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Speaker 1: Brought to you by the reinvented two thousand twelve Camray.

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Speaker 1: It's ready. Are you welcome to Stop Mom? Never told you?

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Speaker 1: From house Stop works dot Com. Hello and welcome to

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Speaker 1: the podcast. I'm Kristen and I'm Caroline. And the day

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Speaker 1: that we're recording this episode about h p V and

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Speaker 1: the HPV vaccine. UH, the Centers for Disease Control and

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Speaker 1: Prevention here in Atlanta, Georgia, their Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices,

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Speaker 1: gave its thumbs up for boys getting vaccinated at eleven

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Speaker 1: years old and HPV treatment for boys can start as

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Speaker 1: young as age nine. And the CDC had already um

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Speaker 1: offered a blanket recommendation for doctors to recommend younger girls

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Speaker 1: to get vaccinated for HPV, and now they're saying the

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Speaker 1: same thing for for boys. The FDA had already approved

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Speaker 1: guards Sel for use, which is the HPV vaccine, one

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Speaker 1: of two FDA approved HPV vaccines. UH, they'd already approved

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Speaker 1: that for boys, I believe in two thousand nine. And

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Speaker 1: now the CDC is coming back and saying that that, yeah,

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Speaker 1: do it. Yeah, the more protection the better. UM. And

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Speaker 1: that's not all the news that we've seen recently. UM,

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Speaker 1: there's been a lot in the news lately about head

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Speaker 1: and neck cancers being on the rise because of HPV infections,

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Speaker 1: and a lot of that is coming from UM. I

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Speaker 1: guess more people are having oral sex because they think

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Speaker 1: it's safer than vaginal or anal sex. And so you're

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Speaker 1: seeing these infections pop up in the throat and the

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Speaker 1: you know, in the back of the mouth, on the tongue. Uh.

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Speaker 1: And this is why we wanted to revisit HPV. Um

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Speaker 1: Mine and I talked about gardens sill and the HPV

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Speaker 1: vaccination for boys quite a while ago, but since it

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Speaker 1: has been popping up in the news, and since it

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Speaker 1: is the most calm then s t I commonly transmitted

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Speaker 1: s T I. According to the CDC, it's always good

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Speaker 1: to talk about the human papaloma virus because there are

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Speaker 1: more than forty types of it. It is everywhere. UM

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Speaker 1: not to not to be all scare tactic about it,

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Speaker 1: but the chances of contracting HPV are frighteningly high, right,

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Speaker 1: And chances are you won't even notice if you have it.

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Speaker 1: A lot of people will not notice that they have

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Speaker 1: it because they won't get any side effects. They won't

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Speaker 1: get genital wards Necessarily, the strains of HPV that cause

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Speaker 1: genital wards are not the same as the strains that

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Speaker 1: cause cervical cancer and other types of cancer, So you

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Speaker 1: might just be passing it onto people and not even

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Speaker 1: know it. Right. Um, This is coming from the CDC.

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Speaker 1: They point out that most infected people don't realize that

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Speaker 1: they're infected or passing along the virus. And it's also

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Speaker 1: possible to get more than one type of HPV. And

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Speaker 1: just to put some numbers around this, uh, and to

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Speaker 1: freak out everyone listening, of sexually active adults will have

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Speaker 1: HPV at some point in their lifetime. And when you

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Speaker 1: break that down by different um age and gender demographics,

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Speaker 1: that percentage can go up even higher. I want to

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Speaker 1: say that it's something like women, um over sixty some

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Speaker 1: of them at some point will have come in contact

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Speaker 1: or contracted HPV. And right now, that translates to about

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Speaker 1: twenty million Americans who currently have HPV in an additional

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Speaker 1: six million who get infected every year. Right that is insane. Um.

