1 00:00:06,360 --> 00:00:10,200 Speaker 1: Welcome to Creature Future production of iHeartRadio. I'm your host 2 00:00:10,240 --> 00:00:14,960 Speaker 1: of Many Parasites, Katie Golden. I studied psychology and evolutionary biology, 3 00:00:15,000 --> 00:00:19,480 Speaker 1: and today on this show, it's a listener questions episode. 4 00:00:20,320 --> 00:00:24,919 Speaker 1: You send me your questions via email or Twitter. I 5 00:00:24,920 --> 00:00:28,040 Speaker 1: guess sometimes and I do my best to answer them. 6 00:00:28,560 --> 00:00:30,960 Speaker 1: If you are listening to this and you're thinking, hey, 7 00:00:31,080 --> 00:00:33,800 Speaker 1: I have a question, why aren't you answering my question? Well, 8 00:00:33,840 --> 00:00:36,800 Speaker 1: you can write to me at Creature Featurepod at gmail 9 00:00:36,880 --> 00:00:42,160 Speaker 1: dot com. So onto the first listener question. Hey, Katie, 10 00:00:42,200 --> 00:00:43,919 Speaker 1: I was just curious. Do you know if any other 11 00:00:43,960 --> 00:00:46,720 Speaker 1: animals lose their hair as they age? And if yes, 12 00:00:46,840 --> 00:00:49,160 Speaker 1: is it like with humans where it's super selective which 13 00:00:49,159 --> 00:00:52,960 Speaker 1: hair disappears in which keeps growing strong right untill we croak? 14 00:00:53,120 --> 00:00:55,280 Speaker 1: This is from p K. Thank you for the question. 15 00:00:56,240 --> 00:01:00,600 Speaker 1: Baldness is common in humans, and it is actually found 16 00:01:00,640 --> 00:01:06,240 Speaker 1: another animals, either as a permanent and useful feature, such 17 00:01:06,240 --> 00:01:09,960 Speaker 1: as the bald heads of vultures and buzzards, which keeps 18 00:01:10,040 --> 00:01:13,240 Speaker 1: them clean when they are feeding on carrion. There's also 19 00:01:13,240 --> 00:01:19,280 Speaker 1: the bald skin of naked mole rats and of course elephants, 20 00:01:19,319 --> 00:01:22,400 Speaker 1: which you know their skin. They do have hair on 21 00:01:22,480 --> 00:01:26,920 Speaker 1: their skin, but it's very thin and fine. But these 22 00:01:27,080 --> 00:01:32,760 Speaker 1: are evolutionary traits. These have adapted over a long period 23 00:01:32,800 --> 00:01:37,320 Speaker 1: of time, and so it is something that benefits these animals. 24 00:01:38,640 --> 00:01:42,959 Speaker 1: But there is I think the kind of conception of 25 00:01:43,000 --> 00:01:46,720 Speaker 1: baldness in humans is something that changes over time due 26 00:01:46,720 --> 00:01:52,480 Speaker 1: to age, due to genetics, environment and hormones. So in humans, 27 00:01:52,920 --> 00:01:59,680 Speaker 1: pattern baldness is a type of baldness that occurs during aging, 28 00:01:59,720 --> 00:02:03,720 Speaker 1: and you usually follows a pattern. It is hereditary, and 29 00:02:03,920 --> 00:02:08,040 Speaker 1: it is typically more pronounced in people assigned male at 30 00:02:08,080 --> 00:02:12,400 Speaker 1: birth than in female, but it occurs for both males 31 00:02:12,440 --> 00:02:17,120 Speaker 1: and females. What happens is the hair follicles shrink over 32 00:02:17,280 --> 00:02:22,160 Speaker 1: time and the hair becomes shorter and thinner until it 33 00:02:22,240 --> 00:02:27,240 Speaker 1: stops growing thick and full like it used to. So 34 00:02:27,440 --> 00:02:30,720 Speaker 1: the follicle isn't dead, but the hair is so thin 35 00:02:30,919 --> 00:02:35,160 Speaker 1: and fine it is no longer visible. And so the 36 00:02:35,360 --> 00:02:41,680 Speaker 1: reason that pattern baldness isn't as common in furry animals 37 00:02:41,720 --> 00:02:44,400 Speaker 1: like you know your cats or what have you, is 38 00:02:44,440 --> 00:02:48,239 Speaker 1: that if they have fur, generally there's a good evolutionary 39 00:02:48,280 --> 00:02:51,520 Speaker 1: reason for it, and there are selective pressures for them 40 00:02:51,560 --> 00:02:54,480 Speaker 1: to keep that fur. In humans, the hair on our 41 00:02:54,520 --> 00:02:58,120 Speaker 1: head might keep us marginally warmer or offer some sun protection, 42 00:02:58,560 --> 00:03:03,320 Speaker 1: but it's not as article to our survival, especially given 43 00:03:03,480 --> 00:03:08,480 Speaker 1: our ingenuity and our social behaviors and being able to 44 00:03:08,480 --> 00:03:13,519 Speaker 1: invent things like hats, so we are able to sustain 45 00:03:13,680 --> 00:03:17,960 Speaker 1: a large population of people with baldness. So the mechanics 46 00:03:18,000 --> 00:03:20,920 Speaker 1: of how pattern hair loss works in humans relates to 47 00:03:21,560 --> 00:03:26,400 Speaker 1: the sensitivity of a keratin protein to the androgen hormone 48 00:03:26,480 --> 00:03:29,800 Speaker 1: and the lack of this keratin protein on human scalps. 