Speaker 1: Guess what, mango, what's that? Will? I need to give
Speaker 1: you a heads up because I think I'm going to
Speaker 1: start using the word snollygastar a lot more of what snollygoster?
Speaker 1: You know, the term for an unprincipled but shrewd person.
Speaker 1: So I have no idea where you're talking about. Well,
Speaker 1: let's go back to two thousand three. Snolly gostar got
Speaker 1: kicked out of the dictionary, which is just ridiculous. So
Speaker 1: there was this huge campaign to bring it back. And
Speaker 1: the thing is, if enough people keep using it, the
Speaker 1: editor of the Webster's Dictionary said he'd consider adding it
Speaker 1: back in. In fact, the word chad was on the
Speaker 1: shortlist to get kicked out too, and then infamous Florida
Speaker 1: election debaccle occurred and suddenly the word was back. So
Speaker 1: what you're saying is we just have to interfere with
Speaker 1: an election or something similarly big to get the words
Speaker 1: snollygoster back into play. Yeah, I mean, you know, look,
Speaker 1: there there are no bad ideas and brainstorming, but getting
Speaker 1: a sneak peek at how the dictionary works is just
Speaker 1: part of today's show. Today we're diving into the weird
Speaker 1: world of reference from almanacs to encyclopedias, all to get
Speaker 1: a better look at the human fascination for cataloging knowledge
Speaker 1: in the delightfully skimmable way. So let's dig in, ye
Speaker 1: he their podcast listeners, Welcome to Part Time Genius. I'm
Speaker 1: Will Pearson and as always I'm joined by my good
Speaker 1: friend man guest Shot Ticketer. And on the other side
Speaker 1: of the soundproof glass the only person I know who's
Speaker 1: reading the Dictionary cover to cover, and actually he's already
Speaker 1: reviewed it on good Reads. That's our friend and producer
Speaker 1: Tristan McNeil. Yeah, and he actually gave it a scathing review.
Speaker 1: He found the whole thing disjointed, and uh, he didn't
Speaker 1: like how the art vark at the beginning of the
Speaker 1: book didn't show up later in the story. I get it,
Speaker 1: I get it. He's he's a pretty tough judge. Well,
Speaker 1: speaking of dictionaries, today's show is all about the weird
Speaker 1: world of reference books. You know, from a young age
Speaker 1: most of us are trained to turn to diction areas
Speaker 1: or the sauruses and all these other reference books for
Speaker 1: our linguistic and grammatical needs. But how did these exhaustive
Speaker 1: reference books come to be? Why are there so many
Speaker 1: competing versions? And just how relevant are they in today's
Speaker 1: increasingly digital world. So these are the kinds of questions
Speaker 1: we're gonna be tackling today, right, And the start things off,
Speaker 1: I thought we could look at the granddaddy of all
Speaker 1: reference books, the encyclopedia. So it's encyclopedia the oldest. Like people,
Speaker 1: it seems like people would have started with dictionaries though, right, yeah,
Speaker 1: that's what I would have guessed too. I mean, like
Speaker 1: the idea of cataloging all of the current words seems
Speaker 1: to be way easier than I don't know, like trying
Speaker 1: to record every single thing ever known. But that's not
Speaker 1: where humans chose to begin. So the first encyclopedias can
Speaker 1: be traced back to ancient Syria in twelve seventy b c.
Speaker 1: It wasn't called an encyclopedia in those days. In fact,
Speaker 1: the word encyclopedia didn't come in to use until the
Speaker 1: fifteen hundreds, and that word is a Latinized take on
Speaker 1: this ancient Greek phrase for general education. But the more
Speaker 1: interesting definition is literal one, which is training in a circle.
Speaker 1: So why a circle? I mean, were these encyclopedias around
Speaker 1: or something? No, so the circle was this common symbol
Speaker 1: for the liberal arts, like the seven areas of arts
Speaker 1: and sciences that were deemed necessary for making a well
Speaker 1: rounded person. All right, well, that's a good title, But
Speaker 1: it is funny to think of an encyclopedia as everything
Speaker 1: you need to know, especially when you consider some of
Speaker 1: the weird stuff that wound up in the really early ones.
Speaker 1: So what are you talking about. One of the most
Speaker 1: famous early encyclopedias is the one as symboled in the
Speaker 1: first century a d by the Roman naturalists Pliny the Elder,
Speaker 1: and it's full of information that's hilarious but maybe not
Speaker 1: so reputable. So despite calling his epic thirty seven book
Speaker 1: Encyclopedia the Historia Naturalists or natural history, Pliny had some
Speaker 1: questionable ideas about the inner workings of the human body,
Speaker 1: and one of the funniest examples is his woeful misunderstanding
Speaker 1: of women's bodies and specifically periods. So I'm going to
Speaker 1: read how he describes it. He says, on the approach
Speaker 1: of a woman in this state, seeds which you're touched
Speaker 1: by her comes sterile garden plants are parched up, and
Speaker 1: the fruit will fall from the tree beneath which she said,
Speaker 1: her very look will dim the brightness of mir hers,
Speaker 1: blunt the edge of steel, and take away the polish
Speaker 1: from ivory. A swarm of bees, if looked upon by her,
Speaker 1: will die immediately. Brass and iron will instantly become rusty
Speaker 1: and admit an offensive odor, while dogs, which may have
Speaker 1: tasted of the matter so discharged, are seized with madness,
Speaker 1: and their bite is venomous and incurable. Well, I don't
Speaker 1: know about you, but it sounds like Pliny was a
Speaker 1: real feminist. Had he even met a woman like it
Speaker 1: feels like it would be so easy to disprove all
Speaker 1: of the stuff I know. But that wasn't the only
Speaker 1: inaccuracy in Pliny's books, you know. For example, he provided
Speaker 1: one of the earliest descriptions of unicorns. So Pliny wrote,
Speaker 1: the unicorn is the fiercest animal, and it has said
Speaker 1: that it is impossible to capture one alive. It has
Speaker 1: the body of a horse, the head of a stag,
Speaker 1: the feet of an elephant, the tail of a boar,
Speaker 1: and a single black horn three ft long in the
Speaker 1: middle of its forehead. I'm glad you gave everyone like
Speaker 1: a definitive account of what a unicorn. Looks like the
Speaker 1: only party got right with the horn part right nailed
Speaker 1: it on that though, But really, I mean, I don't
Speaker 1: think we should pick on the Romans too much, because
Speaker 1: when Encyclopedia has finally made their leave to England in
Speaker 1: seventeen sixty eight, they were still cramed full of like
Speaker 1: terrible fictional entries. So seventeen sixty eight is actually the
Speaker 1: year the Encyclopedia Britannica was first made. It was assembled
Speaker 1: by three Scottish men and it consisted of just three
Speaker 1: volumes at the time. So nowadays the first edition is
Speaker 1: mostly interesting as kind of a record of people's priorities
Speaker 1: in the eighteenth century and just how little does line
Speaker 1: up with our own? So what do you mean by that?
