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Speaker 1: So, Daniel, you do a lot of cooking. What is

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Speaker 1: the biggest kitchen implement that you have?

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Speaker 2: Do We measure kitchen implements by size. Now is the

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Speaker 2: biggest one? The most important?

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Speaker 1: It is to me, I got one giant ladle and

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Speaker 1: that is the most important. What is let's talk about

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Speaker 1: sheer volume? What takes up the most space for you?

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Speaker 2: Well, actually, we went out and bought a huge soup pot.

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Speaker 2: Last time, we made soup for about one hundred people.

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Speaker 1: One hundred people for dinner. That's a lot.

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Speaker 2: Yeah. Well, you know, we were out celebrating solstice and

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Speaker 2: you got to go a little crazy on the solstice.

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Speaker 2: So we had one hundred people over for sit down

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Speaker 2: dinner and we made a lot of soup.

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Speaker 1: I would rather burn my kitchen down in a ritualistic

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Speaker 1: bonfire than do one hundred sets of dishes after that.

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Speaker 2: That sounds like a great way to celebrate the solstice. Actually,

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Speaker 2: kitchen bonfire.

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Speaker 1: Kitchen effigy. There we go, No more washing dishes.

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Speaker 2: Hooray, it's the solstice magic. Hi. I'm Daniel. I'm a

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Speaker 2: particle physicist and a professor a uc irvine and I'm

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Speaker 2: not into astrology, but I do love the Solstice.

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Speaker 1: I am Katie Golden. I host podcast on animal behavior

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Speaker 1: called Creature Feature, and I am super duper into Solstice

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Speaker 1: magics such as logs in the house and putting stones

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Speaker 1: up such that they make interesting shapes and the light

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Speaker 1: hits them in just such a way.

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Speaker 2: M I see you're building Katie hinge.

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Speaker 1: Katie hinge. You know, Okay for the summer Solstice one,

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Speaker 1: I actually did talk about Britta Boyne, but I also

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Speaker 1: want to talk about how there's a wood hinge as

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Speaker 1: well as the stone hinge. And the word hinge it

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Speaker 1: actually comes from the idea of a thing hanging like

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Speaker 1: a hinge hanging. So stone hinge is like hanging rocks,

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Speaker 1: and wood hinge is another ancient people's way of creating

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Speaker 1: basically a annual sun dial, and that was made out

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Speaker 1: of wooden timber.

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Speaker 2: I just always thought they were trying to hinge their bets.

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Speaker 2: I was thinking about starting a hinge.

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Speaker 1: Fund, you know, Oh my god, Well we do need

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Speaker 1: to teach Daniel about the difference between a hinge and

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Speaker 1: a hedge.

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Speaker 2: Well could you have a hedge hinge?

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Speaker 1: Uh? You know what, It's never been done as far

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Speaker 1: as I know in gardening science, but that never doesn't

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Speaker 1: mean never.

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Speaker 2: Well, okay, how about a biology one that a hedgehog

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Speaker 2: hinge hedgehog hinge.

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Speaker 1: Well, you know, maybe there's a hedgehog hinge for hedgehogs

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Speaker 1: looking for love.

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Speaker 2: All right, we'll hedge our bets until we get there.

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Speaker 2: But anyway, welcome to the podcast Daniel and Jorge Explain

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Speaker 2: the Universe, a production of iHeartRadio in which we do

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Speaker 2: not hedge our bets. We go all in on trying

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Speaker 2: to understand how the universe works and explain it all

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Speaker 2: to you. We tackle the biggest questions, from the very

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Speaker 2: nature of the universe to the smallest questions about quantum

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Speaker 2: particles and the fundamental nature of space and time and

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Speaker 2: everything in between, including how to get your hedgehogs out

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Speaker 2: of your hinge.

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Speaker 1: So there is a question I always get about hedgehogs,

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Speaker 1: and it is how do they reproduce? And my answer

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Speaker 1: is very carefully, that's a.