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Speaker 1: And yeah, you know the milder forms, like I said,

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Speaker 1: tend to they can clear up. You know, your body

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Speaker 1: will fight off an infection but it's those scarier strains

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Speaker 1: that you have to really worry about, and that's why

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Speaker 1: it's so important for sexually active women to get a

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Speaker 1: cervical exam, perhaps mere every year at least, Right, And

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Speaker 1: that's also why there's been a big health push in

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Speaker 1: the past few years for girls to get Gardissil or

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Speaker 1: server X HPV vaccines UM. And it's a series of

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Speaker 1: three shots, and girls can get them from starting at

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Speaker 1: age nine and up to the h cut off is

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Speaker 1: twenty six years old. And the whole rationale behind starting

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Speaker 1: the HPV vaccines so early is to um to give

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Speaker 1: them vaccinated before they have any kind of sexual contact

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Speaker 1: with anyone else. Right, And that's caused a stir with

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Speaker 1: a lot of parents, a lot of politicians, because you know,

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Speaker 1: a lot of people are saying, I don't want this.

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Speaker 1: This is an innocent little girl. Why should we you know,

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Speaker 1: why should we think of her in terms of having sex?

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Speaker 1: You know, she's too young for all of that. But

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Speaker 1: the thing is, and one of the articles that I

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Speaker 1: read about this pointed this out, UM, is that a

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Speaker 1: lot of parents don't know when their kids become sexually active,

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Speaker 1: and so there's an argument that UM maybe go ahead

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Speaker 1: and protect your son or your daughter against HPV before

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Speaker 1: before they start having sex. And right now, Virginia and Washington,

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Speaker 1: d C are the only two local governments that mandate

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Speaker 1: I think it's only the girls, not the not the boys,

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Speaker 1: although that might change with the CDC approval that happened today.

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Speaker 1: They're the only two governments that mandate middle school age

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Speaker 1: girls to get the vaccine as part of the whole

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Speaker 1: Measles moms Fabella immunizations that they have to get in

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Speaker 1: order to attend public school. And Governor Rick Perry, who

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Speaker 1: was running for the GOP ticket, has come under fire

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Speaker 1: from some of the other candidates out there because as

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Speaker 1: Governor of Texas, he actually um recommended a similar mandate

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Speaker 1: for middle aged middletown middle aged girls middle school aged

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Speaker 1: girls in uh in Texas, which he since recanted. Um

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Speaker 1: talking about the boys though, since they are half of

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Speaker 1: the equation here. In February of this year, a study

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Speaker 1: was published in the New England Journal of Medicine showing

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Speaker 1: that boys and young men who received the HPV vaccine

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Speaker 1: appeared to be at a reduced risk of contract of

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Speaker 1: contracting the virus and developing general wards associated with it UM.

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Speaker 1: They studied about four thousand sexually active males between the

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Speaker 1: ages of sixteen and twenty six, and about point five

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Speaker 1: percent who received all three shots the full series developed

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Speaker 1: genital warts during the subsequent two to three years that

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Speaker 1: they were followed. UM. About two point eight percent of

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Speaker 1: males who received the plus CBO ended up developing warts,

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Speaker 1: and because of that efficacy rate, the HPV vaccine is

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Speaker 1: now on the American Academy of Pediatrics list of recommended

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Speaker 1: vaccines for boys, and one of the studies um lead

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Speaker 1: authors use this as an example. Um or I guess

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Speaker 1: the reason why the burden of vaccination against the HPV

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Speaker 1: and because it is so widespread, should not just solely

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Speaker 1: rest on girls and women, even though obviously cervical cancer

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Speaker 1: can only affect females, but cervical cancer is only one

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Speaker 1: of many things, such as genital wards or cancers of

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Speaker 1: the anus or penis that can also affect men. Right,

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Speaker 1: Joel Pelevski, one of the one of the lead authors

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Speaker 1: of the study, said that the burden of vaccination should

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Speaker 1: definitely not fall solely on girls and women. He does

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Speaker 1: say that the disadvantage of a universal vaccination program for

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Speaker 1: males would it would be costly. But also he says,

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Speaker 1: the most serious disease is caused by HPV, such as

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Speaker 1: cervical cancer, only affect women, and I don't like, I mean,

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Speaker 1: I get that, but I mean, where are the women

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Speaker 1: getting HPV? You know, if we vaccinate from both sides,

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Speaker 1: then hopefully everyone could be all around protective exactly, And

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Speaker 1: especially because a lot of these health links to HPV

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Speaker 1: um have been coming out lately, it seems like, yes, uh,

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Speaker 1: we should be taking more of a the two pronged approach.

