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Speaker 1: Are you worried that something out there in space might

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Speaker 1: kill us all every day? Man? You mean like aliens.

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Speaker 1: We haven't even started the podcast yet and we're already

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Speaker 1: talking about aliens. Actually, this one time, I was not

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Speaker 1: talking about aliens. There are other things out there in

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Speaker 1: space that can kill us. Yeah, there are other things

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Speaker 1: out there that could end humanity. Oh, I see what

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Speaker 1: you mean, like a killer meteor. I'm thinking about something

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Speaker 1: much much stranger. Him or Hamdack, cartoonists and the creator

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Speaker 1: of PhD comics. Hi, I'm Daniel. I'm a particle physicist,

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Speaker 1: and I'm sometimes described as a strange personality. But well

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Speaker 1: of their podcast, Daniel and Jorge explain this Strange Universe,

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Speaker 1: a production of I Heart Radio That's right, in which

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Speaker 1: we go out there on mental journeys into the universe

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Speaker 1: and bring home the strange, the bonkers, the crazy, but

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Speaker 1: the real and pipe it directly into your brain. That's right.

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Speaker 1: We'd like to think about and talk about all the

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Speaker 1: amazing things that are out there in space, out there

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Speaker 1: in the far reaches of the universe, and also right

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Speaker 1: here in front of us, in the small things around

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Speaker 1: us that are sort of normal for the universe. But

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Speaker 1: if you, if you as humans sort of think about it,

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Speaker 1: they're kind of strange. We like to peel back the

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Speaker 1: layer of reality that you encounter in your everyday life

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Speaker 1: and reveal to you that the universe is far weirder,

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Speaker 1: far more amazing, far more beautiful, far more nasty, and

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Speaker 1: far more strange than you might have imagined, and potentially

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Speaker 1: far more dangerous than you thought. Definitely more dangerous. There's

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Speaker 1: a lot of stuff out there that could Oh man,

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Speaker 1: what out there can't kill? You? Love the fourth dimension,

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Speaker 1: it's all you need. Um. It's amazing to me how

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Speaker 1: many like new ideas in physics end up being potentially deadly,

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Speaker 1: like oh, it turns out the Higgs Boson field might collapse,

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Speaker 1: ending the universe, or wow, the universe says this massive expansion,

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Speaker 1: which could isolate us from all other sorts of um

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Speaker 1: galaxies out there. It's incredible that none of these new

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Speaker 1: ideas and physics like provide coziness or warmth or like,

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Speaker 1: you know, I think it's strange to know that you're

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Speaker 1: not surprised anymore. I mean, by now you should know

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Speaker 1: that every time you uncover, you lift the rock, there's

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Speaker 1: something there I can kill all of humanity. Maybe maybe

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Speaker 1: you should stop. Maybe maybe it says something about the

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Speaker 1: fragility of our experience that anything that tells us that

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Speaker 1: our situation is not typical or not unique, and that

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Speaker 1: most of the universe is different shows us how most

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Speaker 1: of the universe is inhospitable to human life and coziness.

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Speaker 1: I think it says more about the fragility of physics funding,

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Speaker 1: because if you included in every proposal like, hey, we

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Speaker 1: want to discover this, but we might end up the

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Speaker 1: story humanity, then somehow conveniently that doesn't get mentioned. Or

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Speaker 1: maybe we should use that as clickbit in our physics funding,

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Speaker 1: like or you know, a black hole might eat the

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Speaker 1: Earth and that is the birth of a super villain.

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Speaker 1: Right there, ladies and gentlemen, Daniel has now officially become

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Speaker 1: mad Scientists villain in the bottom. Oh boy, that's you.

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Speaker 1: You've practiced that. I feel that just sort of bubbled

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Speaker 1: up out of me, you know, like the moment of

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Speaker 1: birth of me as a super villain. I'll put my

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Speaker 1: cape on. Wait, villains work cape only with the big lapels.

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Speaker 1: If that's just a giant lapels. All right, I'm turning

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Speaker 1: my collar up and being prepared to plan for the

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Speaker 1: end of humanity. Popping the collar. All right, Well, there

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Speaker 1: are a lot of things out there in the universe

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Speaker 1: and a lot of stuff that we haven't discovered that yet, right,

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Speaker 1: and a lot of that might be weird or it

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Speaker 1: might be kind of dangerous for humanity, for the sort

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Speaker 1: of unstable existence of the universe. Yeah, and this is

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Speaker 1: sort of a different dimension of weirdness. Like we're used

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Speaker 1: to the fact that things out there far away in

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Speaker 1: space might be different. There are stars and black holes

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Speaker 1: and weird stuff out there that doesn't happen here. But

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Speaker 1: there's another kind of direction of weirdness, which is like

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Speaker 1: what can matter do? Like, can matter do things that

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Speaker 1: we're not familiar with? Can inform weird new stable states

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Speaker 1: that we haven't seen yet because we haven't created the conditions.

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Speaker 1: You know, imagine if we lived on a planet, for example,

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Speaker 1: that never had had iron on it because it just

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Speaker 1: wasn't iron from nearby supernovas, and somebody showed up both

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Speaker 1: like iron, Like, whoa, that's interesting, We've never seen that.

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Speaker 1: Like a new kind of matter, Yeah, a new kind

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Speaker 1: of matter. What if you could rearrange the lego pieces

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Speaker 1: of the universe into new amazing kinds of stuff, because

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Speaker 1: it's incredible, like the diversity of different kinds of things

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Speaker 1: you can make with the same lego pieces, right, the

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Speaker 1: same building blocks you can make you know, helium and

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Speaker 1: hydrogen and iron and ice cream and hamsters and all

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Speaker 1: of that stuff. So there must be new weird kinds

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Speaker 1: of stuff out there we haven't discovered. And so that's

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Speaker 1: totally possible, Like it's possible that there's a matter that

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Speaker 1: that can be made that we haven't made here on

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Speaker 1: Earth you've ever seen. Yeah, it's totally possible. And you know,

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Speaker 1: there's sort of two branches there. One it's like, take

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Speaker 1: the matter and annihilated to try to make new fundamental particles.

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Speaker 1: That's the kind of thing I work on by smashing

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Speaker 1: particles together at the LHC. But a whole other question

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Speaker 1: is like, don't smash the particles, just rearrange them trying

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Speaker 1: to build up new stuff, you know, trying to put

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Speaker 1: them together into new combinations and see if you can

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Speaker 1: make weird new kinds of matter. And you know that's

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Speaker 1: legos with reality. Yeah, the deepest legos ever, the most

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Speaker 1: universal set of legos ever. Well to be on the podcast,

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Speaker 1: we'll be talking about one such possible kind, possible or

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Speaker 1: real kind of matter out there um that could potentially

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Speaker 1: exist and which could potentially be maybe interesting and or

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Speaker 1: deadly or dangerous to the universe. I think deadly definitely

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Speaker 1: means interesting. You can't be interesting or deadly. Deadly definitely interesting. Unlike. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: I'm totally not interested in dying, so that is not

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Speaker 1: interesting to me. You're not interested in things that might

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Speaker 1: kill you. If I'm like, hey, Jorge, it is a

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Speaker 1: huge boulder about to fall and you fall in your house,

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Speaker 1: you'd be like, not interested. I rather just tell me

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Speaker 1: get out of your house. You know, you don't have

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Speaker 1: to explain to me what's happening, what's coming towards me. Summurise, summurise, summerise, Right, yeah,

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Speaker 1: too long, didn't read Now you're dead? All right. I'll

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Speaker 1: start my emails at the top with get out of

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Speaker 1: your house. Yeah, priority, priority, get out and let me

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Speaker 1: explain to you why that's fair. That's barrels start with

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Speaker 1: a call to action. Yeah, so there's as very interesting

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Speaker 1: kind of matter out there that is theoretical, Daniel, it's

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Speaker 1: for for real, Well, that's the question, you know, we don't. No,

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Speaker 1: it's currently theoretical, but it might be real. It might