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Speaker 2: Very pointed answer, Katie. And people have questions about the universe.

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Speaker 2: They about hedgehogs, They want about quantum particles, they wonder

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Speaker 2: about quantum hedgehogs, they wonder about hinges and what ancient

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Speaker 2: people saw in them. They wonder what the solstice means,

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Speaker 2: and they wonder what's going on between us and distant stars.

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Speaker 2: And that's all part of doing physics. You don't have

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Speaker 2: to be a professional academic to be a physicist. You

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Speaker 2: just have to wonder about the nature of the universe

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Speaker 2: and then share that curiosity with everybody else, and we

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Speaker 2: hope you share it with us. If you have a

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Speaker 2: question about how the universe works, and you can find

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Speaker 2: an answer on Google or chat, GPT or your friendly

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Speaker 2: neighborhood physicists, please write to me to questions at Daniel

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Speaker 2: and Jorge dot com. We will answer it. Everybody gets

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Speaker 2: an answer in their inbox, and sometimes we take an

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Speaker 2: answer and put it right here on the podcast, also

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Speaker 2: because we've been missing you and we wanted to hear

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Speaker 2: from you again.

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Speaker 1: So ninety nine percent of a part of cul physicists

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Speaker 1: job is asking the right questions and one percent is

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Speaker 1: you know, math or whatever.

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Speaker 2: And this is also got to be rooting there for NAT.

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Speaker 1: Napping is crucial, right right, And like a little bit

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Speaker 1: of grant writing.

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Speaker 2: Occasionally, and so on today's episode, we'll be answering listener questions.

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Speaker 2: Winter Solstice Edition, Happy holidays and New Year and Solstice.

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Speaker 2: To everybody out there who celebrates whatever it is you celebrate. Today,

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Speaker 2: we're going to be celebrating my answering a really fun

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Speaker 2: question from a listener, A question he thought of while

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Speaker 2: he was in his backyard shed, maybe building his own hinge.

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Speaker 2: Here's the question from Alex.

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Speaker 3: Hi, guys, I was working in my backhout on my shed,

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Speaker 3: and I was using a metal crowbar to help out

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Speaker 3: one day when I just realized holding it how strong

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Speaker 3: it was. So my question that came to me was,

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Speaker 3: what is actually the longest physical possible crowbar made of

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Speaker 3: metal that could exist in space? Is it possible that

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Speaker 3: you could build one? One could exist that's long enough

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Speaker 3: to stretch between stars, especially if you didn't have to

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Speaker 3: worry about adding to its length with unlimited supplies, and

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Speaker 3: if it was nowhere near any other gravitational objects. What

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Speaker 3: would the ramifications be of having it like a crowbar

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Speaker 3: where one end was light hours away from the other

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Speaker 3: or even light years away from the other. It seems

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Speaker 3: a bit weird to travel light speed and not get

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Speaker 3: from one end to the other on one particular object.

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Speaker 1: Thank you, So you know I have a similar question

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Speaker 1: but once I just saw a crow bar on the ground,

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Speaker 1: I think there were some people working on something like

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Speaker 1: a manhole or something sort of nearby. But also I

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Speaker 1: wondered if the world operates by video game rules, which is,

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Speaker 1: if you find a crowbar, is that yours? Now? Do

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Speaker 1: you pick it up and put it in your inventory?

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Speaker 1: Or is that still stealing?

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Speaker 2: I don't know. Maybe the world operates by checkof rules.

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Speaker 2: If you find a crowbar in act one, then you're

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Speaker 2: gonna have about to break into something with it in

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Speaker 2: Act three.

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Speaker 1: I mean that is just video game rules.

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Speaker 2: Also exactly exactly. I used to play like King's Quest

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Speaker 2: back in the day, and every time you found like

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Speaker 2: a weird magic rap mushroom, you put it in your

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Speaker 2: back pocket because you knew you were going to need

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Speaker 2: it to solve some puzzle later on.