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Speaker 1: For instance, earlier this year, the American Cancer Society identified

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Speaker 1: thirty five thousand new cases of oral and oral pharyngeal

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Speaker 1: basically mouth and throat cancers, and they linked that to

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Speaker 1: people who were already infected with HPV. In a study

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Speaker 1: published October three in the Journal of Clinical Oncology, found

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Speaker 1: that HPV is contributing to a growing number of head

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Speaker 1: and neck cancers in the US. Like we said, um,

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Speaker 1: these are a fair and gel cancers have been rising

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Speaker 1: since the nineteen eighties, and it could be that there's

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Speaker 1: this increase, like I said, increase in number of people

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Speaker 1: having oral sex because they think it's safer and so

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Speaker 1: I just think it's important that we reiterate that just

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Speaker 1: because you're not having vaginal or anal sex, you know,

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Speaker 1: just because the chance of pregnancy is lower, doesn't mean

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Speaker 1: that the chance of contracting a disease is lower. And

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Speaker 1: just to get an idea of of how large set

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Speaker 1: jump has been, uh, the virus was found in sixteen

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Speaker 1: percent of those nineteen eighties samples, and in two thousand

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Speaker 1: or sorry and samples collected after the year two thousand,

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Speaker 1: that percent has jumped to seventy two percent, which is

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Speaker 1: one reason why Doctor Kevin J. Collin, who's the director

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Speaker 1: of the green Bound Cancer Center at the University of Maryland,

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Speaker 1: said quote, it's very clear that this is becoming a

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Speaker 1: major epidemic, right. And Colin wasn't involved in this particular study,

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Speaker 1: but he's been doing his own research, very similar research

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Speaker 1: in Baltimore and has seen similar increases in these cancers

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Speaker 1: the past thirty years. UM. Dr Maura Gillison, the lead

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Speaker 1: researcher in the study, though says don't panic. There are

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Speaker 1: still fewer than ten thousand cases a year and not

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Speaker 1: everyone with HPV gets cancer UM, which is true, but

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Speaker 1: the cancers that happen are not pretty. UM. These are

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Speaker 1: a fair and geal cancers, tumors that occur in the

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Speaker 1: base of the tongue, in the area just behind the mouth,

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Speaker 1: including the soft palette, the tonsils, and the side and

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Speaker 1: back walls of the throat, and they can contribute to

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Speaker 1: breathing problems, changing and voice and all that. And unfortunately

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Speaker 1: there's no screening test for orro pharyngeal cancers UM. And

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Speaker 1: of those cancers, they're referred to as HPV positive cancers,

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Speaker 1: which basically means that doctors were able to identify HPV

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Speaker 1: strains in that person who also had developed cancer UM

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Speaker 1: and it was caused by a strain HPV sixteen, which

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Speaker 1: is a strain targeted by Gardasil and Server X. And

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Speaker 1: we should point out that those two FDA approved HPV

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Speaker 1: HPV vaccines don't target all forty plus strange strains of HPV,

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Speaker 1: but the most cancerous ones, the most dangerous UM. Now,

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Speaker 1: what's interesting is that there are two types of or

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Speaker 1: pharyngeal cancers that doctors and researchers have identified, that caused

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Speaker 1: by alcohol and tobacco and those caused by HPV, And

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Speaker 1: of those, HPV accounts for seventy of those cancers. So

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Speaker 1: it's not even like tobacco, smoking, whatever is causing most

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Speaker 1: of the cancers. It's it's HPV causing most of these

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Speaker 1: And part of that is because smoking has decreased so much.

