Speaker 1: So, Daniel, you do a lot of cooking. What is
Speaker 1: the biggest kitchen implement that you have?
Speaker 2: Do We measure kitchen implements by size. Now is the
Speaker 2: biggest one? The most important?
Speaker 1: It is to me, I got one giant ladle and
Speaker 1: that is the most important. What is let's talk about
Speaker 1: sheer volume? What takes up the most space for you?
Speaker 2: Well, actually, we went out and bought a huge soup pot.
Speaker 2: Last time, we made soup for about one hundred people.
Speaker 1: One hundred people for dinner. That's a lot.
Speaker 2: Yeah. Well, you know, we were out celebrating solstice and
Speaker 2: you got to go a little crazy on the solstice.
Speaker 2: So we had one hundred people over for sit down
Speaker 2: dinner and we made a lot of soup.
Speaker 1: I would rather burn my kitchen down in a ritualistic
Speaker 1: bonfire than do one hundred sets of dishes after that.
Speaker 2: That sounds like a great way to celebrate the solstice. Actually,
Speaker 2: kitchen bonfire.
Speaker 1: Kitchen effigy. There we go, No more washing dishes.
Speaker 2: Hooray, it's the solstice magic. Hi. I'm Daniel. I'm a
Speaker 2: particle physicist and a professor a uc irvine and I'm
Speaker 2: not into astrology, but I do love the Solstice.
Speaker 1: I am Katie Golden. I host podcast on animal behavior
Speaker 1: called Creature Feature, and I am super duper into Solstice
Speaker 1: magics such as logs in the house and putting stones
Speaker 1: up such that they make interesting shapes and the light
Speaker 1: hits them in just such a way.
Speaker 2: M I see you're building Katie hinge.
Speaker 1: Katie hinge. You know, Okay for the summer Solstice one,
Speaker 1: I actually did talk about Britta Boyne, but I also
Speaker 1: want to talk about how there's a wood hinge as
Speaker 1: well as the stone hinge. And the word hinge it
Speaker 1: actually comes from the idea of a thing hanging like
Speaker 1: a hinge hanging. So stone hinge is like hanging rocks,
Speaker 1: and wood hinge is another ancient people's way of creating
Speaker 1: basically a annual sun dial, and that was made out
Speaker 1: of wooden timber.
Speaker 2: I just always thought they were trying to hinge their bets.
Speaker 2: I was thinking about starting a hinge.
Speaker 1: Fund, you know, Oh my god, Well we do need
Speaker 1: to teach Daniel about the difference between a hinge and
Speaker 1: a hedge.
Speaker 2: Well could you have a hedge hinge?
Speaker 1: Uh? You know what, It's never been done as far
Speaker 1: as I know in gardening science, but that never doesn't
Speaker 1: mean never.
Speaker 2: Well, okay, how about a biology one that a hedgehog
Speaker 2: hinge hedgehog hinge.
Speaker 1: Well, you know, maybe there's a hedgehog hinge for hedgehogs
Speaker 1: looking for love.
Speaker 2: All right, we'll hedge our bets until we get there.
Speaker 2: But anyway, welcome to the podcast Daniel and Jorge Explain
Speaker 2: the Universe, a production of iHeartRadio in which we do
Speaker 2: not hedge our bets. We go all in on trying
Speaker 2: to understand how the universe works and explain it all
Speaker 2: to you. We tackle the biggest questions, from the very
Speaker 2: nature of the universe to the smallest questions about quantum
Speaker 2: particles and the fundamental nature of space and time and
Speaker 2: everything in between, including how to get your hedgehogs out
Speaker 2: of your hinge.
Speaker 1: So there is a question I always get about hedgehogs,
Speaker 1: and it is how do they reproduce? And my answer
Speaker 1: is very carefully, that's a.
Speaker 2: Very pointed answer, Katie. And people have questions about the universe.
Speaker 2: They about hedgehogs, They want about quantum particles, they wonder
Speaker 2: about quantum hedgehogs, they wonder about hinges and what ancient
Speaker 2: people saw in them. They wonder what the solstice means,
Speaker 2: and they wonder what's going on between us and distant stars.