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Speaker 1: be out there in the universe right now, waiting to

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Speaker 1: gobble us up and destroy your house. Wow. Well, if

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Speaker 1: it is possible, it is definitely going to be very strange,

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Speaker 1: and so to be. On the podcast, we'll be asking

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Speaker 1: the question what is strange matter? Daniel? This sounds really

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Speaker 1: strange to me. It's maybe the one time physicists have

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Speaker 1: given something an appropriate name, like like, you guys, you

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Speaker 1: guys saw this or thought about it, and you're like, whoa,

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Speaker 1: that's strange. That's basically summarized the history of particle physics

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Speaker 1: between the nineteen and nine sixties. Yeah, why wasn't everything

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Speaker 1: else named strange? Why why is this particular one? I

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Speaker 1: guess we'll get into it. We'll get into it. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: But like, unless you think I'm stranger, you're strange. We're

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Speaker 1: made of normal matter. People discovered new kinds of matter,

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Speaker 1: which to them was strange, So strange sort of means

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Speaker 1: not normal. Yeah, I mean, what does strange mean to you? Horror? Like, Hey,

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Speaker 1: I'm gonna make you some strange ice cream. Expect me

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Speaker 1: like favor ice cream. I feel like I'm not gonna

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Speaker 1: like it. I feel right away that it's gonna be

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Speaker 1: like garlic with cilantro. That's probably fair. And if I

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Speaker 1: offered you a bowl of strange matter, I wouldn't recommend

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Speaker 1: you actually eat it, all right, So, um, but we're wondering,

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Speaker 1: as usual, if this is something that people have heard

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Speaker 1: about or read about maybe or even the thought about

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Speaker 1: possibly existing out there in the in the universe. And so,

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Speaker 1: as usual, Daniel went out there into the streets to

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Speaker 1: ask perfect strangers if they had ever heard of strange

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Speaker 1: matter or it's I guess related cousin strange lets. That's right.

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Speaker 1: And here's what folks around campus had to say when

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Speaker 1: I accosted them with this strange question. No, no, that

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Speaker 1: sounds it sounds cool. What do you think it might

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Speaker 1: be tendom? Guess um, I think of the dark matter

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Speaker 1: when you say that stuff we don't really know much about.

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Speaker 1: Maybe it's not solid liquid or gas. No no, no, no, no,

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Speaker 1: that's guess what I'm matter that doesn't behave like the

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Speaker 1: matter that we already understand. No, no, no, I think

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Speaker 1: strange only like scientific thing that I know about. It

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Speaker 1: isn't a cork, isn't there a strange quirk. All right,

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Speaker 1: I guess that that shouldn't be too strange. And nobody

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Speaker 1: had heard about strange matter. It is strange. But I

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Speaker 1: like how these answers are all like no, no, no,

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Speaker 1: there's not like m let me think about No, there's

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Speaker 1: like no, there's no subtlety here. Didn't tickle anybody's brain

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Speaker 1: or make them think about something else or give them

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Speaker 1: a hint of something. It's like, maybe there hasn't been

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Speaker 1: a lot of clickbait about this, or no nova specials

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Speaker 1: about strange matter. It hasn't really penetrated the culturals. Like guys,

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Speaker 1: nobody's worried about it. So everybody, um, listen to this

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Speaker 1: podcast episode and prepare your strange a matter of proof bunker.

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Speaker 1: Do you think maybe people were suspicious of you, like

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Speaker 1: maybe they thought you were pranking them, like, because it

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Speaker 1: does sound sort of sound like something NG out of

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Speaker 1: I don't know, fifties sci fi like strange Matter. I

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Speaker 1: don't know. I asked them this question just after I

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Speaker 1: asked them the question about which physics adventure they would like,

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Speaker 1: which we did recently on the podcast. So I think

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Speaker 1: you know they were primed to think in a fun

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Speaker 1: way to expand their minds. There was just no reaction there.

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Speaker 1: There's just there's wrung Nobell. This is like if I

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Speaker 1: picked two random words, you know, have you heard of

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Speaker 1: dragon souffla, and they'd be like, what, No, I don't

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Speaker 1: know what that is and I don't even want to know, Teach,

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Speaker 1: I don't even wanted to know. It's excellent with garlic

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Speaker 1: ice cream, by the way, dragon soufla the scoop of

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Speaker 1: garlic ice cream on the side, I feel like this

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Speaker 1: is really close to stranger things, Like really stranger things

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Speaker 1: are made would be made out of strange matter. I

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Speaker 1: don't know what the upside down is made of, but yeah,

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Speaker 1: but actually maybe the upside down is where every up

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Speaker 1: cork is a down cork and every down cork is

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Speaker 1: an upcourt. Oh wow, Daniel, you totally call them. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: that that's would be why it's called the upside down.

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Speaker 1: I know exactly. It's actually a physics reason for something,

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Speaker 1: all right, So let's get into this strange topic and Daniels,

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Speaker 1: so they explained to us what is strange matter? Right,

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Speaker 1: So we have a few different concepts. We want to

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Speaker 1: tease a part on the show. I want to strange matter,

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Speaker 1: and then later we'll talk about strange lits and strange stars.

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Speaker 1: But when particle physicists talk about strange matter, what they

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Speaker 1: mean is any matter containing this one particular cork, which

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Speaker 1: is called a strange cork. Now, you and I don't

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Speaker 1: have any strange quirks in us, or at least not

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Speaker 1: any real strange quirks. Like you and I are made

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Speaker 1: of protons and neutrons and electrons. And remember that inside

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Speaker 1: the protons and neutrons we have two kinds of quirks,

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Speaker 1: up quirks and down corks. This would be matter made

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Speaker 1: out of like protons and neutrons, but in which the

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Speaker 1: courts inside of him are all this kind of cork,

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Speaker 1: which is a strange cork. That's right. We now know

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Speaker 1: that in the universe there are six kinds of corks

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Speaker 1: up down charms, strange top bottom, and protons and neutrons

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Speaker 1: are made out of three upquirks and down quirks mixed

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Speaker 1: together there. And you can put these lego pieces together

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Speaker 1: to make lots of different kind of particles. You can

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Speaker 1: put the up quorks together to make pions. You can

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Speaker 1: do all sorts of crazy stuff. But if you add

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Speaker 1: a strange cork. If you used the strange cork lego,

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Speaker 1: then we call it strange matter. Oh, I see, And

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Speaker 1: why was that cork called strange? Was it like the

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Speaker 1: strange cousin that nobody could figure out or what was it?

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Speaker 1: Is there something particularly strange about this as opposed to

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Speaker 1: like a charm cork or a top cork. Yeah, well,

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Speaker 1: it comes from the early history of particle physics. We

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Speaker 1: first were trying to figure out, like, what are all

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Speaker 1: the kind of particles that are out there? We knew

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Speaker 1: protons and neutrons and electrons, and then people started building

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Speaker 1: particle colliders, and in particle colliders they would smash stuff

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Speaker 1: together and they could get more energy. And the thing

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Speaker 1: about the strange cork is that it's heavier than these

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Speaker 1: other corks. It's more massive, so cost more energy to make.

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Speaker 1: So this is the first time they could ever make it,

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Speaker 1: and they made these particles that had strange quirks in them,

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Speaker 1: though at the time they didn't know they were strange quirks.

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Speaker 1: And these particles were a little weird. There were chaons

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Speaker 1: and sigma particles, and they had sort of strange behaviors

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Speaker 1: compared to protons and neutrons, and specifically the thing that

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Speaker 1: was strange about these particles is that they lived longer

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Speaker 1: than anyone expected for such heavy particles. Remember, usually heavy

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Speaker 1: particles decay down very quickly to lighter particles. These new

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Speaker 1: particles strangely stuck around a bit longer than anyone expected

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Speaker 1: before decaying. Oh wait, so they made stuff that made

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Speaker 1: out of strange matter. Like they made strange matter and

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Speaker 1: they're like, well, what this is weird? Yeah, they we

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Speaker 1: do this all the time at particle colliders. It's not

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Speaker 1: that unusual now. I mean, it's still strange in its behavior.

