: UM permission to read this and asked that their name 378 00:24:25,600 --> 00:24:30,520 Speaker 1: be left off of it. H and uh And they say, ladies, 379 00:24:30,720 --> 00:24:32,840 Speaker 1: I'm a longtime listener and huge fan of the show. 380 00:24:33,080 --> 00:24:36,000 Speaker 1: As such, I was super excited to hear you taking 381 00:24:36,040 --> 00:24:38,720 Speaker 1: on the Attica prison uprising, and even more excited to 382 00:24:38,720 --> 00:24:41,120 Speaker 1: see you not refer to it as a riot. I'll 383 00:24:41,160 --> 00:24:42,920 Speaker 1: pause for a second and say that we did talk 384 00:24:42,960 --> 00:24:46,000 Speaker 1: about the beginning part of it basically being a riot, 385 00:24:46,040 --> 00:24:49,680 Speaker 1: but it definitely uh evolved into something that was much 386 00:24:49,720 --> 00:24:52,800 Speaker 1: more than that. I am from Western New York and 387 00:24:52,840 --> 00:24:54,960 Speaker 1: was raised by a New York State trooper, my grandfather. 388 00:24:55,320 --> 00:24:57,679 Speaker 1: When people mentioned the state police were called in to 389 00:24:57,680 --> 00:25:00,080 Speaker 1: help retake the prison, they're talking about my grand ha. 390 00:25:00,760 --> 00:25:03,720 Speaker 1: Much like some war veterans, Grandpa never talked about the 391 00:25:03,760 --> 00:25:06,280 Speaker 1: time in Attica, and it was understood as a part 392 00:25:06,320 --> 00:25:08,680 Speaker 1: of the family history that we were to know but 393 00:25:08,720 --> 00:25:11,439 Speaker 1: not discuss. Towards the end of his life, in a 394 00:25:11,560 --> 00:25:14,560 Speaker 1: rare moment of clarity, he mentioned that the atrocities that 395 00:25:14,680 --> 00:25:18,199 Speaker 1: Attica had never left him. Fear and shock led me 396 00:25:18,240 --> 00:25:20,679 Speaker 1: to change the subject rather than dig further, and the 397 00:25:20,760 --> 00:25:23,560 Speaker 1: history nerd and prison reform advocate in me have never 398 00:25:23,600 --> 00:25:26,920 Speaker 1: forgiven myself. I now work on behalf of prison reform 399 00:25:26,920 --> 00:25:30,440 Speaker 1: and multiple New York State correctional facilities, including Attica, which 400 00:25:30,440 --> 00:25:33,119 Speaker 1: is why I asked that this correspondence be anonymous. It 401 00:25:33,240 --> 00:25:36,359 Speaker 1: is important that we understand that how we treat the 402 00:25:36,400 --> 00:25:39,480 Speaker 1: incarcerated matters, and that the uprising at Attica was a 403 00:25:39,520 --> 00:25:43,159 Speaker 1: traumatic event for both the incarcerated and law enforcement that 404 00:25:43,280 --> 00:25:46,520 Speaker 1: did not have to happen. I really appreciate the even 405 00:25:46,520 --> 00:25:48,720 Speaker 1: handed view that you ladies took on a subject that 406 00:25:48,800 --> 00:25:51,440 Speaker 1: is still highly emotional for many of us in Western 407 00:25:51,440 --> 00:25:53,879 Speaker 1: New York, including those of us who work with the 408 00:25:53,920 --> 00:25:58,320 Speaker 1: incarcerated in general and in Attica specifically. Please please, please 409 00:25:58,600 --> 00:26:01,920 Speaker 1: keep up the good work, Anonymous. Thank you so much, 410 00:26:02,200 --> 00:26:04,560 Speaker 1: Anonymous listener for writing that into us. As I said, 411 00:26:04,600 --> 00:26:09,400 Speaker 1: we have heard, uh, quite a number of people's personal 412 00:26:09,480 --> 00:26:12,159 Speaker 1: accounts of either having grown up in Ataco with family 413 00:26:12,200 --> 00:26:15,080 Speaker 1: members who were working UM at the prison when the 414 00:26:15,119 --> 00:26:18,560 Speaker 1: uprising happened, or people who work in law enforcement and 415 00:26:18,560 --> 00:26:21,800 Speaker 1: and corrections and other states and other contexts, um and 416 00:26:21,840 --> 00:26:26,000 Speaker 1: a lot of these letters have been really moving, and 417 00:26:26,040 --> 00:26:28,400 Speaker 1: thank you very much for sharing them with us, because 418 00:26:28,600 --> 00:26:31,760 Speaker 1: a lot of them have been really quite personal. 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