Speaker 1: So the encyclopedia includes forty pages about horse disease, there
Speaker 1: is no information about children, and only four words on
Speaker 1: on the entry for women. Well, I mean, after that
Speaker 1: Pliny description, I'm almost afraid to ask, but what were
Speaker 1: those four words? It's it's super definitive the female of man.
Speaker 1: I mean, I guess I see what you mean about
Speaker 1: skewed priorities on this. I mean, it's ridiculous. They took
Speaker 1: the time to calculate the exact number of animal species
Speaker 1: that were on Noah's Ark, but they couldn't spend more
Speaker 1: than four words on half the human population. But did
Speaker 1: they really record how many animals were on Noah's Ark? Yeah,
Speaker 1: apparently there were a hundred seventy seven, which also doesn't
Speaker 1: seem right right. But there's some entries where, you know,
Speaker 1: you kind of have to give it to the Scots
Speaker 1: for creativity. So there's one for the cure of flatulence
Speaker 1: that they say consists of drinking cammill t and then uh,
Speaker 1: blowing pipe smoke up your bomb. Or the entry on
Speaker 1: Vermicelli noodles is amazing is described as a food and
Speaker 1: great vogue with the Italians due to its use as
Speaker 1: an aphrodisiac. Uh. You know, I was actually looking at
Speaker 1: this edition as well, and one of the entries I
Speaker 1: love from that first Encyclopedia Britannica is the one on California. Now,
Speaker 1: just for the record, the region wouldn't become a state
Speaker 1: for close to a hundred years after this publication, so
Speaker 1: really not much was known about it. But they didn't
Speaker 1: even bother to spell check the thing. So California is
Speaker 1: mistakenly spelled with two els. Also, it's referred to as
Speaker 1: quote a large country of the West Indies unknown whether
Speaker 1: it's an island or a peninsula or neither maybe, But
Speaker 1: I mean you kind of have to love their confidence,
Speaker 1: right And also as funny as accidental inaccuracies can be,
Speaker 1: I actually still prefer the intentional ones. And I know
Speaker 1: you and I have talked about this before, but editors
Speaker 1: of reference books sometimes include fake entries as a means
Speaker 1: of preventing plagiarism from their competitors. And the ideas if
Speaker 1: you use a made up word and then that subject
Speaker 1: appears in arrivals reference book, the originator can accuse the
Speaker 1: other of poaching the entries, you know, which qualifies as
Speaker 1: copyright infringement. Yeah, it's pretty crazy, and it is fascinating
Speaker 1: to follow these things that you know, I know, in
Speaker 1: an atlas they're called paper towns, you know, like the
Speaker 1: places that are made up on maps. But so how
Speaker 1: long has this been going on? So for at least
Speaker 1: a century. In dictionaries and encyclopedias that are called Mount Weasels,
Speaker 1: which comes from a phony entry in the nine edition
Speaker 1: of the New Columbia Encyclopedia. According to the original entry
Speaker 1: on her, Lillian Virginia mount Weasel was an American photographer
Speaker 1: who received a government grant to take pictures of rural mailboxes. Sadly,
Speaker 1: Lillian died in a freak explosion while an assignment, where
Speaker 1: the equally fictitious Combustibles magazine man This one's kind of
Speaker 1: a shame though, that this one shouldn't be made up.
Speaker 1: I would totally read Combustibles Magazine. I know me too.
Speaker 1: But Lillian's story does have a happy ending of sorts.
Speaker 1: Like her imaginary life has since been commemorated in the
Speaker 1: form of real Dictionary entries for the word mount weasel.
Speaker 1: That's pretty great, actually, I just pulled up a list
Speaker 1: of mount weasels here, and there's some really good ones
Speaker 1: out there. So we've got a Papula do balia, which
Speaker 1: was this made up Greco Roman sports similar to modern soccer.
Speaker 1: And this one actually maybe is my favorite. Esquavalience, which
Speaker 1: is defined as a purposeful error made to easily spot plagiarizers.
Speaker 1: I love that. I feel like I missed a calling
Speaker 1: just making up definitions for fake words, all right, So
Speaker 1: there's obviously a ton more we could say about encyclopedias.
Speaker 1: But since we're talking definitions, let's let's put the encyclopedia
Speaker 1: back on the shelf and spend some time with what's
Speaker 1: probably the most popular type of reference book, and that's,
Speaker 1: of course, dictionaries. Just like with the idea of assembling
Speaker 1: a compendium of knowledge, the concept of listing out all
Speaker 1: the words in a given language is one that dates
Speaker 1: back thousands of years. But for our purposes, let's stick
Speaker 1: with the modern period of dictionaries. You know, when the
Speaker 1: English version began cropping up around you know, say the
Speaker 1: seventeenth century or so. And why is that. Well, the
Speaker 1: number of words in the English language actually doubled between
Speaker 1: fifteen hundred and sixteen fifty, and this was largely due
Speaker 1: to the Renaissance, which brought a wealth of words derived
Speaker 1: from Latin and Greek to British lips for the very
Speaker 1: first time. But it was also a time when travelers
Speaker 1: and traders from foreign countries were mingling new words into
Speaker 1: Europe's vocabulary. So all these unfamiliar new words coupled with
Speaker 1: the rise of printed books, it really set the stage
Speaker 1: for the world's first English dictionary, and that came along
Speaker 1: in sixteen oh, four complements of a schoolmaster named Robert Caudrey.
