1
00:00:00,080 --> 00:00:02,960
Speaker 1: If you love iPhone, you'll love Apple Card. It's the

2
00:00:03,040 --> 00:00:06,920
Speaker 1: credit card designed for iPhone. It gives you unlimited daily

3
00:00:07,040 --> 00:00:10,000
Speaker 1: cash back that can earn four point four zero percent

4
00:00:10,160 --> 00:00:12,960
Speaker 1: annual percentage yield. When you open a high Yield savings

5
00:00:13,000 --> 00:00:16,280
Speaker 1: account through Apple Card, apply for Applecard in the wallet

6
00:00:16,280 --> 00:00:19,520
Speaker 1: app subject to credit approval. Savings is available to Apple

7
00:00:19,560 --> 00:00:22,800
Speaker 1: Card owners subject to eligibility. Apple Card and Savings by

8
00:00:22,840 --> 00:00:26,120
Speaker 1: Goldman Sachs Bank USA, Salt Lake City Branch Member FDIC

9
00:00:26,520 --> 00:00:29,280
Speaker 1: terms and more at applecard dot com. When you pop

10
00:00:29,320 --> 00:00:31,240
Speaker 1: a piece of cheese into your mouth, you're probably not

11
00:00:31,360 --> 00:00:34,280
Speaker 1: thinking about the environmental impact. But the people in the

12
00:00:34,360 --> 00:00:37,680
Speaker 1: dairy industry are. That's why they're working hard every day

13
00:00:37,720 --> 00:00:40,760
Speaker 1: to find new ways to reduce waste, conserve natural resources,

14
00:00:40,800 --> 00:00:44,360
Speaker 1: and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. How is US Dairy

15
00:00:44,400 --> 00:00:48,520
Speaker 1: tackling greenhouse gases? Many farms use anaerobic digesters to turn

16
00:00:48,560 --> 00:00:53,080
Speaker 1: the methane from manure into renewable energy that can power farms, towns,

17
00:00:53,120 --> 00:00:57,240
Speaker 1: and electric cars. Visit us Dairy dot COM's Last Sustainability

18
00:00:57,280 --> 00:00:58,000
Speaker 1: to learn more.

19
00:00:58,960 --> 00:01:02,600
Speaker 2: Here's a little secret. Most smartphone deals aren't that exciting.

20
00:01:02,920 --> 00:01:06,560
Speaker 2: To be honest, they're barely worth mentioning. But then there's

21
00:01:06,600 --> 00:01:09,920
Speaker 2: AT and T and their best deals. Those are quite exciting.

22
00:01:10,319 --> 00:01:13,039
Speaker 3: They're the kind of deals that are really worth talking about,

23
00:01:13,560 --> 00:01:16,360
Speaker 3: like their deal in the new Samsung Galaxy Z flip six.

24
00:01:16,760 --> 00:01:19,600
Speaker 3: With this deal, you can trade in your eligible smartphone,

25
00:01:19,680 --> 00:01:22,960
Speaker 3: any year, any condition for a new Samsung Galaxy Z

26
00:01:23,080 --> 00:01:23,680
Speaker 3: flip six.

27
00:01:24,120 --> 00:01:27,559
Speaker 2: It's so good, in fact, it will have you shouting

28
00:01:27,680 --> 00:01:31,279
Speaker 2: from the rooftops. So get yourself down a street level

29
00:01:31,400 --> 00:01:34,000
Speaker 2: and learn how to snag the new Samsung Galaxy Z

30
00:01:34,080 --> 00:01:37,200
Speaker 2: flip six on AT and T and maybe grab a

31
00:01:37,240 --> 00:01:40,800
Speaker 2: ladder on the way home. AT and T connecting changes

32
00:01:40,880 --> 00:01:44,400
Speaker 2: everything requires trade in a Galaxy s Note or Z

33
00:01:44,560 --> 00:01:47,400
Speaker 2: series smartphone limited time offer two hundred and fifty six

34
00:01:47,400 --> 00:01:50,760
Speaker 2: gigabytes for zero dollars. Additional fees, terms and restrictions apply.

35
00:01:50,960 --> 00:01:53,720
Speaker 2: See att dot com, slash Samsung, or visit an AT

36
00:01:53,800 --> 00:01:56,960
Speaker 2: and T store for details.

37
00:02:06,040 --> 00:02:08,079
Speaker 1: Hey or Hey, what image do you get in your

38
00:02:08,080 --> 00:02:11,799
Speaker 1: mind if I say the phrase mysteries of the universe?

39
00:02:12,480 --> 00:02:12,799
Speaker 4: Hmmm?

40
00:02:13,160 --> 00:02:15,640
Speaker 5: I think I think of you know, black holes and

41
00:02:15,720 --> 00:02:18,280
Speaker 5: what's inside of them and what happened at the beginning

42
00:02:18,280 --> 00:02:21,000
Speaker 5: of time and where is the universe going to.

43
00:02:20,960 --> 00:02:23,680
Speaker 1: Go, those are all wonderful mysteries, and I'd love to

44
00:02:23,680 --> 00:02:25,800
Speaker 1: dig into them. But what if I told you you

45
00:02:25,919 --> 00:02:29,399
Speaker 1: don't have to go so far away to find mysteries.

46
00:02:29,800 --> 00:02:33,480
Speaker 5: Hmmm, you mean, like, why is a cartoon is hosting

47
00:02:33,520 --> 00:02:34,840
Speaker 5: a podcast about science?

48
00:02:36,480 --> 00:02:36,679
Speaker 6: Yeah?

49
00:02:36,720 --> 00:02:39,160
Speaker 1: I think that's exactly the point. It turns out that

50
00:02:39,240 --> 00:02:43,000
Speaker 1: there are deep unanswered physics questions all around us. You

51
00:02:43,000 --> 00:02:44,840
Speaker 1: don't have to travel to the edge of the galaxy

52
00:02:44,919 --> 00:02:46,520
Speaker 1: to find something we don't understand.

53
00:02:46,840 --> 00:02:48,960
Speaker 5: Yeah, I've heard about this, that in the objects we

54
00:02:49,080 --> 00:02:52,359
Speaker 5: use every day there might be things that even physicists

55
00:02:52,480 --> 00:02:53,800
Speaker 5: don't know how it works.

56
00:02:53,880 --> 00:02:56,400
Speaker 1: Yeah, it turns out physicists don't know what we're talking

57
00:02:56,440 --> 00:02:57,440
Speaker 1: about all the time.

58
00:02:57,600 --> 00:02:59,360
Speaker 5: Wait, you don't know what you're talking about, or you

59
00:02:59,400 --> 00:03:01,679
Speaker 5: know what you're talking about, but you don't understand them.

60
00:03:02,240 --> 00:03:04,799
Speaker 1: No, that's the exact job of physics is to look

61
00:03:04,840 --> 00:03:07,720
Speaker 1: around us and say, do we really know how this works?

62
00:03:07,840 --> 00:03:10,359
Speaker 1: Can we actually understand it? And sometimes we think this

63
00:03:10,440 --> 00:03:12,440
Speaker 1: is a simple explanation, but we sit down to work

64
00:03:12,480 --> 00:03:14,920
Speaker 1: it out and it turns out it's much more complicated

65
00:03:14,960 --> 00:03:15,480
Speaker 1: than we thought.

66
00:03:15,880 --> 00:03:19,360
Speaker 5: Yeah, it turns out there are big mysteries even in

67
00:03:19,400 --> 00:03:22,120
Speaker 5: the things that a lot of us ride to work

68
00:03:22,520 --> 00:03:23,000
Speaker 5: every day.

69
00:03:23,480 --> 00:03:41,800
Speaker 1: That's right. Hi, I'm Morehe and I'm Daniel, and.

70
00:03:41,760 --> 00:03:45,000
Speaker 5: Welcome to our podcast, Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe,

71
00:03:45,200 --> 00:03:47,680
Speaker 5: a production of iHeartRadio.

72
00:03:47,120 --> 00:03:49,680
Speaker 1: In which we look around for weird things in the

73
00:03:49,760 --> 00:03:52,520
Speaker 1: universe that don't make sense and try to explain them

74
00:03:52,520 --> 00:03:55,680
Speaker 1: to you. Sometimes we look far, sometimes we look pretty

75
00:03:55,680 --> 00:03:56,360
Speaker 1: close to home.

76
00:03:56,640 --> 00:03:58,720
Speaker 5: That's right. Today in the episode, we're going to try

77
00:03:58,880 --> 00:04:01,800
Speaker 5: something a little bit different. So usually we talk about

78
00:04:01,880 --> 00:04:04,040
Speaker 5: the big things out there in the universe, all the

79
00:04:04,080 --> 00:04:07,600
Speaker 5: big fundamental questions about what the universe is made out

80
00:04:07,600 --> 00:04:10,680
Speaker 5: of and where's it going, and what happens inside of

81
00:04:10,800 --> 00:04:13,600
Speaker 5: crazy things like black holes. But today we're going to

82
00:04:13,680 --> 00:04:15,120
Speaker 5: try something a little different.

83
00:04:15,360 --> 00:04:18,000
Speaker 1: That's right. Some of those are big sexy questions that

84
00:04:18,040 --> 00:04:20,479
Speaker 1: affect the human condition and the context of your life.

85
00:04:20,520 --> 00:04:23,640
Speaker 1: But we think sometimes there are mysteries of physics right

86
00:04:23,680 --> 00:04:25,640
Speaker 1: here in front of us that can give us deep

87
00:04:25,680 --> 00:04:28,160
Speaker 1: insights into the way things work and how we live

88
00:04:28,200 --> 00:04:28,799
Speaker 1: our lives.

89
00:04:29,080 --> 00:04:31,359
Speaker 5: So this might be the first of a series of

90
00:04:31,400 --> 00:04:34,640
Speaker 5: episodes in which we tackle a question that's kind of

91
00:04:34,960 --> 00:04:38,440
Speaker 5: close to us, or in maybe hidden in everyday objects.

92
00:04:38,600 --> 00:04:41,240
Speaker 1: That's right. So look around you think about whether you

93
00:04:41,440 --> 00:04:44,119
Speaker 1: understand the way the world works around you. Why doesn't

94
00:04:44,120 --> 00:04:47,080
Speaker 1: your house fall down? How do the lightning rods work?

95
00:04:47,200 --> 00:04:49,200
Speaker 1: All these things that are happening around you. Do you

96
00:04:49,279 --> 00:04:51,960
Speaker 1: really know how they work? Do physicists even know how

97
00:04:51,960 --> 00:04:52,400
Speaker 1: they work?

98
00:04:52,640 --> 00:04:55,200
Speaker 5: So today on the podcast, we're going to talk about

99
00:05:00,160 --> 00:05:02,320
Speaker 5: why don't bicycles fall over?

100
00:05:02,600 --> 00:05:04,640
Speaker 1: No, the bicycle has been around for a long time.

101
00:05:04,880 --> 00:05:07,119
Speaker 1: People have been putting their butts on those funny seats

102
00:05:07,120 --> 00:05:10,279
Speaker 1: and pedaling around for decades and decades and decades. But

103
00:05:10,360 --> 00:05:13,440
Speaker 1: the physics of a bicycle is fascinating. If you just

104
00:05:13,560 --> 00:05:16,800
Speaker 1: hold a bicycle and let go, it's gonna fall over, right,

105
00:05:17,520 --> 00:05:20,280
Speaker 1: But if you push your bicycle so that it's going fast,

106
00:05:20,640 --> 00:05:23,200
Speaker 1: it doesn't fall over. It can ride by itself.

107
00:05:23,440 --> 00:05:25,640
Speaker 5: It's kind of a ridiculous situation if you think about it, Like,

108
00:05:25,680 --> 00:05:31,240
Speaker 5: who thought to take two wheels and ride around in them?

109
00:05:31,440 --> 00:05:33,360
Speaker 1: That's right? It seems like it wouldn't balance, right. It

110
00:05:33,400 --> 00:05:36,120
Speaker 1: seems much more natural to have three wheels or four wheels. Right.

111
00:05:36,279 --> 00:05:38,280
Speaker 1: Maybe somebody was just short of wheels and they were like,

112
00:05:38,360 --> 00:05:40,800
Speaker 1: dang it, I ordered three wheels on the internet only

113
00:05:40,800 --> 00:05:42,760
Speaker 1: to a ride I guess i'mone haves to invent something.

114
00:05:42,920 --> 00:05:45,600
Speaker 5: They couldn't afford a third wheel.

115
00:05:47,279 --> 00:05:49,080
Speaker 1: I would they only had the raw materials enough for

116
00:05:49,120 --> 00:05:51,640
Speaker 1: two wheels or something. You were like inventing a new

117
00:05:51,720 --> 00:05:53,799
Speaker 1: myth of the genesis of the bicycle, right.