Speaker 2: And that's all part of doing physics. You don't have
Speaker 2: to be a professional academic to be a physicist. You
Speaker 2: just have to wonder about the nature of the universe
Speaker 2: and then share that curiosity with everybody else, and we
Speaker 2: hope you share it with us. If you have a
Speaker 2: question about how the universe works, and you can find
Speaker 2: an answer on Google or chat, GPT or your friendly
Speaker 2: neighborhood physicists, please write to me to questions at Daniel
Speaker 2: and Jorge dot com. We will answer it. Everybody gets
Speaker 2: an answer in their inbox, and sometimes we take an
Speaker 2: answer and put it right here on the podcast, also
Speaker 2: because we've been missing you and we wanted to hear
Speaker 2: from you again.
Speaker 1: So ninety nine percent of a part of cul physicists
Speaker 1: job is asking the right questions and one percent is
Speaker 1: you know, math or whatever.
Speaker 2: And this is also got to be rooting there for NAT.
Speaker 1: Napping is crucial, right right, And like a little bit
Speaker 1: of grant writing.
Speaker 2: Occasionally, and so on today's episode, we'll be answering listener questions.
Speaker 2: Winter Solstice Edition, Happy holidays and New Year and Solstice.
Speaker 2: To everybody out there who celebrates whatever it is you celebrate. Today,
Speaker 2: we're going to be celebrating my answering a really fun
Speaker 2: question from a listener, A question he thought of while
Speaker 2: he was in his backyard shed, maybe building his own hinge.
Speaker 2: Here's the question from Alex.
Speaker 3: Hi, guys, I was working in my backhout on my shed,
Speaker 3: and I was using a metal crowbar to help out
Speaker 3: one day when I just realized holding it how strong
Speaker 3: it was. So my question that came to me was,
Speaker 3: what is actually the longest physical possible crowbar made of
Speaker 3: metal that could exist in space? Is it possible that
Speaker 3: you could build one? One could exist that's long enough
Speaker 3: to stretch between stars, especially if you didn't have to
Speaker 3: worry about adding to its length with unlimited supplies, and
Speaker 3: if it was nowhere near any other gravitational objects. What
Speaker 3: would the ramifications be of having it like a crowbar
Speaker 3: where one end was light hours away from the other
Speaker 3: or even light years away from the other. It seems
Speaker 3: a bit weird to travel light speed and not get
Speaker 3: from one end to the other on one particular object.
Speaker 1: Thank you, So you know I have a similar question
Speaker 1: but once I just saw a crow bar on the ground,
Speaker 1: I think there were some people working on something like
Speaker 1: a manhole or something sort of nearby. But also I
Speaker 1: wondered if the world operates by video game rules, which is,
Speaker 1: if you find a crowbar, is that yours? Now? Do
Speaker 1: you pick it up and put it in your inventory?
Speaker 1: Or is that still stealing?
Speaker 2: I don't know. Maybe the world operates by checkof rules.
Speaker 2: If you find a crowbar in act one, then you're
Speaker 2: gonna have about to break into something with it in
Speaker 2: Act three.
Speaker 1: I mean that is just video game rules.
Speaker 2: Also exactly exactly. I used to play like King's Quest
Speaker 2: back in the day, and every time you found like
Speaker 2: a weird magic rap mushroom, you put it in your
Speaker 2: back pocket because you knew you were going to need
Speaker 2: it to solve some puzzle later on.
Speaker 1: Get ye bucket. You're gonna need that bucket for the
Speaker 1: dragon at the end of the.
Speaker 2: Game, exactly, and you can't go back, So get the
Speaker 2: bucket now. And Alex is wondering about like the practical
Speaker 2: limits of how big we could build something like, could
Speaker 2: you build a crowbar that's long enough that you can
Speaker 2: use it to like poke people on other planets. That
Speaker 2: that's pretty crazy, thought, Alex.
Speaker 1: It's interesting, right, because sure you could have like a
Speaker 1: large object, but the bigger it gets. Like, there's a
Speaker 1: lot of questions here, right, we need to know about
Speaker 1: a what are crowbars made out of? Steel? Iron? Steal?
Speaker 1: And so it's like, I guess a lot of it
Speaker 1: is basically the strength, like the steal, you know, the
Speaker 1: the what steals made out of? How that would work?
Speaker 1: But also you know how even if it's made out
Speaker 1: of any material, right, Like let's say crobar made out
Speaker 1: of whatever material, the strongest, hardest material you could get, Like,
Speaker 1: is there a limit to the size of physical objects
Speaker 1: in the universe before some wacky starts happening?
