1 00:00:01,320 --> 00:00:04,240 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,400 --> 00:00:10,920 Speaker 1: of iHeartRadio. 3 00:00:11,960 --> 00:00:14,680 Speaker 2: Hello, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy V. 4 00:00:14,800 --> 00:00:16,480 Speaker 1: Wilson and I'm Holly Frye. 5 00:00:17,480 --> 00:00:20,239 Speaker 2: Over the years, we have gotten some listener requests for 6 00:00:20,280 --> 00:00:24,200 Speaker 2: an episode on Elizabeth Paratrovitch, who's most well known for 7 00:00:24,239 --> 00:00:27,800 Speaker 2: her work to pass Alaska's Anti Discrimination Act of nineteen 8 00:00:27,880 --> 00:00:31,680 Speaker 2: forty five that was passed when Alaska was US territory. 9 00:00:32,360 --> 00:00:34,159 Speaker 2: So I've had her on my short list for an 10 00:00:34,159 --> 00:00:36,760 Speaker 2: episode for quite a while, and then this year, on 11 00:00:36,840 --> 00:00:40,800 Speaker 2: Elizabeth Paratrovitch Day, which is February sixteenth, I felt like 12 00:00:41,200 --> 00:00:43,400 Speaker 2: I saw a lot more people talking about her than 13 00:00:43,440 --> 00:00:46,920 Speaker 2: in previous years, including people who are not in Alaska, 14 00:00:47,680 --> 00:00:50,320 Speaker 2: and she's just she's sort of stayed on my mind 15 00:00:50,479 --> 00:00:54,080 Speaker 2: since then. That means that this episode is not timely 16 00:00:54,280 --> 00:00:57,040 Speaker 2: at all if you're thinking about it in terms of 17 00:00:57,040 --> 00:01:01,279 Speaker 2: Elizabeth Paratrovitch Day. But her story also has more to 18 00:01:01,320 --> 00:01:04,479 Speaker 2: it than the Alaska Anti Discrimination Act that she's most 19 00:01:04,520 --> 00:01:07,960 Speaker 2: associated with. That act had some similarities to the Civil 20 00:01:08,040 --> 00:01:11,480 Speaker 2: Rights Act of nineteen sixty four, which became law almost 21 00:01:11,520 --> 00:01:12,720 Speaker 2: twenty years later. 22 00:01:13,880 --> 00:01:16,120 Speaker 1: So to start, we have to set the stage with 23 00:01:16,160 --> 00:01:19,840 Speaker 1: some Alaska history, specifically in connection to the rights of 24 00:01:19,880 --> 00:01:24,679 Speaker 1: Alaska Native peoples. In eighteen sixty seven, the United States 25 00:01:24,760 --> 00:01:28,680 Speaker 1: purchased Alaska from Russia for seven point two million dollars, 26 00:01:29,240 --> 00:01:33,800 Speaker 1: or about two cents per acre of land. Article three 27 00:01:34,080 --> 00:01:37,280 Speaker 1: of the purchase treaty read quote. The inhabitants of the 28 00:01:37,319 --> 00:01:42,400 Speaker 1: ceded territory, according to their choice, reserving their natural allegiance, 29 00:01:42,720 --> 00:01:46,039 Speaker 1: may return to Russia within three years. But if they 30 00:01:46,080 --> 00:01:50,160 Speaker 1: should prefer to remain in the ceded territory, they, with 31 00:01:50,320 --> 00:01:54,400 Speaker 1: the exception of uncivilized Native tribes, shall be admitted to 32 00:01:54,440 --> 00:01:58,160 Speaker 1: the enjoyment of all the rights, advantages, and immunities of 33 00:01:58,280 --> 00:02:01,640 Speaker 1: citizens of the United States, and shall be maintained and 34 00:02:01,720 --> 00:02:06,000 Speaker 1: protected in the free enjoyment of their liberty, property, and religion. 35 00:02:06,920 --> 00:02:09,960 Speaker 1: The uncivilized tribes will be subject to such laws and 36 00:02:10,040 --> 00:02:13,800 Speaker 1: regulations as the United States may, from time to time 37 00:02:13,960 --> 00:02:17,720 Speaker 1: adopt in regard to aboriginal tribes of that country. 38 00:02:18,639 --> 00:02:22,359 Speaker 2: This had some similarities to other earlier treaties, such as 39 00:02:22,400 --> 00:02:26,240 Speaker 2: the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo that ended the Mexican American War. 40 00:02:27,200 --> 00:02:31,000 Speaker 2: Under that treaty, Mexico ceded a significant amount of territory 41 00:02:31,000 --> 00:02:34,640 Speaker 2: to the United States. The treaty gave Mexicans living in 42 00:02:34,720 --> 00:02:37,839 Speaker 2: that territory a year to decide whether to stay there 43 00:02:37,919 --> 00:02:41,480 Speaker 2: and become US citizens, or to move to territory that 44 00:02:41,639 --> 00:02:45,799 Speaker 2: was still part of Mexico and retain their Mexican citizenship. 45 00:02:46,840 --> 00:02:50,960 Speaker 2: Neither the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo nor the Alaska Purchase 46 00:02:51,080 --> 00:02:56,000 Speaker 2: Treaty included indigenous people. During these negotiations, neither of them 47 00:02:56,040 --> 00:03:00,840 Speaker 2: granted citizenship to indigenous people, although the Alaska Purchase Treaty 48 00:03:00,880 --> 00:03:04,560 Speaker 2: did leave some room for interpretation, considering that the United 49 00:03:04,560 --> 00:03:08,800 Speaker 2: States was also referring to the Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, 50 00:03:08,880 --> 00:03:11,639 Speaker 2: and Seminole nations as civilized. 51 00:03:12,840 --> 00:03:15,799 Speaker 1: When the United States signed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 52 00:03:15,919 --> 00:03:19,400 Speaker 1: in eighteen forty eight, it was defining its relationships to 53 00:03:19,520 --> 00:03:23,680 Speaker 1: indigenous nations by signing treaties with them. But in eighteen 54 00:03:23,720 --> 00:03:28,120 Speaker 1: seventy one, four years after the Alaska Purchase, Congress enacted 55 00:03:28,160 --> 00:03:31,639 Speaker 1: a law forbidding the United States from entering into new 56 00:03:31,680 --> 00:03:36,600 Speaker 1: treaties with indigenous nations. Consequently, no treaties were signed with 57 00:03:36,640 --> 00:03:40,880 Speaker 1: the Native peoples of Alaska, so we are not suggesting 58 00:03:41,040 --> 00:03:45,040 Speaker 1: that having a treaty meant a good relationship between indigenous 59 00:03:45,040 --> 00:03:48,360 Speaker 1: peoples and the United States. A lot of these treaties 60 00:03:48,400 --> 00:03:53,200 Speaker 1: followed warfare and other violence, so indigenous nations often signed 61 00:03:53,240 --> 00:03:57,720 Speaker 1: them under duress, like at best, their terms were generally 62 00:03:57,760 --> 00:04:00,960 Speaker 1: skewed in favor of the United States, and even then, 63 00:04:01,000 --> 00:04:04,800 Speaker 1: the US didn't necessarily enforce their provisions, like if non 64 00:04:04,960 --> 00:04:08,480 Speaker 1: indigenous people started settling on what was supposed to be 65 00:04:08,560 --> 00:04:12,080 Speaker 1: indigenous land, the federal government often did not do much 66 00:04:12,160 --> 00:04:15,080 Speaker 1: to stop it. The US government. 67 00:04:14,800 --> 00:04:19,279 Speaker 2: Also disregarded or outright broke treaties with indigenous peoples at 68 00:04:19,720 --> 00:04:24,440 Speaker 2: numerous points, but by signing a treaty, the United States 69 00:04:24,720 --> 00:04:30,560 Speaker 2: was recognizing an indigenous tribe or nation as a sovereign entity. 70 00:04:30,600 --> 00:04:33,279 Speaker 2: Having no treaty meant that, under the terms of the 71 00:04:33,320 --> 00:04:38,200 Speaker 2: Alaska Purchase, native communities were quote subject to such laws 72 00:04:38,240 --> 00:04:42,000 Speaker 2: and regulations as the United States may adopt in regard 73 00:04:42,040 --> 00:04:46,520 Speaker 2: to aboriginal tribes of that country, but without the treaty 74 00:04:46,560 --> 00:04:49,680 Speaker 2: framework that a lot of those laws rested on, and 75 00:04:49,839 --> 00:04:53,480 Speaker 2: without a recognition of Alaska Native peoples or villages as 76 00:04:53,520 --> 00:04:57,560 Speaker 2: sovereign nations. The impacts of this could really be a 77 00:04:57,600 --> 00:05:01,240 Speaker 2: whole podcast series, And of course, a lot of the 78 00:05:01,320 --> 00:05:04,560 Speaker 2: Native peoples of Alaska did not think that Alaska had 79 00:05:04,560 --> 00:05:08,800 Speaker 2: been Russia's to sell in the first place. But all 80 00:05:08,839 --> 00:05:12,320 Speaker 2: of this meant that Alaska Native communities were often viewed 81 00:05:12,440 --> 00:05:16,960 Speaker 2: and treated differently from indigenous peoples in the contiguous United States. 