118
00:05:54,040 --> 00:05:57,720
Speaker 5: Yeah, Well it seems implausible because it's hard to balance, right,

119
00:05:57,760 --> 00:06:00,320
Speaker 5: You need at least, you know, like a chair needs

120
00:06:00,320 --> 00:06:04,279
Speaker 5: to least three legs to stand on. It's kind of

121
00:06:04,279 --> 00:06:07,160
Speaker 5: weird to think that someone would think of a vehicle

122
00:06:07,160 --> 00:06:08,440
Speaker 5: that only rides on two wheels.

123
00:06:08,560 --> 00:06:10,880
Speaker 1: Yeah, that's right. Not many people invent chairs with just

124
00:06:10,920 --> 00:06:13,200
Speaker 1: two legs, right, for that same reason. That would be

125
00:06:13,240 --> 00:06:17,760
Speaker 1: pretty odd. Yeah, there's so there's two wheel all these

126
00:06:17,760 --> 00:06:20,960
Speaker 1: two wheel contraptions. We have motorcycles, we have bicycles. It

127
00:06:21,040 --> 00:06:23,640
Speaker 1: is amazing. It's not something that I would have considered inventing,

128
00:06:23,880 --> 00:06:26,560
Speaker 1: but it works. You see bikes everywhere, and you go

129
00:06:26,720 --> 00:06:29,880
Speaker 1: to Europe and India and China and there's all over

130
00:06:29,920 --> 00:06:32,600
Speaker 1: the world. There's thousands and millions and millions of bicycles

131
00:06:32,600 --> 00:06:35,039
Speaker 1: being used every day. But the physics of it is

132
00:06:35,080 --> 00:06:37,479
Speaker 1: still a bit of a mystery. Yeah, how do bicycles

133
00:06:37,480 --> 00:06:41,279
Speaker 1: stay up? Apparently physicists don't really have a good answer, right, yeah,

134
00:06:41,320 --> 00:06:44,640
Speaker 1: that's right. It's it's fascinating. But you know, do this

135
00:06:44,720 --> 00:06:48,120
Speaker 1: experiment in your head. You remember riding a bike, probably,

136
00:06:48,600 --> 00:06:51,599
Speaker 1: and the faster you go, the more stable the bike.

137
00:06:51,680 --> 00:06:54,599
Speaker 1: Seems that at some point you could even lean back

138
00:06:54,640 --> 00:06:57,719
Speaker 1: and take your hands off the handlebars. And that seems

139
00:06:57,760 --> 00:06:59,760
Speaker 1: like a ridiculous thing to do. You're going twenty miles

140
00:06:59,760 --> 00:07:02,160
Speaker 1: an hour, and if the if the handlebars flipped over,

141
00:07:02,240 --> 00:07:04,760
Speaker 1: you would fly over the front of the bike and

142
00:07:04,800 --> 00:07:09,000
Speaker 1: hurt yourself. But miraculously, almost it seems pretty stable. And

143
00:07:09,040 --> 00:07:10,840
Speaker 1: I remember discovering this as a kid, that you could

144
00:07:10,960 --> 00:07:13,880
Speaker 1: ride your bike without holding onto the handlebars because at

145
00:07:13,960 --> 00:07:15,360
Speaker 1: high speeds it's so stable.

146
00:07:15,560 --> 00:07:17,680
Speaker 5: Yeah, wearing a helmet though, right, we should.

147
00:07:17,720 --> 00:07:20,400
Speaker 1: Wearing a helmet, and only you know, off the street.

148
00:07:20,440 --> 00:07:23,880
Speaker 1: Of course, never ride without holding the handlebars on the street,

149
00:07:23,880 --> 00:07:26,920
Speaker 1: because you could cause an accident. Or it's so amazing,

150
00:07:27,120 --> 00:07:31,240
Speaker 1: or that's right. Actually, my dad used to commute to

151
00:07:31,280 --> 00:07:33,760
Speaker 1: work on a bicycle, and we lived up in the

152
00:07:33,800 --> 00:07:36,400
Speaker 1: mountains in New Mexico, and so it could get pretty snowy,

153
00:07:36,680 --> 00:07:40,800
Speaker 1: and I remember that he would put nails and studs

154
00:07:40,800 --> 00:07:44,000
Speaker 1: in his wheels on purpose, like sticking out so that

155
00:07:44,040 --> 00:07:46,360
Speaker 1: he could grip the ice. Yeah, he was a pretty

156
00:07:46,360 --> 00:07:48,880
Speaker 1: hardcore commute commute to work. He was like, I'm going

157
00:07:48,920 --> 00:07:51,160
Speaker 1: to commute to work no matter what the weather is.

158
00:07:51,320 --> 00:07:55,320
Speaker 1: Sounds like a Matt Max modification there. Yeah. I asked

159
00:07:55,360 --> 00:07:56,640
Speaker 1: him once if it was good for the ice, and

160
00:07:56,640 --> 00:07:58,760
Speaker 1: he said, actually, it's pretty good for pedestrians too.

161
00:08:00,440 --> 00:08:02,880
Speaker 5: It's good for clearing the road off the desk.

162
00:08:02,720 --> 00:08:08,440
Speaker 1: D exactly exactly. Yeah, So we understand that, but we

163
00:08:08,480 --> 00:08:10,120
Speaker 1: don't understand why bikes stand up.

164
00:08:10,280 --> 00:08:12,040
Speaker 5: Yeah, it's kind of a mystery. You ride it, and

165
00:08:12,360 --> 00:08:14,080
Speaker 5: I mean you do. You're doing a lot of the

166
00:08:14,360 --> 00:08:18,480
Speaker 5: balancing with your the handleballs, right, but a lot of

167
00:08:18,480 --> 00:08:20,760
Speaker 5: the balancing and staying up is kind of done for

168
00:08:20,840 --> 00:08:22,040
Speaker 5: you when you're riding a bicycle.

169
00:08:22,280 --> 00:08:24,080
Speaker 1: Yeah, that's right. A lot of it is done for you.

170
00:08:24,480 --> 00:08:26,960
Speaker 1: And I think there's also a fascinating area there where

171
00:08:27,000 --> 00:08:30,160
Speaker 1: your brain has like incorporated the mechanics of a bicycle

172
00:08:30,560 --> 00:08:33,520
Speaker 1: into your into itself. Right. It's like learning how to

173
00:08:33,559 --> 00:08:36,840
Speaker 1: ride a bike is basically learning how to map where

174
00:08:36,880 --> 00:08:38,480
Speaker 1: you want the bike to go to, how to how

175
00:08:38,480 --> 00:08:40,680
Speaker 1: to move your hands and shift your weight, et cetera.

176
00:08:40,800 --> 00:08:43,520
Speaker 1: To ride the bike right. It's amazing seeing seeing a

177
00:08:43,600 --> 00:08:46,240
Speaker 1: kid learn to do that. It's a really complicated thing.

178
00:08:46,280 --> 00:08:48,880
Speaker 1: Like imagine a robot learning to ride a bicycle. That's

179
00:08:48,880 --> 00:08:52,360
Speaker 1: a really hard task. That's something that robots still can't do.

180
00:08:52,400 --> 00:08:55,520
Speaker 5: Because it's very counterintuitive right to ride a bicycle. Yeah,

181
00:08:55,559 --> 00:08:58,040
Speaker 5: that's I mean, like if you're starting to lean to

182
00:08:58,080 --> 00:09:01,400
Speaker 5: the right, then you actually have to teach your body

183
00:09:01,559 --> 00:09:04,199
Speaker 5: to turn the wheel towards the right to balance in.

184
00:09:04,360 --> 00:09:06,640
Speaker 1: Yeah, yeah, exactly, and you have to lean just the

185
00:09:06,720 --> 00:09:08,559
Speaker 1: right way, and sometimes you have to lean left to

186
00:09:08,640 --> 00:09:12,440
Speaker 1: turn right. It can get pretty complicated. It's sort of

187
00:09:12,440 --> 00:09:16,160
Speaker 1: in its most extreme form in those crazy motorcycle races.

188
00:09:16,320 --> 00:09:18,839
Speaker 1: You see those guys whizzing around turns like one hundred

189
00:09:18,880 --> 00:09:21,439
Speaker 1: and something miles an hour, and their bikes are leaning

190
00:09:21,480 --> 00:09:25,160
Speaker 1: so far over that their knees almost scrape the ground. Right.

191
00:09:25,440 --> 00:09:27,960
Speaker 5: But basically, if you're at home, and maybe you don't

192
00:09:27,960 --> 00:09:30,640
Speaker 5: have a lot of experience of bicycles, try this experiment

193
00:09:30,760 --> 00:09:33,680
Speaker 5: at home. Borrow a bicycle, or if you have one,

194
00:09:33,800 --> 00:09:37,079
Speaker 5: take it out and then hold it out either on

195
00:09:37,120 --> 00:09:39,959
Speaker 5: the street or on the sidewalk, or maybe ideally kind

196
00:09:40,000 --> 00:09:42,319
Speaker 5: of in a little bit of a downhill and then

197
00:09:42,400 --> 00:09:44,400
Speaker 5: just give it a big push forward and you'll see

198
00:09:44,400 --> 00:09:48,160
Speaker 5: that the bike keeps going straight. It doesn't immediately fall

199
00:09:48,240 --> 00:09:49,280
Speaker 5: over exactly.

200
00:09:49,640 --> 00:09:51,920
Speaker 1: And so that's the topic we want to address today,

201
00:09:52,000 --> 00:09:55,400
Speaker 1: why does the bike stay up? And so before we

202
00:09:55,480 --> 00:09:57,760
Speaker 1: dug into it, I thought, well, let's find out what

203
00:09:57,800 --> 00:10:00,120
Speaker 1: people think. Let's see what people think the ants or

204
00:10:00,240 --> 00:10:00,520
Speaker 1: might be.

205
00:10:01,200 --> 00:10:04,120
Speaker 5: Yeah, so you went to your local mecca of bicycles

206
00:10:04,160 --> 00:10:05,480
Speaker 5: right at college campus.

207
00:10:06,120 --> 00:10:10,160
Speaker 1: That's right, that's right, and ask people on the street. Actually,

208
00:10:10,360 --> 00:10:14,080
Speaker 1: today's sort of a special edition because this quarter at

209
00:10:14,160 --> 00:10:18,440
Speaker 1: U SEE Irvine, I'm teaching freshman physics, which is mechanics,

210
00:10:18,880 --> 00:10:22,160
Speaker 1: and the week before we did these interviews, I just

211
00:10:22,240 --> 00:10:26,440
Speaker 1: taught about rotation ankular momentum, and so my students were

212
00:10:26,520 --> 00:10:29,480
Speaker 1: primed for this topic, and so I asked students in

213
00:10:29,559 --> 00:10:32,440
Speaker 1: my freshman physics class this question. So the interviews you'll

214
00:10:32,480 --> 00:10:35,280
Speaker 1: hear are with students in my class. Cool.

215
00:10:35,320 --> 00:10:37,160
Speaker 5: So think for a moment, and if you think you

216
00:10:37,200 --> 00:10:40,319
Speaker 5: know the answer, why a bicycle stays upright, So think

217
00:10:40,360 --> 00:10:42,600
Speaker 5: about it for a second and then listen to these answers.

218
00:10:43,480 --> 00:10:44,520
Speaker 5: Here's what they had to say.

219
00:10:45,040 --> 00:10:46,400
Speaker 1: Why does a bicycle balance?

220
00:10:47,440 --> 00:10:47,600
Speaker 7: Oh?

221
00:10:47,679 --> 00:10:49,160
Speaker 1: You have to get the motion going.

222
00:10:49,600 --> 00:10:53,360
Speaker 8: You got to get you know, centrifugal forces, you gotta.

223
00:10:53,200 --> 00:10:58,720
Speaker 1: Get your balance, are your physics professor? Definitely not?

224
00:11:00,640 --> 00:11:03,079
Speaker 9: Would it be because since there's two wheels like the

225
00:11:03,200 --> 00:11:05,080
Speaker 9: fourth and one goes to the other, that's why it

226
00:11:05,080 --> 00:11:07,559
Speaker 9: still keeps going forward something like that?

227
00:11:08,160 --> 00:11:10,160
Speaker 1: Now, okay, thanks.

228
00:11:10,840 --> 00:11:17,840
Speaker 8: Uh, because there's a torque from the tire way or rotate, Uh,

229
00:11:18,120 --> 00:11:21,920
Speaker 8: the talk will support the rotation from.

230
00:11:22,120 --> 00:11:24,400
Speaker 1: Okay because it's is it because it's moving?