Speaker 2: Yeah, this is really fun And there's a really important
Speaker 2: lesson here about how we do physics anyway, because an
Speaker 2: important sort of often implicit step that we don't talk
Speaker 2: about when we do physics is building a simplified model
Speaker 2: of the universe. Like you want to answer a physics question,
Speaker 2: you know, like a piano is falling from a window.
Speaker 2: Is you going to squish that little doggie?
Speaker 1: No?
Speaker 2: Oh no, I hope the answer is no. But to
Speaker 2: answer that physics question, what you have to do is
Speaker 2: simplify at first. Because you don't care about a lot
Speaker 2: of the details. You don't care about the color of
Speaker 2: the piano, you can probably ignore the crosswinds. You build
Speaker 2: a simplified model that just contains the information necessary to.
Speaker 1: Answer the question, like the breed of the dog for example.
Speaker 2: Yeah we don't care, I mean we care, but it
Speaker 2: doesn't change the answer. And so the trick there is
Speaker 2: to make a model that's simple enough that you can
Speaker 2: actually answer it because you've included all the details of
Speaker 2: all the quantum particles and be intractable, but is sophisticated
Speaker 2: enough that it still provides a realistic answer. That's the
Speaker 2: sweet spot for doing physics. And the interesting thing is
Speaker 2: that that's a different model in every scenario. You can
Speaker 2: ignore the winds in this case, but if you're solving
Speaker 2: a different problem like what's going to happen to this
Speaker 2: leaf and a tornado, you can't ignore the winds. So
Speaker 2: every time you solve a physics problem, you need to
Speaker 2: ask yourself, am I including the right assumptions or the
Speaker 2: assumptions I'm making going to ruin it? And so I
Speaker 2: run into this all the time with these very long
Speaker 2: space rods.
Speaker 1: Aly.
Speaker 2: It turns out Alex is not the only person to
Speaker 2: think about really long rods up a lot, because people
Speaker 2: have this idea that a rod is sort of like
Speaker 2: infinitely rigid. Like if I'm across the room from you
Speaker 2: and have a dowel like a wooden stick, if I
Speaker 2: push it, then you're gonna feel me pushing it. You're
Speaker 2: holding the other end, you're gonna feel it. And people
Speaker 2: imagine that sort of happens instantaneously, that if I push
Speaker 2: on the stick on one side, you feel it instantly.
Speaker 2: And that's mostly true, and for basically every problem you're
Speaker 2: going to solve here on Earth, that's basically the case,
Speaker 2: because the information travels very, very fast. But then people wonder,
Speaker 2: all right, what if I take a rod and I
Speaker 2: build it so it's like four light years long, and
Speaker 2: I stretch it from here to Alpha Centauri and some
Speaker 2: alien is holding the other side. Can I tap on
Speaker 2: my side and use that to communicate faster than the
Speaker 2: speed of light. That's a very common question I get,
Speaker 2: And the answer is obviously no. You can't break special
Speaker 2: relativity with a dowel that's four light years long.
Speaker 1: Even dowels have their limits.
Speaker 2: I guess yeah, And the reason is that you've broken
Speaker 2: the assumptions. Down here on Earth, it works to assume
Speaker 2: whom Yeah, The information travels instantly. That when you push
Speaker 2: one side of the dowel, the other side moves instantly.
Speaker 2: But that doesn't work anymore when the dowel's really really long,
Speaker 2: because the time it takes now matters, because a dowel,
Speaker 2: even here on Earth, doesn't transmit information instantly. What happens
Speaker 2: when you push on one side of the dowel is
Speaker 2: that you don't immediately move the other side. You push
Speaker 2: on one side and it moves the layer of molecules
Speaker 2: that are next to the edge, which you meant the
Speaker 2: next layer, which moved the next layer, which moved the
Speaker 2: next layer. Because a dowel is not infinitely rigid, it's
Speaker 2: like a very stiff version of a tube of water
Speaker 2: or like a string. You're pushing on it and there's
Speaker 2: a wave of information that travels down the dowel. So
Speaker 2: here on Earth, you push on one side of the dowel,
Speaker 2: the other side moves very shortly afterwards, but not instantly.
Speaker 2: It takes time for that information and move down the dowel. Now,
Speaker 2: when your Dowel is four light years long. That time
Speaker 2: is no longer something you can ignore. It plays a
Speaker 2: big part in how long it takes for the information
Speaker 2: to get there. And if you ignore that, then you
Speaker 2: violating special relativity. And it seems like you could send
Speaker 2: information to the stars faster than the speed of light,
Speaker 2: which of course you can't.