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Speaker 1: But like, we smash particles together and we get kaons out.

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Speaker 1: Kon is a combination of an upcork and a strange cork,

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Speaker 1: or a down cork and a strange cork. Wait, what

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Speaker 1: do you mean, Like if they pair together, they form

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Speaker 1: a special particle. Yeah. Like we talked in our podcast

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Speaker 1: about how quirks can never be by themselves, and so

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Speaker 1: they either have to be like with an antiquork, or

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Speaker 1: you need triple see neither pairs of corks or triplets.

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Speaker 1: If you get like an up and a strange to

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Speaker 1: pair together, you call that a kon. If you get

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Speaker 1: like two ups and a strange together, that's a sigma particle.

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Speaker 1: If you mix up the kinds of the basic particles,

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Speaker 1: and so that's possible. You can mix like a two

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Speaker 1: up corks and a strange cork and they'll be happy together.

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Speaker 1: They will be happy together, but not for very long.

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Speaker 1: These particles are all unstable because they have this strange

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Speaker 1: cork in them, and the strange cork is heavy and

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Speaker 1: it decays, so sometimes it will decay to a down cork.

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Speaker 1: And so these particles are energy or something and spit

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Speaker 1: out some energy precisely um. And so these particles are

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Speaker 1: very short lived. They're very strange. They have weird behaviors.

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Speaker 1: They some of them switch back and forth from one

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Speaker 1: kind to another. But they're all very unstable. But we

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Speaker 1: make this all the time. Every collision we make at

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Speaker 1: the Large Hadron Collider, every twenty five nano seconds, we're

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Speaker 1: producing some strange quirks and so therefore some strange matter,

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Speaker 1: but it never lasts for very long. These particles are normal,

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Speaker 1: no longer strange. They just have the name strange from

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Speaker 1: kind of back when you didn't you couldn't figure figure

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Speaker 1: them out. Yeah, and it was really kind of an

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Speaker 1: exciting time and particle physics. Sometimes I wonder if they

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Speaker 1: were having more fun back then than here, because back

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Speaker 1: then they were every time they do you want to

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Speaker 1: make physics great again, Daniel, Yes, I want to make

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Speaker 1: physics great again. Now, every time they turned on the

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Speaker 1: collider they discovered a new particle because they were able

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Speaker 1: to get these little quirks to fit together in a

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Speaker 1: new way. Because you've got three different quirks now up

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Speaker 1: down in strange they didn't have the energy to make

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Speaker 1: any of the other heavier ones. There's a lot of

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Speaker 1: different combinations, and so there's a lot of particles to discover,

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Speaker 1: and they didn't have any idea what was going on.

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Speaker 1: So every time he turned it on, you're like, oh

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Speaker 1: my gosh, here's another particle. Oh, here's another particle. And

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Speaker 1: then and they called it the Era of the Particle

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Speaker 1: Zoo because they were just like, every time you turn

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Speaker 1: this thing on, new particles popped out. And then finally somebody,

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Speaker 1: it took like twenty years. Finally somebody in the sixties

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Speaker 1: was like, you know what, this would all make sense

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Speaker 1: if you had three basic particles and all this spectrum

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Speaker 1: of particles. All this zoo of particles were just rearrangements

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Speaker 1: of those three and he was able to explain all

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Speaker 1: of those in terms of these basic idea. These quarks

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Speaker 1: up and down in the strange and that's like and

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Speaker 1: the charm one to write, not the charm yet we

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Speaker 1: hadn't seen the charm, so we only ever made particles

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Speaker 1: with the up, down and strange. And that's like a

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Speaker 1: real moment of insight. Oh I see. But um, so

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Speaker 1: they discovered all three quarks at the same time, like up,

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Speaker 1: down and strange at the same time. Where did they

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Speaker 1: know about the up and down? And then they discovered

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Speaker 1: the strange. They didn't know about the up and down,

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Speaker 1: like as a real thing. It was sort of like

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Speaker 1: developing as an idea. And then somebody said, you know,

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Speaker 1: if you have these three particles inside, then it explains

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Speaker 1: all of this that's happening. There are a lot of

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Speaker 1: different ways to try to explain. It's like everybody's looking

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Speaker 1: at this huge list of particles, and remember the game

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Speaker 1: and particle physics is simplified is describe everything we see

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Speaker 1: in the universe in terms of the smallest set of

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Speaker 1: building blocks. Were always trying to peel back one layer

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Speaker 1: of reality. So this is a huge success is to say, oh,

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Speaker 1: I have some new idea for an even smaller particle

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Speaker 1: that explains all the weirdness we're seeing. I guess my

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Speaker 1: question is why wasn't why we're in the up and

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Speaker 1: downs called weird and bizarre? Well, because they're part of

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Speaker 1: me and you. They're normal, they're every day, they're they're

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Speaker 1: all around us. Right. Oh, they saw that that regular

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Speaker 1: matter that we're familiar with is made out of just

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Speaker 1: ups and downs, these other versions of normal matter, which

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Speaker 1: which which is strange? And they found that the what

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Speaker 1: that the common ingredient was this strange cork. Yeah, And

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Speaker 1: there's this property called strangeness, which is turns out to

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Speaker 1: be just like related to how many strange corks you

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Speaker 1: have in you. Strangeness, yeah, is related to how many

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Speaker 1: strange corks are in a particle. And some forces conserve

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Speaker 1: strangeness and some forces don't conserve strangeness. And so it

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Speaker 1: was a real puzzle for a while, but it was

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Speaker 1: all put together just by understanding that there are three

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Speaker 1: kinds of quirks and you can put them together in

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Speaker 1: lots of different ways to make this incredible variety of particles.

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Speaker 1: Then strange matter is just anything that has a strange

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Speaker 1: quirk in it, or that is made entirely out of

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Speaker 1: strange court. That's right. It's anything that has at least

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Speaker 1: one strange cork in it. And you can make matter

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Speaker 1: out of just strange quirks. In fact, the guy who

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Speaker 1: proposed this, the guy who had this idea um you know,

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Speaker 1: of quirks, he stood up at a conference and he

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Speaker 1: proposed this and he predicted, He said, if my idea

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Speaker 1: is correct, then there should also be this particle that's

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Speaker 1: pure strange quirks. And he predicted how you would find

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Speaker 1: it and how heavy it would be before he was seen,

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Speaker 1: and he was right. So that's pretty awesome, he called

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Speaker 1: his shot. Yeah, so that's strange matter. And so I

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Speaker 1: have a lot of opinions about the way you guys

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Speaker 1: name things as usual, but nice. We'll get into what

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Speaker 1: happens to this kind of matter and whether or not

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Speaker 1: it actually is something we should worry about destroying the

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Speaker 1: universe or not. But first let's take a quick break,

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Speaker 1: all right. I know, so strange matter you're telling me,

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Speaker 1: is just any kind of matter that is that has

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Speaker 1: a little bit of or is made with this particular

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Speaker 1: core called the strange cork. And so that's that's what

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Speaker 1: makes it strange. Like, if you had this court, then

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Speaker 1: you are you automatically strangely? Do you behave strangely or did?

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Speaker 1: That's just the name you get, that's just the name

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Speaker 1: you get. And whether you consider these particles to be

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Speaker 1: behaving strangely just depends really on your perspective. It's totally subjective.

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Speaker 1: But at the time when these particles were found, they

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Speaker 1: did things other particles weren't doing. You know, they had

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Speaker 1: weird decay patterns, they would turn into each other, they

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Speaker 1: would slash back and forth from one particle to another. Uh,

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Speaker 1: they were a little weird. Some of these particles, for example,

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Speaker 1: violate some conservation laws that we hadn't seen other particles violate,

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Speaker 1: like CP violation, charts parody violation was seen in the

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Speaker 1: Chaon system. And so these particles are a little strange. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: they're strange from normal matter, which is us, yes, which

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Speaker 1: and we are made of just up and down corks

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Speaker 1: or vanilla and chocolate corks. But you know what we

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Speaker 1: don't know is what else can this strange cork do?