231
00:11:25,400 --> 00:11:28,839
Speaker 9: Because like aude like standing up and whant it it

232
00:11:28,960 --> 00:11:30,480
Speaker 9: wantn't like stand up by itself.

233
00:11:31,360 --> 00:11:32,480
Speaker 2: So I'm not sure.

234
00:11:32,520 --> 00:11:37,800
Speaker 9: Actually great, I'm not exactly sure, but I'm thinking it

235
00:11:37,800 --> 00:11:41,200
Speaker 9: has something to do with maybe centripetal forces. The fact

236
00:11:41,240 --> 00:11:45,160
Speaker 9: that there's constantly like pushing in or like towards the

237
00:11:45,200 --> 00:11:48,080
Speaker 9: center of the bicycle wheels, so as opposed to where

238
00:11:48,120 --> 00:11:50,600
Speaker 9: it's not rotating, it's kind of unstable because it doesn't

239
00:11:50,600 --> 00:11:52,640
Speaker 9: have any like other points of contact.

240
00:11:52,920 --> 00:11:55,360
Speaker 6: I think that this has to do with either the

241
00:11:55,400 --> 00:11:59,040
Speaker 6: angular momentum or rotational inertia the bike. So if something

242
00:11:59,080 --> 00:12:02,240
Speaker 6: is rotating like a giant, because it's angular momentum, you

243
00:12:02,320 --> 00:12:06,160
Speaker 6: will continue to rotate more easily rather than starting or

244
00:12:06,200 --> 00:12:07,480
Speaker 6: stopping it from rotating.

245
00:12:08,240 --> 00:12:10,560
Speaker 1: Great, thanks very much advice.

246
00:12:10,600 --> 00:12:14,040
Speaker 5: I was moving was easier still, Jesus Christ.

247
00:12:14,600 --> 00:12:19,199
Speaker 1: It's not because of Jesus Christ. I have no idea.

248
00:12:19,559 --> 00:12:22,280
Speaker 5: Thanks all right, So were you impressed with your students

249
00:12:22,559 --> 00:12:23,400
Speaker 5: or not impressed?

250
00:12:25,200 --> 00:12:27,800
Speaker 1: I think the scores on the final tell you how

251
00:12:27,880 --> 00:12:31,079
Speaker 1: impressed I should be with these students. Yeah, they seem

252
00:12:31,120 --> 00:12:34,200
Speaker 1: pretty perplexed, like they could not really apply the concepts

253
00:12:34,240 --> 00:12:37,040
Speaker 1: of rotation and angleer momentum to this topic.

254
00:12:38,160 --> 00:12:40,720
Speaker 5: I like how they one of them even god religious.

255
00:12:40,920 --> 00:12:44,560
Speaker 5: Did you just want, like Jesus Christ, what I don't

256
00:12:44,600 --> 00:12:45,720
Speaker 5: even know?

257
00:12:47,200 --> 00:12:49,200
Speaker 1: It's tricky. Yeah, it turns out it to be tricky.

258
00:12:49,679 --> 00:12:52,480
Speaker 1: But a few folks, you know, repeated what I think

259
00:12:52,520 --> 00:12:55,120
Speaker 1: a lot of people imagine is the answer, which is

260
00:12:55,160 --> 00:12:56,079
Speaker 1: angler momentum.

261
00:12:56,200 --> 00:12:56,400
Speaker 5: Yeah.

262
00:12:56,480 --> 00:12:59,200
Speaker 1: A lot of people think, oh, it's some gyroscope effect,

263
00:12:59,320 --> 00:13:02,040
Speaker 1: some conservation angler momentum. Yeah, maybe they haven't worked through

264
00:13:02,040 --> 00:13:04,000
Speaker 1: the details in their mind, but that's sort of the

265
00:13:04,040 --> 00:13:05,040
Speaker 1: most common answer.

266
00:13:05,600 --> 00:13:05,800
Speaker 4: Yeah.

267
00:13:05,880 --> 00:13:08,280
Speaker 5: I imagine a lot of people listen to this podcast.

268
00:13:08,320 --> 00:13:11,000
Speaker 5: You know, you've probably read a few science books maybe

269
00:13:11,120 --> 00:13:13,080
Speaker 5: or are into signs, and you probably think you know

270
00:13:13,120 --> 00:13:15,679
Speaker 5: the answer. And I imagine most people think it has

271
00:13:15,679 --> 00:13:18,480
Speaker 5: something to do with angular momentum. And so before you

272
00:13:18,559 --> 00:13:20,280
Speaker 5: click off because you think you know the answer, you

273
00:13:20,280 --> 00:13:23,520
Speaker 5: should know that the answer is not angular momentum.

274
00:13:23,880 --> 00:13:24,880
Speaker 1: You just gave it away.

275
00:13:26,320 --> 00:13:27,720
Speaker 5: Well, I just don't want it to click away.

276
00:13:28,440 --> 00:13:31,480
Speaker 1: That's right, Keep listening. Trust us. There's more to it

277
00:13:31,559 --> 00:13:33,040
Speaker 1: than just angular momentum.

278
00:13:33,240 --> 00:13:35,200
Speaker 5: I mean it's not even close. It's not like there

279
00:13:35,200 --> 00:13:37,520
Speaker 5: dominating factor in why bicycles stay upright.

280
00:13:37,640 --> 00:13:39,840
Speaker 1: Yeah, that's right, But let's dig into it a little bit.

281
00:13:39,880 --> 00:13:42,880
Speaker 1: Let's talk about what angle momentum is, how it contributes

282
00:13:42,880 --> 00:13:45,199
Speaker 1: to bike staying upright, and then what else is going on.

283
00:13:45,520 --> 00:13:53,199
Speaker 1: But first a quick break. With big wireless providers, what

284
00:13:53,240 --> 00:13:56,000
Speaker 1: you see is never what you get. Somewhere between the

285
00:13:56,000 --> 00:13:58,120
Speaker 1: store and your first month's bill. The price you thought

286
00:13:58,200 --> 00:14:01,840
Speaker 1: you were paying magically skyrock. With mint Mobile, you'll never

287
00:14:01,920 --> 00:14:04,760
Speaker 1: have to worry about gotcha's ever again. When mint Mobile

288
00:14:04,800 --> 00:14:07,040
Speaker 1: says fifteen dollars a month for a three month plan,

289
00:14:07,320 --> 00:14:09,839
Speaker 1: they really need it. I've used Mintmobile and the call

290
00:14:09,960 --> 00:14:12,600
Speaker 1: quality is always so crisp and so clear. I can

291
00:14:12,640 --> 00:14:14,760
Speaker 1: recommend it to you, So say bye bye to your

292
00:14:14,760 --> 00:14:19,120
Speaker 1: overpriced wireless plans. Jaw dropping monthly bills and unexpected overages.

293
00:14:19,200 --> 00:14:21,600
Speaker 1: You can use your own phone with any mint Mobile

294
00:14:21,640 --> 00:14:25,080
Speaker 1: plan and bring your phone number along with your existing contacts.

295
00:14:25,120 --> 00:14:27,480
Speaker 1: So dit your overpriced wireless with mint Mobiles deal and

296
00:14:27,520 --> 00:14:30,560
Speaker 1: get three months a premium wireless service for fifteen bucks

297
00:14:30,600 --> 00:14:32,440
Speaker 1: a month. To get this new customer offer and your

298
00:14:32,440 --> 00:14:34,840
Speaker 1: new three month premium wireless plan for just fifteen bucks

299
00:14:34,880 --> 00:14:37,520
Speaker 1: a month, go to mintmobile dot com slash universe. That's

300
00:14:37,640 --> 00:14:40,320
Speaker 1: mintmobile dot com slash universe. Cut your wireless bill to

301
00:14:40,400 --> 00:14:43,200
Speaker 1: fifteen bucks a month. At mintmobile dot com slash universe.

302
00:14:43,240 --> 00:14:46,120
Speaker 1: Forty five dollars upfront payment required equivalent to fifteen dollars

303
00:14:46,160 --> 00:14:48,520
Speaker 1: per month new customers on first three month plan only

304
00:14:48,600 --> 00:14:51,600
Speaker 1: speeds slower about forty gigabytes. On unlimited plan. Additional taxi

305
00:14:51,600 --> 00:14:54,120
Speaker 1: speeds and restrictions apply. See mint mobile for details.

306
00:14:54,360 --> 00:14:57,360
Speaker 4: AI might be the most important new computer technology ever.

307
00:14:57,640 --> 00:15:00,680
Speaker 4: It's storming every industry and literally build millions of dollars

308
00:15:00,760 --> 00:15:04,760
Speaker 4: are being invested, so buckle up. The problem is that

309
00:15:04,800 --> 00:15:07,880
Speaker 4: AI needs a lot of speed and processing power, so

310
00:15:07,920 --> 00:15:10,520
Speaker 4: how do you compete without cost spiraling out of control.

311
00:15:11,040 --> 00:15:13,600
Speaker 4: It's time to upgrade to the next generation of the cloud.

312
00:15:13,920 --> 00:15:19,080
Speaker 4: Oracle Cloud Infrastructure or OCI. OCI is a single platform

313
00:15:19,120 --> 00:15:24,000
Speaker 4: for your infrastructure, database, application development, and AI needs. OCI

314
00:15:24,120 --> 00:15:26,520
Speaker 4: has four to eight times the bandwidth of other clouds,

315
00:15:26,880 --> 00:15:30,440
Speaker 4: offers one consistent price instead of variable regional pricing, and

316
00:15:30,520 --> 00:15:33,640
Speaker 4: of course nobody does data better than Oracle, So now

317
00:15:33,640 --> 00:15:35,880
Speaker 4: you can train your AI models at twice the speed

318
00:15:36,080 --> 00:15:38,400
Speaker 4: and less than half the cost of other clouds. If

319
00:15:38,440 --> 00:15:40,640
Speaker 4: you want to do more and spend less, like Uber

320
00:15:40,800 --> 00:15:43,440
Speaker 4: eight by eight and Data Bricks Mosaic, take a free

321
00:15:43,440 --> 00:15:47,360
Speaker 4: test drive of OCI at Oracle dot com slash Strategic.

322
00:15:47,680 --> 00:15:52,920
Speaker 4: That's Oracle dot com slash Strategic Oracle dot com slash Strategic.

323
00:15:53,200 --> 00:15:56,120
Speaker 1: If you love iPhone, you'll love Apple Card. It's the

324
00:15:56,160 --> 00:15:59,960
Speaker 1: credit card designed for iPhone. It gives you unlimited daily

325
00:16:00,200 --> 00:16:03,120
Speaker 1: cash back that can earn four point four zero percent

326
00:16:03,280 --> 00:16:06,080
Speaker 1: annual percentage yield. When you open a high Yield savings

327
00:16:06,120 --> 00:16:08,920
Speaker 1: account through Apple Card, apply for Apple Card in the

328
00:16:09,040 --> 00:16:12,280
Speaker 1: wallet app, subject to credit approval. Savings is available to

329
00:16:12,360 --> 00:16:15,800
Speaker 1: Apple Card owners subject to eligibility. Apple Card and Savings

330
00:16:15,800 --> 00:16:19,080
Speaker 1: by Goldman Sachs Bank USA Salt Lake City Branch Member FDI.

331
00:16:19,200 --> 00:16:30,080
Speaker 1: See terms and more at applecard dot com.

332
00:16:30,120 --> 00:16:33,160
Speaker 5: What exactly is angular momentum.

333
00:16:33,240 --> 00:16:35,200
Speaker 1: Yeah, so let's do it one step a time. Let's

334
00:16:35,240 --> 00:16:37,080
Speaker 1: just make sure we have clear in our heads what

335
00:16:37,120 --> 00:16:41,480
Speaker 1: momentum is, and then we'll extrapolate from that to angular momentum. Okay, right,

336
00:16:41,520 --> 00:16:44,320
Speaker 1: So momentum is just you know, the property of some

337
00:16:44,520 --> 00:16:48,280
Speaker 1: object to keep going when you've pushed it, or to

338
00:16:49,200 --> 00:16:51,520
Speaker 1: you know, not go when you haven't pushed it. It's

339
00:16:51,560 --> 00:16:53,960
Speaker 1: you know, essentially, it's the same as inertia, right.

340
00:16:54,800 --> 00:16:57,160
Speaker 5: Like if you if you got something going, it doesn't

341
00:16:57,480 --> 00:16:58,240
Speaker 5: let's keep it going.