Speaker 1: This is actually the same problem from a biological perspective
Speaker 1: of having like a giant brain, right, could you have
Speaker 1: an enormous brain that could like communicate instantly, right, like
Speaker 1: some galaxy sized brain. And the problem is that the
Speaker 1: way our brains work in the same way that you
Speaker 1: talked about, how like the molecules have to push on
Speaker 1: the other molecules, like our brain is all physics based.
Speaker 1: Our whole bodies are basically a big Rubok Goldberg machine
Speaker 1: of molecules bonking into other molecules, which creates things like thought.
Speaker 1: And so if you have a say, a giant enough brain,
Speaker 1: the time it would take to like have a single
Speaker 1: thought would be incredibly slow. So the bigger the brain,
Speaker 1: the more galaxy size the brain, actually the slower it
Speaker 1: would take to have a.
Speaker 2: Thought, Yeah, exactly. And so if you're ignoring that when
Speaker 2: you're just thinking about a small brain. You can no
Speaker 2: longer ignore that in a large brain. So the lesson is,
Speaker 2: when you're doing physics, you have to always think about
Speaker 2: what are the assumptions we're making and are those assumptions
Speaker 2: still valid for this scenario. In the case of the
Speaker 2: like five light year long rod, if you assume instantaneous
Speaker 2: motion from one side to the other, then you're assuming
Speaker 2: special relativity is broken. So you can't then go and say, oh, look,
Speaker 2: this rod breaks special relativity. Well, you assume to is
Speaker 2: broken and that's why you broke it. And so there's
Speaker 2: a lot of unpacking of those assumptions in these questions.
Speaker 2: But Alex's question is a little bit different. He's not
Speaker 2: trying to communicate with aliens. He's just trying to build
Speaker 2: a really long rod, and he's wondering, like how big
Speaker 2: could you make it? Anyway? And I think that's exactly
Speaker 2: what he's digging into, Like what would break down? What
Speaker 2: assumptions we make about building long rods would break down
Speaker 2: if we try to make one that's like a light
Speaker 2: year long, Which is a really.
Speaker 1: Cool question, yeah, because I mean there's a lot of
Speaker 1: things that we could say, like on Earth, right, Like,
Speaker 1: we could try to build a really long crow bar
Speaker 1: and at a certain point it could collapse under its
Speaker 1: own weight. But if something's in space, we'd have to
Speaker 1: figure out what kinds of forces or how gravity would
Speaker 1: be acting on something in a way that's different from Earth, right, Like, yes,
Speaker 1: you can. You know, it's like have you ever you
Speaker 1: know whiteboard pins? Like you create a big old lightsaber
Speaker 1: out of whiteboard pins and at a certain point there's
Speaker 1: too many and it collapses. But that's all using Earth physics.
Speaker 1: So you could make a much longer whiteboard pin lightsaber
Speaker 1: out in space because gravity is not impacting it in
Speaker 1: the same way that it is on Earth. But then
Speaker 1: once you get big enough, right with this pin dowel
Speaker 1: or iron crowbar or whatever it is, something's happening. And
Speaker 1: this is where I would like you to talk.
Speaker 2: Yeah, exactly. So let's take this question out into deep space.
Speaker 2: And the first thing the wonder is like, well, what's
Speaker 2: the biggest thing that we'd built in space so far?
Speaker 2: And that's the International Space Station. It's not that impressively long,
Speaker 2: it's about thirty six meters long, but you know, it's
Speaker 2: not very far out in space, and they're not trying
Speaker 2: to build something super duper long. I think the longest
Speaker 2: thing that's ever actually been in space, it's more like
Speaker 2: a kilometer. They build a space tether, which is like
Speaker 2: a really long wire that you dangle from a spaceship
Speaker 2: to try to like generate electrical current or to learn
Speaker 2: to steer using mechnetic fields. So, like a kilometer long's
Speaker 2: the biggest thing that we've ever put into space. But
Speaker 2: again that's also just the near Earth orbit. So let's
Speaker 2: go deeper out into space and try to build something
Speaker 2: that's really long and think about the forces involved. Like
Speaker 2: when you build a rod at a steel or even
Speaker 2: a dowel out of wood or whatever, how are you
Speaker 2: actually building that thing. Usually we ignore it and just say, oh,
Speaker 2: it's some smooth, continuous substance. But if you zoom in,
Speaker 2: the reason it takes time to propagate information along it
Speaker 2: is the same thing that's holding it together, which is
Speaker 2: the forces between those molecules. All of these objects in
Speaker 2: the end are like a mesh of modules. Yet you
Speaker 2: have these little bits of matter tied together by forces
Speaker 2: to build something larger, and it's those forces that transmit
Speaker 2: the information also limit how big something can get right
Speaker 2: and so out into deep space. What is the thing
Speaker 2: that's limiting us. Well, those forces can work. They can
Speaker 2: tie something together basically infinitely, there's no limitation there. You
Speaker 2: can just keep adding layers and layers and layers to
Speaker 2: your rod. The thing that's going to keep you from
Speaker 2: building that rod light years long or infinitely long in
Speaker 2: the end, are going to be the gravitational effects, residual
Speaker 2: as they are, and the nature of space and time itself.