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Speaker 1: Between and two thousand and four, HPV positive cancers increased

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Speaker 1: two hundred and twenty five per cent, while HPV negative

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Speaker 1: or pharyngeal cancers dropped fifty And that's related to probably

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Speaker 1: the reduction and smoking and tobacco use. But the silver

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Speaker 1: lining to this terrible, terrible cloud is that patients with

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Speaker 1: HPV positive cancers do live longer. UM tumors in these

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Speaker 1: patients tend to have less genetic damage and are therefore

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Speaker 1: more responsive to cancer therapies, and there's a sixty reduction

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Speaker 1: in the risk of death after these patients diagnosis UM.

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Speaker 1: And speaking of smoking, there was some news recently again

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Speaker 1: linking HPV two lung cancer, and this is coming from

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Speaker 1: the International Agency for Research on Cancer, and it found

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Speaker 1: that people with lung cancer were significantly more likely to

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Speaker 1: have several high risk forms of HPV antibodies already in

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Speaker 1: their bodies, kind of like what we were talking about

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Speaker 1: with the HPV positive cancers, the oral um oral fair

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Speaker 1: gel cancers. Right, and this was consistent across people who smoked,

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Speaker 1: who quit smoking, who had never smoked, So they took

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Speaker 1: that they took that into account whether you smoked, and um, yeah,

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Speaker 1: it was consistent for everybody. But the researchers did point

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Speaker 1: out that they weren't exactly sure what type of role

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Speaker 1: the HPV virus might have been playing. So that's why

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Speaker 1: I keep saying that there's been they've uncovered correlations, but

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Speaker 1: they're not exactly sure, um, what the causation might be,

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Speaker 1: So more research is needed. But there has been a

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Speaker 1: clear pattern established, right, there's a link, and um, the

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Speaker 1: researchers are calling for more studies to happen. Um. It's

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Speaker 1: not like if you get HPV you're then going to

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Speaker 1: contract lung disease in the next lung cancer in the

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Speaker 1: next year or anything. But it's just something that they

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Speaker 1: want to take a look at. And as if, as

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Speaker 1: if things couldn't get even worse, there was a story

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Speaker 1: from the New York Times that I found it yesterday, UM,

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Speaker 1: reporting on a study finding that women infected with HPV

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Speaker 1: or two to three times as likely as uninfected women

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Speaker 1: to have a heart attack or stroke, and that was

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Speaker 1: from the Journal of the American College of Cardiology. Again,

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Speaker 1: they're still working out this whole correlation causation issue, but

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Speaker 1: when they adjusted for heart risks like smoking, blood pressure,

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Speaker 1: and weight, they still found that women with HPV were

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Speaker 1: two point three times as likely as those without without

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Speaker 1: the virus to have heart disease. That's nuts. Yeah, that's

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Speaker 1: really scary, and and it's it's interesting to me that

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Speaker 1: all of these terrible things are coming about HPV, but

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Speaker 1: I feel like a lot of people still treated as

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Speaker 1: this like whatever. I mean, it'll clear up, and I

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Speaker 1: mean it does for a lot of people a lot

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Speaker 1: of times. Yeah, I think it's ninety of the time.

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Speaker 1: The your immune system will naturally work it out in

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Speaker 1: about two years. But it's just, you know, it's it's

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Speaker 1: those more dangerous strains that obviously are causing a lot

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Speaker 1: more problems for a certain amount of people. And one

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Speaker 1: thing that a lot of these doctors have pointed out

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Speaker 1: to UM is if they can understand the role that

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Speaker 1: HPV may or may not be playing, then they can

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Speaker 1: better personalize treatment. And especially with all these uh these

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Speaker 1: cancers that is being linked to it could possibly improve

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Speaker 1: cancer treatment. Yeah, exactly. Um. HPV infection causes this thing

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Speaker 1: called cervical displasia. So when you go to get your

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Speaker 1: paps mare and your doctor takes a look see and

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Speaker 1: things don't look right, um, you you basically have some

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Speaker 1: mild displasia. It could be mild, moderate, or severe. And

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Speaker 1: it's just when things to look right, there's some abnorm

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Speaker 1: lalities and the cells on your cervix. So if you

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Speaker 1: if your doctor finds that you have dysplasia, you have