82 00:05:17,640 --> 00:05:21,560 Speaker 2: For example, the Indian Reorganization Act of nineteen thirty four, 83 00:05:21,680 --> 00:05:24,920 Speaker 2: which was also called the Indian New Deal, was an 84 00:05:24,920 --> 00:05:28,760 Speaker 2: effort to address some of the harms of earlier federal 85 00:05:28,839 --> 00:05:32,960 Speaker 2: Indian policy and to encourage autonomy and tribal sovereignty for 86 00:05:33,040 --> 00:05:37,760 Speaker 2: Native peoples. This act did not fully apply to Alaska 87 00:05:37,839 --> 00:05:42,000 Speaker 2: Native communities until Congress passed an additional law in nineteen 88 00:05:42,080 --> 00:05:47,360 Speaker 2: thirty six. The combination of the Alaska purchased treaty terms 89 00:05:47,400 --> 00:05:49,919 Speaker 2: and the lack of other treaty rights also led to 90 00:05:50,320 --> 00:05:55,000 Speaker 2: enormous issues with land rights and access to natural resources. 91 00:05:55,720 --> 00:05:58,880 Speaker 2: The US did not really start trying to resolve a 92 00:05:58,880 --> 00:06:02,080 Speaker 2: lot of these issues until the Alaska Native Claimed Settlement 93 00:06:02,120 --> 00:06:06,440 Speaker 2: Act of nineteen seventy one. In terms of voting rights 94 00:06:06,960 --> 00:06:10,000 Speaker 2: in the US, only citizens are allowed to vote in 95 00:06:10,080 --> 00:06:15,039 Speaker 2: federal elections, although non citizens can vote in other elections 96 00:06:15,200 --> 00:06:19,599 Speaker 2: in some places. After the US purchased Alaska, it was 97 00:06:19,720 --> 00:06:22,880 Speaker 2: essentially controlled by the military, so at first there were 98 00:06:22,920 --> 00:06:27,160 Speaker 2: no federal elections. The Organic Act of eighteen eighty four, 99 00:06:27,320 --> 00:06:31,160 Speaker 2: which established a basic civil government for the District of Alaska, 100 00:06:31,560 --> 00:06:37,120 Speaker 2: allowed only municipal elections and gave Alaska no representation in Congress. 101 00:06:38,160 --> 00:06:42,200 Speaker 2: At various points, people in Alaska arranged their own elections anyway, 102 00:06:42,400 --> 00:06:46,080 Speaker 2: choosing delegates to send to Washington, d c. So these 103 00:06:46,120 --> 00:06:49,560 Speaker 2: elections were not legally recognized, and the delegates who went 104 00:06:49,600 --> 00:06:54,720 Speaker 2: to Washington were also not recognized. Even though only US 105 00:06:54,800 --> 00:06:58,840 Speaker 2: citizens can vote in federal elections and Alaska Natives were 106 00:06:58,880 --> 00:07:03,120 Speaker 2: generally not being considered citizens, there were Alaska Natives who 107 00:07:03,200 --> 00:07:07,680 Speaker 2: voted in these elections. That language about so called uncivilized 108 00:07:07,760 --> 00:07:10,960 Speaker 2: tribes had led to questions about whether Native people who 109 00:07:11,000 --> 00:07:14,240 Speaker 2: assimilated with white society were citizens and had the right 110 00:07:14,280 --> 00:07:18,440 Speaker 2: to vote. A lot of communities in Alaska were also 111 00:07:18,520 --> 00:07:23,080 Speaker 2: predominantly or overwhelmingly Native, so anybody who was working the 112 00:07:23,200 --> 00:07:26,840 Speaker 2: election was probably Native and might allow other Native people 113 00:07:26,880 --> 00:07:30,600 Speaker 2: to vote. And in these earliest elections things were just 114 00:07:30,680 --> 00:07:33,960 Speaker 2: not necessarily being tightly regulated. I would say a lot 115 00:07:34,000 --> 00:07:37,280 Speaker 2: of things at this point were not being very tightly regulated. 116 00:07:37,320 --> 00:07:38,080 Speaker 2: In Alaska. 117 00:07:38,800 --> 00:07:42,600 Speaker 1: A nineteen zero four lag gave all adult citizens in 118 00:07:42,680 --> 00:07:46,440 Speaker 1: Alaska the right to vote in school board elections, regardless 119 00:07:46,480 --> 00:07:51,040 Speaker 1: of gender. A second organic Act was passed in nineteen twelve, 120 00:07:51,320 --> 00:07:55,680 Speaker 1: which created a legislature for Alaska Territory with four districts 121 00:07:55,720 --> 00:08:00,240 Speaker 1: that each had two senators and four representatives. One of 122 00:08:00,240 --> 00:08:03,800 Speaker 1: this legislature's first actions was to give women in Alaska 123 00:08:03,840 --> 00:08:06,160 Speaker 1: the right to vote. As was the. 124 00:08:06,120 --> 00:08:09,080 Speaker 2: Case with a lot of other women's suffrage legislation in 125 00:08:09,120 --> 00:08:12,200 Speaker 2: the US, this generally applied to white women, not to 126 00:08:12,240 --> 00:08:15,680 Speaker 2: anybody else, but there were still Alaska Natives who voted, 127 00:08:16,200 --> 00:08:18,720 Speaker 2: and by this point there were also Alaska Natives who 128 00:08:18,720 --> 00:08:22,680 Speaker 2: were being recognized definitively as citizens of the United States. 129 00:08:23,440 --> 00:08:27,600 Speaker 2: In nineteen oh four, US District Court Judge James Wickersham 130 00:08:28,200 --> 00:08:31,920 Speaker 2: ruled the Allotment Act of eighteen eighty seven, also called 131 00:08:31,960 --> 00:08:36,400 Speaker 2: the Dawes Act, applied to Alaska Natives. Today, the Dawes 132 00:08:36,520 --> 00:08:40,480 Speaker 2: Act is more associated with breaking up reservation land, but 133 00:08:40,920 --> 00:08:44,480 Speaker 2: section six of the Act specified that an indigenous person 134 00:08:44,960 --> 00:08:49,240 Speaker 2: who lived apart from an indigenous tribe and quote adopted 135 00:08:49,360 --> 00:08:53,360 Speaker 2: the habits of civilized life was a US citizen, so 136 00:08:53,480 --> 00:08:58,000 Speaker 2: under Wickersham's ruling, this applied to Alaska Natives who assimilated 137 00:08:58,000 --> 00:09:02,720 Speaker 2: with white society. By nineteen fifteen, the Territorial government of 138 00:09:02,760 --> 00:09:08,040 Speaker 2: Alaska codified this idea into law. Any Indigenous person born 139 00:09:08,120 --> 00:09:11,760 Speaker 2: in Alaska was a US citizen if they quote severed 140 00:09:11,800 --> 00:09:16,839 Speaker 2: all tribal relationship and adopted the habits of a civilized life. 141 00:09:16,920 --> 00:09:20,640 Speaker 2: To claim citizenship, they had to apply pass an examination 142 00:09:21,240 --> 00:09:24,400 Speaker 2: be vouched for by five white citizens who had lived 143 00:09:24,400 --> 00:09:26,960 Speaker 2: in Alaska for at least a year and knew the 144 00:09:27,000 --> 00:09:32,360 Speaker 2: applicant and taken oath renouncing their tribal customs and relationships. 145 00:09:33,240 --> 00:09:36,360 Speaker 2: This was during the period in which federal Indian policy 146 00:09:36,480 --> 00:09:40,199 Speaker 2: was focused on allotment and assimilation, and this law is 147 00:09:40,280 --> 00:09:44,040 Speaker 2: obviously rooted in the idea that Indigenous people should assimilate 148 00:09:44,120 --> 00:09:48,760 Speaker 2: with white culture. This law passed with the support and 149 00:09:48,920 --> 00:09:53,560 Speaker 2: advocacy of an intertribal organization called the Alaska Native Brotherhood 150 00:09:53,640 --> 00:09:58,120 Speaker 2: or ANB, which had been established in nineteen twelve. From 151 00:09:58,160 --> 00:10:01,680 Speaker 2: today's perspective, it might it seemed surprising that a native 152 00:10:01,800 --> 00:10:05,760 Speaker 2: advocacy organization would have been supporting this law. Given its 153 00:10:05,800 --> 00:10:09,320 Speaker 2: focus on assimilation and all of those hurdles Highy just 154 00:10:09,400 --> 00:10:14,080 Speaker 2: read involving actually becoming a citizen, this has multiple layers 155 00:10:14,120 --> 00:10:18,320 Speaker 2: of context. This was the era of the federal boarding 156 00:10:18,360 --> 00:10:22,880 Speaker 2: school program that separated Indigenous children from their cultures and 157 00:10:22,920 --> 00:10:27,160 Speaker 2: families to force them to assimilate with white culture. This 158 00:10:27,360 --> 00:10:29,760 Speaker 2: was an act of cultural genocide on the part of 159 00:10:29,760 --> 00:10:33,400 Speaker 2: the federal government, and even schools that were not officially 160 00:10:33,400 --> 00:10:36,920 Speaker 2: connected to this program tended to have a similar focus 161 00:10:37,000 --> 00:10:42,480 Speaker 2: on assimilation and Christianization. The founders of the Alaska Native 162 00:10:42,480 --> 00:10:47,400 Speaker 2: Brotherhood had been educated in Presbyterian mission schools surrounded by 163 00:10:47,400 --> 00:10:52,640 Speaker 2: this focus on assimilation. Some Indigenous leaders and activists fought 164 00:10:52,679 --> 00:10:56,319 Speaker 2: back against this system from the beginning, but there were 165 00:10:56,360 --> 00:10:59,920 Speaker 2: also those who thought that assimilation was the best way forward, 166 00:11:00,559 --> 00:11:03,240 Speaker 2: or that it was something they just really had to 167 00:11:03,280 --> 00:11:05,640 Speaker 2: do in order to survive, that they had no choice 168 00:11:05,760 --> 00:11:08,600 Speaker 2: in the matter. In terms of the founders of the 169 00:11:08,640 --> 00:11:12,719 Speaker 2: A and B, they were also savvy, aware, and politically organized. 