Speaker 2: But let's first talk about the gravitational effects. So one
Speaker 2: effect are tidal forces. So you say, well, let's be
Speaker 2: out between the stars. AX is actually talking about something
Speaker 2: which stretches between the stars. You have like one end
Speaker 2: at one star and the other end at another star.
Speaker 2: And if you have something that's like five light years long,
Speaker 2: you can't have it that far away from stars because
Speaker 2: it's going to be big enough. There's always going to
Speaker 2: be some nearby. And remember that gravity does more than
Speaker 2: just pull on things. It can actually pull things apart.
Speaker 2: These are called tidal forces. And for example, if you're
Speaker 2: near a black hole, then your head can have a
Speaker 2: different gravitational tug on it than your feet, and that
Speaker 2: can effectively tear you apart. Like, if the black hole
Speaker 2: is pulling on your feet harder than it's pulling on
Speaker 2: your head because your feet are a little bit closer,
Speaker 2: then it's going to pull you apart because its gravity
Speaker 2: is really really strong. But if you're really really long,
Speaker 2: then you don't need strong gravity to have tidal forces.
Speaker 2: Because if one end of this rod is closer to
Speaker 2: the star then the other end, and the rod is
Speaker 2: really really long, that's going to be a very large
Speaker 2: difference in the gravitational force from one end of the
Speaker 2: rod to the other, and that star is going to
Speaker 2: tear it apart. Even if the star doesn't have really
Speaker 2: powerful gravity like black holes, the sheer length of the
Speaker 2: rod makes the tidle forces very significant.
Speaker 1: I see. So you can't span a doll from one
Speaker 1: start to the other because of the same title forces
Speaker 1: that spaghetifies you in a black hole. But what if
Speaker 1: you took away the stars? Right? Like, could you get
Speaker 1: a like infinity rod if you took away stars and
Speaker 1: just had it existing on its own in space without
Speaker 1: hitting anything?
Speaker 2: Yeah? Right, so's get rid of the other gravity, and
Speaker 2: you still have the issue of the gravity of the
Speaker 2: rod itself. Right, You can't build an infinitely massive rod,
Speaker 2: because eventually that thing is going to have its own
Speaker 2: self gravity. It's going to collapse into a black hole. Like,
Speaker 2: you can't just make a blob of metal and keep
Speaker 2: adding blobs of metal to it and make it as
Speaker 2: big as you want, because it's going to start collapsing.
Speaker 2: This already happens for things like planets, like the Earth
Speaker 2: is about the largest rocky planet you can make. You
Speaker 2: can add more rock to it, but that's going to
Speaker 2: mean more gravity, and it's just going to compress the
Speaker 2: Earth further. So as you add more mass to the Earth,
Speaker 2: it doesn't get any bigger, it just gets denser. And
Speaker 2: eventually you keep adding mass, you're going to end up
Speaker 2: up with a black hole. And so there is a
Speaker 2: limit to how large and how massive you can make
Speaker 2: something before it collapses into a black hole. So something
Speaker 2: self gravity will also limit how large you can make
Speaker 2: an object out of practical stuff like steel or wood.
Speaker 1: Okay, so what about a really thin rod? Now stay
Speaker 1: with me. What if you have a rod that is
Speaker 1: like one atom per unit, right, it is like one
Speaker 1: atom thick, and then you just stack a bunch of
Speaker 1: atoms into this very long rod. Would that still be
Speaker 1: something that would at a certain point start to collapse
Speaker 1: in on itself because of gravity, Or am I already
Speaker 1: breaking some laws of physics by trying to create a
Speaker 1: one atom diameter rod.