49 00:03:30,480 --> 00:03:33,480 Speaker 1: So this is why you can have a hairy chest 50 00:03:34,040 --> 00:03:37,680 Speaker 1: or back or other parts as well as like a 51 00:03:37,720 --> 00:03:42,000 Speaker 1: fully luxurious beard, while also having a bald head. The 52 00:03:42,040 --> 00:03:45,520 Speaker 1: scalp doesn't have the same type of kerotin protein as 53 00:03:45,640 --> 00:03:48,360 Speaker 1: these other parts of the body and so a different 54 00:03:48,440 --> 00:03:52,480 Speaker 1: type of sensitivity to androgen. So while androgen can cause 55 00:03:52,560 --> 00:03:55,440 Speaker 1: hair growth on other parts of the body, it can 56 00:03:55,480 --> 00:04:01,880 Speaker 1: actually overstimulate and cause hair loss on the scalp. Androgen 57 00:04:01,960 --> 00:04:05,680 Speaker 1: can actually shorten the growth cycle of hair on the scalp, 58 00:04:06,200 --> 00:04:10,520 Speaker 1: and that inhibits hair growth while you know, still growing 59 00:04:10,560 --> 00:04:14,600 Speaker 1: hair elsewhere on the body. This is also why trans 60 00:04:14,640 --> 00:04:18,400 Speaker 1: people who take male hormones can both gain the ability 61 00:04:18,480 --> 00:04:21,840 Speaker 1: to grow a beard or other body hair, but can 62 00:04:21,880 --> 00:04:28,400 Speaker 1: also paradoxically cause baldness on the scalp, not always but sometimes. Again, 63 00:04:28,440 --> 00:04:32,239 Speaker 1: it has something to do with genetics. That is why 64 00:04:32,440 --> 00:04:38,960 Speaker 1: pattern baldness is also called androgenetic alopecia. So animals can 65 00:04:39,120 --> 00:04:44,400 Speaker 1: experience baldness due to stress or mange. Right. Mange as 66 00:04:44,400 --> 00:04:48,240 Speaker 1: a skin infection caused by mites, and it can cause 67 00:04:48,400 --> 00:04:51,480 Speaker 1: hair loss all over the animal's body. A lot of 68 00:04:51,520 --> 00:04:55,159 Speaker 1: the cryptid sidings that people document, like the chupacabra, are 69 00:04:55,279 --> 00:04:59,960 Speaker 1: typically coyotes, dogs, or foxes affected by mange, which alters 70 00:05:00,120 --> 00:05:04,440 Speaker 1: their appearance. But this is kind of different from human balding. Right, 71 00:05:04,480 --> 00:05:07,440 Speaker 1: Like human balding is not due to a disease, It 72 00:05:07,520 --> 00:05:11,880 Speaker 1: is just a natural genetic predisposition to the hair follicles 73 00:05:11,920 --> 00:05:15,840 Speaker 1: shrinking in response to androgen So are there animals who 74 00:05:15,880 --> 00:05:20,400 Speaker 1: experience this kind of pattern baldness the same kind that 75 00:05:20,600 --> 00:05:24,320 Speaker 1: occurs in humans where it happens as you age, And yes, 76 00:05:24,400 --> 00:05:27,880 Speaker 1: actually it does. There is an animal called the stump 77 00:05:27,960 --> 00:05:32,400 Speaker 1: tailed macaque. It is a primate found in South and 78 00:05:32,640 --> 00:05:39,280 Speaker 1: Southeast Asia. It has a red, hairless face, a stubby tail, 79 00:05:39,520 --> 00:05:44,360 Speaker 1: and shaggy brown fur. Both male and female stump tailed 80 00:05:44,360 --> 00:05:48,800 Speaker 1: macaques experience pattern baldness as they age on their heads, 81 00:05:49,400 --> 00:05:52,920 Speaker 1: so their baldness is thought to be caused by similar 82 00:05:53,000 --> 00:05:58,720 Speaker 1: factors that affect human baldness, so like the androgenetic alopecia 83 00:05:59,120 --> 00:06:04,240 Speaker 1: that occurs in humans. Also, there are certain breeds of 84 00:06:04,279 --> 00:06:09,680 Speaker 1: domesticated dogs, usually short, short haired, and pure bred dogs 85 00:06:09,720 --> 00:06:14,800 Speaker 1: such as docsins, who also have patterned baldness, but it's 86 00:06:14,839 --> 00:06:16,880 Speaker 1: not usually just like on the top of their head. 87 00:06:17,240 --> 00:06:20,799 Speaker 1: It would be on the ears, chest, and back legs, 88 00:06:21,320 --> 00:06:24,720 Speaker 1: so it Yeah, it does occasionally occur in other animals, 89 00:06:24,720 --> 00:06:28,800 Speaker 1: but it is way more common in humans. So yes, 90 00:06:28,880 --> 00:06:33,120 Speaker 1: it does occur in other animals, but yeah, it's relatively rare. 91 00:06:33,200 --> 00:06:37,720 Speaker 1: It's kind of an interesting, somewhat unique thing that occurs 92 00:06:37,760 --> 00:06:41,200 Speaker 1: in humans and the other examples that I mentioned. All right, 93 00:06:41,240 --> 00:06:45,599 Speaker 1: onto the next listener question. Hello Katie, long time, first time. 94 00:06:46,120 --> 00:06:48,919 Speaker 1: I just found out about the Morning Gecko and my 95 00:06:49,000 --> 00:06:51,800 Speaker 1: mind can't comprehend them. Have you done an episode on 96 00:06:51,839 --> 00:06:54,120 Speaker 1: them in the past, and I don't remember it. If 97 00:06:54,160 --> 00:06:56,599 Speaker 1: you haven't done an episode on the Morning Gecko, would 98 00:06:56,640 --> 00:06:59,840 Speaker 1: you please? I don't understand how they clone themselves, how 99 00:07:00,160 --> 00:07:04,000 Speaker 1: they evolve that ability. Are there any evolutionary advantages to 100 00:07:04,080 --> 00:07:06,600 Speaker 1: being able to clone yourself? And are there other animals 101 00:07:06,640 --> 00:07:08,960 Speaker 1: that can do the same thing or something similar? Thank 102 00:07:09,000 --> 00:07:11,480 Speaker 1: you and this is from Tuck so Hey Tech. Thank 103 00:07:11,520 --> 00:07:14,400 Speaker 1: you for the really cool question. This is a great question. 104 00:07:14,840 --> 00:07:18,200 Speaker 1: There are a few species of reptiles who can do 105 00:07:18,280 --> 00:07:22,120 Speaker 1: the same thing as the morning gecko, who can reproduce asexually, 106 00:07:22,560 --> 00:07:25,360 Speaker 1: and there are a lot of animals who do so 107 00:07:26,360 --> 00:07:30,520 Speaker 1: or go through cycles of cloning and sexual reproduction, like 108 00:07:30,680 --> 00:07:37,960 Speaker 1: aphids like coral so whiptail lizards are another reptile who 109 00:07:38,000 --> 00:07:41,920 Speaker 1: reproduce asexually and are entirely female. They're very similar in 110 00:07:42,000 --> 00:07:45,360 Speaker 1: terms of how their sexual reproduction works to the morning gecko. 