170 00:11:13,240 --> 00:11:17,120 Speaker 2: They recognized that under the US Constitution, some rights and 171 00:11:17,200 --> 00:11:21,360 Speaker 2: protections applied to all people, but others are recognized for 172 00:11:21,520 --> 00:11:26,120 Speaker 2: citizens only. The most straightforward way to attain all those 173 00:11:26,200 --> 00:11:30,200 Speaker 2: rights was through citizenship. The authors of this bill, and 174 00:11:30,280 --> 00:11:33,200 Speaker 2: at least some of its Native supporters, also thought that 175 00:11:33,280 --> 00:11:37,480 Speaker 2: all these requirements with getting citizenship under it would be 176 00:11:37,559 --> 00:11:41,480 Speaker 2: an incentive for people to improve themselves, whether or not 177 00:11:41,559 --> 00:11:46,920 Speaker 2: they actually became citizens. As an organization, the Alaska Native 178 00:11:46,920 --> 00:11:50,960 Speaker 2: Brotherhood was influenced by church societies. They were part of 179 00:11:51,040 --> 00:11:56,320 Speaker 2: almost every Presbyterian congregation in Alaska. It had a constitution 180 00:11:56,480 --> 00:11:59,280 Speaker 2: and by laws, and it ran its meetings using Roberts 181 00:11:59,360 --> 00:12:03,760 Speaker 2: Rules of orca or. Its original nineteen twelve constitution does 182 00:12:03,800 --> 00:12:07,000 Speaker 2: not seem to have survived, but its purpose, as stated 183 00:12:07,040 --> 00:12:11,120 Speaker 2: in its nineteen seventeen constitution, was quote to assist and 184 00:12:11,280 --> 00:12:14,560 Speaker 2: encourage the Native in his advancement from his native state 185 00:12:14,960 --> 00:12:18,200 Speaker 2: to his place among the cultivated races of the world. 186 00:12:18,320 --> 00:12:23,240 Speaker 2: To oppose, discourage, and overcome the narrow injustice of race prejudice, 187 00:12:23,559 --> 00:12:26,120 Speaker 2: And to aid in the development of the territory of 188 00:12:26,160 --> 00:12:29,959 Speaker 2: Alaska and in making it worthy of a place among 189 00:12:29,960 --> 00:12:34,760 Speaker 2: the states of North America. A women's auxiliary, the Alaska 190 00:12:34,840 --> 00:12:38,320 Speaker 2: Native Sisterhood, was established in the nineteen teens as well. 191 00:12:39,160 --> 00:12:43,520 Speaker 2: Branches or camps of these organizations were established in numerous 192 00:12:43,559 --> 00:12:47,080 Speaker 2: other communities across Alaska after the first ones were established 193 00:12:47,120 --> 00:12:51,400 Speaker 2: in Sitka. Elizabeth Paratrovitch was a leader in the Alaska 194 00:12:51,480 --> 00:12:53,840 Speaker 2: Native Sisterhood, which we'll get to in just a moment. 195 00:12:54,440 --> 00:12:56,560 Speaker 1: The first we will have a quick sponsor break. 196 00:13:06,120 --> 00:13:09,840 Speaker 2: In the nineteen twenties, the Alaska Native Brotherhood turned to 197 00:13:09,920 --> 00:13:14,240 Speaker 2: the courts in its efforts to combat race prejudice and racism. 198 00:13:14,760 --> 00:13:17,240 Speaker 2: This was in part due to the influence of William 199 00:13:17,320 --> 00:13:22,240 Speaker 2: Paul Senior, who was pling it. Paul attended Sheldon Jackson 200 00:13:22,280 --> 00:13:26,960 Speaker 2: Presbyterian Mission School in Sitka, followed by Carlisle Indian Industrial 201 00:13:27,000 --> 00:13:31,959 Speaker 2: School in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, Banks Business College in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 202 00:13:32,360 --> 00:13:36,720 Speaker 2: and Whitworth College in Spokane, Washington. He earned a law 203 00:13:36,800 --> 00:13:41,160 Speaker 2: degree from LaSalle University in Pennsylvania and became Alaska's first 204 00:13:41,320 --> 00:13:42,360 Speaker 2: Native attorney. 205 00:13:43,120 --> 00:13:46,319 Speaker 1: Paul's legal work included the case of his mother, Tilley, 206 00:13:46,559 --> 00:13:50,760 Speaker 1: who was arrested after helping a relative to vote. Paul 207 00:13:50,960 --> 00:13:53,280 Speaker 1: argued that she and the man that she helped were 208 00:13:53,400 --> 00:13:56,840 Speaker 1: both citizens under the provisions of the Dawes Act, which 209 00:13:56,920 --> 00:14:01,640 Speaker 1: predated the nineteen fifteen Alaska Native Citizenship Law. Both of 210 00:14:01,640 --> 00:14:06,280 Speaker 1: them were acquitted. Paul also represented Irene Jones, who was 211 00:14:06,320 --> 00:14:10,000 Speaker 1: barred from attending public school in Ketchikan, Alaska, under a 212 00:14:10,120 --> 00:14:14,600 Speaker 1: nineteen oh five segregation law. He filed a discrimination lawsuit 213 00:14:14,679 --> 00:14:19,200 Speaker 1: and he won. He also encouraged Alaska Natives to vote 214 00:14:19,240 --> 00:14:22,840 Speaker 1: and helped Alaska Natives who were not literate cast their votes, 215 00:14:23,280 --> 00:14:27,240 Speaker 1: including by making sample ballots and cardboard cutouts to show 216 00:14:27,280 --> 00:14:30,760 Speaker 1: which spaces to mark. I will say that last part 217 00:14:31,240 --> 00:14:36,920 Speaker 1: was controversial. In nineteen twenty four, President Calvin Coolidge signed 218 00:14:36,960 --> 00:14:41,600 Speaker 1: the Indian Citizenship Act into law. Under this law, all 219 00:14:41,720 --> 00:14:45,120 Speaker 1: Indigenous people born in the territorial limits of the United 220 00:14:45,120 --> 00:14:48,280 Speaker 1: States were citizens. We've talked about this law on the 221 00:14:48,320 --> 00:14:51,720 Speaker 1: show before and some of the controversies around it, including 222 00:14:51,760 --> 00:14:54,840 Speaker 1: that some of the Indigenous people who were affected by 223 00:14:54,880 --> 00:14:59,080 Speaker 1: it didn't want US citizenship. They wanted the United States 224 00:14:59,160 --> 00:15:02,840 Speaker 1: to respect their their tribal citizenship and their tribal sovereignty 225 00:15:03,840 --> 00:15:08,720 Speaker 1: in Alaska territory. This law settled that whole question of 226 00:15:08,760 --> 00:15:12,560 Speaker 1: whether Alaska Native people were US citizens. That got rid 227 00:15:12,600 --> 00:15:15,560 Speaker 1: of all of the requirements to assimilate in order to 228 00:15:15,560 --> 00:15:18,720 Speaker 1: be considered citizens. If they were born in Alaska, they 229 00:15:18,760 --> 00:15:23,600 Speaker 1: were US citizens. There were non Indigenous people in Alaska, 230 00:15:23,680 --> 00:15:27,800 Speaker 1: who found this threatening. Huge numbers of people had moved 231 00:15:27,840 --> 00:15:31,560 Speaker 1: to Alaska during the Klondike Gold Rush, but Native people 232 00:15:31,640 --> 00:15:35,040 Speaker 1: still made up about forty percent of the territory's population. 233 00:15:36,160 --> 00:15:40,920 Speaker 1: In some communities, Alaska Natives were in the majority. As citizens, 234 00:15:40,960 --> 00:15:43,440 Speaker 1: they had the right to vote, which made them potentially 235 00:15:43,560 --> 00:15:45,280 Speaker 1: a major political power. 236 00:15:46,280 --> 00:15:49,800 Speaker 2: So in nineteen twenty five, before most of those folks 237 00:15:49,800 --> 00:15:52,520 Speaker 2: got to register to vote and exercise and right to vote, 238 00:15:52,880 --> 00:15:57,080 Speaker 2: the Alaska Territorial Legislature passed a law requiring that people 239 00:15:57,160 --> 00:15:59,920 Speaker 2: had to be able to read and write in English 240 00:16:00,080 --> 00:16:03,200 Speaker 2: in order to vote. Debate around the law made it 241 00:16:03,400 --> 00:16:06,040 Speaker 2: very clear that its purpose was to try to keep 242 00:16:06,080 --> 00:16:09,480 Speaker 2: Alaska Native people from voting since a lot of them 243 00:16:09,480 --> 00:16:12,400 Speaker 2: didn't know how to read. This sounds a lot like 244 00:16:12,480 --> 00:16:15,000 Speaker 2: the literacy tests that were used to try to prevent 245 00:16:15,080 --> 00:16:17,800 Speaker 2: black people from voting after the passage of the Fifteenth 246 00:16:17,840 --> 00:16:22,120 Speaker 2: Amendment to the Constitution. Because it was this law remained 247 00:16:22,120 --> 00:16:25,200 Speaker 2: in place until the Voting Rights Act of nineteen sixty five. 248 00:16:26,440 --> 00:16:31,480 Speaker 2: There were other similarities between discrimination and racism Alaska Natives 249 00:16:31,480 --> 00:16:35,000 Speaker 2: were facing and the Jim Crow segregation of other parts 250 00:16:35,040 --> 00:16:38,520 Speaker 2: of the United States, and that finally brings us to 251 00:16:38,560 --> 00:16:43,720 Speaker 2: Elizabeth Perretrovitch. She was born in Petersburg, Alaska, on July fourth, 252 00:16:43,840 --> 00:16:47,720 Speaker 2: nineteen eleven. Her birth parents were not married, and her 253 00:16:47,760 --> 00:16:51,680 Speaker 2: birth mother turned to the Salvation Army for help. They 254 00:16:51,800 --> 00:16:55,480 Speaker 2: arranged an adoption, and Elizabeth Jean was adopted by Andrew 255 00:16:55,560 --> 00:16:59,520 Speaker 2: and Jene Wannamaker. They lived in Sitka, not far away 256 00:16:59,520 --> 00:17:02,480 Speaker 2: from where Elizabeth was born. She didn't know she had 257 00:17:02,480 --> 00:17:04,879 Speaker 2: been adopted until she was an adult, and a minister 258 00:17:05,000 --> 00:17:07,280 Speaker 2: contacted her to let her know that her birth mother 259 00:17:07,359 --> 00:17:12,000 Speaker 2: had died. Andrew was a fisherman and a Presbyterian minister. 