342
00:16:58,440 --> 00:17:01,520
Speaker 1: It wants to keep going, yeah, exactly. So we say

343
00:17:01,640 --> 00:17:04,840
Speaker 1: momentum is conserved. That just means if something is moving, right,

344
00:17:04,880 --> 00:17:07,040
Speaker 1: it has a certain amount of momentum. That momentum is

345
00:17:07,080 --> 00:17:09,760
Speaker 1: not going to change unless you apply a force to it, right,

346
00:17:10,240 --> 00:17:13,480
Speaker 1: And that's really what forces are. Forces are changes in momentum.

347
00:17:14,000 --> 00:17:16,400
Speaker 1: And so momentum is just this property is something if

348
00:17:16,440 --> 00:17:18,560
Speaker 1: it's moving, it likes to stay moving, and it comes

349
00:17:18,680 --> 00:17:21,159
Speaker 1: it's connected to inertia. It comes from the inertia. The

350
00:17:21,200 --> 00:17:26,480
Speaker 1: mathematical expression for momentum is mass, which is inertia times velocity. Right,

351
00:17:26,520 --> 00:17:29,639
Speaker 1: So something with more mass has more inertia and therefore

352
00:17:29,680 --> 00:17:31,400
Speaker 1: more momentum for the same velocity.

353
00:17:31,520 --> 00:17:33,439
Speaker 5: And that's a weird thing about the universe. Right, Like

354
00:17:33,480 --> 00:17:37,399
Speaker 5: I was talking to a pretty high level physicism. They

355
00:17:37,400 --> 00:17:39,480
Speaker 5: were saying that we don't really know kind of what.

356
00:17:39,400 --> 00:17:43,040
Speaker 1: Inertia hold on you talk to other high levels. I'm

357
00:17:43,040 --> 00:17:43,960
Speaker 1: finding out about this.

358
00:17:43,840 --> 00:17:47,520
Speaker 5: On the podcast What Physics Cheating on You? Daniel.

359
00:17:49,119 --> 00:17:51,280
Speaker 1: Well, okay, I'm putting on a duty list find other

360
00:17:51,359 --> 00:17:52,560
Speaker 1: cartoonists to talk to.

361
00:17:54,080 --> 00:18:00,680
Speaker 5: Technically happened while we were while we were on a break, Daniels, So, okay, all.

362
00:18:00,680 --> 00:18:03,480
Speaker 1: Right, I find a flaunch your relationship with other physicists.

363
00:18:03,480 --> 00:18:05,639
Speaker 1: Go ahead, ohead, doesn't hurt my feelings at all. Go ahead.

364
00:18:06,119 --> 00:18:11,479
Speaker 5: It happened before we signed a contract together. But no, no,

365
00:18:11,640 --> 00:18:14,680
Speaker 5: this was this was Alam Grows. He's like the head

366
00:18:14,840 --> 00:18:16,400
Speaker 5: one of the head physicist Dcern.

367
00:18:16,520 --> 00:18:19,680
Speaker 1: Right, he is a prominent member of the Atlas collaboration

368
00:18:19,840 --> 00:18:22,639
Speaker 1: and a serious Higgs physicist. Yeah, so he's thought a

369
00:18:22,640 --> 00:18:24,560
Speaker 1: lot about mass. That's probably where where you're going.

370
00:18:24,640 --> 00:18:27,720
Speaker 5: Yeah, he said, physicists don't really know what inertia is, like,

371
00:18:27,840 --> 00:18:30,960
Speaker 5: why do things keep going the way if you don't

372
00:18:30,960 --> 00:18:31,840
Speaker 5: apply force to them?

373
00:18:31,960 --> 00:18:34,520
Speaker 1: Yeah, you're right, it's an observation. Right. We call these

374
00:18:34,520 --> 00:18:37,240
Speaker 1: things laws sometimes as if we like know why they

375
00:18:37,320 --> 00:18:39,399
Speaker 1: happen or why the universe works this way, But a

376
00:18:39,400 --> 00:18:41,560
Speaker 1: lot of times it's just observation. We'd like, well, we

377
00:18:41,760 --> 00:18:44,800
Speaker 1: noticed this, and we'd be able to describe it mathematically

378
00:18:44,800 --> 00:18:47,480
Speaker 1: and writes down. That doesn't mean we know why, right,

379
00:18:47,800 --> 00:18:50,320
Speaker 1: doesn't mean we couldn't imagine the universe that was different.

380
00:18:50,600 --> 00:18:52,880
Speaker 1: So we don't know why things have inertia.

381
00:18:53,040 --> 00:18:53,200
Speaker 6: Right.

382
00:18:53,480 --> 00:18:56,040
Speaker 1: We have the Higgs boson, which tells us how things

383
00:18:56,080 --> 00:18:58,560
Speaker 1: get mass, and that tells us where mass comes from,

384
00:18:58,560 --> 00:19:01,119
Speaker 1: but we don't know why mass means inertia, right, We

385
00:19:01,160 --> 00:19:02,879
Speaker 1: don't know how that all works.

386
00:19:02,960 --> 00:19:05,440
Speaker 5: Yeah, Or like why if we have more mass it's

387
00:19:05,480 --> 00:19:08,200
Speaker 5: harder to stop and or to get going.

388
00:19:08,119 --> 00:19:11,680
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. Deep mystery of the universe such a basic question,

389
00:19:12,000 --> 00:19:14,400
Speaker 1: we don't even know how to test it or grapple

390
00:19:14,440 --> 00:19:16,040
Speaker 1: with it. Right, So it's just one of those things

391
00:19:16,040 --> 00:19:18,399
Speaker 1: we just sort of accept and move on, and maybe

392
00:19:18,400 --> 00:19:20,840
Speaker 1: someday somebody's going to figure it out, probably by like

393
00:19:21,040 --> 00:19:24,200
Speaker 1: poking some other mystery, maybe even by trying to solve

394
00:19:24,200 --> 00:19:26,280
Speaker 1: the mystery of an everyday object that's around us.

395
00:19:26,480 --> 00:19:27,800
Speaker 5: Yeah, like the bicycle.

396
00:19:28,119 --> 00:19:31,760
Speaker 1: Yeah, that's why it's important to never let go of mysteries, right,

397
00:19:31,800 --> 00:19:35,399
Speaker 1: Even things that seem mundane, right, blenders and bicycles and whatever,

398
00:19:35,600 --> 00:19:37,560
Speaker 1: they can hide secrets to the universe.

399
00:19:37,680 --> 00:19:40,240
Speaker 5: I mean, the unicycle, that's all news. But the bicycles

400
00:19:40,240 --> 00:19:42,560
Speaker 5: where the frontier of science is at.

401
00:19:43,359 --> 00:19:50,280
Speaker 1: That's right, all right, So that's momentum, right. People are

402
00:19:50,280 --> 00:19:54,000
Speaker 1: pretty familiar with momentum. Well, there's another kind of momentum, right,

403
00:19:54,000 --> 00:19:56,560
Speaker 1: Things like to keep moving forward if you push them.

404
00:19:56,760 --> 00:19:59,080
Speaker 1: Things also like to keep spinning, right, And that's what

405
00:19:59,080 --> 00:20:01,680
Speaker 1: we call angular And this is one of my favorite

406
00:20:01,720 --> 00:20:04,320
Speaker 1: tricks in physics. It's like, let's be lazy. Let's not

407
00:20:04,680 --> 00:20:07,760
Speaker 1: describe something new with a whole new concept. Let's just

408
00:20:07,840 --> 00:20:10,720
Speaker 1: extrapolate from something else we already know. So we have

409
00:20:10,800 --> 00:20:14,080
Speaker 1: this concept of linear momentum, let's just use the same

410
00:20:14,200 --> 00:20:17,800
Speaker 1: kind of stuff, the same ideas to describe spinning, right.

411
00:20:17,880 --> 00:20:21,160
Speaker 5: And I think something that I would always find interesting

412
00:20:21,920 --> 00:20:25,000
Speaker 5: is that angler momentum is kind of just linear momentum.

413
00:20:25,280 --> 00:20:27,280
Speaker 5: But if you apply to things that are kind of

414
00:20:27,320 --> 00:20:30,200
Speaker 5: connected to each other, right, Like a wheel is really

415
00:20:30,240 --> 00:20:31,800
Speaker 5: just a bunch of atoms stuck together.

416
00:20:32,200 --> 00:20:34,280
Speaker 1: A wheel is a bunch of atoms stuck together. Yes,

417
00:20:34,320 --> 00:20:36,320
Speaker 1: I can confirm that here on the show Hold Away,

418
00:20:36,359 --> 00:20:38,520
Speaker 1: I'm getting an update. Yes, yes, yes, that's true.

419
00:20:38,560 --> 00:20:42,040
Speaker 5: Okay, good the experiment to check out. Okay good. But

420
00:20:42,080 --> 00:20:44,000
Speaker 5: what I mean is like the angler momentum of a

421
00:20:44,040 --> 00:20:46,960
Speaker 5: wheel is really just the linear momentum of all the

422
00:20:47,119 --> 00:20:50,879
Speaker 5: particles inside of it, but because they're connected together, it

423
00:20:51,040 --> 00:20:54,400
Speaker 5: sort of becomes becomes almost something else.

424
00:20:54,600 --> 00:20:57,119
Speaker 1: Yeah, that's right. You have all these objects you can

425
00:20:57,160 --> 00:20:58,840
Speaker 1: think of a wheels, they're just a bunch of atoms.

426
00:20:59,359 --> 00:21:01,720
Speaker 1: But if the atom weren't connected to each other when

427
00:21:01,760 --> 00:21:04,320
Speaker 1: you spun it, then it wouldn't hold together, right, And

428
00:21:04,359 --> 00:21:07,159
Speaker 1: so it's the bonds between the atoms that hold them together.

429
00:21:07,600 --> 00:21:09,800
Speaker 1: You think of like you know the moon going around

430
00:21:09,840 --> 00:21:12,040
Speaker 1: the Earth, Right, why does it move in a circle.

431
00:21:12,280 --> 00:21:14,320
Speaker 1: It moves in a circle because there's a force. That

432
00:21:14,440 --> 00:21:16,640
Speaker 1: force is gravity, that keeps it from just flying off

433
00:21:16,640 --> 00:21:19,560
Speaker 1: into space. So in the case of the wheel, why

434
00:21:19,600 --> 00:21:21,479
Speaker 1: do the bits of the wheel stay together and not

435
00:21:21,560 --> 00:21:23,960
Speaker 1: just fly off. It's because the atoms are holding them together.

436
00:21:24,040 --> 00:21:26,760
Speaker 1: So yeah, right, there's forces there moving it in a circle.

437
00:21:27,160 --> 00:21:29,560
Speaker 1: But like all things, you can you can describe it

438
00:21:29,600 --> 00:21:31,359
Speaker 1: in different levels, right, you can describe it as a

439
00:21:31,359 --> 00:21:34,960
Speaker 1: single wheel, you can describe it as eleven d billion particles. Right.

440
00:21:35,359 --> 00:21:38,840
Speaker 1: The physics should work in every case. It's just sometimes

441
00:21:38,840 --> 00:21:40,680
Speaker 1: the math is really hairy, and sometimes the math is

442
00:21:40,720 --> 00:21:41,240
Speaker 1: really simple.

443
00:21:41,800 --> 00:21:44,400
Speaker 5: And so the end result is that it behaves as

444
00:21:44,440 --> 00:21:48,600
Speaker 5: if the spinning was like linear momentum. Right, So you

445
00:21:48,640 --> 00:21:51,360
Speaker 5: spin it, it's going to keep spinning in space for

446
00:21:51,359 --> 00:21:54,520
Speaker 5: forever unless you slow it down and apply some force

447
00:21:54,640 --> 00:21:55,239
Speaker 5: or torque to it.

448
00:21:55,440 --> 00:21:58,439
Speaker 1: That's right. Angular momentum is also conserved, right, So if

449
00:21:58,440 --> 00:22:00,960
Speaker 1: something is spinning, it's going to keep spinning until you

450
00:22:01,000 --> 00:22:05,040
Speaker 1: apply the rotational version of force, which we call torque. Right,

451
00:22:05,480 --> 00:22:08,920
Speaker 1: And so that's why, for example, the Moon doesn't fall

452
00:22:08,960 --> 00:22:12,400
Speaker 1: into the Earth right because it has too much angular momentum. Right.

453
00:22:12,720 --> 00:22:15,520
Speaker 1: That's why the Solar system hasn't collapsed into a black

454
00:22:15,560 --> 00:22:18,880
Speaker 1: hole because the spinning keeps it from falling in right,

455
00:22:19,400 --> 00:22:22,480
Speaker 1: And so there's lots of consequences of angle momentum and

456
00:22:22,480 --> 00:22:24,640
Speaker 1: the conservation of angle momentum. So it's definitely a thing

457
00:22:24,920 --> 00:22:27,359
Speaker 1: plays a big role in the shape and structure of

458
00:22:27,840 --> 00:22:30,919
Speaker 1: the universe and our everyday lives. Right, So angle momentum

459
00:22:30,960 --> 00:22:33,280
Speaker 1: is definitely a thing, and it seems relevant to the

460
00:22:33,280 --> 00:22:37,440
Speaker 1: bicycle because the bicycle has big spinning things on it, right, right.