Speaker 1: It's so funny. They are all these names, I know,
Speaker 1: like Webster and Roget, but I've never heard of Caudrey. Yeah. Well,
Speaker 1: you know Caudrey's table alphabetical, as he called it. It
Speaker 1: wasn't exactly a general language dictionary. It's it's what's called
Speaker 1: a hard word dictionary, and it basically provided easy to
Speaker 1: understand definitions for all these new and difficult foreign words
Speaker 1: which had kind of made their way into the English
Speaker 1: language during the previous decades. That's really interesting. So when
Speaker 1: did the first more general dictionary come about? The well,
Speaker 1: the idea of a general dictionary for everyday words, it
Speaker 1: kind of didn't catch on until maybe seventy or so
Speaker 1: years later. And it was a man named Elisha Coles
Speaker 1: who who published this dictionary that added regional terms. He
Speaker 1: also added slang and just some other common words to
Speaker 1: the existing slate of hard words from the previous books. Well,
Speaker 1: I'm kind of glad you mentioned the inclusion of slang
Speaker 1: because there's one slang dictionary in particular that I really
Speaker 1: want to talk about. But before we get to that,
Speaker 1: let's take a quick break you're listening to part time genius,
Speaker 1: and we're talking about the surprisingly strange world of reference books. Now,
Speaker 1: most people are familiar by this point with the dictionary
Speaker 1: makers like Samuel Johnson and Noah Webster, and you know,
Speaker 1: for good reason. It was in seventeen fifty five that
Speaker 1: Johnson's Dictionary of the English Language was introduced as the
Speaker 1: most comprehensive one to date. It was the very first
Speaker 1: to use quotations to help illustrate how words could actually
Speaker 1: be used. And then came Webster's Dictionary that was published
Speaker 1: in eighteen twenty eight, and it was one of the
Speaker 1: first lexicons to include definitions of more than ten thousand americanisms.
Speaker 1: These had never been included in the British dictionaries, you know,
Speaker 1: where it's like skunk and squash and chowder. And the
Speaker 1: book was a product of more than two decades of
Speaker 1: work and was crucial in helping standardize English spelling, things
Speaker 1: like dropping the U and color for instance. But you know,
Speaker 1: as important as these contributions where there there's a different
Speaker 1: story that you were saying you wanted to tell today, right,
Speaker 1: And I go, yeah, so those guys are great, and
Speaker 1: it isn't an exaggeration to say our language wouldn't be
Speaker 1: the same without them. But they're not the only one
Speaker 1: that's true of And that's why I want to make
Speaker 1: sure we talked about the Hepster Dictionary, which is a
Speaker 1: compendium of Harlem slang that's believed to be the first
Speaker 1: dictionary written by an African American. Oh wow, I've actually
Speaker 1: never heard of this. So who's the author? So that's
Speaker 1: one of the really cool things about it. It was
Speaker 1: written by Cat Callaway, who's you know, the legendary jazz
Speaker 1: musicians and band leader you could also do the moonwalk.
Speaker 1: And by the way, he retired in Delaware because you know,
Speaker 1: it was a short train ride from Baltimore and New
Speaker 1: York City. Glad you were able to work in your
Speaker 1: Delaware factory. Yeah, But in the ninety twenties and thirties,
Speaker 1: Cab Callaway was this mainstay in the Harlem music scene,
Speaker 1: and the neighborhood had become a center of African American culture,
Speaker 1: you know, with the Harlem Renaissance and all that. And
Speaker 1: as Aaron Blakemore put it in her article on history
Speaker 1: dot Com, quote Harlem was full of slang. Jazz musicians
Speaker 1: like Callaway talk jive a kind of shorthand that turned
Speaker 1: ordinary conversation into an extended, jazzy riff. It was also
Speaker 1: a matter of survive. Though it was spoken in public,
Speaker 1: it was a way for African Americans to communicate privately,
Speaker 1: a kind of linguistic rebellion that was as serious as
Speaker 1: it was humorous. That's pretty awesome and so obviously Callaway
Speaker 1: was familiar with jive, But how did he come to
Speaker 1: write the Dictionary on it? Well, his songs were full
Speaker 1: of words and phrases that eventually wound up in the
Speaker 1: dictionary and gave actually jotted down a few of these
Speaker 1: for me, like cool Groovy, Chick, moocher, Boogie Woogie, jitterbug,
Speaker 1: and come again. There's all you know, we're used by him.
Speaker 1: But but the idea to compile all of them in
Speaker 1: print came in the late thirties when Cab Callaway noticed
Speaker 1: that black musicians were being pushed aside by white swing
Speaker 1: musicians and they kind of co opted the sound. So
Speaker 1: to keep himself in the culture, he helped pioneer relevant.
Speaker 1: Cab and his manager worked together on this slender pamphlet
Speaker 1: that defined jib for audiences who had never heard the
Speaker 1: streets Lang before it was published in eight I believe,
Speaker 1: and and it became a hit with both black and
Speaker 1: white readers, And in fact, he did seven volumes of
Speaker 1: the thing, and it even became the official reference book
Speaker 1: of Jive and the New York Public Library, which was
Speaker 1: something Cab was immensely proud of. Yeah, and I love that,
Speaker 1: you know, even though it seems to have indirectly saddled
Speaker 1: us with the the you know, the hipsters of today,
Speaker 1: It's it's so great that Callaway chronicled that moment in
Speaker 1: black culture, and the Harlem Renaissance was soon eclipsed by
Speaker 1: the Great Depression. So you know, we're pretty lucky to
Speaker 1: have all that culture and not have it lost to
Speaker 1: history exactly. And I actually heard this BBC interview with
Speaker 1: a British poet about cabs dictionary, and he had this
Speaker 1: really great insight about it. As he put it, quote,
Speaker 1: Cab Callaway was taking ownership of language for people who
Speaker 1: just a few generations before had their own languages taken away.
Speaker 1: Oh yeah, I mean I haven't thought of that. But
Speaker 1: you know, since since we're talking about how dictionaries come together,
Speaker 1: I do want to talk a little bit about what
Speaker 1: it takes to get a new word added to the dictionary,
Speaker 1: because there is a process to it, and it's one
Speaker 1: that we don't hear about often. I mean, sure, we
Speaker 1: hear about the list of the new words that Miriam
Speaker 1: Webster adds with each new addition, or at least more
Speaker 1: decidedly modern additions, you know, things like crowdsourcing and man
Speaker 1: spread or even o MG which was added, But you know,
Speaker 1: you don't hear much about how these new words are
Speaker 1: actually chosen to be included. Yeah, that's a good point.