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Speaker 1: Get ye bucket. You're gonna need that bucket for the

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Speaker 1: dragon at the end of the.

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Speaker 2: Game, exactly, and you can't go back, So get the

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Speaker 2: bucket now. And Alex is wondering about like the practical

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Speaker 2: limits of how big we could build something like, could

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Speaker 2: you build a crowbar that's long enough that you can

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Speaker 2: use it to like poke people on other planets. That

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Speaker 2: that's pretty crazy, thought, Alex.

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Speaker 1: It's interesting, right, because sure you could have like a

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Speaker 1: large object, but the bigger it gets. Like, there's a

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Speaker 1: lot of questions here, right, we need to know about

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Speaker 1: a what are crowbars made out of? Steel? Iron? Steal?

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Speaker 1: And so it's like, I guess a lot of it

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Speaker 1: is basically the strength, like the steal, you know, the

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Speaker 1: the what steals made out of? How that would work?

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Speaker 1: But also you know how even if it's made out

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Speaker 1: of any material, right, Like let's say crobar made out

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Speaker 1: of whatever material, the strongest, hardest material you could get, Like,

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Speaker 1: is there a limit to the size of physical objects

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Speaker 1: in the universe before some wacky starts happening?

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Speaker 2: Yeah, this is really fun And there's a really important

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Speaker 2: lesson here about how we do physics anyway, because an

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Speaker 2: important sort of often implicit step that we don't talk

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Speaker 2: about when we do physics is building a simplified model

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Speaker 2: of the universe. Like you want to answer a physics question,

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Speaker 2: you know, like a piano is falling from a window.

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Speaker 2: Is you going to squish that little doggie?

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Speaker 1: No?

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Speaker 2: Oh no, I hope the answer is no. But to

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Speaker 2: answer that physics question, what you have to do is

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Speaker 2: simplify at first. Because you don't care about a lot

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Speaker 2: of the details. You don't care about the color of

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Speaker 2: the piano, you can probably ignore the crosswinds. You build

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Speaker 2: a simplified model that just contains the information necessary to.

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Speaker 1: Answer the question, like the breed of the dog for example.

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Speaker 2: Yeah we don't care, I mean we care, but it

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Speaker 2: doesn't change the answer. And so the trick there is

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Speaker 2: to make a model that's simple enough that you can

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Speaker 2: actually answer it because you've included all the details of

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Speaker 2: all the quantum particles and be intractable, but is sophisticated

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Speaker 2: enough that it still provides a realistic answer. That's the

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Speaker 2: sweet spot for doing physics. And the interesting thing is

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Speaker 2: that that's a different model in every scenario. You can

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Speaker 2: ignore the winds in this case, but if you're solving

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Speaker 2: a different problem like what's going to happen to this

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Speaker 2: leaf and a tornado, you can't ignore the winds. So

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Speaker 2: every time you solve a physics problem, you need to

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Speaker 2: ask yourself, am I including the right assumptions or the

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Speaker 2: assumptions I'm making going to ruin it? And so I

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Speaker 2: run into this all the time with these very long

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Speaker 2: space rods.

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Speaker 1: Aly.

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Speaker 2: It turns out Alex is not the only person to

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Speaker 2: think about really long rods up a lot, because people

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Speaker 2: have this idea that a rod is sort of like

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Speaker 2: infinitely rigid. Like if I'm across the room from you

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Speaker 2: and have a dowel like a wooden stick, if I

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Speaker 2: push it, then you're gonna feel me pushing it. You're

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Speaker 2: holding the other end, you're gonna feel it. And people

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Speaker 2: imagine that sort of happens instantaneously, that if I push

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Speaker 2: on the stick on one side, you feel it instantly.