111 00:07:45,800 --> 00:07:49,600 Speaker 1: So whiptail lizards use three sets of chromosomes to create 112 00:07:50,120 --> 00:07:56,320 Speaker 1: heterozygotic offspring. So all this means is that, you know, 113 00:07:56,360 --> 00:08:01,040 Speaker 1: we have pairs of matching chromosomes, and chromosome has the 114 00:08:01,080 --> 00:08:04,160 Speaker 1: same number of alleles and alleles that line up with 115 00:08:04,280 --> 00:08:07,680 Speaker 1: each other, kind of like a zipper lines up with 116 00:08:07,800 --> 00:08:13,320 Speaker 1: another half of the zipper. So for heterozygotic organisms, the 117 00:08:13,560 --> 00:08:19,400 Speaker 1: aligning alleles are not the same. They can be slightly 118 00:08:19,440 --> 00:08:23,520 Speaker 1: different So imagine like a zipper, where each little tooth 119 00:08:23,720 --> 00:08:27,480 Speaker 1: represents an allele, and you have the left zipper and 120 00:08:27,520 --> 00:08:30,640 Speaker 1: the right zipper, and these are each chromosomes, and each 121 00:08:30,720 --> 00:08:33,600 Speaker 1: tooth of the zipper is like a different color, and 122 00:08:33,679 --> 00:08:37,400 Speaker 1: this example color is a stand in for like nucleotide 123 00:08:37,440 --> 00:08:42,240 Speaker 1: sequence of the allele. So in monozygotic animals, each zipper 124 00:08:42,280 --> 00:08:45,079 Speaker 1: tooth is matched with the same color of zipper tooth 125 00:08:45,120 --> 00:08:49,000 Speaker 1: on the opposite side, But in heterozygotic animals, each zipper 126 00:08:49,040 --> 00:08:52,839 Speaker 1: tooth is matched with a different colored tooth, and they 127 00:08:52,840 --> 00:08:55,679 Speaker 1: can still zip together. It still functions, And so this 128 00:08:55,720 --> 00:08:59,719 Speaker 1: is how you get sort of dominant and recessive genes 129 00:08:59,800 --> 00:09:04,040 Speaker 1: in interacting with each other. You can have a recessive 130 00:09:04,080 --> 00:09:08,440 Speaker 1: allele maybe that is negative or something that gets over 131 00:09:08,600 --> 00:09:11,640 Speaker 1: rowed by a dominant allele, and then it can protect 132 00:09:11,640 --> 00:09:17,480 Speaker 1: you from something like rare disease. And so in the 133 00:09:17,520 --> 00:09:22,559 Speaker 1: case of whiptail lizards, they can actually create this heterozygotic 134 00:09:22,640 --> 00:09:28,160 Speaker 1: zipper effect even through clonal offspring by having three sets 135 00:09:28,200 --> 00:09:31,640 Speaker 1: of chromosomes rather than the usual two, and so they 136 00:09:31,679 --> 00:09:35,600 Speaker 1: give their offspring twice the number of chromosomes than sexually 137 00:09:35,640 --> 00:09:41,640 Speaker 1: reproducing animals give their offspring. So Now let's talk about 138 00:09:41,720 --> 00:09:44,559 Speaker 1: the morning geckos since this was brought up in the question. 139 00:09:45,280 --> 00:09:48,760 Speaker 1: They are from Southeast Asia, but they are invasive to 140 00:09:48,920 --> 00:09:53,280 Speaker 1: the Americas and Australia. It is a small brown gecko 141 00:09:53,400 --> 00:09:58,280 Speaker 1: who looks pretty plain, but their reproductive cycle is really fascinating. 142 00:09:58,679 --> 00:10:03,160 Speaker 1: Like the whiptail lizards, they are typically an all female species. 143 00:10:03,960 --> 00:10:08,040 Speaker 1: Occasionally they will give birth to an oopsie male baby. 144 00:10:08,800 --> 00:10:14,200 Speaker 1: Usually this offspring cannot reproduce and so yeah, these geckos 145 00:10:14,320 --> 00:10:19,280 Speaker 1: use parthenogenesis to reproduce. It is asexual reproduction from an 146 00:10:19,400 --> 00:10:25,400 Speaker 1: unfertilized egg, and rather than combine their genes with a male, 147 00:10:26,600 --> 00:10:30,880 Speaker 1: they will shuffle their own genetic material to reproduce, just 148 00:10:31,040 --> 00:10:35,000 Speaker 1: like the whiptail lizard. They are also triploid, so that 149 00:10:35,120 --> 00:10:40,680 Speaker 1: means that they have three sets of chromosomes, just like 150 00:10:40,760 --> 00:10:45,319 Speaker 1: the whiptail lizard, and that allows them to have their 151 00:10:45,440 --> 00:10:51,160 Speaker 1: offspring be heterozygots. So why is it so important to 152 00:10:51,240 --> 00:10:57,000 Speaker 1: be a heterozygote. Well, this allows some genetic diversity to 153 00:10:57,320 --> 00:11:02,320 Speaker 1: avoid dileterious alleles from stef Say you have an allele 154 00:11:02,520 --> 00:11:06,640 Speaker 1: that actually causes an issue, having an opposite allele on 155 00:11:06,720 --> 00:11:09,880 Speaker 1: another chromosome, that's slightly different can actually protect an organism 156 00:11:09,920 --> 00:11:14,760 Speaker 1: from sort of mistakes stacking up. But because these geckos, 157 00:11:14,840 --> 00:11:18,360 Speaker 1: the morning gecko and species like the whiptail lizard are 158 00:11:18,440 --> 00:11:23,360 Speaker 1: still clonal and they aren't able to shuffle and replenish 159 00:11:23,440 --> 00:11:28,079 Speaker 1: their genetic library like sexually reproducing animals do, they are 160 00:11:28,120 --> 