461
00:22:37,359 --> 00:22:39,600
Speaker 5: And angler momentum is also kind of different. It's not

462
00:22:39,640 --> 00:22:42,800
Speaker 5: just because it's hard to speed up or slow down

463
00:22:42,840 --> 00:22:44,560
Speaker 5: when something is spinning in space, but it's kind of

464
00:22:44,600 --> 00:22:47,960
Speaker 5: hard to change the orientation of it. Right When once

465
00:22:48,000 --> 00:22:51,080
Speaker 5: something is spinning like a wheel out in space, it's

466
00:22:51,160 --> 00:22:53,720
Speaker 5: kind of hard. It likes to be It likes to

467
00:22:53,840 --> 00:22:55,800
Speaker 5: not just keep spinning, but it likes to keep spinning

468
00:22:55,920 --> 00:22:56,639
Speaker 5: in that direction.

469
00:22:56,840 --> 00:23:01,680
Speaker 1: That's right. Angler momentum is defined a long a spin axis, right, Yeah,

470
00:23:01,680 --> 00:23:04,160
Speaker 1: And just like if you push something in a certain direction,

471
00:23:04,240 --> 00:23:06,479
Speaker 1: it likes to go not just in any direction, but

472
00:23:06,520 --> 00:23:09,320
Speaker 1: in that direction. If you spin something, then it likes

473
00:23:09,359 --> 00:23:12,240
Speaker 1: to keep spinning around the same axis of rotation that

474
00:23:12,280 --> 00:23:12,760
Speaker 1: it started.

475
00:23:12,960 --> 00:23:15,840
Speaker 5: Yeah, Like around the same line that goes through the

476
00:23:16,200 --> 00:23:16,959
Speaker 5: hub of the wheel.

477
00:23:17,160 --> 00:23:19,840
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. And so if you have it spinning one

478
00:23:19,880 --> 00:23:21,960
Speaker 1: way and you want it to spin the other way, right,

479
00:23:22,000 --> 00:23:24,280
Speaker 1: that takes a lot of torque. Or if you have

480
00:23:24,359 --> 00:23:26,399
Speaker 1: it spinning in one direction and you want it spinning

481
00:23:26,400 --> 00:23:29,439
Speaker 1: around an axis that's like rotated by ninety degrees, that

482
00:23:29,600 --> 00:23:32,679
Speaker 1: also takes a lot of torque, right, So yeah, it's

483
00:23:32,720 --> 00:23:34,159
Speaker 1: not just that it spins, you're already it likes to

484
00:23:34,160 --> 00:23:35,199
Speaker 1: spin in the same direction.

485
00:23:35,440 --> 00:23:37,600
Speaker 5: And so that's why people assume that's the reason bikes

486
00:23:37,640 --> 00:23:44,800
Speaker 5: tape upwards. Is that upwards, up right, up right, up right.

487
00:23:44,040 --> 00:23:47,080
Speaker 1: Right, yeah, yeah, exactly, because you imagine that this has

488
00:23:47,080 --> 00:23:49,199
Speaker 1: an application of the bicycle that the wheels are spinning,

489
00:23:49,560 --> 00:23:51,800
Speaker 1: and so the wheels have angler momentum, and then a

490
00:23:51,880 --> 00:23:54,600
Speaker 1: momentum is around the axis or the hub around which

491
00:23:54,600 --> 00:23:58,720
Speaker 1: the wheels are spinning. And so if if the bike

492
00:23:58,840 --> 00:24:00,800
Speaker 1: just goes in the same direction, and then it's going

493
00:24:00,840 --> 00:24:04,520
Speaker 1: to resist falling over because it has some angler momentum

494
00:24:04,560 --> 00:24:07,680
Speaker 1: around that axis and for that for the wheels to

495
00:24:07,680 --> 00:24:10,240
Speaker 1: spin in another direction would require some sort of torque.

496
00:24:10,320 --> 00:24:12,120
Speaker 5: And it's kind of like if you just take one

497
00:24:12,119 --> 00:24:16,400
Speaker 5: wheel and you roll it down the hill or roll

498
00:24:16,440 --> 00:24:19,720
Speaker 5: it down the street, it's gonna mostly stay upright, you know,

499
00:24:19,800 --> 00:24:21,560
Speaker 5: kind of like a coin when you coin, because a

500
00:24:21,560 --> 00:24:23,920
Speaker 5: coin or roll a coin on the table, it just

501
00:24:24,000 --> 00:24:26,160
Speaker 5: kind of likes to keep rolling and stay up right.

502
00:24:26,359 --> 00:24:27,960
Speaker 1: Yeah. And you can see this effect and lots of

503
00:24:28,000 --> 00:24:30,000
Speaker 1: other things in your life, like if you if you

504
00:24:30,040 --> 00:24:32,679
Speaker 1: ever have it like a spinning top, right, you know,

505
00:24:32,760 --> 00:24:35,520
Speaker 1: you can spin a top and it'll stay upright, and

506
00:24:35,560 --> 00:24:38,040
Speaker 1: it can even like do crazy things like you know, move,

507
00:24:38,440 --> 00:24:40,560
Speaker 1: you can balance it on the tip of your finger, right,

508
00:24:41,320 --> 00:24:43,959
Speaker 1: stuff like that. You could never balance a top that

509
00:24:44,160 --> 00:24:46,399
Speaker 1: wasn't spinning on your finger unless you're some sort of

510
00:24:46,560 --> 00:24:49,160
Speaker 1: magician or juggler. But if it's spinning, then it's really

511
00:24:49,160 --> 00:24:51,520
Speaker 1: pretty easy to keep it on your finger. And that's

512
00:24:51,560 --> 00:24:55,399
Speaker 1: because it resists changing its direction because the angler momentum

513
00:24:55,480 --> 00:24:58,199
Speaker 1: is going in a certain direction already, right, So the

514
00:24:58,200 --> 00:25:00,920
Speaker 1: same thing, the same effect is in place for the bicycle.

515
00:25:01,160 --> 00:25:04,160
Speaker 5: And if you are a few too many levels into

516
00:25:04,200 --> 00:25:08,000
Speaker 5: your inception dream, then the top would just keep spinning forever.

517
00:25:08,080 --> 00:25:11,040
Speaker 1: Right, That's right, yeah, exactly. And so what happens on

518
00:25:11,080 --> 00:25:13,959
Speaker 1: a bicycle, Well, on a bicycle, for example, if your

519
00:25:14,000 --> 00:25:18,439
Speaker 1: bicycle starts to fall over, right, then the gyroscope effect

520
00:25:18,480 --> 00:25:21,600
Speaker 1: is essentially going to turn the wheel. It's going to

521
00:25:21,680 --> 00:25:23,800
Speaker 1: turn the wheel a little bit in the direction that

522
00:25:23,880 --> 00:25:26,240
Speaker 1: the bike is falling, and that'll keep the bike stable.

523
00:25:26,720 --> 00:25:29,240
Speaker 1: So it's not like the gyroscope effect keeps the bike

524
00:25:29,280 --> 00:25:32,359
Speaker 1: from leaning over. It's more that it it turns the

525
00:25:32,359 --> 00:25:34,680
Speaker 1: wheel in such a way that if the bike does

526
00:25:34,760 --> 00:25:38,639
Speaker 1: start to lean over, it corrects itself right right. If

527
00:25:39,119 --> 00:25:41,400
Speaker 1: it falls over to the right, then the forces work

528
00:25:41,440 --> 00:25:44,240
Speaker 1: out just the right way so that the bike, the

529
00:25:44,280 --> 00:25:47,359
Speaker 1: bike turn, the wheel turns to the right, and then

530
00:25:47,400 --> 00:25:48,440
Speaker 1: the bike stays up right.

531
00:25:48,640 --> 00:25:51,879
Speaker 5: Well, I mean that's what happens when you're the angler

532
00:25:51,880 --> 00:25:54,520
Speaker 5: momentum thing is what happens when you just toss one

533
00:25:54,520 --> 00:25:57,640
Speaker 5: wheel down the street, right. Angler momentum is keeping that

534
00:25:57,920 --> 00:26:00,719
Speaker 5: one wheel upward. But you're saying when I put two

535
00:26:00,760 --> 00:26:03,360
Speaker 5: of them together on a bicycle, that's not the main

536
00:26:03,400 --> 00:26:06,160
Speaker 5: thing that's keeping the bicycle upright.

537
00:26:05,880 --> 00:26:08,600
Speaker 1: All right. Well, I'm saying that the gyroscope effect, this

538
00:26:08,640 --> 00:26:11,399
Speaker 1: anglementum does have a role in keeping the bike upright,

539
00:26:11,520 --> 00:26:14,800
Speaker 1: like you said, for a single wheel, But turns out

540
00:26:14,800 --> 00:26:17,520
Speaker 1: they did some studies and it's not enough. Right, The

541
00:26:17,520 --> 00:26:20,520
Speaker 1: effect is there, it's real, but it's not enough to

542
00:26:20,600 --> 00:26:23,120
Speaker 1: keep a bicycle upright. And that kind of makes sense.

543
00:26:23,160 --> 00:26:25,000
Speaker 1: I mean, the wheel is not very heavy on a

544
00:26:25,040 --> 00:26:28,080
Speaker 1: bicycle and it doesn't go that fast, so it's not

545
00:26:28,119 --> 00:26:31,320
Speaker 1: a huge amount of momentum there.

546
00:26:31,440 --> 00:26:33,600
Speaker 5: Like if you just take a bicycle and you lock

547
00:26:33,840 --> 00:26:37,879
Speaker 5: the steering wheel, meaning you can't steer it. Or like

548
00:26:37,920 --> 00:26:40,840
Speaker 5: if you just connect to wheels with a bar and

549
00:26:41,160 --> 00:26:43,440
Speaker 5: toss it down the street, it would keep going, but

550
00:26:43,480 --> 00:26:46,440
Speaker 5: it wouldn't keep going upright as far as a bicycle would.

551
00:26:46,680 --> 00:26:49,840
Speaker 1: That's right exactly. The front wheel has to be free

552
00:26:50,119 --> 00:26:53,120
Speaker 1: to make these corrections right, so that the gyroscope effect

553
00:26:53,320 --> 00:26:55,080
Speaker 1: and the other effects will talk about in a minute

554
00:26:55,280 --> 00:26:58,480
Speaker 1: can correct it can turn the wheel to correct for

555
00:26:58,520 --> 00:27:01,280
Speaker 1: any leaning. That's the key staying upright that if you

556
00:27:01,320 --> 00:27:03,359
Speaker 1: start to lean, you want to turn the wheel. Like

557
00:27:03,400 --> 00:27:05,880
Speaker 1: imagine you're riding a bike and you start to fall

558
00:27:05,920 --> 00:27:07,399
Speaker 1: over to the left. What are you going to do? Well,

559
00:27:07,440 --> 00:27:09,359
Speaker 1: if you turn the wheel a little bit to the left,

560
00:27:09,600 --> 00:27:11,600
Speaker 1: then you're sort of going to ride into it and

561
00:27:11,640 --> 00:27:12,520
Speaker 1: you'll stabilize.

562
00:27:12,800 --> 00:27:13,119
Speaker 5: Right.

563
00:27:13,400 --> 00:27:14,800
Speaker 1: If you turn the wheel to the right, then you're

564
00:27:14,800 --> 00:27:18,040
Speaker 1: just gonna fall over. So the key to staying up

565
00:27:18,119 --> 00:27:20,399
Speaker 1: riding a bicycle is that the front wheel turns in

566
00:27:20,480 --> 00:27:21,679
Speaker 1: the direction that you're falling.

567
00:27:22,240 --> 00:27:25,520
Speaker 5: Okay, so that's hold on, I think I just fill

568
00:27:25,520 --> 00:27:26,040
Speaker 5: off my bike.

569
00:27:27,040 --> 00:27:30,919
Speaker 1: You're making a mental bike. I hope you're wearing a helmet.

570
00:27:30,960 --> 00:27:33,600
Speaker 5: Just wearing a mental helmet. Well, let's see, let's get

571
00:27:33,680 --> 00:27:35,680
Speaker 5: let's really dig into it, because I'm a bit confused.

572
00:27:35,680 --> 00:27:37,440
Speaker 5: But we'll get into it, but first, let's take a

573
00:27:37,520 --> 00:27:38,040
Speaker 5: quick break.