260 00:17:12,240 --> 00:17:15,399 Speaker 2: He's described as both a lay minister and as a missionary. 261 00:17:16,280 --> 00:17:18,800 Speaker 2: Jean was a basket weaver and was also part of 262 00:17:18,840 --> 00:17:23,119 Speaker 2: Andrew's religious work. They spoke both cling It and English, 263 00:17:23,160 --> 00:17:26,919 Speaker 2: and Elizabeth grew up speaking both languages and was raised 264 00:17:26,920 --> 00:17:31,320 Speaker 2: in a largely traditional cling It way of life. Elizabeth 265 00:17:31,440 --> 00:17:34,080 Speaker 2: also learned to speak and tell stories, both of which 266 00:17:34,119 --> 00:17:36,399 Speaker 2: are culturally very important to the ling It. 267 00:17:37,280 --> 00:17:39,680 Speaker 1: When she was ten, the family moved to the town 268 00:17:39,720 --> 00:17:44,399 Speaker 1: of klook like Petersburg and Sitka. This is in southeastern Alaska, 269 00:17:44,480 --> 00:17:47,280 Speaker 1: south of Juno in the Archipelago, to the west of 270 00:17:47,320 --> 00:17:52,640 Speaker 1: British Columbia, Canada. As she got older, Elizabeth became increasingly 271 00:17:52,760 --> 00:17:56,160 Speaker 1: aware of the ways in which Alaska Natives faced discrimination 272 00:17:56,640 --> 00:18:01,040 Speaker 1: and racism, both through her own experiences and the examples 273 00:18:01,080 --> 00:18:04,720 Speaker 1: her parents set for her. Andrew Wannamaker was one of 274 00:18:04,800 --> 00:18:08,199 Speaker 1: the earliest members of the Alaska Native Brotherhood, and he 275 00:18:08,320 --> 00:18:10,080 Speaker 1: was named an honorary founder. 276 00:18:11,200 --> 00:18:15,040 Speaker 2: Elizabeth attended a boarding school for Native children, and eventually 277 00:18:15,080 --> 00:18:18,120 Speaker 2: the family moved to Ketchikan, where she attended Ketchikan High 278 00:18:18,160 --> 00:18:21,640 Speaker 2: School because it had been integrated through that earlier lawsuit. 279 00:18:22,520 --> 00:18:25,280 Speaker 2: That is where she met Roy Paratrovitch, whose mother was 280 00:18:25,359 --> 00:18:27,520 Speaker 2: Klinge and whose father was Yugoslavian. 281 00:18:28,560 --> 00:18:32,080 Speaker 1: Elizabeth and Roy both wanted to become teachers, so after 282 00:18:32,119 --> 00:18:35,359 Speaker 1: they graduated from high school in nineteen thirty one, they 283 00:18:35,400 --> 00:18:39,200 Speaker 1: went to Bellingham Normal School in Washington, but they weren't 284 00:18:39,240 --> 00:18:42,639 Speaker 1: able to finish their teaching program because of money. This 285 00:18:42,840 --> 00:18:44,919 Speaker 1: was just a couple of years into the Great Depression. 286 00:18:45,880 --> 00:18:49,240 Speaker 1: They returned to Alaska and they got married on December fifteenth, 287 00:18:49,359 --> 00:18:52,480 Speaker 1: nineteen thirty one. They would go on to have three 288 00:18:52,600 --> 00:18:56,960 Speaker 1: children together, Roy Junior, Frank, and Loretta Marie, who was 289 00:18:57,040 --> 00:18:57,760 Speaker 1: known as Lori. 290 00:18:59,119 --> 00:19:02,240 Speaker 2: After getting married, married, Elizabeth and Roy moved back to 291 00:19:02,320 --> 00:19:07,040 Speaker 2: Kluwok and Kluok coincidentally, maybe not really coincidentally, it became 292 00:19:07,160 --> 00:19:11,159 Speaker 2: national news in nineteen thirty two after a local election 293 00:19:11,359 --> 00:19:14,720 Speaker 2: in which six people who all had the last name Peratrovich, 294 00:19:15,000 --> 00:19:18,640 Speaker 2: were all elected to public office. One of those was Roy, 295 00:19:18,800 --> 00:19:22,639 Speaker 2: who was elected mayor and served for four terms. He 296 00:19:22,720 --> 00:19:26,480 Speaker 2: also became president of his local Alaska Native Brotherhood camp, 297 00:19:26,560 --> 00:19:30,680 Speaker 2: and Elizabeth was active in the Alaska Native Sisterhood For. 298 00:19:30,680 --> 00:19:34,160 Speaker 1: About the next decade. Elizabeth and Roy raised their children 299 00:19:34,359 --> 00:19:37,879 Speaker 1: and worked to help their community. In addition to serving 300 00:19:37,880 --> 00:19:41,359 Speaker 1: as mayor, Roy was also a police officer, chief clerk, 301 00:19:41,560 --> 00:19:45,920 Speaker 1: and postmaster. He did some of these jobs simultaneously, which 302 00:19:45,960 --> 00:19:48,840 Speaker 1: is a lot, but Klok also had a population of 303 00:19:48,880 --> 00:19:51,480 Speaker 1: about four hundred people, so there were a lot of 304 00:19:51,520 --> 00:19:54,640 Speaker 1: people that were juggling multiple roles in a similar way. 305 00:19:55,640 --> 00:19:58,719 Speaker 1: Over the years, they both became leaders in the anb 306 00:19:58,840 --> 00:20:02,840 Speaker 1: and Ans. They did a variety of advocacy and community work, 307 00:20:03,200 --> 00:20:07,960 Speaker 1: including delivering food to needy families at Thanksgiving and Christmas. 308 00:20:08,520 --> 00:20:12,320 Speaker 2: By about nineteen forty, the Paratrovitches decided they could have 309 00:20:12,400 --> 00:20:15,880 Speaker 2: a bigger impact if they moved to Juneo, which had 310 00:20:15,880 --> 00:20:18,600 Speaker 2: a population of about six thousand people and was the 311 00:20:18,640 --> 00:20:22,600 Speaker 2: capital of Alaska Territory, but they had trouble finding a 312 00:20:22,600 --> 00:20:26,480 Speaker 2: place to live there. There were landlords who wouldn't rent 313 00:20:26,520 --> 00:20:30,320 Speaker 2: to anybody who wasn't white. Properties that were for sale 314 00:20:30,400 --> 00:20:33,800 Speaker 2: often had racially restrictive covenants that had the same effect. 315 00:20:34,680 --> 00:20:38,280 Speaker 2: This mostly applied to Alaska Natives, but there were also 316 00:20:38,400 --> 00:20:42,800 Speaker 2: black Alaskans and Filipinos who were facing similar circumstances, especially 317 00:20:42,840 --> 00:20:44,960 Speaker 2: in Alaska's larger cities and towns. 318 00:20:45,840 --> 00:20:48,600 Speaker 1: They also had to fight to get their children enrolled 319 00:20:48,640 --> 00:20:52,359 Speaker 1: at a public school in Juneo. The details of this 320 00:20:52,480 --> 00:20:56,000 Speaker 1: are not clear, but according to family accounts, there was 321 00:20:56,040 --> 00:20:59,280 Speaker 1: a public school for white children only about a block 322 00:20:59,320 --> 00:21:02,800 Speaker 1: from the home that they finally found. The nearest school 323 00:21:02,880 --> 00:21:06,000 Speaker 1: for Native children was farther away, and Elizabeth thought they 324 00:21:06,000 --> 00:21:08,560 Speaker 1: would get a better education at the school that was 325 00:21:08,560 --> 00:21:12,879 Speaker 1: closer to their home. She convinced the superintendent to allow 326 00:21:12,960 --> 00:21:16,160 Speaker 1: her children to enroll, and the chair of the school 327 00:21:16,240 --> 00:21:20,879 Speaker 1: board resigned in protest. Roy Junior was the first Native 328 00:21:20,960 --> 00:21:26,520 Speaker 1: child to be enrolled in Juno's public schools. Japan bombed 329 00:21:26,560 --> 00:21:30,240 Speaker 1: the US naval Base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on December seventh, 330 00:21:30,359 --> 00:21:34,320 Speaker 1: nineteen forty one, leading the United States to become directly 331 00:21:34,359 --> 00:21:38,480 Speaker 1: involved in World War Two. At first, the US military 332 00:21:38,560 --> 00:21:42,199 Speaker 1: didn't pay a lot of increased attention to Alaska, but 333 00:21:42,400 --> 00:21:46,280 Speaker 1: a lot of Alaska Natives expressed interest in enlisting or 334 00:21:46,359 --> 00:21:50,160 Speaker 1: tried to enlist. This would eventually lead to the establishment 335 00:21:50,200 --> 00:21:54,280 Speaker 1: of the Alaska Territorial Guard in