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Speaker 2: And that's mostly true, and for basically every problem you're

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Speaker 2: going to solve here on Earth, that's basically the case,

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Speaker 2: because the information travels very, very fast. But then people wonder,

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Speaker 2: all right, what if I take a rod and I

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Speaker 2: build it so it's like four light years long, and

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Speaker 2: I stretch it from here to Alpha Centauri and some

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Speaker 2: alien is holding the other side. Can I tap on

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Speaker 2: my side and use that to communicate faster than the

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Speaker 2: speed of light. That's a very common question I get,

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Speaker 2: And the answer is obviously no. You can't break special

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Speaker 2: relativity with a dowel that's four light years long.

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Speaker 1: Even dowels have their limits.

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Speaker 2: I guess yeah, And the reason is that you've broken

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Speaker 2: the assumptions. Down here on Earth, it works to assume

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Speaker 2: whom Yeah, The information travels instantly. That when you push

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Speaker 2: one side of the dowel, the other side moves instantly.

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Speaker 2: But that doesn't work anymore when the dowel's really really long,

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Speaker 2: because the time it takes now matters, because a dowel,

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Speaker 2: even here on Earth, doesn't transmit information instantly. What happens

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Speaker 2: when you push on one side of the dowel is

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Speaker 2: that you don't immediately move the other side. You push

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Speaker 2: on one side and it moves the layer of molecules

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Speaker 2: that are next to the edge, which you meant the

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Speaker 2: next layer, which moved the next layer, which moved the

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Speaker 2: next layer. Because a dowel is not infinitely rigid, it's

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Speaker 2: like a very stiff version of a tube of water

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Speaker 2: or like a string. You're pushing on it and there's

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Speaker 2: a wave of information that travels down the dowel. So

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Speaker 2: here on Earth, you push on one side of the dowel,

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Speaker 2: the other side moves very shortly afterwards, but not instantly.

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Speaker 2: It takes time for that information and move down the dowel. Now,

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Speaker 2: when your Dowel is four light years long. That time

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Speaker 2: is no longer something you can ignore. It plays a

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Speaker 2: big part in how long it takes for the information

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Speaker 2: to get there. And if you ignore that, then you

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Speaker 2: violating special relativity. And it seems like you could send

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Speaker 2: information to the stars faster than the speed of light,

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Speaker 2: which of course you can't.

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Speaker 1: This is actually the same problem from a biological perspective

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Speaker 1: of having like a giant brain, right, could you have

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Speaker 1: an enormous brain that could like communicate instantly, right, like

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Speaker 1: some galaxy sized brain. And the problem is that the

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Speaker 1: way our brains work in the same way that you

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Speaker 1: talked about, how like the molecules have to push on

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Speaker 1: the other molecules, like our brain is all physics based.

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Speaker 1: Our whole bodies are basically a big Rubok Goldberg machine

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Speaker 1: of molecules bonking into other molecules, which creates things like thought.

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Speaker 1: And so if you have a say, a giant enough brain,

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Speaker 1: the time it would take to like have a single

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Speaker 1: thought would be incredibly slow. So the bigger the brain,

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Speaker 1: the more galaxy size the brain, actually the slower it

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Speaker 1: would take to have a.

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Speaker 2: Thought, Yeah, exactly. And so if you're ignoring that when

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Speaker 2: you're just thinking about a small brain. You can no

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Speaker 2: longer ignore that in a large brain. So the lesson is,

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Speaker 2: when you're doing physics, you have to always think about

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Speaker 2: what are the assumptions we're making and are those assumptions

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Speaker 2: still valid for this scenario. In the case of the

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Speaker 2: like five light year long rod, if you assume instantaneous

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Speaker 2: motion from one side to the other, then you're assuming

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Speaker 2: special relativity is broken. So you can't then go and say, oh, look,

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Speaker 2: this rod breaks special relativity. Well, you assume to is

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Speaker 2: broken and that's why you broke it. And so there's

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Speaker 2: a lot of unpacking of those assumptions in these questions.