574
00:27:42,840 --> 00:27:44,640
Speaker 1: When you pop a piece of cheese into your mouth

575
00:27:44,760 --> 00:27:47,880
Speaker 1: or enjoy a rich spoonful of Greek yogurt, you're probably

576
00:27:47,960 --> 00:27:51,880
Speaker 1: not thinking about the environmental impact of each and every bike,

577
00:27:52,040 --> 00:27:54,639
Speaker 1: But the people in the dairy industry are. US Dairy

578
00:27:54,680 --> 00:27:58,959
Speaker 1: has set themselves some ambitious sustainability goals, including being greenhouse

579
00:27:59,000 --> 00:28:01,600
Speaker 1: gas neutral by two twenty fifty. That's why they're working

580
00:28:01,600 --> 00:28:03,920
Speaker 1: hard every day to find new ways to reduce waste,

581
00:28:04,000 --> 00:28:08,240
Speaker 1: conserve natural resources, and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. Take water,

582
00:28:08,280 --> 00:28:11,880
Speaker 1: for example, most dairy farms reuse water up to four times.

583
00:28:11,920 --> 00:28:15,280
Speaker 1: The same water cools the milk, cleans equipment, washes the barn,

584
00:28:15,400 --> 00:28:19,120
Speaker 1: and irrigates the crops. How is US dairy tackling greenhouse gases?

585
00:28:19,160 --> 00:28:22,119
Speaker 1: Many farms use anaerobic digestors that turn the methane from

586
00:28:22,160 --> 00:28:25,560
Speaker 1: maneuver into renewable energy that can power farms, towns, and

587
00:28:25,600 --> 00:28:27,840
Speaker 1: electric cars. So the next time you grab a slice

588
00:28:27,840 --> 00:28:29,760
Speaker 1: of pizza or lick an ice cream cone, know that

589
00:28:29,840 --> 00:28:32,480
Speaker 1: dairy farmers and processors around the country are using the

590
00:28:32,560 --> 00:28:36,320
Speaker 1: latest practices and innovations to provide the nutrient dense dairy

591
00:28:36,320 --> 00:28:39,000
Speaker 1: products we love with less of an impact. Visit us

592
00:28:39,080 --> 00:28:41,600
Speaker 1: dairy dot com slash sustainability to learn more.

593
00:28:41,800 --> 00:28:45,440
Speaker 7: With the United Explorer Card, earn fifty thousand bonus miles,

594
00:28:45,640 --> 00:28:49,000
Speaker 7: then head for places unseen and destinations unknown. Wherever your

595
00:28:49,080 --> 00:28:52,680
Speaker 7: journey takes you, you'll enjoy remarkable rewards, including a free

596
00:28:52,760 --> 00:28:55,640
Speaker 7: checked bag and two times the miles on every United purchase.

597
00:28:55,720 --> 00:28:58,080
Speaker 7: You'll also receive two times the miles on dining and

598
00:28:58,120 --> 00:29:01,920
Speaker 7: at hotels, so every experience is even more rewarding. Plus,

599
00:29:02,040 --> 00:29:04,520
Speaker 7: when you fly United, you can look forward to United

600
00:29:04,520 --> 00:29:07,800
Speaker 7: Club access with two United Club one time passes per year.

601
00:29:08,000 --> 00:29:11,040
Speaker 7: Become a United Explorer Card member today and take off

602
00:29:11,080 --> 00:29:12,840
Speaker 7: on more trips so you can take in once in

603
00:29:12,840 --> 00:29:16,520
Speaker 7: a lifetime experiences everywhere you travel. Visit the Explorer Card

604
00:29:16,520 --> 00:29:19,880
Speaker 7: dot com to apply today. Cards issued by JP Morgan

605
00:29:19,960 --> 00:29:23,560
Speaker 7: Chase Bank NA Member FDIC subject to credit approval offer

606
00:29:23,680 --> 00:29:25,480
Speaker 7: subject to change terms apply.

607
00:29:26,040 --> 00:29:28,960
Speaker 10: California has millions of homes that could be damaged in

608
00:29:29,040 --> 00:29:33,080
Speaker 10: a strong earthquake. Older homes are especially vulnerable to quake damage,

609
00:29:33,120 --> 00:29:35,680
Speaker 10: so you may need to take steps to strengthen yours.

610
00:29:36,000 --> 00:29:38,560
Speaker 10: Visit strengthen your House dot com to learn how to

611
00:29:38,560 --> 00:29:42,120
Speaker 10: strengthen your home and help protect it from damage. The

612
00:29:42,200 --> 00:29:44,760
Speaker 10: work may cost less than you think and can often

613
00:29:44,800 --> 00:29:47,840
Speaker 10: be done in just a few days. Strengthen your home

614
00:29:48,040 --> 00:29:51,560
Speaker 10: and help protect your family. Get prepared today and worry

615
00:29:51,640 --> 00:30:03,920
Speaker 10: less tomorrow. Visit strengthen your House dot com.

616
00:30:04,040 --> 00:30:06,400
Speaker 5: Okay, so, Daniel, we know that we're trying to figure

617
00:30:06,400 --> 00:30:10,280
Speaker 5: out why bicycles stay upright, and we know that angler

618
00:30:10,360 --> 00:30:12,719
Speaker 5: momentum has something to do with it. But it's not

619
00:30:13,720 --> 00:30:16,800
Speaker 5: you're telling me, it's not the main factor why bicycles

620
00:30:16,840 --> 00:30:17,400
Speaker 5: stay upright.

621
00:30:17,560 --> 00:30:19,760
Speaker 1: Yeah, that's right. And they did this really cool experiment

622
00:30:19,800 --> 00:30:22,320
Speaker 1: to discover that. They said, can we build a bicycle

623
00:30:22,360 --> 00:30:25,880
Speaker 1: that doesn't have angler momentum. You might think that's impossible

624
00:30:26,000 --> 00:30:28,400
Speaker 1: because the bike has a spinning wheel and that's definitely

625
00:30:28,400 --> 00:30:30,720
Speaker 1: going to have angler momentum. So what they did was

626
00:30:30,760 --> 00:30:33,600
Speaker 1: they build a bike with two more wheels. All right,

627
00:30:33,640 --> 00:30:36,320
Speaker 1: and these wheels spin the other way. Okay, it's a

628
00:30:36,360 --> 00:30:39,400
Speaker 1: crazy looking bicycle, but you know, if you attach to

629
00:30:39,440 --> 00:30:42,200
Speaker 1: if you put two wheels together and one spins clockwise

630
00:30:42,240 --> 00:30:44,720
Speaker 1: and the other one's going to spin counterclockwise right because

631
00:30:44,720 --> 00:30:47,320
Speaker 1: of the way they rub, And so if you just

632
00:30:47,400 --> 00:30:51,360
Speaker 1: attach two more wheels that touch the original wheels, then

633
00:30:51,400 --> 00:30:53,640
Speaker 1: they're going to spin the opposite way, which gives the

634
00:30:53,680 --> 00:30:57,160
Speaker 1: opposite angler momentum and the opposite gyroscope effect. So you

635
00:30:57,200 --> 00:31:01,120
Speaker 1: basically have a bicycle with no groscope effect.

636
00:31:01,200 --> 00:31:04,800
Speaker 5: No angler momentum, or like zero angler momentum. And so

637
00:31:04,840 --> 00:31:07,520
Speaker 5: you would think that it would just fall over, right,

638
00:31:07,600 --> 00:31:09,920
Speaker 5: because it's kind of like a bicycle. If you don't

639
00:31:09,920 --> 00:31:12,280
Speaker 5: push it or anything and just take your hands off it,

640
00:31:12,280 --> 00:31:14,120
Speaker 5: it's going to fall over because it doesn't have any

641
00:31:14,160 --> 00:31:16,400
Speaker 5: angler momentum, or it's not going that's right.

642
00:31:16,480 --> 00:31:19,680
Speaker 1: But the universe came up with the surprise for us, right,

643
00:31:19,720 --> 00:31:21,640
Speaker 1: which is why we do experiments. This is why we

644
00:31:21,640 --> 00:31:23,960
Speaker 1: don't just sit in a cave somewhere like the Greeks

645
00:31:24,000 --> 00:31:26,080
Speaker 1: and think about the universe. We go out and test

646
00:31:26,120 --> 00:31:29,240
Speaker 1: these ideas because the universe is full of surprises. And

647
00:31:29,320 --> 00:31:31,760
Speaker 1: it turns out that that bike balance is almost as

648
00:31:31,800 --> 00:31:35,000
Speaker 1: well as a normal bicycle, which is like mind blowing.

649
00:31:35,040 --> 00:31:38,160
Speaker 1: And for decades people thought, oh, it's angle momentum, it's anglermentum,

650
00:31:38,320 --> 00:31:40,880
Speaker 1: until somebody finally went out there and did the experiment

651
00:31:40,960 --> 00:31:43,600
Speaker 1: and checked. And you know another experiment you can do

652
00:31:43,640 --> 00:31:45,959
Speaker 1: is you can shrink the wheels. Right, if the wheels

653
00:31:45,960 --> 00:31:48,680
Speaker 1: are really really small, like the size of skateboard wheels

654
00:31:48,760 --> 00:31:51,680
Speaker 1: or something, or roller blade wheels, then they're gonna have

655
00:31:51,800 --> 00:31:54,600
Speaker 1: much less angle momentum. And those bikes are also pretty

656
00:31:54,640 --> 00:31:58,120
Speaker 1: well balanced. They still stay up, they still stay up.

657
00:31:58,160 --> 00:32:01,280
Speaker 1: So this sort of like blew up the Cole concept.

658
00:32:01,280 --> 00:32:03,000
Speaker 1: People would assume for a long time that it was

659
00:32:03,040 --> 00:32:05,960
Speaker 1: angler momentum, it's gyroscope. Yeah, yeah, that makes sense, but

660
00:32:06,040 --> 00:32:08,800
Speaker 1: nobody really tried it for a while, and so people

661
00:32:08,840 --> 00:32:11,320
Speaker 1: went out and did the experiments and turns out, nope,

662
00:32:11,440 --> 00:32:12,440
Speaker 1: that's not the answer.

663
00:32:12,600 --> 00:32:15,560
Speaker 5: Were there actual like physics conferences around this topic.

664
00:32:15,800 --> 00:32:18,960
Speaker 1: Yeah, somebody got a paper in science about this. Really,

665
00:32:19,040 --> 00:32:20,600
Speaker 1: I mean this is a big deal. Yeah, I mean

666
00:32:20,600 --> 00:32:23,320
Speaker 1: talk about like low hanging fruit, right, And it's not

667
00:32:23,400 --> 00:32:26,600
Speaker 1: that hard to build this bicycle. You know, you struggled

668
00:32:26,600 --> 00:32:28,200
Speaker 1: in grad school for years and years. Did you get

669
00:32:28,200 --> 00:32:30,240
Speaker 1: a science paper? I didn't. I had to work on

670
00:32:30,280 --> 00:32:32,360
Speaker 1: a ten billion dollar collider. I still didn't get a

671
00:32:32,400 --> 00:32:35,240
Speaker 1: science paper. You can make a funky bicycle, you know,

672
00:32:35,440 --> 00:32:37,640
Speaker 1: with one hundred bucks and get enough information for a

673
00:32:37,680 --> 00:32:38,880
Speaker 1: science paper. That's pretty good.

674
00:32:39,320 --> 00:32:42,160
Speaker 5: So somebody made a bicycle with no angler momentum and

675
00:32:42,240 --> 00:32:44,040
Speaker 5: it's still stay upright.

676
00:32:44,200 --> 00:32:45,920
Speaker 1: Yeah, it's still a good balance. You could push it

677
00:32:45,920 --> 00:32:48,840
Speaker 1: by itself and it would have all those same behaviors.

678
00:32:49,000 --> 00:32:50,360
Speaker 1: It could balance by itself.

679
00:32:50,560 --> 00:32:57,040
Speaker 5: Yeah, okay, So the secret is something else about a bicycle.

680
00:32:57,800 --> 00:32:59,360
Speaker 5: And you were telling me a little bit earlier that

681
00:32:59,440 --> 00:33:02,760
Speaker 5: the secret is this that one of the wheels can move.