00:11:33,200 Speaker 1: still vulnerable to things like environmental change or disease. Because 161 00:11:33,200 --> 00:11:37,120 Speaker 1: if one of these geckos is vulnerable to something happening, 162 00:11:37,240 --> 00:11:42,280 Speaker 1: say the temperature changing slightly or some fungal infection happening, 163 00:11:43,040 --> 00:11:46,040 Speaker 1: and it has a vulnerability to it, well so does 164 00:11:46,120 --> 00:11:48,960 Speaker 1: all of the rest of the population. Because they're genetically 165 00:11:49,000 --> 00:11:52,600 Speaker 1: so similar, if not identical, so they will be affected 166 00:11:52,760 --> 00:11:57,280 Speaker 1: in similar ways. Whereas a population that has more genetic 167 00:11:57,360 --> 00:12:01,240 Speaker 1: diversity has more of a chance of their being an 168 00:12:01,240 --> 00:12:06,480 Speaker 1: individual or individuals who have some adaptation or difference that 169 00:12:06,559 --> 00:12:12,960 Speaker 1: allows them to deal with environmental stressors. So the question 170 00:12:13,040 --> 00:12:15,800 Speaker 1: would be why would you ever want to be a 171 00:12:15,840 --> 00:12:19,000 Speaker 1: clonal species? Well, I mean the main thing is just 172 00:12:19,080 --> 00:12:20,840 Speaker 1: that you don't have to date. You don't have to 173 00:12:20,880 --> 00:12:23,880 Speaker 1: be in the dating pool. Not having to find a 174 00:12:23,920 --> 00:12:26,760 Speaker 1: partner or compete to find a partner means that you 175 00:12:26,800 --> 00:12:29,960 Speaker 1: can simply drop your little lizard pants and lay an 176 00:12:29,960 --> 00:12:33,360 Speaker 1: egg when the conditions are right. This allows them greater 177 00:12:33,480 --> 00:12:38,679 Speaker 1: ability to reproduce without constraints. So this is one of 178 00:12:38,720 --> 00:12:41,760 Speaker 1: the reasons they are such an invasive species. All they 179 00:12:41,800 --> 00:12:44,800 Speaker 1: need is one individual to land on an island or 180 00:12:44,920 --> 00:12:47,920 Speaker 1: new continent to establish a population there. They don't even 181 00:12:47,960 --> 00:12:52,600 Speaker 1: need to find a partner to reproduce, so that is 182 00:12:52,840 --> 00:12:57,800 Speaker 1: a benefit. But then you know, so these these geckos 183 00:12:57,800 --> 00:13:00,760 Speaker 1: and lizards have kind of comp and stated for the 184 00:13:00,800 --> 00:13:04,760 Speaker 1: fact that clones are less genetically diverse by using that 185 00:13:04,880 --> 00:13:09,320 Speaker 1: three chromosome trick. But other species I mentioned earlier, like 186 00:13:09,400 --> 00:13:14,840 Speaker 1: aphids coral, they will have both a sexual and sexual 187 00:13:14,880 --> 00:13:18,880 Speaker 1: reproduction and sometimes it happens in seasonal cycles or depending 188 00:13:18,960 --> 00:13:22,520 Speaker 1: on the environment, And that's another way that a species 189 00:13:22,640 --> 00:13:28,480 Speaker 1: can try to compensate for the downsides of both sexual 190 00:13:28,600 --> 00:13:33,160 Speaker 1: and a sexual reproduction. So like with sexual reproduction, you 191 00:13:33,160 --> 00:13:34,640 Speaker 1: know you have to find a partner, it can be 192 00:13:34,720 --> 00:13:39,439 Speaker 1: tricky and you can't create as many offspring as quickly, 193 00:13:39,960 --> 00:13:43,200 Speaker 1: whereas with a sexual reproduction you can create a lot 194 00:13:43,200 --> 00:13:47,640 Speaker 1: of offspring. And so kind of combining both systems for 195 00:13:47,720 --> 00:13:51,880 Speaker 1: these organisms allows them to introduce some genetic diversity while 196 00:13:51,920 --> 00:13:55,800 Speaker 1: also pumping out a lot of babies, which is, you know, 197 00:13:56,360 --> 00:13:59,000 Speaker 1: important if you're an avid, because gosh, you're just a 198 00:13:59,160 --> 00:14:04,160 Speaker 1: tiny little jellybean of the natural world. Everybody likes to eat, 199 00:14:04,360 --> 00:14:09,160 Speaker 1: especially ladybugs. Anyways, we're gonna take a quick break and 200 00:14:09,240 --> 00:14:13,720 Speaker 1: when we return we will answer another couple listener questions. 201 00:14:16,440 --> 00:14:20,200 Speaker 1: All right, onto the next email. I have a burning question. 202 00:14:20,400 --> 00:14:23,880 Speaker 1: Why is dog skin like that? You can just grab 203 00:14:23,960 --> 00:14:27,280 Speaker 1: a handful of dog skin. You can't do that to 204 00:14:27,440 --> 00:14:30,760 Speaker 1: a human it hurts, but dogs like it. You can 205 00:14:30,800 --> 00:14:34,040 Speaker 1: grab fistsful of dog skin on the back of their neck, 206 00:14:34,120 --> 00:14:37,280 Speaker 1: which makes sense for scruffing puppies, but you can also 207 00:14:37,360 --> 00:14:40,520 Speaker 1: do it on their butt, legs and belly. It's like 208 00:14:40,560 --> 00:14:43,600 Speaker 1: it's hardly attached. The only place you can do that 209 00:14:43,680 --> 00:14:46,840 Speaker 1: on a human is the elbows, and it's the same 210 00:14:46,880 --> 00:14:49,120 Speaker 1: with cats too. I don't know for sure, but I 211 00:14:49,200 --> 00:14:51,920 Speaker 1: was traumatized by Michael Moore's Roger and Me, and I'm 212 00:14:51,920 --> 00:14:55,040 Speaker 1: guessing that you can grab a fistful of buddy skin too. 213 00:14:55,160 --> 00:14:57,960 Speaker 1: How come some animal skin is all loose like that? 214 00:14:58,080 --> 00:15:01,320 Speaker 1: Thanks will Well, will I I have not seen that movie, 215 00:15:01,480 --> 00:15:03,680 Speaker 1: and I don't know what you're referring to, and I'm 216 00:15:03,720 --> 00:15:06,840 Speaker 1: going to keep it that way because I do like bunnies. 