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Speaker 1: a couple of options. You can get your well, your

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Speaker 1: doctor will want to have a culposcope, a coalpo which

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Speaker 1: is a closer look. Basically, they use this thing that

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Speaker 1: looks like a tiny set of binoculars. It's a microscope

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Speaker 1: that helps examine the volva, vaginal walls, and the cervix

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Speaker 1: for abnormalities and they might what to do a biopsy

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Speaker 1: to get an even better an even better look. And Caroline,

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Speaker 1: you mentioned earlier that it's so important for women to

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Speaker 1: get those regular paps, mirrors and identifying dysplasia. Cervical dysplasia

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Speaker 1: is one of the reasons why because it isn't cervical

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Speaker 1: cancer necessarily, and it might spontaneously regress, but um you

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Speaker 1: need to know whether or not it's going on so

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Speaker 1: that it doesn't develop into something worse. Right, it would

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Speaker 1: be terrible to just leave it alone and then have

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Speaker 1: it actually developed into into cervical cancer because some of

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Speaker 1: those I mean some of those cells could be pre cancerous.

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Speaker 1: UM and in a certain chunk of the population, it

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Speaker 1: can actually even after you have the displaysia taken care

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Speaker 1: of through through several different means, it can come back.

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Speaker 1: It can recur. Um. There are a couple different treatments

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Speaker 1: in the destruction and ablation category. You can have this

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Speaker 1: sounds like space age stuff. You can have a carbon

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Speaker 1: dioxide laser photo ablation, which uses an invisible beam of

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Speaker 1: infrared light to vaporize the abnormality and don't worry, you

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Speaker 1: get numbed prior to this procedure. UM. And there's also

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Speaker 1: cryocotterie which uses nitrous oxide to freeze the abnormality. Different

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Speaker 1: strategies are removal, slash resection. You can get a leap

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Speaker 1: procedure loop electro surgical excision procedure which uses radio frequency

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Speaker 1: to remove the abnormalities. UM. So, if basically the what

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Speaker 1: we're trying to say is if cervical displasia is identified,

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Speaker 1: doctors can take care of it. In about ten percent

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Speaker 1: of women, they they do have a recurrence of it.

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Speaker 1: But it again, it's just underscoring the importance of UM,

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Speaker 1: healthy sexual behavior and regularly seeing your kynecologists. Yeah, and

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Speaker 1: I mean there is definitely a reason to be optimistic

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Speaker 1: if you don't I mean, don't freak out if you're

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Speaker 1: kinda coologist tells you that they've spotted some displaysia because

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Speaker 1: the therapies that I just listed UM have been shown

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Speaker 1: to reduce the risk of developing cervical cancer by in

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Speaker 1: the first eight years after treatment. So it's not like,

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Speaker 1: I mean, you know you're not going to die if

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Speaker 1: you're okay, don't worry. Just keep going to your doctor,

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Speaker 1: keep going to that old doctor. So even though it

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Speaker 1: might might sounded like we we we've put reputting the

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Speaker 1: fear of God into everyone about HPV, I think it's

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Speaker 1: UM there's still a long way to go in terms

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Speaker 1: of maybe bridging the gap between public health needs and knowledge.

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Speaker 1: Because even in the US, even though the CDC recommends

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Speaker 1: routinge vaccination against HPV for girls and now for boys,

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Speaker 1: only of seventeen year old girls have been fully vaccinated,

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Speaker 1: compared to Canada, which has fifty one coverage. Right Canada

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Speaker 1: and the US are just two countries, according to report

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Speaker 1: from the Pan American Health Organization that they did in

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Speaker 1: collaboration with the CDC UM who have the HPV vaccine

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Speaker 1: as part of a national or regional immunization program. The

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Speaker 1: other two are Panama in Mexico. In Mexico only just

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Speaker 1: recently instituted UM a national program in September of this year.