Speaker 1: So first of all, who does decide what gets added? Well,
Speaker 1: that's left up to the lexicographers and and for anyone
Speaker 1: who doesn't have their own reference book handy. Those are
Speaker 1: the people whose job it is to compile dictionaries. They
Speaker 1: pay attention to whenever a new word or phrase becomes popular,
Speaker 1: and then they start collecting citations of the word, including
Speaker 1: its contextual meaning. They comb through this database to find
Speaker 1: evidence that the word has cropped up over time among
Speaker 1: this diverse group of people, and when that big case
Speaker 1: file is assembled, the last step is for the dictionary
Speaker 1: editors to review the evidence and decide whether or not
Speaker 1: to include the new word and the next edition of
Speaker 1: their company's dictionary. So it basically boils down to like
Speaker 1: popularity and usage, which makes sense. But what about the
Speaker 1: words we removed from the dictionary? Is it really just
Speaker 1: a matter of determining how many people are still using
Speaker 1: a certain word? Well, that's where things get a little
Speaker 1: bit more complicated. You know. The way it works is
Speaker 1: that the editors try to determine and which words are
Speaker 1: most relevant today, and then then they go back and
Speaker 1: weed out the ones that are most definitely not being
Speaker 1: used as much today. So editors might assemble a list
Speaker 1: of potential cuts. You've got obscure words like crunch or
Speaker 1: pro land or octandrias that have all then cut from
Speaker 1: the dictionary. Crunch like crunchy, wrench dressing. Oh that's cross.
Speaker 1: I think it's a loud noise or actually I found
Speaker 1: a Scottish reference book that said it's an alternative for crunch,
Speaker 1: which is to crunch with your mouth. Apparently, I don't
Speaker 1: know why we need another word for that, but it's
Speaker 1: no longer in the dictionary, so you really don't have
Speaker 1: to worry about it at this point. I like that
Speaker 1: there's crunch, cringe, and crunch. Yeah, you just need to crunch.
Speaker 1: But I interrupted. You were talking about how words get
Speaker 1: tossed from the dictionary, right, So, so the editors have
Speaker 1: a list of words that aren't used that often, and
Speaker 1: then they search through sources like Google books or other
Speaker 1: dictionaries and of course the Internet, and they try to
Speaker 1: see how frequently these words turn up. And they're always
Speaker 1: exceptions to you know, for example, the and thou don't
Speaker 1: really pop up much in everyday conversation anymore. But since
Speaker 1: they're so prevalent in all these widely read books, they're
Speaker 1: pretty safe from the chopping blot. Okay, that makes sense.
Speaker 1: And I actually remember reading this book word Freak by
Speaker 1: Steven fatsis about the world of competitive scrabble, and one
Speaker 1: of the things I remember best from it was these
Speaker 1: people who would petition to have words put back into
Speaker 1: the dictionary. They were just these word lovers who would
Speaker 1: spend their free time, I mean, when they weren't dominating
Speaker 1: at scrabble, just fighting to have words reintegrated into the
Speaker 1: English language. But here's my question, like, why target words
Speaker 1: for removal at all? Is it just to save on
Speaker 1: printing costs? And I think the bigger concern is that
Speaker 1: the dictionary will become too massive and unwilldy to use
Speaker 1: if nothing is ever omitted from it. But practicality isn't
Speaker 1: even the only reason that words get cut. I mean,
Speaker 1: if you think about it, there are plenty of online
Speaker 1: dictionaries that don't have to worry about the space that
Speaker 1: they take up, But they don't include every single word
Speaker 1: from English language either, and that's largely because most dictionaries
Speaker 1: are trying to present the current state of semantics, you know,
Speaker 1: the words that most typify our language and kind of
Speaker 1: in the here and now if you think about it. So,
Speaker 1: you know, the only exception I could think of is
Speaker 1: the Oxford English Dictionary, like the o e D, which
Speaker 1: is more concerned with chronicling and preserving English and its entirety.
Speaker 1: And to that end, the o e D doesn't remove
Speaker 1: words or definitions. Instead, they just know when a particular
Speaker 1: word or meeting is outdated. Yeah, yeah, that that is
Speaker 1: an interesting exception to this. Well, you know, as long
Speaker 1: as we're talking about the intentions behind reference books, I
Speaker 1: feel like we should go ahead and cover the other
Speaker 1: two biggies of the reference world, and those would be
Speaker 1: the stars and almanacs. Yeah, but before we do that.
Speaker 1: Let's take a quick break. Okay, Mango, it's quiz time.
Speaker 1: I know we're talking reference books today, so we thought
Speaker 1: it would be appropriate to bring in one of our
Speaker 1: favorite podcasters here at How Stuff Works and someone known
Speaker 1: for doing an intense amount of research before any of
Speaker 1: his episodes. Scott Benjamin. Welcome to Part Time Genius. Thank
Speaker 1: you for men. I appreciate it. You guys may know
Speaker 1: Scott from Car Stuff, and that's what I have to admit.
Speaker 1: You sit right across from us in the office, and
Speaker 1: when we look over and see these stacks of research,
Speaker 1: it kind of makes us feel like maybe we're not
Speaker 1: doing enough. I feel like I I read at least
Speaker 1: two books, give a bunch of books for for every episode,
Speaker 1: and then I see this, like like half a meter
Speaker 1: high stack of papers that they're just giving through dreams
Speaker 1: of paper. I do it the old school way, I guess.
Speaker 1: I'm I'm I'm an analog guy, right, so, um, I
Speaker 1: don't bring a laptop in with me to podcasts, which
Speaker 1: I think almost everybody does. Yeah, everything is on paper.
Speaker 1: I've got color coded tabs, I've got notes everywhere. It's
Speaker 1: a it's kind of a mess, but it's a mess
Speaker 1: that I know how to work with. Wow, I thought
Speaker 1: maybe it was an intimidation tactic. Do I remember this
Speaker 1: story correctly? That there was a legend about Karl Rove,
Speaker 1: like when he was on the debate team in high
Speaker 1: school and he would wheel in this huge cart with
Speaker 1: all of these containers full of where they were supposed
Speaker 1: to be full of index cards, right that notes. It
Speaker 1: was just an intimidation tactic. And it turns out that
Speaker 1: most of them were just blank, but they were just
Speaker 1: there to make it seem like he had prepped more
Speaker 1: than anyone. I'll show you my stack of notes. I'll share,
Speaker 1: but there's there's notes everywhere in there. It's it's quite
Speaker 1: a mess, and no one else would be able to
Speaker 1: put it together with the information that I compile, I
Speaker 1: just know where everything is. Yeah, it's a system that's unbelievable.