nineteen forty two, and 336 00:21:54,359 --> 00:21:57,840 Speaker 1: more than sixty three hundred Alaska Natives from one hundred 337 00:21:57,880 --> 00:22:03,320 Speaker 1: and seven different communitiesolunteered to serve. We aren't really getting 338 00:22:03,320 --> 00:22:06,840 Speaker 1: into World War two's impact on Alaska, including the forced 339 00:22:06,880 --> 00:22:10,440 Speaker 1: evacuation of Native people from the Aleutian Islands after a 340 00:22:10,520 --> 00:22:14,960 Speaker 1: Japanese attack and the horrifying conditions that they faced afterward, 341 00:22:15,400 --> 00:22:18,359 Speaker 1: but the willingness of Alaska Natives to serve in the 342 00:22:18,480 --> 00:22:23,320 Speaker 1: US military became part of Elizabeth and Roy Paratrovitch's equal 343 00:22:23,400 --> 00:22:28,480 Speaker 1: rights advocacy. On December thirtieth, nineteen forty one, Roy, who 344 00:22:28,520 --> 00:22:31,600 Speaker 1: was Grand President of the A and B, and Elizabeth, 345 00:22:31,600 --> 00:22:34,639 Speaker 1: who was Grand Vice President of the ANS, wrote a 346 00:22:34,760 --> 00:22:39,160 Speaker 1: letter to Alaska Territorial Governor Ernest Greening about the Douglas 347 00:22:39,240 --> 00:22:43,399 Speaker 1: Inn in Douglas, Alaska. The inn had a sign in 348 00:22:43,440 --> 00:22:48,919 Speaker 1: the window that read no Natives Aloud. The paratrovichs asked 349 00:22:48,960 --> 00:22:52,359 Speaker 1: Greening if he thought that was un American, especially considering 350 00:22:52,400 --> 00:22:55,959 Speaker 1: that Alaska Natives were paying school taxes for schools they 351 00:22:55,960 --> 00:22:59,080 Speaker 1: were often not allowed to attend, and that young Native 352 00:22:59,119 --> 00:23:01,400 Speaker 1: men were being called to serve their country just as 353 00:23:01,440 --> 00:23:05,240 Speaker 1: white men were doing. They compared the discrimination Native people 354 00:23:05,320 --> 00:23:08,359 Speaker 1: were facing in Alaska to what Jewish people were facing 355 00:23:08,400 --> 00:23:12,240 Speaker 1: in Germany. They asked the governor to use his influence 356 00:23:12,320 --> 00:23:16,960 Speaker 1: to eliminate this discrimination, not just in Juneo or in Douglas, 357 00:23:17,080 --> 00:23:21,480 Speaker 1: but in the whole territory. Let's focus on ending discrimination 358 00:23:21,560 --> 00:23:24,960 Speaker 1: would be a big part of Elizabeth Piatrovitch's advocacy over 359 00:23:24,960 --> 00:23:27,199 Speaker 1: the next few years, which we'll talk about after a 360 00:23:27,200 --> 00:23:41,680 Speaker 1: sponsor break. President Franklin D. Roosevelt had appointed Ernest Greening 361 00:23:41,760 --> 00:23:46,359 Speaker 1: as Territorial Governor of Alaska in nineteen thirty nine. Before that, 362 00:23:46,440 --> 00:23:49,680 Speaker 1: he had served as Director of the Division of Territories 363 00:23:49,720 --> 00:23:53,080 Speaker 1: and Island Possessions in the Department of the Interior, where 364 00:23:53,080 --> 00:23:55,840 Speaker 1: he had tried to advocate for equal rights for Native 365 00:23:55,840 --> 00:24:01,040 Speaker 1: peoples in US territories, among other things. Nineteen forty he 366 00:24:01,160 --> 00:24:04,520 Speaker 1: was advocating for the passage of an anti discrimination bill 367 00:24:04,640 --> 00:24:08,959 Speaker 1: in Alaska. Some of the descriptions of Greening in the 368 00:24:09,000 --> 00:24:13,200 Speaker 1: context of this law sound almost glowing, depicting him as 369 00:24:13,240 --> 00:24:15,919 Speaker 1: a staunch defender of equal rights and a fighter for 370 00:24:16,000 --> 00:24:19,560 Speaker 1: the best interests of Alaska Native people. But as always, 371 00:24:19,840 --> 00:24:23,440 Speaker 1: there is a lot more nuance there. For example, earlier 372 00:24:23,480 --> 00:24:27,240 Speaker 1: we mentioned the Indian Reorganization Act of nineteen thirty four, 373 00:24:27,680 --> 00:24:30,280 Speaker 1: which didn't fully apply to Alaska Natives when it was 374 00:24:30,320 --> 00:24:34,160 Speaker 1: first passed. It was supposed to, but there were gaps. 375 00:24:35,040 --> 00:24:38,840 Speaker 1: Closing Those gaps involved the passage of the Alaska Reorganization 376 00:24:38,920 --> 00:24:43,119 Speaker 1: Act in nineteen thirty six, as well as redesignating land 377 00:24:43,200 --> 00:24:49,400 Speaker 1: the Alaska Native communities were occupying as reservations. The passage 378 00:24:49,400 --> 00:24:53,800 Speaker 1: of the Alaska Reorganization Act had followed activism by Alaska 379 00:24:53,880 --> 00:24:57,520 Speaker 1: Natives who saw land sovereignty as central to both their 380 00:24:57,560 --> 00:25:03,240 Speaker 1: autonomy and their citizenship that included William Paul. This did 381 00:25:03,280 --> 00:25:08,399 Speaker 1: not obviously have unanimous support among Alaska Natives by any means. 382 00:25:08,440 --> 00:25:13,760 Speaker 1: There are at least eleven distinct cultures among Alaska's Indigenous peoples. 383 00:25:14,560 --> 00:25:17,840 Speaker 2: None of those cultures is a monolith. Some of them 384 00:25:17,880 --> 00:25:20,919 Speaker 2: have very big differences in terms of way of life 385 00:25:20,960 --> 00:25:26,800 Speaker 2: and traditions. The establishment of reservations, for example, was really controversial. 386 00:25:27,200 --> 00:25:32,120 Speaker 2: Some Native activists were concerned that reservations would undermine their 387 00:25:32,160 --> 00:25:35,080 Speaker 2: work for equal rights or thought that there was some 388 00:25:35,480 --> 00:25:40,040 Speaker 2: other approach that should be followed regarding a native land autonomy. 389 00:25:40,920 --> 00:25:43,800 Speaker 2: But Greening, who was working for the Department of the 390 00:25:43,840 --> 00:25:48,240 Speaker 2: Interior at the time, disagreed with this on the grounds 391 00:25:48,280 --> 00:25:52,439 Speaker 2: that it would quote accentuate race prejudice and cleavage, and 392 00:25:52,520 --> 00:25:57,560 Speaker 2: he framed it as reverse discrimination against white people. He 393 00:25:57,640 --> 00:26:00,560 Speaker 2: was also very focused on the idea of so called 394 00:26:00,640 --> 00:26:04,879 Speaker 2: equality for Alaska Natives as ultimately leading to their having 395 00:26:05,440 --> 00:26:07,960 Speaker 2: full employment as wage laborers. 396 00:26:09,119 --> 00:26:13,480 Speaker 1: To return to the Non Discrimination Bill, Greening submitted a 397 00:26:13,560 --> 00:26:17,280 Speaker 1: draft to the Alaska Territorial legislature in nineteen forty three, 398 00:26:17,920 --> 00:26:21,720 Speaker 1: and the Alaska Native Brotherhood and Alaska Native Sisterhood started 399 00:26:21,800 --> 00:26:26,840 Speaker 1: organizing support for it. This included Elizabeth Piatrovitch, who was 400 00:26:27,000 --> 00:26:31,280 Speaker 1: unanimously elected Grand President of the ANS that same year. 401 00:26:32,640 --> 00:26:36,760 Speaker 2: That summer, she started traveling around Alaska, including by vote 402 00:26:36,760 --> 00:26:39,480 Speaker 2: and by plane, to talk to people about the bill 403 00:26:39,600 --> 00:26:43,240 Speaker 2: and to encourage Alaska Natives to vote. At this point, 404 00:26:43,280 --> 00:26:46,399 Speaker 2: her sons, Roy Junior and Frank were nine and six. 405 00:26:47,280 --> 00:26:50,280 Speaker 2: Her daughter Laurie was four and small enough to ride 406 00:26:50,320 --> 00:26:54,320 Speaker 2: on Elizabeth's lap while she traveled, but Baratrovitch had to 407 00:26:54,320 --> 00:26:57,800 Speaker 2: find somebody else to look after Roy Junior and Frank. 408 00:26:58,800 --> 00:27:01,119 Speaker 2: She knew a woman named Minny Field who ran a 409 00:27:01,119 --> 00:27:04,280 Speaker 2: small orphanage in Juno, and the boys stayed there for 410 00:27:04,400 --> 00:27:04,840 Speaker 2: the summer. 411 00:27:05,560 --> 00:27:09,520 Speaker 1: Paratrovitch said she knew Field as a kind woman, and 412 00:27:09,600 --> 00:27:12,360 Speaker 1: in his adult life. Roy Junior said that at first 413 00:27:12,760 --> 00:27:15,040 Speaker 1: he and his brother missed their family, but they knew 414 00:27:15,080 --> 00:27:18,600 Speaker 1: their parents were working on something important, and that summer 415 00:27:18,680 --> 00:27:22,359 Speaker 1: turned out to be something that he remembered fondly. After 416 00:27:22,400 --> 00:27:25,800 Speaker 1: Elizabeth returned from her summer of advocacy and outreach work, 417 00:27:26,040 --> 00:27:29,760 Speaker 1: the family reunited and moved in with her father, Andrew Wannamaker. 