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Speaker 2: But Alex's question is a little bit different. He's not

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Speaker 2: trying to communicate with aliens. He's just trying to build

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Speaker 2: a really long rod, and he's wondering, like how big

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Speaker 2: could you make it? Anyway? And I think that's exactly

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Speaker 2: what he's digging into, Like what would break down? What

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Speaker 2: assumptions we make about building long rods would break down

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Speaker 2: if we try to make one that's like a light

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Speaker 2: year long, Which is a really.

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Speaker 1: Cool question, yeah, because I mean there's a lot of

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Speaker 1: things that we could say, like on Earth, right, Like,

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Speaker 1: we could try to build a really long crow bar

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Speaker 1: and at a certain point it could collapse under its

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Speaker 1: own weight. But if something's in space, we'd have to

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Speaker 1: figure out what kinds of forces or how gravity would

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Speaker 1: be acting on something in a way that's different from Earth, right, Like, yes,

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Speaker 1: you can. You know, it's like have you ever you

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Speaker 1: know whiteboard pins? Like you create a big old lightsaber

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Speaker 1: out of whiteboard pins and at a certain point there's

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Speaker 1: too many and it collapses. But that's all using Earth physics.

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Speaker 1: So you could make a much longer whiteboard pin lightsaber

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Speaker 1: out in space because gravity is not impacting it in

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Speaker 1: the same way that it is on Earth. But then

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Speaker 1: once you get big enough, right with this pin dowel

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Speaker 1: or iron crowbar or whatever it is, something's happening. And

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Speaker 1: this is where I would like you to talk.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, exactly. So let's take this question out into deep space.

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Speaker 2: And the first thing the wonder is like, well, what's

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Speaker 2: the biggest thing that we'd built in space so far?

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Speaker 2: And that's the International Space Station. It's not that impressively long,

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Speaker 2: it's about thirty six meters long, but you know, it's

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Speaker 2: not very far out in space, and they're not trying

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Speaker 2: to build something super duper long. I think the longest

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Speaker 2: thing that's ever actually been in space, it's more like

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Speaker 2: a kilometer. They build a space tether, which is like

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Speaker 2: a really long wire that you dangle from a spaceship

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Speaker 2: to try to like generate electrical current or to learn

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Speaker 2: to steer using mechnetic fields. So, like a kilometer long's

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Speaker 2: the biggest thing that we've ever put into space. But

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Speaker 2: again that's also just the near Earth orbit. So let's

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Speaker 2: go deeper out into space and try to build something

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Speaker 2: that's really long and think about the forces involved. Like

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Speaker 2: when you build a rod at a steel or even

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Speaker 2: a dowel out of wood or whatever, how are you

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Speaker 2: actually building that thing. Usually we ignore it and just say, oh,

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Speaker 2: it's some smooth, continuous substance. But if you zoom in,

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Speaker 2: the reason it takes time to propagate information along it

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Speaker 2: is the same thing that's holding it together, which is

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Speaker 2: the forces between those molecules. All of these objects in

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Speaker 2: the end are like a mesh of modules. Yet you

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Speaker 2: have these little bits of matter tied together by forces

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Speaker 2: to build something larger, and it's those forces that transmit

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Speaker 2: the information also limit how big something can get right

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Speaker 2: and so out into deep space. What is the thing

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Speaker 2: that's limiting us. Well, those forces can work. They can

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Speaker 2: tie something together basically infinitely, there's no limitation there. You

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Speaker 2: can just keep adding layers and layers and layers to

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Speaker 2: your rod. The thing that's going to keep you from

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Speaker 2: building that rod light years long or infinitely long in

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Speaker 2: the end, are going to be the gravitational effects, residual

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Speaker 2: as they are, and the nature of space and time itself.

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Speaker 2: But let's first talk about the gravitational effects. So one

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Speaker 2: effect are tidal forces. So you say, well, let's be

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Speaker 2: out between the stars. AX is actually talking about something

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Speaker 2: which stretches between the stars. You have like one end

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Speaker 2: at one star and the other end at another star.