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Speaker 1: Can it can it create other weirder kinds of matter

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Speaker 1: that we haven't seen here on Earth? We haven't even

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Speaker 1: created in particle colliders that could do bizarre stuff we

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Speaker 1: haven't anticipated. Oh you mean, like can we if you

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Speaker 1: were to sort of be more creative with this strange cork,

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Speaker 1: what else could you make with it? Yeah? Or if

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Speaker 1: you had really weird conditions like the center of a

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Speaker 1: neutron star or you know, the Big Bang or very

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Speaker 1: high energy particle collisions, could you make new kinds of

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Speaker 1: matter with strange quirks that we haven't seen before that

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Speaker 1: have completely different properties? And that's what people talk about

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Speaker 1: when they talk about strange lits. It sounds sort of cute, right, like, um,

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Speaker 1: you know something you would name for your pet or

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Speaker 1: something like, you know, strange lito or something strange geno

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Speaker 1: or something, but it's actually quite potentially potentially quite scary

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Speaker 1: and dangerous. It's cute and years great. A lot of

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Speaker 1: things fall in that category. It's like the Bundy from

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Speaker 1: my depathon. But so that's what um, So, that's what

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Speaker 1: a strange lit is. It's a kind of strange matter.

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Speaker 1: It's a kind of strange matter in a particular configuration.

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Speaker 1: That we haven't seen before. Oh so I see, so

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Speaker 1: it's hypothetical. So far, it's hypothetical. Nobody's ever seen strange

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Speaker 1: lists before. Strange matter we create all the time in

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Speaker 1: particle collisions. Strange lists are a hypothetical new combination of

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Speaker 1: quarks that we've never observed but could potentially end us.

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Speaker 1: And it comes from this sort of idea of maybe

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Speaker 1: forming an entirely new kind of matter. We're talking earlier

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Speaker 1: about how quirks are usually bound into triplets, you know,

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Speaker 1: like up up down or up down down. That's what

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Speaker 1: gives you protons and neutrons, or sometimes into pairs. But

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Speaker 1: the idea is that maybe quarks, if you squeeze them enough,

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Speaker 1: if you compress them enough, like in the center of

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Speaker 1: really danse stars, they might form some new kind of

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Speaker 1: matter where it's not just pair or triplets, but like

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Speaker 1: you know, thirty or fifty or a hundred or a

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Speaker 1: million quarks could form some sort of like mega particle

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Speaker 1: and it all behaves is one or does it just

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Speaker 1: behave like a big blob? It behaves like one big blob,

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Speaker 1: but it's like in one big bound state. So this

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Speaker 1: is what they call quark matter. Oh, I see you

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Speaker 1: mean like it's stable, like it doesn't just break apart

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Speaker 1: right away, like it stays in that blob. Nobody really knows,

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Speaker 1: and it's really hard to calculate these things, and it's

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Speaker 1: completely hypothetical, and they don't think it's stable unless here's

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Speaker 1: the key, unless you add strange quirks to it. So

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Speaker 1: you make a big blob of cork matter, and if

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Speaker 1: you have some strange quirks in it, it could end

424
00:22:38,400 --> 00:22:42,080
Speaker 1: up in this configuration that is actually very stable. So

425
00:22:42,119 --> 00:22:44,719
Speaker 1: it could be like an enormous blob like essentially a

426
00:22:44,720 --> 00:22:48,280
Speaker 1: single particle like the size of a star um that's

427
00:22:48,320 --> 00:22:51,160
Speaker 1: totally stable. So you call it a particle because it's

428
00:22:51,280 --> 00:22:54,840
Speaker 1: quarks bound together. Yeah, and you know, proton is three

429
00:22:55,200 --> 00:22:58,200
Speaker 1: quarks bound together, and a kon is two quarks bound together.

430
00:22:58,720 --> 00:23:01,600
Speaker 1: And so if instead of just having a pile of neutrons,

431
00:23:01,840 --> 00:23:04,280
Speaker 1: if you squeeze them enough so they become like one

432
00:23:04,320 --> 00:23:07,440
Speaker 1: big particle, so that the bonds between the corks are

433
00:23:07,440 --> 00:23:10,960
Speaker 1: sort of equivalent anywhere across the particle, then you think

434
00:23:10,960 --> 00:23:12,320
Speaker 1: of it like, you know, I think of it like

435
00:23:12,359 --> 00:23:14,520
Speaker 1: one big particle at least. And you're saying that the

436
00:23:14,560 --> 00:23:17,919
Speaker 1: secret ingredient would need to be strange particles at quarks.

437
00:23:17,920 --> 00:23:21,120
Speaker 1: Like without the strange quarks, you couldn't have this heaven. Yeah,

438
00:23:21,200 --> 00:23:22,840
Speaker 1: you need the strange quirks to make this sort of

439
00:23:22,920 --> 00:23:26,600
Speaker 1: theoretical matter happen. And so that's what strangelets are. They're

440
00:23:26,680 --> 00:23:30,479
Speaker 1: this weird new combination of up quarks, down corks and

441
00:23:30,560 --> 00:23:34,080
Speaker 1: strange quirks in this way that's not like bound inside

442
00:23:34,160 --> 00:23:38,000
Speaker 1: one little particle, but potentially can grow. Right It's not

443
00:23:38,080 --> 00:23:39,800
Speaker 1: just three quirks. It could be five, it could be

444
00:23:39,840 --> 00:23:42,440
Speaker 1: a hundred, it could be ten million corks. It could

445
00:23:42,440 --> 00:23:47,240
Speaker 1: be tended the ten. It's like a special recipe because

446
00:23:47,480 --> 00:23:50,880
Speaker 1: you told me, you said earlier, the sigma particles are

447
00:23:50,920 --> 00:23:53,679
Speaker 1: also up down and strange, but there's like a like

448
00:23:53,720 --> 00:23:57,560
Speaker 1: a near recipe for the sigma particle. Exactly Sigma particles,

449
00:23:57,720 --> 00:24:00,199
Speaker 1: one kind of sigma particle is up down stream. But

450
00:24:00,240 --> 00:24:02,720
Speaker 1: this would be a new configuration of them that that

451
00:24:02,800 --> 00:24:05,200
Speaker 1: doesn't decay right away. Yeah, it wouldn't just be three.

452
00:24:05,240 --> 00:24:07,760
Speaker 1: You could be three or six or a billion, and

453
00:24:07,800 --> 00:24:10,359
Speaker 1: it doesn't decay right away. And it's it's the kind

454
00:24:10,359 --> 00:24:12,200
Speaker 1: of thing and you can only make it in very

455
00:24:12,280 --> 00:24:16,000
Speaker 1: high energy, high density configurations like the inside of a

456
00:24:16,000 --> 00:24:20,320
Speaker 1: neutron star or you know, particle collisions. And again it's theoretical.

457
00:24:20,359 --> 00:24:23,040
Speaker 1: Nobody knows if you could actually make this stuff, but

458
00:24:23,160 --> 00:24:26,000
Speaker 1: the numbers, the calculations we do suggest that it might

459
00:24:26,040 --> 00:24:28,960
Speaker 1: be possible. Okay, so um, so it's a hypothetical type

460
00:24:29,000 --> 00:24:33,080
Speaker 1: of matter which might be super stable, very stable, and

461
00:24:33,280 --> 00:24:37,720
Speaker 1: maybe even contagious. Yeah, that's the amazing thing is number one.