Speaker 1: How many episodes of car Stuff did you did you host?
Speaker 1: I'm gonna say it's it was approaching nine hundred. I
Speaker 1: don't know an exact number, but a hundred. We were.
Speaker 1: We were on air for nine years and one month.
Speaker 1: It was a long time. Wow, Wow, very cool. It's
Speaker 1: an unbelievable archive there that it's really fun to dig into.
Speaker 1: And also I so want to tell the listeners like
Speaker 1: about your new show, but I know we've got to
Speaker 1: kep under wraps. I'm so excited for it though. Yeah,
Speaker 1: we've got something in the works that hopefully everybody will
Speaker 1: also be on board with. But it's it's exciting. Yeah,
Speaker 1: we're gonna have you on again to debut that when
Speaker 1: when when it comes out? Very cool. We're talking reference
Speaker 1: books today and playing a game with Scott. What's it called? Mego?
Speaker 1: It's called real nonfiction title or something we made up.
Speaker 1: So every year the Diagram Book Group gives a prize
Speaker 1: at the Frankfurt Book Fair for the year's oddest title.
Speaker 1: So every one of these titles is either going to
Speaker 1: be one of those strange books or something we made up.
Speaker 1: Wait are you saying real nonfiction? That's it? Yes, this
Speaker 1: is a real nonfiction title or something we made up
Speaker 1: in terms of a title. Okay, I'll do my bus
Speaker 1: all right, you ready to play? Here we go number one.
Speaker 1: The first title is Managing a Dental Practice the Genghis
Speaker 1: Khan way real or something we made up? Oh my gosh,
Speaker 1: I'm going to say that's made up? Oh what is it? Mango?
Speaker 1: It's actually real. It's real. Yeah. It won the Diagram
Speaker 1: Prize in two thousand ten. Okay, here we go, you start,
Speaker 1: have plenty of time to come back, all right. Number two,
Speaker 1: A Field Guide to mid Century Water Slides of North Dakota.
Speaker 1: A Field Guide to the mid century water Slides of
Speaker 1: North Dakota. I'm gonna say that it's not real. I
Speaker 1: don't know how you tell the difference between the mid
Speaker 1: century and the most of mid century. That one had
Speaker 1: mango written? All okay. Number three, The Commuter Pig Keeper,
Speaker 1: A comprehensive guy to keeping pigs when time is your
Speaker 1: most precious commodity. Okay, um, I'm gonna say that one's real.
Speaker 1: Is that one real? Mango? Yeah, it's absolutely real. The
Speaker 1: Commuter Pig Keeper, a comprehensive guy to keeping pigs when
Speaker 1: time is your most precious keeper. I needed three breaths
Speaker 1: to say that as a Commuter pig Keeper. We're gonna
Speaker 1: have to get ahold of this book. I feel like
Speaker 1: you're gonna need it for research for probably for your
Speaker 1: next project. Guess so, alright, you're two out of three.
Speaker 1: The next one the Circus Performers Index for high Performance
Speaker 1: stilt Makers. Sorry, I'm trying to keep the Circus Performers
Speaker 1: Index for High Performance stilt Makers real or something we
Speaker 1: made up. This one is going to be made up, Yes,
Speaker 1: high performance stilts. I think you have more fun making
Speaker 1: this stuff up than you do with anything you work
Speaker 1: on it. I guess you could call them high performance
Speaker 1: pogo sticks if you see those, but never still, that's
Speaker 1: where otherwise it's been the Circus Performance Index for high
Speaker 1: performance What poco sticks piece of would have been? All
Speaker 1: over piece of wood. Okay, here we go. Number five
Speaker 1: Goblin Proofing One's Chicken Coop. Stop it mango. Goblin Proofing
Speaker 1: One's Chicken Coop real nonfiction or something we made up.
Speaker 1: That one feels like it's real. You know. It came
Speaker 1: out in two thousand twelve and it's a guide to
Speaker 1: banishing ferries from both your home and your chickens. Gobbling
Speaker 1: Proofing Chicken Coop. He is on a roll. The last
Speaker 1: one for the big prize. The title is crazy Cool
Speaker 1: Ideas for Bedazzling your thrift store straight Jackets. Crazy Cool
Speaker 1: Ideas for bedazzling your thrift store straight jack straight if
Speaker 1: you hadn't thrown straight jackets in I would say that
Speaker 1: was real any other garment, but straight jackets now, is
Speaker 1: that right? Mango? Yeah, that was pretty impressive. Have you
Speaker 1: ever found a straight jacket at a thrift store? I
Speaker 1: can't say that I have. Have you? I I thought
Speaker 1: were about to get something there, saw some concern on
Speaker 1: your face. But what an unusual findal especially be dazzled one? Right?
Speaker 1: That's why I love that title. It's like, oh, yeah,
Speaker 1: there's a whole community of people who find their their
Speaker 1: straight jackets at the store. Right where do you get them?
Speaker 1: You love that title that you made up. So Mango, Um,
Speaker 1: how did Scott do today? Scott win amazing five for
Speaker 1: six and that entitles them to our prize this week,
Speaker 1: which is a real book called The Stray Shopping Carts
Speaker 1: of Eastern North America, a guide to field identification that
Speaker 1: one I would have guessed is false as a real one.
Speaker 1: H Well, Scott, thanks so much for joining us today. Well,
Speaker 1: thank you for allowing me to play. I appreciate it. Okay, Well,
Speaker 1: so answer the question on everyone's mind? Is it really
Speaker 1: the sources and not the sore? I is that on
Speaker 1: everybody's I think you might be overstating the demand for
Speaker 1: that answer, but I'll admit it, I was curious about
Speaker 1: this as well, so I decided to look it up,
Speaker 1: and it turns out both are perfectly acceptable to say,
Speaker 1: although if you want to get technical, Grammar's points out
Speaker 1: that the correct way to pluralize the Latin word the
Speaker 1: saurs would be to add the suffix i, which means
Speaker 1: the sorry is technically the proper pluralization. I feel like
Speaker 1: I've got to carry around too the sources just to
Speaker 1: be able to bring that up in the exactly. But
Speaker 1: as long as we're on the words etymology, I'll go
Speaker 1: ahead and mention that, unlike Encyclopedia, the sores actually has
Speaker 1: this really straightforward meeting. It's derived from a Greek word
Speaker 1: meaning storehouse of precious items are more simply put, treasure.