217 00:15:06,920 --> 00:15:10,080 Speaker 1: So yeah, as you pointed out, dogs, bunnies, cats, a 218 00:15:10,080 --> 00:15:13,520 Speaker 1: lot of other animals actually have looser skin than humans. 219 00:15:13,560 --> 00:15:16,120 Speaker 1: Like if you try to sort of scruff your own neck, 220 00:15:16,200 --> 00:15:19,200 Speaker 1: you're gonna have a bad time. And as you point 221 00:15:19,200 --> 00:15:22,720 Speaker 1: it out in your question, one reason that dogs, bunnies, 222 00:15:22,880 --> 00:15:25,720 Speaker 1: and cats skin is loose on their neck is that 223 00:15:25,840 --> 00:15:29,280 Speaker 1: as puppies and kittens, they can easily be transported by 224 00:15:29,280 --> 00:15:32,400 Speaker 1: the neck by their mother. Now, don't do that with 225 00:15:32,680 --> 00:15:36,600 Speaker 1: adult dogs or cats or well, actually I don't know 226 00:15:36,640 --> 00:15:41,119 Speaker 1: too much about handling rabbits, but yeah, if you scruff 227 00:15:41,160 --> 00:15:44,480 Speaker 1: an animal that is an adult without supporting them properly, 228 00:15:44,520 --> 00:15:47,320 Speaker 1: you can hurt them. Because it's really only meant for 229 00:15:47,760 --> 00:15:51,160 Speaker 1: kittens and puppies because they're lighter and so there's less 230 00:15:51,200 --> 00:15:56,680 Speaker 1: pressure on that neck scruff. So yeah, always always grab 231 00:15:56,800 --> 00:16:00,560 Speaker 1: your animal's skin with care you cut, Like if you 232 00:16:00,600 --> 00:16:02,400 Speaker 1: own a dog, you kind of know, like you can 233 00:16:02,600 --> 00:16:05,040 Speaker 1: usually like sort of massage your dog's neck and like 234 00:16:05,120 --> 00:16:08,560 Speaker 1: there's skin that kind of is loose there, and they're 235 00:16:08,640 --> 00:16:11,280 Speaker 1: happy enough to have their skin kind of massaged in 236 00:16:11,320 --> 00:16:13,680 Speaker 1: a way that would maybe be uncomfortable for a human. 237 00:16:14,600 --> 00:16:17,200 Speaker 1: But you know, aways, always be gentle with your dog 238 00:16:17,280 --> 00:16:21,320 Speaker 1: skin because even though it's looser, it can still be sensitive, 239 00:16:21,400 --> 00:16:24,520 Speaker 1: especially in places like on their bellies or on their haunches. 240 00:16:25,440 --> 00:16:30,200 Speaker 1: But yeah, so it is definitely looser than human skin, 241 00:16:30,840 --> 00:16:35,520 Speaker 1: and loose skin in animals has a variety of purposes, 242 00:16:35,640 --> 00:16:40,480 Speaker 1: including protections. So loose skin around the throat or other 243 00:16:40,600 --> 00:16:44,520 Speaker 1: vital organs can prevent an animal from being injured or 244 00:16:44,640 --> 00:16:48,560 Speaker 1: killed if they're clad or bitten by another animal, so 245 00:16:48,680 --> 00:16:52,320 Speaker 1: basically their skin will be grabbed while their organs will 246 00:16:52,360 --> 00:16:56,560 Speaker 1: be safe. In fact, some animals go to the extreme 247 00:16:56,720 --> 00:17:02,720 Speaker 1: when it comes to this type of defense. The hagfish have, 248 00:17:03,200 --> 00:17:06,720 Speaker 1: which are basically these like deep sea fish that look 249 00:17:06,840 --> 00:17:13,119 Speaker 1: like gross slimy tubes, and hagfish have such loose, detached skin. 250 00:17:13,320 --> 00:17:17,680 Speaker 1: They're basically like a long, tough, mucas y water balloon 251 00:17:17,760 --> 00:17:20,960 Speaker 1: filled with organs, which makes it really hard for a 252 00:17:21,080 --> 00:17:24,520 Speaker 1: predator to puncture their internal organs because they can grab them, 253 00:17:24,560 --> 00:17:27,879 Speaker 1: but they're basically just like grabbing the skin while the 254 00:17:28,080 --> 00:17:32,320 Speaker 1: organs shift around inside them. So this is protection for 255 00:17:32,400 --> 00:17:38,840 Speaker 1: the hagfish. Another interesting species is the African spiny mouse. 256 00:17:39,080 --> 00:17:44,119 Speaker 1: So African spiny mice have this adaptation, which is detachable skin. 257 00:17:44,600 --> 00:17:48,480 Speaker 1: Their skin can actually be built, pulled off and grow back, 258 00:17:48,960 --> 00:17:53,200 Speaker 1: allowing them to escape predation by the skin of their teeth, 259 00:17:53,280 --> 00:17:56,600 Speaker 1: which I guess technically it's just the skin everywhere, but 260 00:17:56,720 --> 00:18:01,320 Speaker 1: it's sort of like that the the technique that some 261 00:18:01,480 --> 00:18:05,240 Speaker 1: lizards have where their tails can pop off. So yeah, 262 00:18:05,280 --> 00:18:08,960 Speaker 1: it's their skin can basically come off, come loose, and 263 00:18:09,080 --> 00:18:12,240 Speaker 1: the mouse can live another day. It regrows the skin 264 00:18:13,280 --> 00:18:18,359 Speaker 1: and is able to survive predation. So really there's a 265 00:18:18,359 --> 00:18:20,760 Speaker 1: lot of good reasons to have loose skin. So the 266 00:18:20,760 --> 00:18:24,840 Speaker 1: better question is why humans and some other animals have 267 00:18:24,960 --> 00:18:28,440 Speaker 1: really tight skin, since