Speaker 2: Now you could probably make a carbon nanofiber eventually that's
Speaker 2: like one atom thick and super duper long. I don't
Speaker 2: think it's a technical problem there. But what you're going to
Speaker 2: run into is a problem with a nature space and time.
Speaker 2: And if you can get rid of gravity the nearby
Speaker 2: stars and effectively get rid of the self gravity by
Speaker 2: making this thing really really lightweight, you're going to run
Speaker 2: into dark energy. So in short distances, like the size
Speaker 2: of our Solar system of the size of our galaxy,
Speaker 2: the dominant force is gravity. It holds things together, it
Speaker 2: shapes things, it determines the nature of our universe. But
Speaker 2: over very large distances, gravity gets weaker. Right, the further
Speaker 2: you are away from something, the weaker it's gravity is.
Speaker 2: And at those distances something else takes over, which is
Speaker 2: dark energy, meaning the expansion of the universe itself. Remember
Speaker 2: that everywhere in the universe is expanding. Take any arbitrary
Speaker 2: chunk of space as time goes on, That space is
Speaker 2: getting larger. It's making new space. So between the Earth
Speaker 2: and the Sun, for example, new space is being made,
Speaker 2: but the gravity of the Earth and the Sun overpowers it.
Speaker 2: Between our galaxy and the neighboring galaxy, new space is
Speaker 2: being made, but again the gravity overpowers it. But eventually,
Speaker 2: between clusters of galaxy, dark energy becomes more powerful because
Speaker 2: you have more of these cubes of space and each
Speaker 2: one is expanding, so that adds up and gravity gets
Speaker 2: very very weak. So take Alex's super duper long, infinitely
Speaker 2: thin rod. Eventually it's going to be so long that
Speaker 2: dark energy is going to tear it apart. It's going
Speaker 2: to be creating new space between those atoms faster than
Speaker 2: those atoms can recover and bind themselves together. So you
Speaker 2: can get spaghettified by space and time.
Speaker 1: All right, So we cannot make an infinity rod. Unfortunately,
Speaker 1: do we know, like how big something can get before
Speaker 1: the expansion of the universe starts to break it apart.
Speaker 2: It's gonna be really really big. And remember that nearby
Speaker 2: galaxies are millions of light years away, and dark energy
Speaker 2: only really dominates between clusters of galaxies, So we're talking
Speaker 2: hundreds of millions of light years. So if you can
Speaker 2: overcome the gravity of nearby stars and overcome tidal forces
Speaker 2: completely and overcome collapsing due to self gravity, then you
Speaker 2: could still build something that's like hundreds of millions of
Speaker 2: light years long. So that's pretty good, you know what.
Speaker 1: That sounds great. I'm gonna write a grant for U
Speaker 1: to get started building on the biggest spaghetti that one could.
Speaker 2: Make, exact spaghetti simo.
Speaker 1: Yeah, I bet Italy's government would fun.
Speaker 2: That's gonna write, yes, in honor of the winter solstice.
Speaker 2: I think that's a great idea. All right, Well, thank
Speaker 2: you very much Alex for thinking big and wondering about
Speaker 2: how far we can push our concepts of distance and
Speaker 2: structure and space and time. Really fun way to explore
Speaker 2: all of those different factors, and really appreciate everybody out
Speaker 2: there who's thinking about the universe and wondering about it,
Speaker 2: and who's brave enough to write into their favorite Internet
Speaker 2: physicists to look for some answers. If you'd like to
Speaker 2: see my email in your inbox, write to me two
Speaker 2: questions at Daniel and Jorge dot com. I'd sure love
Speaker 2: to hear from you. Thanks very much, Katie for pushing
Speaker 2: the boundaries of space and time and humor today.
Speaker 1: And thank you for signing on to my petition for
Speaker 1: Universe's longest spaghetti.
Speaker 2: Funded funded funded. All right, Thanks everyone for listening, and
Speaker 2: tune in next time for more science and curiosity. Come
Speaker 2: find us on social media where we answer questions and
Speaker 2: post videos. We're on Twitter, This, Org, Instant and now TikTok.
Speaker 2: Thanks for listening, and remember that Daniel and Jorge Explain
Speaker 2: the Universe is a production of iHeartRadio. For more podcasts
Speaker 2: from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever
Speaker 2: you listen to your favorite shows.