462
00:24:37,760 --> 00:24:40,280
Speaker 1: It's super stable. And the reason for that is sort

463
00:24:40,280 --> 00:24:44,080
Speaker 1: of interesting. It's like you could combine just up quirks

464
00:24:44,119 --> 00:24:46,720
Speaker 1: and down quirks this way, squeeze them together to make

465
00:24:46,760 --> 00:24:49,600
Speaker 1: something really dense, but it wouldn't be very stable. And

466
00:24:49,640 --> 00:24:52,479
Speaker 1: if you add strange quirks, it becomes stable for this

467
00:24:52,560 --> 00:24:55,959
Speaker 1: weird reason because the particles don't like to sort of

468
00:24:56,200 --> 00:24:59,560
Speaker 1: share spots. Like you know how electrons when you have

469
00:24:59,600 --> 00:25:02,960
Speaker 1: them are atom they fill up different orbitals. You add

470
00:25:03,000 --> 00:25:05,160
Speaker 1: another electron, they don't just sit on top of each other.

471
00:25:05,440 --> 00:25:08,320
Speaker 1: That's because they're fermions and they don't like to be

472
00:25:08,359 --> 00:25:11,560
Speaker 1: in the same quantum state. There are rules that say

473
00:25:11,600 --> 00:25:13,440
Speaker 1: that you to two of these can be at the

474
00:25:13,480 --> 00:25:16,879
Speaker 1: same spot. Yeah, so you can't add another electron in

475
00:25:16,920 --> 00:25:19,200
Speaker 1: the same spot, but you could add another different kind

476
00:25:19,200 --> 00:25:22,840
Speaker 1: of particle, like you could have a muon orbiting your proton,

477
00:25:23,359 --> 00:25:25,560
Speaker 1: and it's okay if it's in the same energy levels

478
00:25:25,600 --> 00:25:27,960
Speaker 1: the electron, because they're not the same kind of particle.

479
00:25:28,119 --> 00:25:30,800
Speaker 1: And so what why why are these strange lots so interesting?

480
00:25:30,880 --> 00:25:33,520
Speaker 1: Are they just because there's theoretical and they could be

481
00:25:33,640 --> 00:25:36,080
Speaker 1: they could exist? Well, I mean everybody's interested in like

482
00:25:36,160 --> 00:25:38,720
Speaker 1: new kinds of matter. I mean, who doesn't like sit

483
00:25:38,800 --> 00:25:42,199
Speaker 1: around on a Saturday afternoon one or new kinds of matter? Right,

484
00:25:42,240 --> 00:25:46,400
Speaker 1: I mean everybody does that, right? Um. No, Theoretically they're interesting,

485
00:25:46,720 --> 00:25:49,120
Speaker 1: like could you make this new hyper stable kind of matter?

486
00:25:49,560 --> 00:25:51,560
Speaker 1: And in this case, the matter is extra stable because

487
00:25:51,600 --> 00:25:54,840
Speaker 1: the strange quirks can fill in the sort of lower

488
00:25:54,960 --> 00:25:57,440
Speaker 1: energy levels that the up corks and down corks can't

489
00:25:57,440 --> 00:26:00,560
Speaker 1: because they're a different kind of particle. And it's fascinating

490
00:26:00,600 --> 00:26:04,280
Speaker 1: because it could grow, like if they encounter a new

491
00:26:04,359 --> 00:26:07,960
Speaker 1: kind of matter, it could spread this sort of strange littleness.

492
00:26:08,680 --> 00:26:11,159
Speaker 1: What what do you mean, like how could it? It

493
00:26:11,160 --> 00:26:13,160
Speaker 1: would turn like I'm made out of up and down.

494
00:26:13,280 --> 00:26:15,960
Speaker 1: Course you're saying if I touch one of these blobs

495
00:26:16,000 --> 00:26:19,520
Speaker 1: of strange lead matter. It would somehow turn some of

496
00:26:19,520 --> 00:26:22,000
Speaker 1: my up and ups and down corks into strange corks,

497
00:26:22,320 --> 00:26:25,840
Speaker 1: and you become bizarro Jorge or you know, strange strange

498
00:26:25,880 --> 00:26:32,000
Speaker 1: warhe Yeah, then the comberbat horn more strange? Is that

499
00:26:32,119 --> 00:26:37,560
Speaker 1: your voice? Yeah? So you know the only thing that

500
00:26:37,640 --> 00:26:40,000
Speaker 1: prevents you from being a strange lid is that you

501
00:26:40,040 --> 00:26:43,240
Speaker 1: don't have strange quirks in you. Um, but any of

502
00:26:43,320 --> 00:26:45,280
Speaker 1: the down quirks in your body could get converted to

503
00:26:45,359 --> 00:26:48,280
Speaker 1: strange quirks. They just need some energy. They could get upgraded.

504
00:26:48,680 --> 00:26:51,800
Speaker 1: They could get yeah, literally upgraded to strange quirks. And

505
00:26:51,920 --> 00:26:54,119
Speaker 1: that might happen if I touched some of this strange

506
00:26:54,200 --> 00:26:57,520
Speaker 1: lad matter. Yeah, and nobody knows. Again, does strange that

507
00:26:57,600 --> 00:27:00,159
Speaker 1: matter exists and if so, what properties as a have?

508
00:27:00,680 --> 00:27:03,960
Speaker 1: But in some versions of this theory, then yeah, it

509
00:27:04,160 --> 00:27:06,760
Speaker 1: adds to itself. When it encounters other kinds of matter,

510
00:27:07,040 --> 00:27:10,600
Speaker 1: it converts that matter into strange lit matter like collapses

511
00:27:10,640 --> 00:27:13,880
Speaker 1: it because strange that matter is more stable than other

512
00:27:14,000 --> 00:27:17,080
Speaker 1: kinds of matter. So you can imagine sort of like

513
00:27:17,680 --> 00:27:20,000
Speaker 1: our normal kind of matter just sort of like waiting

514
00:27:20,119 --> 00:27:22,960
Speaker 1: to turn into strangelets. And as soon as you get

515
00:27:23,040 --> 00:27:26,400
Speaker 1: one nearby, like crystallizes, Like if you put a drop

516
00:27:26,560 --> 00:27:31,360
Speaker 1: of sugar into sugar water, it'll form a huge crystal

517
00:27:31,440 --> 00:27:34,760
Speaker 1: around it. It's like a seed that spreads its pattern.

518
00:27:35,520 --> 00:27:37,320
Speaker 1: And what would happen to me if I touched this

519
00:27:37,400 --> 00:27:40,920
Speaker 1: strangelet matter? Would I just automatically sort of get blobified

520
00:27:40,960 --> 00:27:43,879
Speaker 1: and then absorbed into the bigger blob or would it

521
00:27:43,960 --> 00:27:46,320
Speaker 1: still be me except I would be sort of strange

522
00:27:46,359 --> 00:27:50,880
Speaker 1: and have superpowers. I'm usually the one has unanswerable philosophical questions.

523
00:27:51,320 --> 00:27:54,280
Speaker 1: But would you still be you? Well, you become very

524
00:27:54,359 --> 00:27:58,359
Speaker 1: dense because strange matter is extraordinarily dense. It's much denser

525
00:27:58,440 --> 00:28:02,560
Speaker 1: than like the content of a neutron star. So the

526
00:28:02,680 --> 00:28:05,480
Speaker 1: original Jorge particles would be, you know, condensed to something

527
00:28:05,600 --> 00:28:09,480
Speaker 1: like the size of a tiny little drop. And whether

528
00:28:09,600 --> 00:28:12,000
Speaker 1: you would still feel like you, I don't know. You

529
00:28:12,080 --> 00:28:16,480
Speaker 1: might feel more like Benedict commer Batch. I suppose more

530
00:28:16,560 --> 00:28:20,720
Speaker 1: like Paul run and Admin. It sounds like you get smaller, Yeah,

531
00:28:21,240 --> 00:28:24,199
Speaker 1: you would get smaller. Maybe that's what the pim particle is, Daniel.