it puts us at greater risk 268 00:18:28,480 --> 00:18:32,200 Speaker 1: of a predator or competitor biting our organs. Right, we 269 00:18:32,240 --> 00:18:35,440 Speaker 1: don't have that same defense technique that say a dog has, 270 00:18:36,080 --> 00:18:41,400 Speaker 1: so humans and some animals like pigs have very firmly 271 00:18:41,560 --> 00:18:46,560 Speaker 1: attached skin. Actually, pig skin is similar to humans, and 272 00:18:46,600 --> 00:18:51,479 Speaker 1: it's often used in research sort of to examine it 273 00:18:51,520 --> 00:18:54,119 Speaker 1: in place of human skin because of how similar it is. 274 00:18:55,400 --> 00:19:01,320 Speaker 1: So we also have a limited paniculous noosis, which is 275 00:19:01,400 --> 00:19:05,560 Speaker 1: a thin layer of muscle attached to the skin. So 276 00:19:05,640 --> 00:19:08,680 Speaker 1: you have you noticed like your dog or a horse 277 00:19:08,720 --> 00:19:11,560 Speaker 1: can like twitch its hind legs, say, like a fly 278 00:19:11,760 --> 00:19:15,720 Speaker 1: lands on a horse a horse's butt, and it's skin 279 00:19:15,800 --> 00:19:19,000 Speaker 1: just kind of like flicks around, twitches around to kind 280 00:19:19,000 --> 00:19:24,160 Speaker 1: of ward off this fly. We can't really do that. 281 00:19:24,240 --> 00:19:28,560 Speaker 1: We have a very limited muscle control of our skin. 282 00:19:28,960 --> 00:19:31,919 Speaker 1: And so you know, this is a limited thing that 283 00:19:32,640 --> 00:19:36,200 Speaker 1: we cannot do. So why again, why have we lost 284 00:19:36,400 --> 00:19:41,359 Speaker 1: this ability? So this is it's a big question. So 285 00:19:41,480 --> 00:19:45,000 Speaker 1: one of the possible benefits of more firmly attached skin 286 00:19:45,119 --> 00:19:48,920 Speaker 1: may have to do with our need for sweat glands. 287 00:19:49,000 --> 00:19:52,600 Speaker 1: You know, like maybe we are more kind of endurance hunters. 288 00:19:52,720 --> 00:19:54,600 Speaker 1: We need to have a lot of sweat glands. We 289 00:19:54,680 --> 00:19:58,200 Speaker 1: need to be able to have our skin get kind 290 00:19:58,240 --> 00:20:01,160 Speaker 1: of like evenly coated and sweat to cool off if 291 00:20:01,160 --> 00:20:07,800 Speaker 1: we're doing sort of these this sort of endurance hunting. Also, 292 00:20:08,720 --> 00:20:11,520 Speaker 1: it could have something to do with the immune function 293 00:20:11,760 --> 00:20:16,720 Speaker 1: of our skin. Uh, Honestly, I am not entirely certain 294 00:20:16,760 --> 00:20:19,480 Speaker 1: why this is, and I really want to find out more. 295 00:20:20,560 --> 00:20:23,960 Speaker 1: If there are any dermatologists or skin experts out there 296 00:20:23,960 --> 00:20:26,800 Speaker 1: who have an answer, you can write to me at 297 00:20:26,800 --> 00:20:30,239 Speaker 1: Creature featurepod at gmail dot com. In the meantime, I 298 00:20:30,320 --> 00:20:35,920 Speaker 1: will continue to keep my eyes peeled for skin news. 299 00:20:36,240 --> 00:20:39,160 Speaker 1: That's right. I will keep reading the news to see 300 00:20:39,200 --> 00:20:44,200 Speaker 1: if any more discoveries come out about human skin and 301 00:20:44,440 --> 00:20:48,159 Speaker 1: why why we don't gotta lose saggy baggy skin seems 302 00:20:48,200 --> 00:20:50,480 Speaker 1: like it'd be fun. You could just kind of like 303 00:20:51,080 --> 00:20:54,199 Speaker 1: slide around in it, you know. Can you imagine if 304 00:20:54,240 --> 00:20:56,919 Speaker 1: we had naked mole rat skin and we were just no, 305 00:20:57,080 --> 00:20:59,879 Speaker 1: there would be no more marketing to get rid of 306 00:20:59,920 --> 00:21:03,480 Speaker 1: or wrinkles, because we'd all have wrinkles by design, and 307 00:21:03,520 --> 00:21:06,320 Speaker 1: we'd think they look sexy, and that would be great. 308 00:21:06,400 --> 00:21:09,240 Speaker 1: It'd be liberating. We should be allowed to have wrinkles 309 00:21:09,320 --> 00:21:12,639 Speaker 1: in age. In fact, we should come out all Benjamin 310 00:21:12,720 --> 00:21:18,760 Speaker 1: buttony and just get older. That's how I feel. Let's 311 00:21:18,840 --> 00:21:25,200 Speaker 1: move on to another listener question. So here it is, Hi, Katie. 312 00:21:25,280 --> 00:21:27,800 Speaker 1: I just saw this short video of a spider tailed 313 00:21:27,880 --> 00:21:30,879 Speaker 1: horned viper and was truly horrified, But I thought it 314 00:21:30,960 --> 00:21:32,960 Speaker 1: might inspire you to do a show on some of 315 00:21:33,040 --> 00:21:36,600 Speaker 1: the most amazing or horrifying cases of memoricry. This is 316 00:21:36,600 --> 00:21:41,080 Speaker 1: from Amanda m Hi Amanda, So the spider tailed horned 317 00:21:41,200 --> 00:21:44,560 Speaker 1: viper is indeed an amazing mimic It is a viper 318 00:21:44,920 --> 00:21:48,000 Speaker 1: that lives in the mountains of Iran and Iraq, with 319 00:21:48,200 --> 00:21:53,280 Speaker 1: a tail tip that looks uncannily like a spider, even 320 00:21:53,320 --> 00:21:58,200 Speaker 1: with these little sort of dingly bits that look like legs. 321 00:21:58,720 --> 00:22:02,399 Speaker 1: So it will wiggle this tip of its tail until 322 00:22:02,400 --> 00:22:06,199 Speaker 1: it grabs the attention of a bird or other small insectivore, 323 00:22:06,840 --> 00:22:09,720 Speaker 1: and the bird will come down try to eat this spider, 324 00:22:09,800 --> 00:22:12,320 Speaker 1: but hey, that's just part of a snake. And then 325 00:22:12,359 --> 00:22:14,840 Speaker 1: at this point the viper will strike and it will 326 00:22:14,880 --> 00:22:19,240 Speaker 1: get its lunch. So I did actually talk about this 327 00:22:19,720 --> 00:22:22,639 Speaker 1: snake a while back on an episode called the Go 328 00:22:22,760 --> 00:22:27,760 Speaker 1: Home Nature, You're Drunk, which aired August fifteenth, in twenty nineteen. 