418 00:27:30,520 --> 00:27:33,240 Speaker 1: Her mother, Jean, had died in nineteen forty one. 419 00:27:34,400 --> 00:27:38,160 Speaker 2: In nineteen forty three, the equal rights bill was defeated 420 00:27:38,240 --> 00:27:40,800 Speaker 2: in the Alaska House with a vote of eight to eight, 421 00:27:40,960 --> 00:27:45,440 Speaker 2: and its supporters vowed to try again. The following year, 422 00:27:45,680 --> 00:27:51,800 Speaker 2: Congress authorized a reapportionment of Alaska Territories Legislature, and as 423 00:27:51,800 --> 00:27:54,760 Speaker 2: a result of that, the size of both houses of 424 00:27:54,800 --> 00:27:58,760 Speaker 2: the legislature doubled. Greening sent a letter to the Alaska 425 00:27:58,840 --> 00:28:02,480 Speaker 2: Native Brotherhood in encouraging Alaska Natives to run for these 426 00:28:02,600 --> 00:28:08,160 Speaker 2: newly expanded seats, and two tlangettmen were elected, Andrew Hope 427 00:28:08,160 --> 00:28:11,320 Speaker 2: of Sitka and Frank Peratrovit. She was Roy's brother. 428 00:28:12,400 --> 00:28:16,000 Speaker 1: As all of this was happening, sixteen year old Alberta 429 00:28:16,040 --> 00:28:21,000 Speaker 1: Shank started publicly pushing back against segregation in Nome, almost 430 00:28:21,040 --> 00:28:24,800 Speaker 1: on the other side of Alaska from Juno. Alberta's father 431 00:28:25,080 --> 00:28:28,560 Speaker 1: was white and her mother was Native. She worked at 432 00:28:28,640 --> 00:28:32,159 Speaker 1: Nome's Dream Theater, where part of her job was enforcing 433 00:28:32,240 --> 00:28:36,640 Speaker 1: its segregated seating. She was fired after complaining to her 434 00:28:36,680 --> 00:28:40,600 Speaker 1: boss about this discrimination. She wrote an essay about it, 435 00:28:40,640 --> 00:28:43,040 Speaker 1: which she sent to the editor of the Nome Nugget, 436 00:28:43,200 --> 00:28:46,080 Speaker 1: where it was published on March fourth, nineteen forty four. 437 00:28:47,200 --> 00:28:50,479 Speaker 1: Alberta noted how many Native people were serving in the 438 00:28:50,520 --> 00:28:53,840 Speaker 1: war and donating to the Red Cross. Her father was 439 00:28:53,840 --> 00:28:55,880 Speaker 1: a veteran and she had two brothers who were in 440 00:28:55,960 --> 00:29:00,200 Speaker 1: active service. She also pointed out that the theater was 441 00:29:00,240 --> 00:29:03,840 Speaker 1: willing to take customers' money while treating them differently based 442 00:29:03,840 --> 00:29:06,800 Speaker 1: on whether they were white. A couple of days after 443 00:29:06,800 --> 00:29:09,240 Speaker 1: this letter was published, she went to the theater with 444 00:29:09,320 --> 00:29:11,480 Speaker 1: a white date who was a sergeant in the army. 445 00:29:12,080 --> 00:29:15,040 Speaker 1: They sat in the white section, and Alberta was arrested 446 00:29:15,120 --> 00:29:19,000 Speaker 1: and spent a night in jail. The Paratrovitch has heard 447 00:29:19,040 --> 00:29:21,640 Speaker 1: about this, and it became part of their advocacy for 448 00:29:21,680 --> 00:29:24,800 Speaker 1: the Equal Rights Bill, which was reintroduced in the Alaska 449 00:29:24,880 --> 00:29:30,080 Speaker 1: legislature in nineteen forty five. Elizabeth and Roy also advocated 450 00:29:30,120 --> 00:29:34,000 Speaker 1: for both major political parties in Alaska to include non 451 00:29:34,000 --> 00:29:39,280 Speaker 1: discrimination in their party platforms. They formed alliances with labor unions, 452 00:29:39,320 --> 00:29:43,280 Speaker 1: supporting the union's efforts if the union supported equal rights. 453 00:29:44,160 --> 00:29:48,440 Speaker 1: Elizabeth also developed a strategy for her conversations with legislators. 454 00:29:49,320 --> 00:29:51,440 Speaker 1: She'd make an appointment to speak with one of them, 455 00:29:51,560 --> 00:29:54,120 Speaker 1: and then show up with at least three other women 456 00:29:54,560 --> 00:29:57,240 Speaker 1: who would all make their case together and back each 457 00:29:57,280 --> 00:29:57,880 Speaker 1: other up. 458 00:29:59,120 --> 00:30:02,760 Speaker 2: The Non Discriminate Nation Bill easily passed the Alaska House 459 00:30:02,800 --> 00:30:06,440 Speaker 2: in early nineteen forty five, but there was resistance in 460 00:30:06,480 --> 00:30:10,560 Speaker 2: the Senate, where it was debated. On February fifth, Senator 461 00:30:10,600 --> 00:30:14,200 Speaker 2: Frank Whaley called it quote a lawyer's dream and a 462 00:30:14,320 --> 00:30:19,600 Speaker 2: natural in creating hard feelings between whites and natives. Senator 463 00:30:19,640 --> 00:30:24,600 Speaker 2: Alan Shattuck said, quote, the races should be kept farther apart. 464 00:30:25,200 --> 00:30:27,920 Speaker 2: Who are these people barely out of savagery, who want 465 00:30:27,960 --> 00:30:31,160 Speaker 2: to associate with us whites with five thousand years of 466 00:30:31,240 --> 00:30:33,040 Speaker 2: recorded civilization behind us. 467 00:30:34,400 --> 00:30:38,400 Speaker 1: Roy Peratrovitch was called to speak. He pointed out that 468 00:30:38,440 --> 00:30:42,520 Speaker 1: the governor had recognized the existence of discrimination in Alaska, 469 00:30:42,560 --> 00:30:46,880 Speaker 1: and that the Alaska Democratic Party had included anti discrimination 470 00:30:47,080 --> 00:30:51,120 Speaker 1: as a platform plank at its convention in Fairbanks. He 471 00:30:51,160 --> 00:30:54,360 Speaker 1: concluded by saying, quote, only an Indian can know how 472 00:30:54,360 --> 00:30:57,600 Speaker 1: it feels to be discriminated against. Either you are for 473 00:30:57,760 --> 00:31:01,480 Speaker 1: discrimination or you are against it. Accordingly as you vote 474 00:31:01,480 --> 00:31:03,000 Speaker 1: on this bill. 475 00:31:03,160 --> 00:31:06,560 Speaker 2: Elizabeth Paratrovitch, who was thirty four at the time, was 476 00:31:06,720 --> 00:31:09,840 Speaker 2: in the gallery with Lorie Knitting, and she was the 477 00:31:09,920 --> 00:31:13,800 Speaker 2: last speaker of the day. Her exact words aren't actually 478 00:31:13,840 --> 00:31:17,479 Speaker 2: recorded anywhere. Shouldn't leave a copy of her speech, and 479 00:31:17,720 --> 00:31:20,560 Speaker 2: newspapers of the day had some quotes from it, But 480 00:31:20,920 --> 00:31:24,440 Speaker 2: most of the quotations that you see today are from 481 00:31:24,600 --> 00:31:28,560 Speaker 2: a memoir that Governor Greening wrote that was written decades later, 482 00:31:28,720 --> 00:31:31,240 Speaker 2: and he said that he wrote her speech in that 483 00:31:31,360 --> 00:31:36,160 Speaker 2: memoir from his memory. According to Greening's account, when she 484 00:31:36,200 --> 00:31:40,280 Speaker 2: addressed the Assembly, Paratrovitch referred to what Senator Shattuck had said, 485 00:31:40,360 --> 00:31:43,800 Speaker 2: saying quote, I would not have expected that I, who 486 00:31:43,840 --> 00:31:46,720 Speaker 2: have barely out of savagery, would have to remind the 487 00:31:46,800 --> 00:31:50,280 Speaker 2: gentleman with five thousand years of recorded civilization behind them, 488 00:31:50,800 --> 00:31:55,000 Speaker 2: of our bill of rights. When Shaddock asked her if 489 00:31:55,040 --> 00:31:58,440 Speaker 2: she thought this bill would stop discrimination, she answered, quote, 490 00:31:58,480 --> 00:32:02,880 Speaker 2: do your laws against larsony and even murder prevent those crimes? 491 00:32:03,640 --> 00:32:07,480 Speaker 2: No law will eliminate crimes, but at least you, as 492 00:32:07,600 --> 00:32:11,840 Speaker 2: legislators can assert to the world that you recognize the 493 00:32:12,000 --> 00:32:15,240 Speaker 2: evil of the present situation and speak to your intent 494 00:32:15,360 --> 00:32:20,880 Speaker 2: to help us overcome discrimination. Multiple newspapers reported that the 495 00:32:21,040 --> 00:32:24,560 Speaker 2: end of Paratrovich's speech was met with great applause in 496 00:32:24,600 --> 00:32:28,960 Speaker 2: the chamber. The anti discrimination bill passed the Alaska Senate 497 00:32:28,960 --> 00:32:31,640 Speaker 2: with a vote of eleven to five, and the governor 498 00:32:31,720 --> 00:32:35,480 Speaker 2: signed it into law on February sixteenth, nineteen forty five. 499 00:32:36,480 --> 00:32:40,080 Speaker 2: Elizabeth and Roy Poratrovich were both there, and Greening gave 500 00:32:40,080 --> 00:32:43,160 Speaker 2: Elizabeth the pen that he signed it with, saying it 501 00:32:43,240 --> 00:32:47,040 Speaker 2: never would have passed without her. Section one of this 502 00:32:47,120 --> 00:32:50,120 Speaker 2: bill read quote, All citizens shall be entitled to the 503 00:32:50,240 --> 00:32:55,680 Speaker 2: full and equal enjoyment of accommodations, advantages, facilities, and privileges 504 00:32:55,720 --> 00:33:00,960 Speaker 2: of public inns, restaurants, eating houses, hotels, to fountains, soft 505 00:33:01,040 --> 00:33:08,360 Speaker 2: drink parlors, taverns, roadhouses, barber shops, beauty parlors, bathroom rest houses, theaters, 506 00:33:08,520 --> 00:33:14,080 Speaker 2: skating rinks, cafes, ice cream parlors, transportation companies, and all 507 00:33:14,200 --> 00:33:18,240 Speaker 2: other conveyances and amusements, subject only to the conditions and 508 00:33:18,320 --> 00:33:23,520 Speaker 2: limitations established by law and applicable alike to all citizens. 