Speaker 1: That is pretty great, and you know, plenty of writers
Speaker 1: would agree with that, including the man who supposedly wrote
Speaker 1: the very first the Saurs. His name was Philo of Biblos,
Speaker 1: and he was an ancient Greek scholar who wrote a
Speaker 1: book of synonyms titled on Synonyms. I mean, it feels
Speaker 1: like Pilo missed a great opportunity to drop in a
Speaker 1: bunch of subheads like on synonyms, also a bunch of
Speaker 1: word alternate substitutes and equivalence I found for you. But
Speaker 1: was Filo really the first to find this? Well, Filo
Speaker 1: was first, I mean his book came out in the
Speaker 1: first and second century CE. But for my money, the
Speaker 1: most interesting early thesaurus was actually written a couple of
Speaker 1: centuries later. It was in the fourth century CE by
Speaker 1: an Indian poet name A. Mara Senna, and his book
Speaker 1: of Sanskrit words. Wasn't your typical stuffy thesaurus. Senna divided
Speaker 1: the included words into three sections. There were those relating
Speaker 1: to the divine, the earth, and everyday life, and each
Speaker 1: section contained poetic verses and integrated the words so that
Speaker 1: readers could have an easier time remembering them. It's actually
Speaker 1: kind of an extraordinary accomplishment. And you know, while we
Speaker 1: know of philos thesaurus only through mentions in other people's writings,
Speaker 1: copies of A. Mara Senna's books still survive today and
Speaker 1: that makes it the oldest the stars in existence. That's
Speaker 1: so crazy that I've never heard of him. I mean,
Speaker 1: I also don't speak sanscrit and it feels like it
Speaker 1: would have come off. But let's go ahead to the
Speaker 1: man whose name has become synonymous with the Sources or
Speaker 1: the Sore, and that's Peter Mark Roge. So Roj was
Speaker 1: the British doctor behind the world's most well known the Sris.
Speaker 1: But he actually got a start in reference books by
Speaker 1: working as a contributor on medical topics for the Encyclopedia Britannica.
Speaker 1: So he was deep into reference But in eighteen o
Speaker 1: five Roj undertook a particular pastime. He started compiling words
Speaker 1: and arranging them by meaning and grouping them into these
Speaker 1: overarching themes. And even though he was still working as
Speaker 1: a physician, Roger kept up this word listing habit for
Speaker 1: forty seven years. Wow, I didn't realize it was that long.
Speaker 1: That is insane. So so what happened after that? Well,
Speaker 1: by eighteen fifty two, Roger was ready to retire from medicine,
Speaker 1: and in his newfound free time, he decided to you know,
Speaker 1: finally share his long in the works The Source with
Speaker 1: the public, which has an amazing title. You know what,
Speaker 1: one that follow of Wiss could have replicated Roger's The
Speaker 1: Source of English Words and Phrases, classified and arranged so
Speaker 1: as to facilitate the expression of ideas and assist in
Speaker 1: literary composition, rolls off the tongue, right, not at all?
Speaker 1: That is crazy, and so so did this take off? Yeah,
Speaker 1: inspite of the title, And I mean the book was
Speaker 1: this culmination of half a century of work, so it
Speaker 1: had to be the most comprehensive the source on the market.
Speaker 1: It also differed from other reference books by sticking to
Speaker 1: Roget's thematic arrangement rather than just listening to the words alphabetically.
Speaker 1: But whatever the reason, the public quickly caught on and
Speaker 1: by the time roj passed away in eighteen sixty nine
Speaker 1: is the source had been reprinted twenty five times wow,
Speaker 1: and then countless times since then too. You know. In fact,
Speaker 1: Roget's The Stars has become so successful and widely used
Speaker 1: that January eighteenth, which is the day of his birth,
Speaker 1: that's now recognized around the world as the Stars Day.
Speaker 1: You know. Since we're on the subject of reference books
Speaker 1: that have had surprising appeal and longevity even we should
Speaker 1: definitely talk about Almanacs. So I know, and Franklin's name
Speaker 1: always gets tossed around when you mentioned Almanacs, But I
Speaker 1: think the only reason I know about modern Almanax is
Speaker 1: from Carmen San Diego, Like, do you remember that. Of
Speaker 1: course played lots of Carmen San Diego. Yeah, you needed
Speaker 1: the book to look up flags of countries and see
Speaker 1: where that these were running off too. Well, it's actually
Speaker 1: kind of genius that a computer game came boxed with
Speaker 1: a printed almanac, and I loved it, just like having
Speaker 1: that fresh copy. It was pretty cool. But you know,
Speaker 1: we're a little off track here, and so reference books
Speaker 1: definitely have this long history, and basically almanacs had their
Speaker 1: heyday in the seventeenth and eighteen centuries. That's when people
Speaker 1: were eager for this reliable way to receive information that
Speaker 1: was pertinent to their daily lives. So weather predictions and
Speaker 1: charts detailing times of sunrises and sunsets, these were really
Speaker 1: part of the main offerings. But almanacs expanded over the
Speaker 1: years to include everything from health advice to recipes, things
Speaker 1: like household tips. He actually even jokes and puzzles in there.
Speaker 1: I had no idea they had jokes and recipes, but
Speaker 1: they were super popular, right yeah, I mean, just to
Speaker 1: give you some idea of just how popular almanacs became.
Speaker 1: By the seventeenth century, only one publication outsold almanacs in England,
Speaker 1: and that's the art of the deal. Not quiet I'm
Speaker 1: talking about the Bible. But it wasn't just the British
Speaker 1: going crazy for almanacs. You know, of course, your boy
Speaker 1: been Franklin's publication Poor Richard's Almanac that that also came
Speaker 1: out around this same time. So here's where I get confused,
Speaker 1: Like there's Poor Richards, there's the Farmer's Almanac. I think
Speaker 1: there's even an Old Farmer's Almanac. Like are they all
Speaker 1: the same? Not exactly, I mean, they all cover pretty
Speaker 1: similar grounds, so there is some cross over there, but
Speaker 1: all three of those are actually different publications. The Old
Speaker 1: Farmers Almanac was founded in seventeen nine two, but the
Speaker 1: modifier old was just added retroactively once The Farmers Almanac
Speaker 1: debuted in eighteen eighteen. And are either of them still around?