532
00:28:25,320 --> 00:28:29,479
Speaker 1: Maybe it's a strange particle. Yeah, that makes everything contest

533
00:28:29,680 --> 00:28:31,520
Speaker 1: all right, Well, now you need to write to Marvel

534
00:28:31,640 --> 00:28:33,600
Speaker 1: and get credit for that one. So we're even then

535
00:28:33,760 --> 00:28:36,240
Speaker 1: I'll take half of those profits. We are just rolling

536
00:28:36,320 --> 00:28:40,000
Speaker 1: the movies advice here. So you're saying that you could

537
00:28:40,080 --> 00:28:42,840
Speaker 1: maybe create protons and neutrons out of this strange matter

538
00:28:42,960 --> 00:28:45,000
Speaker 1: and then you could still have atoms and stuff. We

539
00:28:45,040 --> 00:28:46,920
Speaker 1: don't think you would have like atoms inside of it.

540
00:28:47,240 --> 00:28:49,479
Speaker 1: There's no like division between the particles. You don't get

541
00:28:49,520 --> 00:28:54,920
Speaker 1: protons and neutrons. It's like this, just the morgue. Yeah,

542
00:28:55,120 --> 00:28:57,560
Speaker 1: I think it probably would be the end of Jorge exactly.

543
00:28:57,600 --> 00:29:01,560
Speaker 1: So I wouldn't recommend it. Now, you tell me. All right,

544
00:29:01,600 --> 00:29:03,680
Speaker 1: let's get into whether or not this is real and

545
00:29:03,760 --> 00:29:06,080
Speaker 1: whether it can happen, and whether we should be worried

546
00:29:06,080 --> 00:29:10,800
Speaker 1: about this coming here and absorbing us and obliterating us

547
00:29:10,880 --> 00:29:14,520
Speaker 1: and turning us into a strange live matter. But first

548
00:29:14,600 --> 00:29:29,480
Speaker 1: let's take another quick break. All right, Daniel, it is

549
00:29:29,520 --> 00:29:32,240
Speaker 1: strange matter. Well, we know a strange matter is real,

550
00:29:32,360 --> 00:29:35,280
Speaker 1: But are these strange lids that might absorb things and

551
00:29:35,400 --> 00:29:39,160
Speaker 1: destroy everything? Is that real? Should we be worried about it? Well,

552
00:29:39,400 --> 00:29:41,760
Speaker 1: we don't know if it's real. We can't say that

553
00:29:41,840 --> 00:29:44,840
Speaker 1: it's not. We've never seen it before. But it's sort

554
00:29:44,840 --> 00:29:48,560
Speaker 1: of theoretically makes some sense, so it's worth taking seriously.

555
00:29:48,960 --> 00:29:51,080
Speaker 1: I'm not suggesting you, like change the way you live

556
00:29:51,160 --> 00:29:54,240
Speaker 1: your life, but it could be that there are a

557
00:29:54,360 --> 00:29:56,400
Speaker 1: lot of these strangers out there and we just haven't

558
00:29:56,440 --> 00:29:59,160
Speaker 1: seen them yet. Oh I see, you can't disprove it,

559
00:29:59,280 --> 00:30:02,480
Speaker 1: so therefore you've got to consider it like aliens. It's

560
00:30:02,560 --> 00:30:06,200
Speaker 1: just like aliens are like me being mistaken by Benedict

561
00:30:06,240 --> 00:30:09,440
Speaker 1: comber Back. It could happen. It could happen, and there

562
00:30:09,440 --> 00:30:11,120
Speaker 1: are a lot of times in physics that were in

563
00:30:11,200 --> 00:30:14,040
Speaker 1: this scenario where we haven't really looked, so we don't

564
00:30:14,160 --> 00:30:16,320
Speaker 1: know if it's there. And then the more we look,

565
00:30:16,560 --> 00:30:18,880
Speaker 1: the more we can say, if it's there, it's rare.

566
00:30:19,320 --> 00:30:23,080
Speaker 1: And then once we've looked, like really exhaustively, we can say, well,

567
00:30:23,120 --> 00:30:25,960
Speaker 1: either it doesn't exist or it's super duper rare. And

568
00:30:26,040 --> 00:30:27,880
Speaker 1: we're in that situation with a lot of particles like

569
00:30:28,000 --> 00:30:31,120
Speaker 1: magnetic monopoles that we talked about on the project, but

570
00:30:31,520 --> 00:30:33,880
Speaker 1: in this case we've only sort of recently begun to

571
00:30:33,960 --> 00:30:37,080
Speaker 1: figure out, like how to look for strangelets. It doesn't

572
00:30:37,080 --> 00:30:39,600
Speaker 1: happen in normal occurrences. It sounds like it's it sounds

573
00:30:39,640 --> 00:30:42,080
Speaker 1: like it only happens in the core of like super

574
00:30:42,120 --> 00:30:46,560
Speaker 1: dance stars or high energy collisions, and and it like it.

575
00:30:47,200 --> 00:30:49,160
Speaker 1: Even if you created some here on Earth, it might

576
00:30:49,200 --> 00:30:51,440
Speaker 1: be difficult to sustain, right, because we're not inside of

577
00:30:51,440 --> 00:30:53,520
Speaker 1: an nuentrance star. You don't need to be inside a

578
00:30:53,600 --> 00:30:56,800
Speaker 1: dense environment to sustain it, just to create it. Just

579
00:30:57,000 --> 00:30:59,480
Speaker 1: like you can make heavy metals and the inside of

580
00:30:59,480 --> 00:31:01,920
Speaker 1: the Sun, and then when they blow up, there's still

581
00:31:02,000 --> 00:31:04,320
Speaker 1: those heavy metals, right, iron lanes here on Earth. It

582
00:31:04,360 --> 00:31:08,800
Speaker 1: doesn't just fall apart into protons and neutrons. Right. It's stable.

583
00:31:09,080 --> 00:31:10,680
Speaker 1: And that's the thing with this stuff is that it's

584
00:31:11,880 --> 00:31:14,000
Speaker 1: it's there. Once you make it, it's there, and anything

585
00:31:14,040 --> 00:31:16,600
Speaker 1: it touches it will grow and add onto it because

586
00:31:16,640 --> 00:31:18,960
Speaker 1: it's more stable than this other kind of matter. So

587
00:31:19,200 --> 00:31:23,280
Speaker 1: like collapses normal matter into strange lit matter. Oh, it's

588
00:31:23,400 --> 00:31:26,800
Speaker 1: more stable than regular matter. It's more stable. It's like

589
00:31:26,840 --> 00:31:29,120
Speaker 1: a lower estate. So what you're saying that if you

590
00:31:29,360 --> 00:31:33,160
Speaker 1: create something the large hadron collider and it touches the

591
00:31:33,200 --> 00:31:35,840
Speaker 1: walls of the collider, it can just grow and grow

592
00:31:35,880 --> 00:31:39,600
Speaker 1: and swallow up the whole earth. That's exactly what I'm

593
00:31:39,640 --> 00:31:43,520
Speaker 1: saying and is that Daniel interesting or qute to you?

594
00:31:44,040 --> 00:31:47,280
Speaker 1: Does that sound like a like a fun, fuzzy outcome

595
00:31:47,360 --> 00:31:49,280
Speaker 1: for the huge human race. I think it would be

596
00:31:49,320 --> 00:31:54,160
Speaker 1: pretty spectacular but pretty cool to see on screen. It's

597
00:31:54,200 --> 00:31:56,600
Speaker 1: not something we are worried about. Me. We took it seriously,

598
00:31:56,720 --> 00:31:59,360
Speaker 1: We thought about it, we did the calculations, and just

599
00:31:59,560 --> 00:32:02,480
Speaker 1: like whether the LHC will create black holes, we're not

600
00:32:02,560 --> 00:32:04,480
Speaker 1: worried about it because the same kind of collisions are

601
00:32:04,520 --> 00:32:07,040
Speaker 1: happening all the time right now in the atmosphere, really

602
00:32:07,120 --> 00:32:10,400
Speaker 1: high energy particles smashing into other particles from cosmic rays.

603
00:32:11,080 --> 00:32:14,920
Speaker 1: So we think if that was likely to happen um at,

604
00:32:14,960 --> 00:32:17,400
Speaker 1: the LHC would have already happened in the atmosphere, and

605
00:32:17,520 --> 00:32:19,960
Speaker 1: we don't see that. So we don't think the LFC

606
00:32:20,120 --> 00:32:23,320
Speaker 1: is powerful enough to create strangelets if they do exist.