682
00:33:03,000 --> 00:33:05,320
Speaker 1: The secret is definitely you have to have the front

683
00:33:05,320 --> 00:33:09,760
Speaker 1: wheel being able to move. And there's lots of reasons

684
00:33:09,800 --> 00:33:13,040
Speaker 1: why that's important, and one of them is the angle

685
00:33:13,240 --> 00:33:16,880
Speaker 1: of the forks. Right. So the forks are the thing

686
00:33:16,920 --> 00:33:19,360
Speaker 1: on the whole the front wheel in place right connected

687
00:33:19,400 --> 00:33:23,160
Speaker 1: to the handlebars. It's how you steer, and on most bikes,

688
00:33:23,440 --> 00:33:25,800
Speaker 1: the angle of the forks is forwards, right, So the

689
00:33:26,200 --> 00:33:28,400
Speaker 1: wheel sits a little bit in front of the handlebars.

690
00:33:28,640 --> 00:33:31,120
Speaker 5: Yeah, it's it's kind of curved forward, right, It's not

691
00:33:31,200 --> 00:33:35,280
Speaker 5: like a street fork down. It's kind of angled and

692
00:33:35,360 --> 00:33:36,680
Speaker 5: it's it kind of curves up.

693
00:33:36,960 --> 00:33:37,160
Speaker 6: Yeah.

694
00:33:37,200 --> 00:33:39,400
Speaker 1: And I always wondered why that was, and I always thought, oh,

695
00:33:39,400 --> 00:33:41,880
Speaker 1: that's just like it looks cool or I don't know,

696
00:33:42,240 --> 00:33:45,040
Speaker 1: it's sort of a nice design or whatever, fancy.

697
00:33:46,360 --> 00:33:48,120
Speaker 5: Just like you know, like a whimsy like a little

698
00:33:48,160 --> 00:33:49,480
Speaker 5: whimsical touch.

699
00:33:51,160 --> 00:33:53,880
Speaker 1: But no, it turns out that's actually an ancient part

700
00:33:53,880 --> 00:33:55,640
Speaker 1: of the design. Like if you look back at pictures

701
00:33:55,800 --> 00:33:59,320
Speaker 1: of old bicycles, even really old bicycles had that sort

702
00:33:59,320 --> 00:34:03,200
Speaker 1: of slant. And the reason is that that also helps

703
00:34:03,200 --> 00:34:04,280
Speaker 1: the bike stay upright.

704
00:34:04,840 --> 00:34:05,040
Speaker 6: You know.

705
00:34:05,600 --> 00:34:08,040
Speaker 1: What it means is that the axis that you're steering

706
00:34:08,080 --> 00:34:11,680
Speaker 1: on right, the fork the direction is in front of it,

707
00:34:11,800 --> 00:34:14,640
Speaker 1: hits the ground. A line along that axis hits the

708
00:34:14,640 --> 00:34:17,160
Speaker 1: ground in front of where the bike is actually touching

709
00:34:17,200 --> 00:34:21,880
Speaker 1: the ground. M right, the bike touches the ground the

710
00:34:21,920 --> 00:34:25,719
Speaker 1: bottom of the front wheel, but the steering axis hits

711
00:34:25,719 --> 00:34:28,680
Speaker 1: the ground ahead of that. And so what that means

712
00:34:28,719 --> 00:34:30,320
Speaker 1: is that it's sort of following it.

713
00:34:30,320 --> 00:34:32,120
Speaker 5: It's not perfectly aligned these two things.

714
00:34:32,440 --> 00:34:35,080
Speaker 1: Yeah, yeah, And so what that means is that it's

715
00:34:35,320 --> 00:34:37,600
Speaker 1: one is sort of following the other. It's sort of

716
00:34:37,680 --> 00:34:40,520
Speaker 1: like you know those wheels on a grocery cart, those

717
00:34:40,560 --> 00:34:42,480
Speaker 1: things that are like impossible to turn around and you

718
00:34:42,640 --> 00:34:44,040
Speaker 1: kind of go backwards to painting.

719
00:34:43,920 --> 00:34:46,400
Speaker 5: Right, I always get the chopping cart with the broken

720
00:34:46,480 --> 00:34:47,880
Speaker 5: castor wheel, you know, that goes out.

721
00:34:50,719 --> 00:34:52,440
Speaker 1: You probably are the one who breaks them, right, and

722
00:34:52,640 --> 00:34:57,000
Speaker 1: you just turn them to the store and don't say anything, right, exactly, No.

723
00:34:57,200 --> 00:34:59,160
Speaker 1: You know, those wheels they do this funny thing where

724
00:34:59,160 --> 00:35:02,240
Speaker 1: if you push forward words, then they follow the direction

725
00:35:02,320 --> 00:35:07,000
Speaker 1: of motion. Right, because they're sort of behind the steering axis, right,

726
00:35:07,000 --> 00:35:08,040
Speaker 1: they go backwards.

727
00:35:08,880 --> 00:35:11,400
Speaker 5: They always align in the direction where you're pushing.

728
00:35:11,680 --> 00:35:14,000
Speaker 1: Yes, exactly right, which is why it's so hard to

729
00:35:14,000 --> 00:35:17,160
Speaker 1: turn them around because they're aligned in some other direction. Well,

730
00:35:17,200 --> 00:35:19,840
Speaker 1: it's just similar effect for the bicycle. Right. What that

731
00:35:19,960 --> 00:35:22,799
Speaker 1: means is that if the bicycle starts to lean to

732
00:35:22,840 --> 00:35:26,880
Speaker 1: the left, for example, then because of this angle gravity

733
00:35:26,920 --> 00:35:28,840
Speaker 1: in the force from the ground is going to turn

734
00:35:28,960 --> 00:35:32,120
Speaker 1: the wheel in such a way that the wheel turns

735
00:35:32,239 --> 00:35:35,160
Speaker 1: in the direction that you're falling, which again helps the

736
00:35:35,160 --> 00:35:38,880
Speaker 1: bike right itself. And so because this angle axis is tilted,

737
00:35:39,160 --> 00:35:40,440
Speaker 1: then you get that same effect.

738
00:35:40,600 --> 00:35:44,440
Speaker 5: Okay, So what you're saying, Okay, I'm riding my bicycle. Okay,

739
00:35:44,680 --> 00:35:47,759
Speaker 5: I'm going down the sidewalk and suddenly I start to

740
00:35:47,920 --> 00:35:50,960
Speaker 5: lean a little bit to the left, so I'm falling, falling, falling,

741
00:35:51,440 --> 00:35:55,600
Speaker 5: And you're saying, there's a because of this axis cast

742
00:35:55,680 --> 00:35:59,719
Speaker 5: or effect. Then my wheel automatically without me having to steer,

743
00:35:59,760 --> 00:36:02,680
Speaker 5: it is going to turn to the left.

744
00:36:02,640 --> 00:36:05,080
Speaker 1: Turn to the left, yeah, exactly. You know how if

745
00:36:05,120 --> 00:36:08,200
Speaker 1: you pick up a bicycle right the front of the front,

746
00:36:08,239 --> 00:36:11,680
Speaker 1: the handlebars always turn right. They never stay balanced. If

747
00:36:11,719 --> 00:36:13,600
Speaker 1: you pick up a bicycle, it's always like the front

748
00:36:13,640 --> 00:36:16,920
Speaker 1: wheel is spinning in some crazy direction. That's because this

749
00:36:17,080 --> 00:36:20,120
Speaker 1: caster effect, and also because the center of mass of

750
00:36:20,160 --> 00:36:23,000
Speaker 1: the handlebars and the wheel are not quite on top

751
00:36:23,040 --> 00:36:26,200
Speaker 1: of each other, and that's another effect that contributes to

752
00:36:26,640 --> 00:36:29,799
Speaker 1: the wheel turning in the direction that you're falling.

753
00:36:30,280 --> 00:36:32,760
Speaker 5: And that and that helps me stay upright right because

754
00:36:33,080 --> 00:36:36,240
Speaker 5: if I'm leaning left, my front wheel turns left because

755
00:36:36,280 --> 00:36:39,279
Speaker 5: of these effects. And then now that's actually going to

756
00:36:39,320 --> 00:36:41,160
Speaker 5: help me pick myself back up.

757
00:36:41,200 --> 00:36:44,880
Speaker 1: That's right exactly. And so these are all small effects

758
00:36:44,920 --> 00:36:48,160
Speaker 1: that help a bike stay upright. And the cool thing

759
00:36:48,320 --> 00:36:50,920
Speaker 1: is that you can build all sorts of crazy bicycles.

760
00:36:51,040 --> 00:36:53,799
Speaker 1: And they've done this. It's like whole bicycle research teams now,

761
00:36:54,120 --> 00:36:56,600
Speaker 1: and they've built bicycles that have no angular momentum like

762
00:36:56,600 --> 00:36:59,640
Speaker 1: we talked about. They also built bicycles that have no

763
00:36:59,680 --> 00:37:03,319
Speaker 1: anger momentum and don't have this caster wheel effect. Right,

764
00:37:03,360 --> 00:37:05,919
Speaker 1: they angle the fork in the other direction, and I've

765
00:37:05,920 --> 00:37:08,319
Speaker 1: seen this video, they can still get the bicycle to

766
00:37:08,360 --> 00:37:11,440
Speaker 1: balance by itself even without the caster wheel and without

767
00:37:11,560 --> 00:37:13,120
Speaker 1: angular momentum.

768
00:37:12,719 --> 00:37:17,080
Speaker 5: Meaning you you point the fork down, like perfectly down,

769
00:37:17,200 --> 00:37:19,879
Speaker 5: that still works, or.

770
00:37:19,840 --> 00:37:23,080
Speaker 1: Even backwards right the negative effect. You can even have

771
00:37:23,160 --> 00:37:26,239
Speaker 1: the fork sort of pointing in the wrong direction and

772
00:37:26,360 --> 00:37:28,759
Speaker 1: a bike will still balance. So a bike with no

773
00:37:28,840 --> 00:37:32,600
Speaker 1: angle momentum and the negative caster effect will still keep

774
00:37:32,640 --> 00:37:33,440
Speaker 1: itself upright.

775
00:37:34,000 --> 00:37:35,759
Speaker 5: How does it stay up right? If we if you

776
00:37:35,840 --> 00:37:37,640
Speaker 5: cancel out this self steering.

777
00:37:37,280 --> 00:37:43,520
Speaker 1: Effect, nobody knows I am serious, Like nobody needs equation.

778
00:37:43,719 --> 00:37:47,200
Speaker 1: Turns out these equations are complicated, right, Like figuring out

779
00:37:47,239 --> 00:37:49,839
Speaker 1: how a bike balances is not as simple like oh

780
00:37:49,920 --> 00:37:52,359
Speaker 1: do do do it's angle momentum. We're done. These are

781
00:37:52,400 --> 00:37:55,239
Speaker 1: complicated effects because there's lots of forces involved, lots of

782
00:37:55,239 --> 00:37:58,400
Speaker 1: ways it can pivot, and so it's still a mystery.

783
00:37:58,520 --> 00:38:02,239
Speaker 1: You know, there's there. It definitely is influenced by anglementum,

784
00:38:02,280 --> 00:38:05,600
Speaker 1: It's definitely influenced by this cast effect. It's definitely influenced

785
00:38:05,640 --> 00:38:07,960
Speaker 1: by this other thing with the center of mass about

786
00:38:08,160 --> 00:38:10,600
Speaker 1: where the balance point is on a bicycle. But the

787
00:38:10,640 --> 00:38:12,400
Speaker 1: truth is that it's still a bit of a mystery.

788
00:38:12,719 --> 00:38:15,360
Speaker 5: Wait, so you're telling me every time I ride a bicycle,

789
00:38:16,040 --> 00:38:19,600
Speaker 5: I am riding on a mystery of the universe that

790
00:38:19,760 --> 00:38:22,040
Speaker 5: physicists don't know how it works.

791
00:38:22,280 --> 00:38:24,200
Speaker 1: You're basically riding a black hole around town.

792
00:38:24,880 --> 00:38:25,680
Speaker 5: That's what I mean.

793
00:38:26,239 --> 00:38:29,399
Speaker 1: Oh my god, does that make riding your bicycle seem

794
00:38:29,440 --> 00:38:30,360
Speaker 1: more fun and exciting?

795
00:38:30,520 --> 00:38:33,120
Speaker 5: It It seems a little more dangerous, to be honest.

796
00:38:34,080 --> 00:38:36,120
Speaker 1: It's not like the physics is going to stop working.

797
00:38:36,360 --> 00:38:38,120
Speaker 1: Like a whole lot a second. We figured out your

798
00:38:38,160 --> 00:38:41,280
Speaker 1: bike shouldn't balance and then boom, everybody falls over simultaneously.