Speaker 1: They are, actually both of these are still being published today.
Speaker 1: The Old Farmers Almanac even boast of being the oldest
Speaker 1: continually published periodical in the US. And there's reason to
Speaker 1: believe them too. I mean, when the first issue was
Speaker 1: released in seventeen ninety two, George Washington was just beginning
Speaker 1: his second term as president. Wow, so our weather prediction
Speaker 1: is still a big part of them. Well, it's definitely included.
Speaker 1: I mean, the Farmer's Almanac makes weather predictions two years
Speaker 1: in advance, and both almanacs claim to have about an
Speaker 1: eight percent accuracy for hate. I mean, you know, skeptical
Speaker 1: researchers estimate that the almanacs real accuracy is somewhere closer,
Speaker 1: like twenty five or thirty, which kind of just seems
Speaker 1: like a good guess. But you know, the really interesting
Speaker 1: thing to me is the secrecy surrounding the formula behind
Speaker 1: the Farmer's Almanac and how they make their predictions. It
Speaker 1: includes esoteric factors like the position of the planets and
Speaker 1: sunspot activity and title forces and you know, I mean
Speaker 1: they use astronomy and math. How sophisticated is that. But
Speaker 1: you know, the actual formula is top secret, and in fact,
Speaker 1: there's only one soul on the planet who knows it.
Speaker 1: And his name is Caleb weather Be. Isn't that the
Speaker 1: principle from the Archie Coon. I don't think that's a
Speaker 1: real person. Well, you're right that the name is fake,
Speaker 1: but the almanac swears there is a real person behind it. Apparently,
Speaker 1: the current Caleb Weatherby is the seventh person to take
Speaker 1: up the mantel and the publication's two hundred year history.
Speaker 1: He's been on the job for almost thirty years now,
Speaker 1: and since it's a lifetime gig, I mean, he'll probably
Speaker 1: remain Caleb Weatherby until the day he dies. That's amazing. Well,
Speaker 1: one thing I've read that I find sort of fascinating
Speaker 1: about The Farmer's Almanac is the way it kind of
Speaker 1: offered a sneak peak of the information age to come.
Speaker 1: And this is something that Adrian le Franz talks about
Speaker 1: in the Atlantic and the idea is that the wide
Speaker 1: ranging information and ease of access offered by almanacs was
Speaker 1: kind of what, you know, a smartphone was going to
Speaker 1: be in the future, and, as she put it, a handheld,
Speaker 1: portable device that contained information about all manner of things. Well,
Speaker 1: it definitely seems true that digital sources like Wikipedia and
Speaker 1: even smart devices like the Amazon Echo or Siri, I mean,
Speaker 1: they have some roots in those traditional print reference books.
Speaker 1: And I guess the biggest question right now is is
Speaker 1: there room enough for both both of these? I mean,
Speaker 1: I kind of want to believe there is, for you know,
Speaker 1: I was looking at the numbers and sales of Miriam
Speaker 1: Webster's Collegiate Dictionary have definitely fallen in recent years, but
Speaker 1: visits to their online dictionary have gone way up, and
Speaker 1: even on the print side, their dictionary remains one of
Speaker 1: the top sellers, just behind the Bible. But to quote
Speaker 1: Peter Sokolowski, who's an editor for Miriam Webster, the dictionary
Speaker 1: in the most generic scope is being used more than ever.
Speaker 1: You can have it as an app, it's online while
Speaker 1: you're at work, you have it as a print book.
Speaker 1: Book sales are down, but we're seeing an overall increase
Speaker 1: in use. Yeah, I mean, I guess that's encouraging, But
Speaker 1: you know, you've got go to like Rog's and Miriam
Speaker 1: Webster and they may still have a place on the bookshelf.
Speaker 1: But I feel like encyclopedias are a different story. I mean,
Speaker 1: even seemingly immortal Encyclopedia Britannica cease to produce print editions
Speaker 1: back in two thousand twelve, and they decided to go
Speaker 1: online exclusive instead, And really I'm not sure who was
Speaker 1: still buying at that point, given that the final edition
Speaker 1: costs you a cool fourteen hundred dollars, which just seems
Speaker 1: so crazy now, But as far as I can tell,
Speaker 1: the World Book Encyclopedia is the only encyclopedia left with
Speaker 1: actual paper in the game. Yeah, and a lot of
Speaker 1: people see the demise of print encyclopedias is a good
Speaker 1: thing because, you know, while there's a certain nostalgia tied
Speaker 1: up in this idea of a door to door encyclopedia
Speaker 1: salesman or those commercials that offered beautiful, hardbound knowledge for
Speaker 1: a low monthly payment, the reality is that these twenty
Speaker 1: plus volumes weren't often worth the price, or at least
Speaker 1: not for very long. Like the rapid advancements in science
Speaker 1: or politics, they all ensured that most encyclopedias were outdated
Speaker 1: by the time they were printed. Yeah, though they were
Speaker 1: such wondrous things to explore, like thumbing through the pages
Speaker 1: and that serendipity of learning about weird topics. I mean,
Speaker 1: you can definitely go down these Wikipedia rabbit holes, but
Speaker 1: the experience it just feels kind of different, you know. Yeah,
Speaker 1: But the fact that you can have endless pages and
Speaker 1: that they can be updated immediately really is amazing about
Speaker 1: the net. Plus, Like, one of the arguments against print
Speaker 1: is that it looks so definitive or authoritative that it
Speaker 1: often encourages kids to, you know, be a little too
Speaker 1: trusting about what they read. But would you really rather
Speaker 1: kids trust the community driven source like Wikipedia instead, Well,
Speaker 1: not definitively, but you know, questioning online sources and seeking
Speaker 1: out verification for what you read, Like that's really important
Speaker 1: and a really important habit for kids to pick up today,
Speaker 1: you know. Uh Slate had a comment about this, and
Speaker 1: and a writer wrote, if you want to learn to
Speaker 1: suss out the liars, there's no better training than Wikipedia.