509 00:33:24,760 --> 00:33:29,040 Speaker 1: And Section two reads quote. Any person who shall violate, 510 00:33:29,240 --> 00:33:32,320 Speaker 1: or aid or incite a violation of said full and 511 00:33:32,400 --> 00:33:36,760 Speaker 1: equal enjoyment, or any person who shall display any printed 512 00:33:36,920 --> 00:33:41,000 Speaker 1: or written sign indicating a discrimination on racial grounds of 513 00:33:41,040 --> 00:33:44,800 Speaker 1: said full and equal enjoyment, for each day for which 514 00:33:44,960 --> 00:33:48,920 Speaker 1: said sign is displayed, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, 515 00:33:48,960 --> 00:33:52,880 Speaker 1: and upon conviction thereof, shall be punished by imprisonment in 516 00:33:52,960 --> 00:33:56,480 Speaker 1: jail for not more than thirty days, or fined not 517 00:33:56,560 --> 00:33:59,520 Speaker 1: more than two hundred and fifty dollars, or boats. 518 00:34:00,960 --> 00:34:04,240 Speaker 2: After the bill was signed into law, Elizabeth and Roy 519 00:34:04,320 --> 00:34:07,720 Speaker 2: went to the Baranoff Hotel to celebrate. According to Roy 520 00:34:07,800 --> 00:34:11,200 Speaker 2: Junior's account, this was a hotel they had previously been 521 00:34:11,280 --> 00:34:12,960 Speaker 2: barred from because they were Native. 522 00:34:13,920 --> 00:34:16,360 Speaker 1: In nineteen forty six, Roy went to work for the 523 00:34:16,400 --> 00:34:19,600 Speaker 1: Alaska Native Service in Juneo, which was part of the 524 00:34:19,640 --> 00:34:24,680 Speaker 1: Bureau of Indian Affairs. Elizabeth continued her advocacy for Alaska 525 00:34:24,760 --> 00:34:27,920 Speaker 1: Natives and became a field reporter for the National Congress 526 00:34:27,920 --> 00:34:31,480 Speaker 1: of American Indians. She served as a representative to the 527 00:34:31,520 --> 00:34:35,440 Speaker 1: Congress and a member of its executive committee. 528 00:34:35,520 --> 00:34:39,760 Speaker 2: By nineteen forty eight, the Alaska Native Brotherhood's Constitution reflected 529 00:34:39,800 --> 00:34:44,640 Speaker 2: an updated purpose, adding quote to commemorate the fine qualities 530 00:34:44,640 --> 00:34:49,520 Speaker 2: of the Native races of North America, to preserve their history, law, art, 531 00:34:49,719 --> 00:34:54,360 Speaker 2: and virtues, to cultivate the morality, education, commerce, and civil 532 00:34:54,400 --> 00:34:58,600 Speaker 2: government of Alaska. To improve individual and municipal health and 533 00:34:58,680 --> 00:35:03,200 Speaker 2: laboring conditions. And to create a true respect in Natives 534 00:35:03,239 --> 00:35:06,000 Speaker 2: and in other persons with whom they deal for the 535 00:35:06,080 --> 00:35:09,440 Speaker 2: letter and spirit of the Declaration of Independence and the 536 00:35:09,480 --> 00:35:14,479 Speaker 2: Constitution and Laws of the United States. In nineteen fifty four, 537 00:35:14,760 --> 00:35:18,520 Speaker 2: Roy accepted a Bureau of Indian Affairs position in Oklahoma, 538 00:35:18,840 --> 00:35:22,719 Speaker 2: and the family moved there, but not long after, Elizabeth 539 00:35:22,800 --> 00:35:25,640 Speaker 2: learned that she had breast cancer and they returned to Juneo. 540 00:35:26,640 --> 00:35:29,840 Speaker 2: She did not stop her work, though, she attended the 541 00:35:29,920 --> 00:35:33,800 Speaker 2: Race Relations Institute at Fisk University in nineteen fifty six, 542 00:35:34,080 --> 00:35:35,920 Speaker 2: where she was part of a panel in which she 543 00:35:36,040 --> 00:35:39,880 Speaker 2: talked about all the organizational strategies that the anb and 544 00:35:40,000 --> 00:35:45,200 Speaker 2: Ans had used while fighting for the anti discrimination bill. 545 00:35:45,280 --> 00:35:48,040 Speaker 2: In the spring of nineteen fifty eight, Elizabeth and Roy 546 00:35:48,120 --> 00:35:51,320 Speaker 2: went to Washington, d c. To talk to officials about 547 00:35:51,360 --> 00:35:56,160 Speaker 2: adult education and rural resource development projects in Alaska. They 548 00:35:56,239 --> 00:35:59,600 Speaker 2: also worked with Bureau of Indian Affairs officials on ways 549 00:35:59,600 --> 00:36:02,480 Speaker 2: to help Alaska Native people who were struggling in the 550 00:36:02,480 --> 00:36:05,520 Speaker 2: wake of a decline in Alaska's fishing industry, and on 551 00:36:05,640 --> 00:36:10,960 Speaker 2: issues of land ownership and mineral rights. Eventually, Elizabeth was 552 00:36:10,960 --> 00:36:14,760 Speaker 2: admitted to a hospital in Seattle, Washington for cancer treatment. 553 00:36:15,560 --> 00:36:18,560 Speaker 2: Roy Junior was living there, so she had family nearby, 554 00:36:19,080 --> 00:36:21,879 Speaker 2: but Roy Senior stayed in Juno so that Lori could 555 00:36:21,880 --> 00:36:26,840 Speaker 2: finish high school. Elizabeth Paratrovitch died on December one, nineteen 556 00:36:26,880 --> 00:36:29,840 Speaker 2: fifty eight, at the age of forty seven. She was 557 00:36:29,880 --> 00:36:34,439 Speaker 2: buried in Juno's Evergreen Cemetery. Roy Senior was buried there 558 00:36:34,440 --> 00:36:37,279 Speaker 2: with her after his death in nineteen eighty nine at 559 00:36:37,320 --> 00:36:41,720 Speaker 2: the age of seventy nine. Although Elizabeth has become well 560 00:36:41,760 --> 00:36:45,160 Speaker 2: known for her speech in favor of the Anti Discrimination Bill, 561 00:36:45,760 --> 00:36:48,680 Speaker 2: she and Roy Senior were both activists for equal rights 562 00:36:48,719 --> 00:36:53,320 Speaker 2: for Alaska Native people, more broadly, for their whole lives. Really, 563 00:36:53,440 --> 00:36:57,440 Speaker 2: any news coverage about anything either of them did reference 564 00:36:57,520 --> 00:37:00,680 Speaker 2: their outstanding leadership in the Alaska Native Bulk Brotherhood an 565 00:37:00,719 --> 00:37:05,280 Speaker 2: Alaska Native sisterhood as adults. Their children also talked about 566 00:37:05,320 --> 00:37:08,719 Speaker 2: how the two of them were always a teen. Elizabeth 567 00:37:08,760 --> 00:37:12,719 Speaker 2: Paratrovich's story was rediscovered in the nineteen seventies, in part 568 00:37:12,719 --> 00:37:17,440 Speaker 2: because of Greening's writing. In nineteen eighty eight, February sixteenth, 569 00:37:17,480 --> 00:37:20,799 Speaker 2: the anniversary of the Anti Discrimination Bill being signed into law, 570 00:37:21,280 --> 00:37:26,239 Speaker 2: became the Alaska state holiday of Elizabeth Paratrovitch Day. This 571 00:37:26,400 --> 00:37:29,640 Speaker 2: was partially a response to the establishment of Martin Luther 572 00:37:29,719 --> 00:37:34,000 Speaker 2: King Junior Day as a federal holiday in nineteen eighty three. 573 00:37:34,239 --> 00:37:37,319 Speaker 2: There was a backlash against this holiday in Alaska. Some 574 00:37:37,400 --> 00:37:41,200 Speaker 2: of that backlash was straightforwardly racist, but some of it 575 00:37:41,360 --> 00:37:45,200 Speaker 2: was more related to a perception that King's work wasn't 576 00:37:45,360 --> 00:37:49,719 Speaker 2: really as relevant in Alaska, both because the black population 577 00:37:49,800 --> 00:37:54,760 Speaker 2: of Alaska was extremely small and because Alaska already had 578 00:37:54,840 --> 00:37:59,520 Speaker 2: an anti discrimination law before the civil rights movement. This 579 00:37:59,560 --> 00:38:03,799 Speaker 2: discussion became more intense after a proposal to rename an 580 00:38:03,960 --> 00:38:08,000 Speaker 2: arts center in Anchorage after him. There is plenty to 581 00:38:08,040 --> 00:38:11,680 Speaker 2: discuss around these ideas, including that King also worked for 582 00:38:11,719 --> 00:38:14,360 Speaker 2: the rights of working people and poor people. 