799
00:38:42,440 --> 00:38:49,200
Speaker 1: That would be awesome. It's still a mystery. There are

800
00:38:49,239 --> 00:38:52,360
Speaker 1: lots of effects there we don't understand. It's complicated. You know,

801
00:38:52,520 --> 00:38:55,000
Speaker 1: lots of things about how people turn. You know, you

802
00:38:55,120 --> 00:38:57,799
Speaker 1: lean to the right and then turn to the left. Yeah,

803
00:38:57,800 --> 00:39:00,640
Speaker 1: counter steering, all sorts of stuff is going on. It's

804
00:39:00,719 --> 00:39:03,279
Speaker 1: pretty it's really pretty tricky, but it's important. You know,

805
00:39:03,320 --> 00:39:06,480
Speaker 1: if you figure out how bicycles balanced, you could develop

806
00:39:06,480 --> 00:39:09,799
Speaker 1: a new bicycle. Right, you could have some breakthrough in

807
00:39:09,880 --> 00:39:12,319
Speaker 1: bicycle science. To be just around the corner.

808
00:39:12,239 --> 00:39:16,600
Speaker 5: Wow, you could you could win the no no, no

809
00:39:16,719 --> 00:39:17,960
Speaker 5: bill bicycle.

810
00:39:18,320 --> 00:39:21,560
Speaker 1: Right yeah, or you know, you could make a zillion dollars,

811
00:39:21,719 --> 00:39:24,200
Speaker 1: whichever you prefer. But it could be that somebody comes

812
00:39:24,280 --> 00:39:26,520
Speaker 1: up with a better way to make a bicycle and

813
00:39:26,600 --> 00:39:29,239
Speaker 1: that sweeps the world right all of a sudden. The

814
00:39:29,280 --> 00:39:31,560
Speaker 1: way we've been riding bikes for one hundred years is

815
00:39:31,600 --> 00:39:36,160
Speaker 1: like old fashioned and clunky and hilarious. There's a guy

816
00:39:36,200 --> 00:39:39,279
Speaker 1: in my neighborhood actually who rides a unicycle, which I

817
00:39:39,280 --> 00:39:40,440
Speaker 1: think is really impressive.

818
00:39:41,160 --> 00:39:44,080
Speaker 5: You mean to go place and not just in the circus.

819
00:39:44,200 --> 00:39:47,680
Speaker 1: Oh no, yeah, he commutes to work on his unicycle.

820
00:39:48,280 --> 00:39:50,160
Speaker 5: You know, you can put two of those together to

821
00:39:50,239 --> 00:39:51,160
Speaker 5: make a bicycle.

822
00:39:52,880 --> 00:39:56,319
Speaker 1: Maybe the bicycle is broken half, but he's got one

823
00:39:56,400 --> 00:39:59,000
Speaker 1: for you know, nice weather. He's got like a mountain

824
00:39:59,000 --> 00:40:01,640
Speaker 1: bike unicycle. And seen him like on trails, trails that

825
00:40:01,719 --> 00:40:04,359
Speaker 1: I like struggle to walk up. He's like unicycling up

826
00:40:04,640 --> 00:40:06,240
Speaker 1: that way way.

827
00:40:06,160 --> 00:40:09,080
Speaker 5: Like wow, does he put does he put nails and

828
00:40:09,160 --> 00:40:09,520
Speaker 5: his crew?

829
00:40:11,160 --> 00:40:13,080
Speaker 1: No, he's just got knob me tires on it. I

830
00:40:13,080 --> 00:40:15,360
Speaker 1: think that's more a testament that's not so much physics,

831
00:40:15,360 --> 00:40:18,400
Speaker 1: that's just the brain. Like it's incredible what the brain

832
00:40:18,520 --> 00:40:21,120
Speaker 1: can maneuver and accomplish if you put your mind to it.

833
00:40:21,440 --> 00:40:24,239
Speaker 1: And so even though physicists haven't figured out what the

834
00:40:24,320 --> 00:40:28,359
Speaker 1: equations that control bicycle are, your brain has, right, your

835
00:40:28,400 --> 00:40:31,280
Speaker 1: brain has an intuitive grasp of how a bicycle works

836
00:40:31,280 --> 00:40:32,440
Speaker 1: and how to manipulate it.

837
00:40:32,640 --> 00:40:34,920
Speaker 5: Right. Well, not just me like little kids.

838
00:40:35,080 --> 00:40:38,240
Speaker 1: You I'm talking specifically about Jorge's brain. Yeah, it's incredible.

839
00:40:39,000 --> 00:40:40,120
Speaker 1: His brain is amazing.

840
00:40:41,400 --> 00:40:44,080
Speaker 5: It's amazing that I can do what a three year

841
00:40:44,120 --> 00:40:44,600
Speaker 5: old can do.

842
00:40:44,880 --> 00:40:47,920
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, But you're right, three year olds are excellent

843
00:40:47,960 --> 00:40:49,759
Speaker 1: at this, right, But that's what three year olds do.

844
00:40:49,800 --> 00:40:52,239
Speaker 1: They're like mapping their control of the world. Right, They're

845
00:40:52,239 --> 00:40:54,400
Speaker 1: interacting with the world and getting all this feedback and

846
00:40:54,440 --> 00:40:58,399
Speaker 1: figuring out how to control it. And if and kids,

847
00:40:58,440 --> 00:40:59,759
Speaker 1: you know, for a long time, I've had a hard

848
00:40:59,760 --> 00:41:02,400
Speaker 1: time I'm learning to ride a bike. But if you

849
00:41:02,480 --> 00:41:05,399
Speaker 1: start by just teaching them the balance these pushbikes, then

850
00:41:05,400 --> 00:41:07,319
Speaker 1: they're great at it. Right. It doesn't take them very

851
00:41:07,360 --> 00:41:08,360
Speaker 1: long to learn to balance.

852
00:41:08,880 --> 00:41:11,279
Speaker 5: Wow, Well that's pretty cool. So the next time you

853
00:41:11,360 --> 00:41:13,960
Speaker 5: ride your bicycle, just think about it. You are riding

854
00:41:14,040 --> 00:41:18,240
Speaker 5: a black hole. That's right in our knowledge of the universe.

855
00:41:18,440 --> 00:41:21,839
Speaker 1: Yeah, and you know, there's some interesting physics going on there.

856
00:41:21,840 --> 00:41:23,480
Speaker 1: We know a little bit about it. There's some of

857
00:41:23,480 --> 00:41:25,600
Speaker 1: these effects that are happening to keep your bike up right,

858
00:41:25,719 --> 00:41:28,160
Speaker 1: but there's definitely something else going on in there that

859
00:41:28,200 --> 00:41:31,120
Speaker 1: we don't understand. And it could be something mundane. It

860
00:41:31,160 --> 00:41:33,080
Speaker 1: could be like, oh, it turns out these forces happen

861
00:41:33,160 --> 00:41:35,759
Speaker 1: this way and there's a torque or whatever. But there's

862
00:41:35,760 --> 00:41:38,560
Speaker 1: always the possibility when you don't understand something that there

863
00:41:38,600 --> 00:41:41,000
Speaker 1: could be a deep secret of the universe revealed. Right.

864
00:41:41,360 --> 00:41:45,720
Speaker 1: That's why physicists tugget every thread we don't understand, hoping

865
00:41:46,000 --> 00:41:48,200
Speaker 1: that one of those threads is going to unravel the

866
00:41:48,200 --> 00:41:50,960
Speaker 1: fabric of the universe and teach us something deep about

867
00:41:50,960 --> 00:41:52,240
Speaker 1: the way when the world works.

868
00:41:52,560 --> 00:41:55,920
Speaker 5: Yeah, or at least you'll get to work. Yeah, with

869
00:41:56,040 --> 00:41:57,520
Speaker 5: a little bit of exercise.

870
00:41:58,680 --> 00:42:01,399
Speaker 1: Exactly, and you'll look really cool and you'll be fit

871
00:42:01,520 --> 00:42:03,680
Speaker 1: from all that biking. Yeah, that's right.

872
00:42:04,600 --> 00:42:07,000
Speaker 5: Just remember to wear a helmet when you do physics.

873
00:42:07,120 --> 00:42:09,320
Speaker 1: And so that's why we think the physics of everyday

874
00:42:09,360 --> 00:42:12,200
Speaker 1: objects is fascinating. So if there's something in your world

875
00:42:12,239 --> 00:42:15,120
Speaker 1: that you don't understand, something you'd like to understand, you know,

876
00:42:15,160 --> 00:42:17,160
Speaker 1: why does this happen? Why does it work this way?

877
00:42:17,239 --> 00:42:19,839
Speaker 1: How come it doesn't work this other way? Send us

878
00:42:19,840 --> 00:42:20,400
Speaker 1: a suggestion.

879
00:42:20,719 --> 00:42:22,400
Speaker 5: Why shopping carts always broken?

880
00:42:23,320 --> 00:42:25,839
Speaker 1: That's right? Why? And no matter where I go? Did

881
00:42:25,880 --> 00:42:28,200
Speaker 1: Jorge break the wheels in my shopping cart? Has he

882
00:42:28,280 --> 00:42:31,959
Speaker 1: been to every grocery store in the universe? Yeah?

883
00:42:32,080 --> 00:42:35,680
Speaker 5: Anything that seems magical in your everyday life, let us know.

884
00:42:35,840 --> 00:42:39,319
Speaker 5: We'll try to kill the magic. See you next time.

885
00:42:47,440 --> 00:42:49,759
Speaker 1: Before you still have a question after listening to all

886
00:42:49,800 --> 00:42:53,040
Speaker 1: these explanations, please drop us a line. We'd love to

887
00:42:53,040 --> 00:42:55,520
Speaker 1: hear from you. You can find us on Facebook, Twitter,

888
00:42:55,560 --> 00:42:59,239
Speaker 1: and Instagram at Daniel and Jorge That's one word, or

889
00:42:59,360 --> 00:43:04,080
Speaker 1: email us at Feedback at Danielanthorge dot com. Thanks for listening,

890
00:43:04,080 --> 00:43:06,799
Speaker 1: and remember that. Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe is

891
00:43:06,840 --> 00:43:11,439
Speaker 1: a production of iHeartRadio. For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit

892
00:43:11,480 --> 00:43:15,560
Speaker 1: the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to

893
00:43:15,600 --> 00:43:27,479
Speaker 1: your favorite shows. When you pop a piece of cheese

894
00:43:27,480 --> 00:43:30,800
Speaker 1: into your mouth, you're probably not thinking about the environmental impact,

895
00:43:31,080 --> 00:43:33,719
Speaker 1: But the people in the dairy industry are. That's why

896
00:43:33,719 --> 00:43:36,200
Speaker 1: they're working hard every day to find new ways to

897
00:43:36,239 --> 00:43:40,600
Speaker 1: reduce waste, conserve natural resources, and drive down greenhouse gas emissions.

898
00:43:40,880 --> 00:43:44,480
Speaker 1: How is US Dairy tackling greenhouse gases? Many farms use

899
00:43:44,520 --> 00:43:48,400
Speaker 1: anaerobic digestors to turn the methane from manure into renewable

900
00:43:48,520 --> 00:43:52,399
Speaker 1: energy that can power farms, towns, and electric cars. Visit

901
00:43:52,480 --> 00:43:55,560
Speaker 1: you as dairy dot COM's last sustainability to learn more.

902
00:43:56,160 --> 00:43:58,760
Speaker 7: As a United Explorer Card member, you can earn fifty

903
00:43:58,800 --> 00:44:02,680
Speaker 7: thousand bonus miles plus look forward to extraordinary travel rewards,

904
00:44:02,760 --> 00:44:05,279
Speaker 7: including a free checked bag, two times the miles on

905
00:44:05,400 --> 00:44:08,040
Speaker 7: United purchases and two times the miles on dining and

906
00:44:08,120 --> 00:44:11,400
Speaker 7: at hotels. Become an Explorer and seek out unforgettable places

907
00:44:11,400 --> 00:44:14,839
Speaker 7: while enjoying rewards everywhere you travel. Cards issued by JP

908
00:44:14,960 --> 00:44:18,600
Speaker 7: Morgan Chase Bank NA Member FDIC subject to credit approval

909
00:44:18,680 --> 00:44:20,840
Speaker 7: offer subject to change terms apply.

910
00:44:21,239 --> 00:44:22,759
Speaker 1: Vitamin Water is from New York.

911
00:44:22,920 --> 00:44:24,520
Speaker 2: We needed a drink that can keep up with the

912
00:44:24,600 --> 00:44:25,720
Speaker 2: music scene in the city.

913
00:44:26,080 --> 00:44:28,320
Speaker 9: We got to see our favorite DJ perform in Brooklyn

914
00:44:28,640 --> 00:44:31,399
Speaker 9: ad three am or seeing karaoke in the.

915
00:44:31,400 --> 00:44:33,840
Speaker 5: Village also at three am.

916
00:44:34,120 --> 00:44:36,080
Speaker 2: Drink Vitamin Waters from New York