Speaker 1: I can't argue with that. I mean, I do want
Speaker 1: to mention one last thing that's unique to print encyclopedias,
Speaker 1: and this came from a really interesting essay by David A.
Speaker 1: Bell that appeared in The New Republic back when Encyclopedia
Speaker 1: Britannica first announced the demise if its print component. And
Speaker 1: this is kind of a long one, but bear with
Speaker 1: me on this. So he says, with the disappearance of
Speaker 1: paper encyclopedias, a part of the Western intellectual tradition is
Speaker 1: disappearing as well. The great paper encyclopedias of the past
Speaker 1: had other grander ambitions. They aspired to provide an overview
Speaker 1: of all human knowledge, and still more boldly, to put
Speaker 1: that knowledge into a coherent logical order. Even if they
Speaker 1: mostly organized their articles alphabetically, they also sought to link
Speaker 1: the material together thematically, all of it. In nineteen four,
Speaker 1: for instance, the editors of the Encyclopedia Britannica added to
Speaker 1: the work a one volume propedia which sought to provide
Speaker 1: a detailed outline of human knowledge while referencing the appropriate
Speaker 1: articles of the encyclopedia itself. Large headings such as life, society,
Speaker 1: and religion were subdivided into these forty odd divisions, and
Speaker 1: then further into hundreds of individual sections. That kind of
Speaker 1: ambition mattered. It mattered that one could look at a
Speaker 1: stack of volumes and say, here are vast libraries distilled
Speaker 1: down into an essence of human knowledge and organized in
Speaker 1: a logical order. The books testified to the hope that
Speaker 1: ultimately human beings had at least a measure of control
Speaker 1: over the overpowering torrents and facts and ideas that they
Speaker 1: collectively produce. Wow, well, rest in peace, print encyclopedias. Why
Speaker 1: why don't we dedicate this backed off in their honor. Yeah,
Speaker 1: In the very first encyclopedia Britannica. Homo sapiens were subdivided
Speaker 1: into five categories American, European, Asiatic, African, and monsters. So
Speaker 1: plenty of people are familiar with the Urban Dictionary. Wish
Speaker 1: defined slang for you, But where do you go when
Speaker 1: you need new slang for your slang? The Urban Thesaurus,
Speaker 1: of course. And while the site isn't exactly safe for work,
Speaker 1: here just a few of the terms Urban Thesaurus used
Speaker 1: as alternatives for love, lust, crush, boo I, law, you raw,
Speaker 1: and Kurt Cobaine's killer. It's quite the list there, Mango. Well,
Speaker 1: I'm sure you know that J. R. Tolkien was obsessed
Speaker 1: with etymologies and language, but did you know that he
Speaker 1: actually worked as an assistant editor at the O. E. D.
Speaker 1: He worked on the Double US and wrote multiple drafts
Speaker 1: for the definitions of walnut, walrus, and waistcoat, among other things. Somehow,
Speaker 1: it didn't even occur to me that, like, you'd write
Speaker 1: lots of drafts for each entry. It's amazing. So here's
Speaker 1: something I thought was clever. The senses to explain words
Speaker 1: and dictionaries are often meant to be simple and clear,
Speaker 1: but also kind of boring. But this artist Jazz Burrows
Speaker 1: has been stringing them together to make really weird short stories.
Speaker 1: He has a whole video series of dictionary stories. But
Speaker 1: my favorite is when he called the real dictionary phrases
Speaker 1: for the twelve days of Christmas. It's like the seventh
Speaker 1: day Baptist, six months of unclouded memories, five venturous young men,
Speaker 1: four slices of bread, like these are all phrases in
Speaker 1: the Dictionary, and it's so dumb, But you know, he
Speaker 1: has a whole chorus singing, and it's pretty funny. All right. Well,
Speaker 1: I found a great list of words that were first
Speaker 1: introduced to the public by presidents on history dot com.
Speaker 1: So it's things like first Lady, which Zachary Taylor actually introduced,
Speaker 1: and apparently before he referred to Dolly Madison as the
Speaker 1: first Lady, people just referred to them as the president interests. Also,
Speaker 1: to make English less English, Thomas Jefferson brought French words
Speaker 1: to the US, including the word pedicure. I mean, that
Speaker 1: can't be real, Like Thomas Jefferson introduced petticures to America
Speaker 1: to quote describe the care of feet, toes, and toenails.
Speaker 1: He did it. Okay, Well, I've got one for you
Speaker 1: that I I know you can't feet. Do you know
Speaker 1: that encyclopedias used to give away tiny plots of land
Speaker 1: when you bought a set? You know, I'd heard about
Speaker 1: these sorts of marketing employees before. I think we even
Speaker 1: talked about in a similar scheme, and that the Yukon
Speaker 1: with cereal boxes. Yeah, that's right. But here's what's interesting.
Speaker 1: So between nineteen fourteen and nineteen nineteen, you can get
Speaker 1: a slice of Huntington's Beach in California with the purchase
Speaker 1: of an encyclopedia. And supposedly the encyclopedia lots were just
Speaker 1: a hundred feet by twenty five ft and they were
Speaker 1: almost stacked up like a set of encyclopedias on a shelf.
Speaker 1: It was this like worthless gimmick that no one could
Speaker 1: really cash out on until nineteen twenty when oil was
Speaker 1: found under all that les, So suddenly anyone who invested
Speaker 1: in knowledge got rich. Uh. Well, you know it's nice
Speaker 1: to know that knowledge pays off. So I agree, I
Speaker 1: cannot beat that facts, So I'm gonna let you keep
Speaker 1: the trophy this week, Mango, Thanks so much. So that's
Speaker 1: it for today's episode. If we forgot any great facts
Speaker 1: about reference books, and I'm sure that we did. We
Speaker 1: would love to hear from. You can email us part
Speaker 1: Time Genius at how stuff Works dot com. You can
Speaker 1: also call us on our seven fact hotline one eight
Speaker 1: four four pt Genius. We've loved hearing a lot of
Speaker 1: the great calls that have come in recently. You can
Speaker 1: also find us on Facebook or Twitter. Thanks so much
Speaker 1: for listening. Thanks again for listening. Part Time Genius is
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Speaker 1: did you forget ja Jason who