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Speaker 2: And if you have something that's like five light years long,

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Speaker 2: you can't have it that far away from stars because

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Speaker 2: it's going to be big enough. There's always going to

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Speaker 2: be some nearby. And remember that gravity does more than

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Speaker 2: just pull on things. It can actually pull things apart.

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Speaker 2: These are called tidal forces. And for example, if you're

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Speaker 2: near a black hole, then your head can have a

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Speaker 2: different gravitational tug on it than your feet, and that

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Speaker 2: can effectively tear you apart. Like, if the black hole

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Speaker 2: is pulling on your feet harder than it's pulling on

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Speaker 2: your head because your feet are a little bit closer,

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Speaker 2: then it's going to pull you apart because its gravity

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Speaker 2: is really really strong. But if you're really really long,

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Speaker 2: then you don't need strong gravity to have tidal forces.

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Speaker 2: Because if one end of this rod is closer to

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Speaker 2: the star then the other end, and the rod is

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Speaker 2: really really long, that's going to be a very large

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Speaker 2: difference in the gravitational force from one end of the

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Speaker 2: rod to the other, and that star is going to

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Speaker 2: tear it apart. Even if the star doesn't have really

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Speaker 2: powerful gravity like black holes, the sheer length of the

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Speaker 2: rod makes the tidle forces very significant.

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Speaker 1: I see. So you can't span a doll from one

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Speaker 1: start to the other because of the same title forces

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Speaker 1: that spaghetifies you in a black hole. But what if

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Speaker 1: you took away the stars? Right? Like, could you get

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Speaker 1: a like infinity rod if you took away stars and

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Speaker 1: just had it existing on its own in space without

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Speaker 1: hitting anything?

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Speaker 2: Yeah? Right, so's get rid of the other gravity, and

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Speaker 2: you still have the issue of the gravity of the

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Speaker 2: rod itself. Right, You can't build an infinitely massive rod,

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Speaker 2: because eventually that thing is going to have its own

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Speaker 2: self gravity. It's going to collapse into a black hole. Like,

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Speaker 2: you can't just make a blob of metal and keep

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Speaker 2: adding blobs of metal to it and make it as

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Speaker 2: big as you want, because it's going to start collapsing.

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Speaker 2: This already happens for things like planets, like the Earth

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Speaker 2: is about the largest rocky planet you can make. You

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Speaker 2: can add more rock to it, but that's going to

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Speaker 2: mean more gravity, and it's just going to compress the

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Speaker 2: Earth further. So as you add more mass to the Earth,

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Speaker 2: it doesn't get any bigger, it just gets denser. And

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Speaker 2: eventually you keep adding mass, you're going to end up

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Speaker 2: up with a black hole. And so there is a

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Speaker 2: limit to how large and how massive you can make

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Speaker 2: something before it collapses into a black hole. So something

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Speaker 2: self gravity will also limit how large you can make

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Speaker 2: an object out of practical stuff like steel or wood.

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Speaker 1: Okay, so what about a really thin rod? Now stay

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Speaker 1: with me. What if you have a rod that is

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Speaker 1: like one atom per unit, right, it is like one

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Speaker 1: atom thick, and then you just stack a bunch of

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Speaker 1: atoms into this very long rod. Would that still be

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Speaker 1: something that would at a certain point start to collapse

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Speaker 1: in on itself because of gravity, Or am I already

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Speaker 1: breaking some laws of physics by trying to create a

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Speaker 1: one atom diameter rod.

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Speaker 2: Now you could probably make a carbon nanofiber eventually that's

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Speaker 2: like one atom thick and super duper long. I don't

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Speaker 2: think it's a technical problem there. But what you're going to

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Speaker 2: run into is a problem with a nature space and time.

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Speaker 2: And if you can get rid of gravity the nearby

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Speaker 2: stars and effectively get rid of the self gravity by

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Speaker 2: making this thing really really lightweight, you're going to run

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Speaker 2: into dark energy. So in short distances, like the size

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Speaker 2: of our Solar system of the size of our galaxy,

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Speaker 2: the dominant force is gravity. It holds things together, it

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Speaker 2: shapes things, it determines the nature of our universe. But

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Speaker 2: over very large distances, gravity gets weaker. Right, the further

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Speaker 2: you are away from something, the weaker it's gravity is.