329 00:22:27,840 --> 00:22:30,159 Speaker 1: So that was a really long time ago. I was 330 00:22:30,240 --> 00:22:33,480 Speaker 1: just a little baby, little baby podcaster and my little 331 00:22:33,520 --> 00:22:36,320 Speaker 1: podcasting diapers. I didn't know what I was doing at 332 00:22:36,320 --> 00:22:38,960 Speaker 1: that point, but yeah, you could listen to it Go 333 00:22:39,040 --> 00:22:43,440 Speaker 1: Home Nature, You're Drunk, August fifteenth, twenty nineteen. But yeah, 334 00:22:43,480 --> 00:22:48,840 Speaker 1: I definitely will do more cases of horrifying mimicry. I 335 00:22:48,880 --> 00:22:53,640 Speaker 1: love mimicry. I think it's really fascinating. So yeah, keep 336 00:22:53,680 --> 00:22:56,639 Speaker 1: your ears peeled. For that, I guess you don't peel 337 00:22:56,680 --> 00:23:01,640 Speaker 1: your ears. What's the term for that? Keep your ears perked? 338 00:23:02,080 --> 00:23:05,120 Speaker 1: We can't even perk our ears. We've lost so much 339 00:23:05,200 --> 00:23:08,720 Speaker 1: through evolution in terms of moving our skin and our 340 00:23:08,760 --> 00:23:15,080 Speaker 1: ears around. All right, So last listener question. One question 341 00:23:15,119 --> 00:23:17,760 Speaker 1: I have is why some sloths have to climb down 342 00:23:17,760 --> 00:23:21,320 Speaker 1: to the ground to poop, exposing them to overwhelming danger. 343 00:23:21,400 --> 00:23:24,240 Speaker 1: Why don't they just poop from the skies like most birds, 344 00:23:25,400 --> 00:23:29,719 Speaker 1: which is a worse calamity to your hat than most droppings. So, 345 00:23:30,080 --> 00:23:34,320 Speaker 1: Michael D. From Sacramento, thank you for this question. I 346 00:23:34,320 --> 00:23:37,800 Speaker 1: always love a poop question. Keep them coming. So before 347 00:23:37,800 --> 00:23:41,800 Speaker 1: I answer the question directly, here's some background that will 348 00:23:41,800 --> 00:23:45,040 Speaker 1: help you understand. There is this interesting thing that happens 349 00:23:45,040 --> 00:23:50,960 Speaker 1: when sloths descend and poop. They are able to facilitate 350 00:23:51,040 --> 00:23:54,600 Speaker 1: the life cycle of a symbiotic moth that lives on 351 00:23:54,640 --> 00:23:58,200 Speaker 1: the sloth spur. The moth that lives in the sloths 352 00:23:58,240 --> 00:24:03,440 Speaker 1: fur actually poops on the sloth and will dye sometimes 353 00:24:03,440 --> 00:24:05,520 Speaker 1: in its fur, which sounds gross like you have a 354 00:24:05,520 --> 00:24:09,119 Speaker 1: bunch of moth poop and corpses in your fur, But 355 00:24:09,240 --> 00:24:14,840 Speaker 1: actually what that does is provide fertilizer for another symbiote 356 00:24:14,840 --> 00:24:18,600 Speaker 1: that lives on the sloth, green algae. So green algae 357 00:24:18,640 --> 00:24:21,320 Speaker 1: lives on the sloth. You can actually see algae sometimes 358 00:24:21,320 --> 00:24:24,600 Speaker 1: on sloth. They'll have a greenish tint to their fur. 359 00:24:25,200 --> 00:24:29,160 Speaker 1: And this algae feeds on the moth droppings or even 360 00:24:29,240 --> 00:24:34,840 Speaker 1: the moth corpses. And the algae is beneficial to the 361 00:24:34,920 --> 00:24:38,160 Speaker 1: sloth because it grows on the sloth skin and fur, 362 00:24:38,320 --> 00:24:42,760 Speaker 1: and the sloth can actually absorb vitamins and nutrients through 363 00:24:42,800 --> 00:24:46,400 Speaker 1: its skin from this algae that it otherwise can't get 364 00:24:46,440 --> 00:24:52,240 Speaker 1: through its diet. So ecologist Jonathan Polly and his team 365 00:24:53,119 --> 00:24:56,720 Speaker 1: at the University of Wisconsin think that this algae moth 366 00:24:56,840 --> 00:25:01,199 Speaker 1: connection may be a reason for the sloth inefficient pooping 367 00:25:01,280 --> 00:25:04,080 Speaker 1: method of climbing all the way down from the tree 368 00:25:04,200 --> 00:25:09,159 Speaker 1: onto the ground. So Polly describes the sloth descending the 369 00:25:09,200 --> 00:25:11,640 Speaker 1: tree to poop as quote, it's like if you had 370 00:25:11,640 --> 00:25:13,879 Speaker 1: to go to the bathroom and you were programmed to 371 00:25:13,960 --> 00:25:16,320 Speaker 1: go run a five k on the interstate before you 372 00:25:16,359 --> 00:25:19,520 Speaker 1: could go to the bathroom, which you know, man, I've 373 00:25:20,119 --> 00:25:22,679 Speaker 1: I've been camping, and the worst part of camping is 374 00:25:22,720 --> 00:25:24,480 Speaker 1: like trying to go to the bathroom in the middle 375 00:25:24,480 --> 00:25:26,639 Speaker 1: of the night, either walking all the way to the 376 00:25:26,680 --> 00:25:31,000 Speaker 1: one bathroom on the campsite or finding like a secret 377 00:25:31,040 --> 00:25:33,800 Speaker 1: spot when you're really out there. I did that once, 378 00:25:34,160 --> 00:25:36,800 Speaker 1: had like a mouse run across my foot as I 379 00:25:36,840 --> 00:25:39,920 Speaker 1: was trying to do a little bit of pee, and 380 00:25:40,160 --> 00:25:44,320 Speaker 1: that was horrible. Don't recommend. I mean, I still enjoy 381 00:25:44,800 --> 00:25:48,520 Speaker 1: the great outdoors, but I do love a convenient bathroom. 