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Speaker 1: Um AND data from municipalities representing a small amount less

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Speaker 1: than ten percent of the population in two thousand nine

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Speaker 1: indicated that two dose coverage was sixty seven percent. And

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Speaker 1: so they haven't gotten the data for how many people

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Speaker 1: have gotten the third dose. And there the challenge right

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Speaker 1: now because UM the vaccine is not cheap. I think

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Speaker 1: it costs. It's a three round shot treatment and it

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Speaker 1: comes up to over three dollars um and so it's

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Speaker 1: not it's not affordable for a lot of low and

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Speaker 1: middle income countries, much less low and middle income families

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Speaker 1: if they don't have health insurance. A lot of health

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Speaker 1: insurances will cover the HPV vaccine and the CDC UM

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Speaker 1: even has a program set up to help low income

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Speaker 1: families get vaccinations for adolescents and children. But um, you know,

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Speaker 1: there's still there's still a big gap out there, especially

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Speaker 1: in the United States. Right. I just think a lot

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Speaker 1: of people need a lot more knowledge. Um, you know,

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Speaker 1: everything that we've talked about has shown that, Um, HPV,

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Speaker 1: there's there's so much more to HPV than just than

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Speaker 1: just genital wards. I mean, it can really, it can

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Speaker 1: really work a number on you. Unfortunately. Yeah, and uh,

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Speaker 1: we should not be deceived into thinking, like you said,

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Speaker 1: at oral sex is somehow safer in terms of contracting

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Speaker 1: the most commonly transmitted s T I because it can

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Speaker 1: and does happen, which is why it is the most

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Speaker 1: commonly transmitted s T I. Right, safe sex, people, safe sex,

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Speaker 1: or abstinence. Um, And I say absence specifically because well,

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Speaker 1: it is an option, and be because we had a

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Speaker 1: younger listener right us recently asking why it seems like,

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Speaker 1: you know, we tend to imply that people are always

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Speaker 1: having sex. Well, maybe we do sound like that, but

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Speaker 1: I think that, um, we're just trying to do our

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Speaker 1: best to help educate people about scary issues that are

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Speaker 1: out there and that it would be horrible if you

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Speaker 1: did have sex. And we're not armed with any knowledge whatsoever.

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Speaker 1: So while we would love it if you would talk

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Speaker 1: to your parents, your guidance counselors, and your doctors, everybody does.

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Speaker 1: So you know, we're not telling you to go out

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Speaker 1: and have lots of sex or anything. Um, We're just

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Speaker 1: telling you to if you do, be smart about it,

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Speaker 1: safe sex practices, be healthy and all of that. Uh So,

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Speaker 1: speaking of a listen or male, our email addresses mom

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Speaker 1: Stuff at how stuff works dot com. And I have

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Speaker 1: an email here from Scott and this is in response

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Speaker 1: to our episode on women on television, and he writes,

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Speaker 1: I was in second grade when Cheers premiered. I never

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Speaker 1: missed an episode. Who was this seven year old Southern

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Speaker 1: boys favorite character, the sports star, acute and lovable coach. No,

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Speaker 1: Diane Chambers quickly became my favorite character in all of television,

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Speaker 1: and I realized now was a template for how for

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Speaker 1: the way I would view women. Her humor, both intelligent

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Speaker 1: and sarcastic, her way of not letting anyone push her

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Speaker 1: around just because they thought they could. Come to think

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Speaker 1: of it, Cheers was full of strong, independent female characters. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: I'm really cheers. I enjoyed that one. Um So, if

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Speaker 1: you have any thoughts to send our way, Mom Stuff

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Speaker 1: at how stuff works dot com is the email address,

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Speaker 1: and you can find us over on Facebook and Twitter

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Speaker 1: at mom Stuff Podcast, and you can check out the

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Speaker 1: blog during the week It's stuff Mom Never told you

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Speaker 1: at how stuff works dot com. Be sure to check

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Speaker 1: out our new video podcast, Stuff from the Future. Join

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Speaker 1: how Stuff Work staff as we explore the most promising

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Speaker 1: and perplexing possibilities of tomorrow. The How Stuff Works iPhone

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Speaker 1: app has arrived. Download it today on iTunes, brought to

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Speaker 1: you by the reinvented two thousand twelve camera. It's ready,

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