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Speaker 2: And at those distances something else takes over, which is

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Speaker 2: dark energy, meaning the expansion of the universe itself. Remember

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Speaker 2: that everywhere in the universe is expanding. Take any arbitrary

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Speaker 2: chunk of space as time goes on, That space is

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Speaker 2: getting larger. It's making new space. So between the Earth

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Speaker 2: and the Sun, for example, new space is being made,

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Speaker 2: but the gravity of the Earth and the Sun overpowers it.

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Speaker 2: Between our galaxy and the neighboring galaxy, new space is

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Speaker 2: being made, but again the gravity overpowers it. But eventually,

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Speaker 2: between clusters of galaxy, dark energy becomes more powerful because

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Speaker 2: you have more of these cubes of space and each

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Speaker 2: one is expanding, so that adds up and gravity gets

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Speaker 2: very very weak. So take Alex's super duper long, infinitely

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Speaker 2: thin rod. Eventually it's going to be so long that

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Speaker 2: dark energy is going to tear it apart. It's going

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Speaker 2: to be creating new space between those atoms faster than

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Speaker 2: those atoms can recover and bind themselves together. So you

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Speaker 2: can get spaghettified by space and time.

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Speaker 1: All right, So we cannot make an infinity rod. Unfortunately,

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Speaker 1: do we know, like how big something can get before

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Speaker 1: the expansion of the universe starts to break it apart.

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Speaker 2: It's gonna be really really big. And remember that nearby

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Speaker 2: galaxies are millions of light years away, and dark energy

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Speaker 2: only really dominates between clusters of galaxies, So we're talking

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Speaker 2: hundreds of millions of light years. So if you can

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Speaker 2: overcome the gravity of nearby stars and overcome tidal forces

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Speaker 2: completely and overcome collapsing due to self gravity, then you

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Speaker 2: could still build something that's like hundreds of millions of

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Speaker 2: light years long. So that's pretty good, you know what.

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Speaker 1: That sounds great. I'm gonna write a grant for U

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Speaker 1: to get started building on the biggest spaghetti that one could.

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Speaker 2: Make, exact spaghetti simo.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, I bet Italy's government would fun.

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Speaker 2: That's gonna write, yes, in honor of the winter solstice.

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Speaker 2: I think that's a great idea. All right, Well, thank

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Speaker 2: you very much Alex for thinking big and wondering about

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Speaker 2: how far we can push our concepts of distance and

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Speaker 2: structure and space and time. Really fun way to explore

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Speaker 2: all of those different factors, and really appreciate everybody out

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Speaker 2: there who's thinking about the universe and wondering about it,

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Speaker 2: and who's brave enough to write into their favorite Internet

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Speaker 2: physicists to look for some answers. If you'd like to

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00:22:55,320 --> 00:22:57,560
Speaker 2: see my email in your inbox, write to me two

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Speaker 2: questions at Daniel and Jorge dot com. I'd sure love

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Speaker 2: to hear from you. Thanks very much, Katie for pushing

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Speaker 2: the boundaries of space and time and humor today.

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Speaker 1: And thank you for signing on to my petition for

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Speaker 1: Universe's longest spaghetti.

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Speaker 2: Funded funded funded. All right, Thanks everyone for listening, and

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Speaker 2: tune in next time for more science and curiosity. Come

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Speaker 2: find us on social media where we answer questions and

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Speaker 2: post videos. We're on Twitter, This, Org, Instant and now TikTok.

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Speaker 2: Thanks for listening, and remember that Daniel and Jorge Explain

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Speaker 2: the Universe is a production of iHeartRadio. For more podcasts

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Speaker 2: from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever

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Speaker 2: you listen to your favorite shows.