382 00:25:48,560 --> 00:25:55,359 Speaker 1: I think humans really nailed that. So back to the moth. Uh. Basically, 383 00:25:55,400 --> 00:25:58,760 Speaker 1: when the back to the moth, back to the sloth. 384 00:25:59,160 --> 00:26:03,760 Speaker 1: When the sloth the sinds to poop, the moth can 385 00:26:03,800 --> 00:26:06,879 Speaker 1: then lay its eggs in the sloth poop. So the 386 00:26:06,880 --> 00:26:10,119 Speaker 1: moth hops off of the sloth, lays its eggs in 387 00:26:10,200 --> 00:26:13,720 Speaker 1: the sloth poop, and that is where the new generation 388 00:26:13,880 --> 00:26:19,359 Speaker 1: of moths will hatch. And then those as the sloth 389 00:26:19,520 --> 00:26:22,880 Speaker 1: is doing its business pooping, the new generation of moths, 390 00:26:22,920 --> 00:26:27,600 Speaker 1: the moth larvae can actually crawl onto the sloth, and 391 00:26:27,720 --> 00:26:32,440 Speaker 1: so the sloth gains these passengers, and these are helpful passengers. 392 00:26:32,440 --> 00:26:36,840 Speaker 1: This is a mutualistic, symbiotic relationship where the sloth provides 393 00:26:36,880 --> 00:26:40,919 Speaker 1: the moth a home and the moths provide the sloths. Well, 394 00:26:41,680 --> 00:26:46,119 Speaker 1: it's like a complicated symbiosis, right, because it involves at 395 00:26:46,200 --> 00:26:49,240 Speaker 1: least three organisms, where it's the sloth, the moth, and 396 00:26:49,280 --> 00:26:52,440 Speaker 1: the algae, and so the moth helps grow the algae 397 00:26:52,480 --> 00:26:55,760 Speaker 1: which helps the sloth, and the sloth provides a home 398 00:26:55,800 --> 00:27:00,640 Speaker 1: for the moths. It's beautiful, it's a beautiful relationship. It's 399 00:27:00,680 --> 00:27:05,080 Speaker 1: a pollocule, a natural pollocule. So there have been other 400 00:27:05,200 --> 00:27:08,440 Speaker 1: explanations proposed for why sloths to send all the way 401 00:27:08,440 --> 00:27:11,240 Speaker 1: to poop, and none of these are mutually exclusive. They 402 00:27:11,280 --> 00:27:14,879 Speaker 1: could all be factors. So one is that, like maybe 403 00:27:14,920 --> 00:27:18,080 Speaker 1: they want to go down so that they make less noise. 404 00:27:18,160 --> 00:27:19,800 Speaker 1: I guess if they pooped from the tree, it might 405 00:27:19,840 --> 00:27:22,600 Speaker 1: make a plopping sound, and they don't want to be conspicuous. 406 00:27:23,119 --> 00:27:25,680 Speaker 1: Another theory is that it's a social activity, a way 407 00:27:25,720 --> 00:27:29,680 Speaker 1: to meet other sloths, other sexy singles in your area. 408 00:27:30,160 --> 00:27:34,119 Speaker 1: I do love a singles bar just called the poop 409 00:27:34,200 --> 00:27:37,399 Speaker 1: floor where you get over all of your embarrassments and 410 00:27:37,440 --> 00:27:40,560 Speaker 1: hang ups from the beginning because you all go just 411 00:27:40,640 --> 00:27:43,640 Speaker 1: you know, to poop on the forest floor and meet 412 00:27:43,680 --> 00:27:49,320 Speaker 1: other sloths. That's great for them. I'm really happy for them. Anyways, 413 00:27:49,400 --> 00:27:53,520 Speaker 1: that'll do it for our listener Questions episode. If you 414 00:27:53,760 --> 00:27:55,760 Speaker 1: have a question that you would like me to answer, 415 00:27:55,840 --> 00:27:58,440 Speaker 1: you can write to me at Creature featurepot at gmail 416 00:27:58,480 --> 00:28:02,800 Speaker 1: dot com. I am also exciting submissions of pet photos 417 00:28:03,200 --> 00:28:07,359 Speaker 1: for me to look at. And it's not like a contest. 418 00:28:07,440 --> 00:28:10,159 Speaker 1: You don't win anything. You don't really gain anything at 419 00:28:10,200 --> 00:28:12,800 Speaker 1: all by sending me these photos. But guess what, I 420 00:28:12,880 --> 00:28:16,040 Speaker 1: get a bunch of cute photos of animals. So hey 421 00:28:16,480 --> 00:28:19,400 Speaker 1: works out for me. Anyways, Thank you guys so much 422 00:28:19,480 --> 00:28:22,440 Speaker 1: for listening. If you're enjoying the show and you leave 423 00:28:22,560 --> 00:28:26,080 Speaker 1: a rating or review, they really help. They really do. 424 00:28:26,320 --> 00:28:31,520 Speaker 1: They tell the algorithm Hey, mister algorithm, this show is decent. 425 00:28:32,800 --> 00:28:35,360 Speaker 1: And thanks to the Space Classics for their super awesome 426 00:28:35,400 --> 00:28:39,760 Speaker 1: song XO Lumina. Creature Feature is a production of iHeartRadio. 427 00:28:39,880 --> 00:28:42,880 Speaker 1: For more podcasts like the one you just heard, visit 428 00:28:42,920 --> 00:28:46,360 Speaker 1: the Arhart Radio, ap Apple Podcasts or Hey guess what 429 00:28:46,360 --> 00:28:48,760 Speaker 1: where me Listen to your favorite shows like I'm Not 430 00:28:48,960 --> 00:28:51,600 Speaker 1: a narc I won't tell on you if you listen 431 00:28:51,640 --> 00:28:56,720 Speaker 1: to it. It's some weird alternative platform. That's you man, 432 00:28:56,800 --> 00:29:01,280 Speaker 1: you do you The next Wednesday six