583 00:38:15,120 --> 00:38:17,399 Speaker 1: But there's also just the fact that people wanted to 584 00:38:17,440 --> 00:38:22,200 Speaker 1: recognize a civil rights leader who was from Alaska. Dorothy 585 00:38:22,280 --> 00:38:25,400 Speaker 1: McKinley of the Alaska Native Sisterhood was a big part 586 00:38:25,480 --> 00:38:30,680 Speaker 1: of getting this recognition for Elizabeth Paratrovitch. Today, Elizabeth Paratrovitch 587 00:38:30,760 --> 00:38:33,080 Speaker 1: Day is not just about her, It is also a 588 00:38:33,120 --> 00:38:37,040 Speaker 1: call to action to continue fighting injustice. 589 00:38:37,280 --> 00:38:40,480 Speaker 2: In nineteen ninety two, Gallery B of the Alaska House 590 00:38:40,520 --> 00:38:44,799 Speaker 2: of Representatives Chamber was named for Elizabeth Paratrovitch. In two 591 00:38:44,840 --> 00:38:48,759 Speaker 2: thousand and eight, a bronze sculpture was unveiled in Paratrovitch 592 00:38:48,840 --> 00:38:52,560 Speaker 2: Park an Anchorage, called Flight of the Raven. This was 593 00:38:52,600 --> 00:38:56,160 Speaker 2: sculpted by Roy Paratrovitch Junior in honor of his parents, 594 00:38:56,280 --> 00:38:58,880 Speaker 2: and it referenced his mother as being part of the 595 00:38:58,960 --> 00:39:02,840 Speaker 2: Raven clan. In two thousand and nine, the story of 596 00:39:02,880 --> 00:39:07,080 Speaker 2: Alaska's anti discrimination bill was covered in the documentary for 597 00:39:07,200 --> 00:39:11,200 Speaker 2: the Rights of All Ending Jim Crow in Alaska. The 598 00:39:11,200 --> 00:39:14,640 Speaker 2: book Fighter in Velvet Gloves, which was written for teen readers, 599 00:39:14,760 --> 00:39:18,520 Speaker 2: was published in twenty nineteen. It was written by Annie 600 00:39:18,520 --> 00:39:24,000 Speaker 2: Boucheever with Roy Peratrovitch Junior. In twenty twenty, Elizabeth Piratrovitch 601 00:39:24,120 --> 00:39:27,480 Speaker 2: was featured on the Native American dollar coin and featured 602 00:39:27,520 --> 00:39:30,520 Speaker 2: in a Google doodle and a mural on the courthouse 603 00:39:30,520 --> 00:39:34,840 Speaker 2: in Petersburg, Alaska. Amural in juno of her was unveiled 604 00:39:34,840 --> 00:39:38,920 Speaker 2: in twenty twenty one. The Alaska Native Brotherhood and Alaska 605 00:39:39,000 --> 00:39:41,880 Speaker 2: Native Sisterhood still exist today. They are two of the 606 00:39:41,920 --> 00:39:47,160 Speaker 2: most long standing intertribal organizations in the United States. Of course, 607 00:39:47,560 --> 00:39:49,799 Speaker 2: they are very different in their focus from when they 608 00:39:49,800 --> 00:39:54,400 Speaker 2: were first established in the nineteen teens. In more recent years, 609 00:39:54,480 --> 00:39:58,359 Speaker 2: their mission, per their constitution is quote to better the 610 00:39:58,400 --> 00:40:01,640 Speaker 2: lives of Native people and their families. To fight for 611 00:40:01,719 --> 00:40:05,160 Speaker 2: civil rights and land rights for all Native people. To 612 00:40:05,320 --> 00:40:08,960 Speaker 2: share the cultural knowledge, wisdom, and artistic beauty of native 613 00:40:09,040 --> 00:40:13,400 Speaker 2: tribal societies and to strive for a spirit of brotherhood 614 00:40:13,440 --> 00:40:20,239 Speaker 2: and sisterhood among all people. And that's Elizabeth Parratrovitch. Do 615 00:40:20,320 --> 00:40:22,640 Speaker 2: you also have listener mail to wrap us up with? 616 00:40:23,120 --> 00:40:26,439 Speaker 2: I do. It's from Isabelle, and isabel wrote about something 617 00:40:26,440 --> 00:40:29,160 Speaker 2: that I meant to include in the Lisbon earthquake episode 618 00:40:29,200 --> 00:40:34,960 Speaker 2: and forgot, so Isabelle wrote, Hello, Holly and Tracy. I'd 619 00:40:35,000 --> 00:40:37,120 Speaker 2: like to thank you for your thoughtful approach to the 620 00:40:37,160 --> 00:40:39,719 Speaker 2: topics you take on, especially from the point of view 621 00:40:39,719 --> 00:40:42,759 Speaker 2: that understands ableism is a thing and is pervasive. It's 622 00:40:42,800 --> 00:40:45,120 Speaker 2: great to listen to a podcast where I don't have 623 00:40:45,120 --> 00:40:47,919 Speaker 2: to gird my loins for the inevitable ableism that many 624 00:40:47,960 --> 00:40:51,560 Speaker 2: don't address. That being said, it's not sence what inspired 625 00:40:51,600 --> 00:40:54,640 Speaker 2: me to write. I just finished listening to today's episode 626 00:40:54,640 --> 00:40:57,800 Speaker 2: on the Lisbon earthquake. As a Canadian who was born 627 00:40:57,880 --> 00:41:00,959 Speaker 2: in Portugal but immigrated as a young child, I don't 628 00:41:01,000 --> 00:41:03,480 Speaker 2: know a lot of Portuguese history, but this is one 629 00:41:03,520 --> 00:41:06,480 Speaker 2: event I'm quite familiar with, especially because my daughter did 630 00:41:06,480 --> 00:41:09,839 Speaker 2: a presentation about it in a first year university Portuguese 631 00:41:09,960 --> 00:41:14,680 Speaker 2: language class. One thing she learned was that the distinctive 632 00:41:14,760 --> 00:41:18,359 Speaker 2: blue and white tiles that cover buildings in Lisbon were 633 00:41:18,400 --> 00:41:21,840 Speaker 2: a Pumball initiative for fire proofing or at least fire 634 00:41:22,120 --> 00:41:26,000 Speaker 2: limiting in the rebuilding of Lisbon. Science and art combined 635 00:41:26,120 --> 00:41:30,200 Speaker 2: my happy place. On a personal note, at the rif 636 00:41:30,200 --> 00:41:32,919 Speaker 2: old age of fifty five, I started doing pottery last 637 00:41:33,000 --> 00:41:35,040 Speaker 2: year and it has become my hyper focus. Over the 638 00:41:35,120 --> 00:41:38,759 Speaker 2: last nine months, I've started decorating my pots with designs 639 00:41:38,760 --> 00:41:42,120 Speaker 2: that nod to those very traditional Portuguese tiles. It feels 640 00:41:42,320 --> 00:41:45,040 Speaker 2: like a bit of a homecoming for pet Tax. I've 641 00:41:45,080 --> 00:41:48,040 Speaker 2: attached a couple of photos of our current standard poodle, 642 00:41:48,120 --> 00:41:53,080 Speaker 2: our third cricket. What a great name. He is made 643 00:41:53,120 --> 00:41:56,000 Speaker 2: of joy and love, everything our family needs in this moment. 644 00:41:56,040 --> 00:41:58,240 Speaker 2: I've also attached a photo of one of my first 645 00:41:58,280 --> 00:42:02,000 Speaker 2: Portuguese inspired can dishes. Wishing you both all the best 646 00:42:02,320 --> 00:42:04,560 Speaker 2: as well as most moments of joy. Isabel. Thank you 647 00:42:04,640 --> 00:42:08,480 Speaker 2: Isabel for writing about those tiles. I did mean to 648 00:42:08,560 --> 00:42:12,560 Speaker 2: talk about the tile work that is part of the 649 00:42:13,080 --> 00:42:15,759 Speaker 2: rebuilding of Lisbon and is on so many of the 650 00:42:15,800 --> 00:42:18,239 Speaker 2: buildings there, and I just I just forgot to put 651 00:42:18,239 --> 00:42:22,120 Speaker 2: it in the line. We have a very cute, very 652 00:42:22,160 --> 00:42:25,880 Speaker 2: cute standard poodle in one of in one of in 653 00:42:25,920 --> 00:42:30,960 Speaker 2: one of these peak pictures, wearing both a harness and 654 00:42:31,040 --> 00:42:36,239 Speaker 2: a neckerchief. Incredibly cute. And this little piece of pottery 655 00:42:36,880 --> 00:42:40,800 Speaker 2: it's around it has the blue a blue flower floral design, 656 00:42:40,960 --> 00:42:43,680 Speaker 2: kind of a little stylized, a little flirty around it. 657 00:42:43,680 --> 00:42:48,680 Speaker 2: It looks like very pretty. Thank you so much Isabelle 658 00:42:48,719 --> 00:42:51,960 Speaker 2: for sending this and for sending the pictures. I would 659 00:42:52,880 --> 00:42:56,760 Speaker 2: give this dog, who's a very happy looking black standard poodle, 660 00:42:57,840 --> 00:42:58,560 Speaker 2: some head. 661 00:42:58,320 --> 00:43:00,480 Speaker 1: Scratches two hundred hisses. 662 00:43:05,239 --> 00:43:07,440 Speaker 2: So yes, thank you again for this email. If you 663 00:43:07,480 --> 00:43:10,120 Speaker 2: would like to write to us, we're at History Podcasts 664 00:43:10,200 --> 00:43:12,839 Speaker 2: at iHeartRadio dot com. If you would like to see 665 00:43:12,840 --> 00:43:14,799 Speaker 2: the show notes for the episodes, you can see our 666 00:43:14,840 --> 00:43:19,040 Speaker 2: website Missed Inhistory dot com and you can subscribe to 667 00:43:19,120 --> 00:43:21,640 Speaker 2: our show on the iHeartRadio app and anywhere else you'd 668 00:43:21,680 --> 00:43:29,279 Speaker 2: like to get your podcasts. Stuff you Missed in History 669 00:43:29,320 --> 00:43:33,680 Speaker 2: Class is a production of iHeartRadio. For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, 670 00:43:33,840 --> 00:43:37,359 Speaker 2: visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen 671 00:43:37,480 --> 00:43:38,719 Speaker 2: to your favorite shows.