607
00:32:23,560 --> 00:32:26,520
Speaker 1: You don't think. We don't think, but you know, keep

608
00:32:26,560 --> 00:32:30,360
Speaker 1: your ears open. But you're saying, but a scenario might

609
00:32:30,400 --> 00:32:32,600
Speaker 1: be that you do create these things and it does

610
00:32:32,640 --> 00:32:35,880
Speaker 1: sort of like spread and swallow up and suddenly the

611
00:32:35,920 --> 00:32:40,160
Speaker 1: whole earth is just a giant ball of strange cords,

612
00:32:41,240 --> 00:32:43,280
Speaker 1: you know, floating around like a blob, not even that

613
00:32:43,440 --> 00:32:46,520
Speaker 1: giant because it would collapse into a very very dense matter,

614
00:32:46,640 --> 00:32:48,600
Speaker 1: so like all the mass of the Earth would get

615
00:32:48,640 --> 00:32:51,240
Speaker 1: turned into strangelets, would be like the size of a grapefruit.

616
00:32:51,480 --> 00:32:53,880
Speaker 1: And then it would just sit there in place of

617
00:32:53,960 --> 00:32:56,840
Speaker 1: the Earth and still go around the Sun and the

618
00:32:56,920 --> 00:33:00,479
Speaker 1: Moon would still go around this blob, but we wouldn't

619
00:33:00,480 --> 00:33:04,400
Speaker 1: be would be all sorts, this one little ball of energy. Yeah,

620
00:33:04,440 --> 00:33:08,400
Speaker 1: we'd be living our strangest life. Um, And that's one scenario.

621
00:33:08,560 --> 00:33:11,000
Speaker 1: Like if we actually made strange that's on Earth, but

622
00:33:11,080 --> 00:33:12,760
Speaker 1: not something we're worried about. And you know, we've been

623
00:33:13,040 --> 00:33:15,200
Speaker 1: turned We turned this thing on years ago. We've been

624
00:33:15,240 --> 00:33:19,320
Speaker 1: doing collisions every seconds for almost a decade, so not

625
00:33:19,520 --> 00:33:22,800
Speaker 1: something to worry about. But it's possible that you're still here,

626
00:33:23,120 --> 00:33:26,800
Speaker 1: don't worry. If you're listening to this podcast, then your

627
00:33:26,800 --> 00:33:32,000
Speaker 1: final word. But it's possible that there are other scenarios

628
00:33:32,080 --> 00:33:35,080
Speaker 1: out there in the universe that are capable of making strangelets,

629
00:33:35,480 --> 00:33:38,640
Speaker 1: like the core of a neutron star. We haven't made

630
00:33:38,680 --> 00:33:41,160
Speaker 1: it here because maybe we don't have enough energy, but

631
00:33:41,200 --> 00:33:43,480
Speaker 1: there are places with enough energy to make this strange

632
00:33:43,520 --> 00:33:45,680
Speaker 1: lit matter. If it's real, if it's actually a thing

633
00:33:45,800 --> 00:33:48,440
Speaker 1: that can happen in our universe. We think it's possible

634
00:33:48,520 --> 00:33:50,560
Speaker 1: to make them in the core of neutron stars, where

635
00:33:50,600 --> 00:33:54,120
Speaker 1: it's very very dense, remember neutron stars, or places where

636
00:33:54,160 --> 00:33:57,600
Speaker 1: it's had a gravitational collapse, it's stopped burning, is no

637
00:33:57,680 --> 00:34:00,840
Speaker 1: more m forces or pressure pushing out, so it's like

638
00:34:01,400 --> 00:34:04,560
Speaker 1: really densely packed, and all the protons and electrons have

639
00:34:04,640 --> 00:34:08,200
Speaker 1: gotten squeezed together and converted into neutrons. If you push

640
00:34:08,280 --> 00:34:11,320
Speaker 1: even further, then we think that maybe the core of

641
00:34:11,400 --> 00:34:14,040
Speaker 1: that could turn into a strangelet which would then spread

642
00:34:14,080 --> 00:34:16,759
Speaker 1: and take over the entire star. Oh, it would go

643
00:34:16,880 --> 00:34:19,839
Speaker 1: from like a neutron star to a strangelet star. Yeah,

644
00:34:19,920 --> 00:34:22,360
Speaker 1: to us, they call it a strange star. And we

645
00:34:22,440 --> 00:34:25,400
Speaker 1: can look at stars and try to tell if that's happened.

646
00:34:25,440 --> 00:34:28,080
Speaker 1: Like we've seen some neutron stars, and we can look

647
00:34:28,080 --> 00:34:30,399
Speaker 1: at them and look at the sort of radiation from them,

648
00:34:30,960 --> 00:34:34,000
Speaker 1: and so far, all the neutron stars we've seen look

649
00:34:34,080 --> 00:34:37,920
Speaker 1: like they're just normal, vanilla, amazingly crazy weird neutron stars

650
00:34:38,160 --> 00:34:41,160
Speaker 1: that they haven't converted to strange stars. And you know,

651
00:34:41,239 --> 00:34:43,319
Speaker 1: this depends on our understanding of how what this would

652
00:34:43,360 --> 00:34:45,600
Speaker 1: look like from really far away using on the X rays.

653
00:34:45,680 --> 00:34:48,239
Speaker 1: But so far it seems like it hasn't happened. And

654
00:34:48,360 --> 00:34:50,920
Speaker 1: you know, if the calculations are correct, then it's the

655
00:34:51,000 --> 00:34:53,560
Speaker 1: kind of thing that should happen to neutron stars eventually.

656
00:34:53,640 --> 00:34:56,560
Speaker 1: So if we haven't seen one ever turn into a

657
00:34:56,640 --> 00:35:00,239
Speaker 1: strange star, then maybe it's not possible. Maybe it's not possible. Yeah,

658
00:35:01,960 --> 00:35:04,000
Speaker 1: maybe it's just a strange dream. Maybe it's just a

659
00:35:04,040 --> 00:35:06,920
Speaker 1: strange idea from afternoon physicist who didn't have enough coffee.

660
00:35:07,200 --> 00:35:10,120
Speaker 1: Or strange lets, Yes, strange lets. Could they be like

661
00:35:10,200 --> 00:35:12,400
Speaker 1: inside of a black hole or something? Well, actually, that's

662
00:35:12,440 --> 00:35:14,920
Speaker 1: the only thing you can do to save yourself from strange.

663
00:35:15,000 --> 00:35:17,359
Speaker 1: That's like if you saw a blob of strange that's

664
00:35:17,400 --> 00:35:19,600
Speaker 1: heading here, there's almost nothing you can do to like

665
00:35:20,080 --> 00:35:23,800
Speaker 1: divert it or you know, prevented, because anything that touches

666
00:35:23,840 --> 00:35:26,439
Speaker 1: it just makes it bigger. Um. But if you could

667
00:35:26,480 --> 00:35:29,799
Speaker 1: somehow funnel it into a black hole, yeah, then you'd

668
00:35:29,840 --> 00:35:32,160
Speaker 1: be safe. But then you have to worry about the

669
00:35:32,200 --> 00:35:34,960
Speaker 1: black hole. Yes, yes, then you have to worry about

670
00:35:34,960 --> 00:35:36,720
Speaker 1: the black hole. It's like you got a rabbit problem,

671
00:35:36,800 --> 00:35:38,520
Speaker 1: so you put a bunch of wolves on your property

672
00:35:38,719 --> 00:35:43,680
Speaker 1: and wolf problem. But hey, I like these long term

673
00:35:43,760 --> 00:35:47,960
Speaker 1: physics solutions. It's all about putting out one by your

674
00:35:48,040 --> 00:35:51,840
Speaker 1: long term with another fire. But even if we're not

675
00:35:52,040 --> 00:35:54,839
Speaker 1: making them inside neutron stars, it might be that they're

676
00:35:54,880 --> 00:35:58,839
Speaker 1: out there anyway. There could be what we call primordial strangelets.

677
00:35:59,160 --> 00:36:01,279
Speaker 1: Primordial strange it are things that were made in the

678
00:36:01,400 --> 00:36:05,320
Speaker 1: Big Bang because the densest, craziest, hottest party in the universe,

679
00:36:05,400 --> 00:36:08,400
Speaker 1: of course, was the verse very first few moments when

680
00:36:08,480 --> 00:36:10,840
Speaker 1: things were really hot and crazy, and it could be

681
00:36:11,360 --> 00:36:13,640
Speaker 1: that a few strangets were made back then and they're

682
00:36:13,680 --> 00:36:16,640
Speaker 1: still floating around. Emily might not see them. We wouldn't

683
00:36:16,640 --> 00:36:18,759
Speaker 1: see them. They don't like glow or anything. But one

684
00:36:18,760 --> 00:36:20,840
Speaker 1: of them could just like bump into the Earth and

685
00:36:20,920 --> 00:36:23,960
Speaker 1: then the whole earth becomes a strangelet. The whole Earth

686
00:36:24,000 --> 00:36:26,719
Speaker 1: becomes a strangelet. And of course that hasn't happened yet,

687
00:36:27,000 --> 00:36:29,440
Speaker 1: and we've never seen a planet disappear, and we've been

688
00:36:29,480 --> 00:36:32,520
Speaker 1: watching for a while, and you know, so that tells

689
00:36:32,560 --> 00:36:35,480
Speaker 1: you something about how unlikely it is. But we just

690
00:36:35,600 --> 00:36:37,799
Speaker 1: don't know. And there's some people do calculations and they

691
00:36:37,880 --> 00:36:42,080
Speaker 1: suggest that there are more strangelets out there than stars

692
00:36:42,200 --> 00:36:45,000
Speaker 1: in the universe. But you know, I don't know, that's

693
00:36:45,040 --> 00:36:48,400
Speaker 1: like physicists having way too many cups of coffee and

694
00:36:48,560 --> 00:36:53,120
Speaker 1: they're like, dude, even that's strange for us. But you know,

695
00:36:53,200 --> 00:36:56,480
Speaker 1: it's important to sort of stretch your mental muscles to

696
00:36:56,560 --> 00:36:58,920
Speaker 1: think about all the ways that the universe could be

697
00:36:59,640 --> 00:37:02,760
Speaker 1: toticipate these things, and to think about how to protect yourself,

698
00:37:02,800 --> 00:37:05,920
Speaker 1: you know, fund this proposal to build a shield against

699
00:37:06,000 --> 00:37:08,480
Speaker 1: strange matter, or we might all die. Well. I think

700
00:37:08,480 --> 00:37:11,560
Speaker 1: it's pretty interesting still to just think about the idea

701
00:37:11,760 --> 00:37:14,880
Speaker 1: that that there are kinds of matter that we haven't

702
00:37:15,680 --> 00:37:18,400
Speaker 1: touched upon, you know, like there are maybe there are

703
00:37:18,520 --> 00:37:20,719
Speaker 1: strange ways to arrange the legos of the universe, and

704
00:37:20,760 --> 00:37:23,320
Speaker 1: ways that are sort of like cool and interesting and

705
00:37:23,920 --> 00:37:26,240
Speaker 1: might be maybe even solve all all of our problems.

706
00:37:26,719 --> 00:37:29,600
Speaker 1: There definitely are. And you know, another direction of this

707
00:37:29,760 --> 00:37:32,520
Speaker 1: research is just to make new elements, you know, use

708
00:37:32,600 --> 00:37:35,640
Speaker 1: up quirks and down corks and combine protons and neutrons

709
00:37:35,680 --> 00:37:37,640
Speaker 1: and a way to make heavier and heavier elements. And

710
00:37:37,920 --> 00:37:39,480
Speaker 1: I having kept up with it, but you know, they're

711
00:37:39,719 --> 00:37:42,520
Speaker 1: up into the teens or maybe evento the hundred twenties

712
00:37:42,560 --> 00:37:45,080
Speaker 1: and the periodic table, and so there's a lot of

713
00:37:45,200 --> 00:37:48,719
Speaker 1: really fascinating ways to combine things together to make new

714
00:37:48,840 --> 00:37:51,440
Speaker 1: kinds of goo. There's a lot of different directions to go,

715
00:37:51,600 --> 00:37:55,000
Speaker 1: and we've only explored, you know, a little bit. And

716
00:37:55,040 --> 00:37:57,280
Speaker 1: so it's another one of these angles where you realize

717
00:37:57,560 --> 00:37:59,879
Speaker 1: that we have a tiny little slice of the past

718
00:38:00,000 --> 00:38:03,319
Speaker 1: will experiences that humans can have in this universe. There's

719
00:38:03,400 --> 00:38:05,319
Speaker 1: all sorts of different kind of stuff out there waiting

720
00:38:05,360 --> 00:38:08,879
Speaker 1: for us to discover it or for us to invent right, yeah,

721
00:38:09,280 --> 00:38:13,520
Speaker 1: and then for it to destroy us hopefully not all right, Well,

722
00:38:13,600 --> 00:38:17,120
Speaker 1: I hope you enjoyed this strange trip down into the

723
00:38:18,560 --> 00:38:21,439
Speaker 1: little legos of the universe and think to think about

724
00:38:21,640 --> 00:38:25,000
Speaker 1: all different ways in which normal and strange that you

725
00:38:25,040 --> 00:38:27,840
Speaker 1: can assemble the universe together. And remember that this is

726
00:38:27,920 --> 00:38:31,840
Speaker 1: mostly a mental exercise. We're wondering how can matter fit together,

727
00:38:31,960 --> 00:38:35,080
Speaker 1: what kind of things can be in the universe, And

728
00:38:35,360 --> 00:38:38,200
Speaker 1: for us, it's just interesting and fascinating to think about

729
00:38:38,200 --> 00:38:40,480
Speaker 1: all the ways that this can happen. It's not something

730
00:38:40,600 --> 00:38:42,960
Speaker 1: we worry about. I do not think you need to

731
00:38:43,000 --> 00:38:46,040
Speaker 1: worry about strange that's destroying your house, But Yeah, So

732
00:38:46,160 --> 00:38:49,480
Speaker 1: next time we'll get into charm matter, Daniel or we will.

733
00:38:49,480 --> 00:38:51,439
Speaker 1: Actually we're gonna do an episode about how the charm

734
00:38:51,480 --> 00:38:55,520
Speaker 1: cork was discovered. That pretty crazy story. All right, Well,

735
00:38:55,560 --> 00:38:58,120
Speaker 1: thanks for joining us. We hope you enjoyed that. See

736
00:38:58,160 --> 00:39:07,920
Speaker 1: you next time. Yea, before you still have a question

737
00:39:07,960 --> 00:39:11,399
Speaker 1: after listening to all these explanations, please drop us a line.

738
00:39:11,440 --> 00:39:13,600
Speaker 1: We'd love to hear from you. You can find us

739
00:39:13,600 --> 00:39:17,399
Speaker 1: on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram at Daniel and Jorge That's

740
00:39:17,440 --> 00:39:20,759
Speaker 1: one word, or email us at Feedback at Daniel and

741
00:39:20,920 --> 00:39:24,360
Speaker 1: Jorge dot com. Thanks for listening, and remember that Daniel

742
00:39:24,400 --> 00:39:26,880
Speaker 1: and Jorge Explain the Universe is a production of I

743
00:39:27,160 --> 00:39:30,560
Speaker 1: Heart Radio. For more podcast from my Heart Radio, visit

744
00:39:30,600 --> 00:39:34,080
Speaker 1: the i heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you

745
00:39:34,200 --> 00:39:41,160
Speaker 1: listen to your favorite shows. Yeah,