Speaker 1: Brought to you by the reinvented two thousand twelve camera.
Speaker 1: It's ready. Are you get in touch with technology with
Speaker 1: tech stuff from how stuff works dot com. Hello, and
Speaker 1: welcome to tex Stuff. My name is Chris Poulette and
Speaker 1: I am an editor at how stuff works dot com.
Speaker 1: Sitting across from me, as usual, is senior writer Jonathan Strickland.
Speaker 1: The Secret Service holds much that has kept secret, even
Speaker 1: from very senior officers in the organization. Creepy for So,
Speaker 1: the topic we're covering is a numbers stations, which actually
Speaker 1: comes to us courtesy of some feedback we received on Facebook, which, unfortunately,
Speaker 1: due to my computer being silly right now, I cannot
Speaker 1: pull up. However, this is Facebook feedback asking us to
Speaker 1: cover numbers stations, and you may under, oh my, Drew Geese,
Speaker 1: what a number of stations is? Things being so scory
Speaker 1: and people being quick to forget. That's that's like a
Speaker 1: double reference right there, since I throw in some clockwork orange.
Speaker 1: So here's what a number station is. It is a
Speaker 1: radio station using shortwave radio that blasts out a transmission,
Speaker 1: usually at a very regular interval, that normally has some
Speaker 1: sort of tone or even music to it. Followed by
Speaker 1: a series of numbers spoken in sort of a semi
Speaker 1: monotone voice, sometimes an automated voice, in fact, very often
Speaker 1: an automated voice. And it's just a seemingly random string
Speaker 1: of numbers that have no particular context or meaning to them,
Speaker 1: and it has created quite a kind of a well
Speaker 1: a hobbyist dream come true really for people who like mysteries,
Speaker 1: because there's no official explanation as to what these stations
Speaker 1: are and why why these numbers are being broadcast. Here's
Speaker 1: what we know. No, I'm kidding. Now, let's go to
Speaker 1: what we can speculate on. Um. We do know that
Speaker 1: official governments have there there's no official government that has
Speaker 1: spoken up and said, oh, yeah, we did that. Yeah.
Speaker 1: The closest was a Czechoslovakian official who acknowledge receipt of
Speaker 1: a message about numbers stations, but did not It did
Speaker 1: not go so far as to actually say what the
Speaker 1: number station was, what it was for. It essentially was
Speaker 1: just that I got your message. That was pretty much it.
Speaker 1: The check is in the mail. There you go. But gosh,
Speaker 1: I can't believe you were waiting an entire time for
Speaker 1: me to shut up. So you can use that however, Uh,
Speaker 1: there are fewer now than their word during the Cold War. Yeah,
Speaker 1: and they started the height of they started appearing during
Speaker 1: the World wars. So World War One, Yeah, not not.
Speaker 1: You know, this is the early part of the earlier
Speaker 1: part of the twentieth century. Yeah, the first first couple
Speaker 1: of decades of the twentieth century. That's when they start
Speaker 1: popping up. So let's talk a little bit about about
Speaker 1: why a number station is even possible before we get
Speaker 1: into what they were and what they sound like and
Speaker 1: all that kind of stuff. So first, they are short
Speaker 1: wave radio, which we have talked about on a previous
Speaker 1: podcast many many years ago. Yeah, we'll do a quick
Speaker 1: we'll do a quick refresher course. So technically, a short
Speaker 1: wave is a is a radio wave with a wavelength
Speaker 1: shorter than two hundred meters. Two meters wavelength would have
Speaker 1: a frequency of around hurts uh, and it's typically these
Speaker 1: these radio waves are used to broadcast voice and music,
Speaker 1: but also for a long distance communication. The reason that
Speaker 1: you can have long distance communication is that these wavelengths
Speaker 1: are at sort of a sweet spot when it comes
Speaker 1: to the way the earth works. So the Earth has
Speaker 1: the honest sphere you know that surrounds it, binds it
Speaker 1: and penetrates it. No, I hoes sphere just surrounds the Earth.
Speaker 1: And if you were to aim a short wave radio
Speaker 1: frequency at the ionosphere, uh, the ionosphere would refract that
Speaker 1: frequency and it would beam back down to Earth. So
Speaker 1: by bouncing it effectively off the ionosphere, you can send
Speaker 1: a radio signal much further than you could if it
Speaker 1: were to just broadcast out and radiate out from a towery.
Speaker 1: So with this in mind, with this long distance communication ability,
Speaker 1: it has opened up opportunities for lots of different applications. Uh.
Speaker 1: And you know you'll hear about amateur radio enthusiasts who
Speaker 1: will just they'll they'll use their their radios to dial
Speaker 1: in and listen to the various broadcasts that go out there.
Speaker 1: And that's really how number stations were discovered. It was
Speaker 1: mainly hobbyists who as they were scanning the different bands
Speaker 1: and list thing to what was out there, they were
Speaker 1: coming across these very odd sort of transmissions. And um,
Speaker 1: before I get too far, I should say the whole
Speaker 1: refraction by the ionosphere. There's a specific name for that
Speaker 1: kind of transmission that I love. I love this term
Speaker 1: skywave propagation. It's a cool term, right, So yeah, you've
Speaker 1: got these hobbiests who are listening in and they would
Speaker 1: come across a very unusual and frankly pretty creepy kind
Speaker 1: of transmission in some cases. And uh, I think we
Speaker 1: even have an example that we can listen to. So
Speaker 1: let's let's take a quick listen to what a typical
Speaker 1: number station might sound like if you were to tune
Speaker 1: in on a short wave radio. One h kind of
Speaker 1: gets you right here, don if by the by right
Speaker 1: here you mean now I'm looking over my shoulder and
Speaker 1: waiting for someone to break into the room. Yeah, that's
Speaker 1: pretty much what I'm thinking. There is something particularly creepy
Speaker 1: about hearing kind of a and almost and almost like
Speaker 1: a harmonic. It sounds like there's been some harmonic supplied
Speaker 1: in some cases, like it's an automated voice or whatever,
Speaker 1: but hearing something like that monotone just delivering number after
Speaker 1: number and then they really repetitious music that was used
Speaker 1: to introduce these So what could these be? And there
Speaker 1: have been a lot of people who have suggested what
Speaker 1: number stations might be all about, um, you know, everything
Speaker 1: from it could just be uh stuff for people who
Speaker 1: are surveying areas for for cartography and that kind of thing.
Speaker 1: But it doesn't seem likely no one is taking credit
Speaker 1: for it, not at all, so that that's our cartography channel.
Speaker 1: That has led to, uh to some not so much
Speaker 1: conspiracy theories. It really does boil down to, well, if
Speaker 1: you're just broadcasting numbers with no other context, what could
Speaker 1: you possibly be doing that for. And one of the
Speaker 1: explanations is that it's a a way to communicate two
Speaker 1: spies to undercover operatives who might be uh invested in
Speaker 1: some foreign country, perhaps one that is unfriendly to the
Speaker 1: the the country of origin and so there. And when
Speaker 1: we say there's number stations, there are number of stations
Speaker 1: all over the world, and they're broadcasting pretty much all
Speaker 1: the languages that you might expect. They would be in
Speaker 1: the major languages of the world. So it's not just that,
Speaker 1: you know, it's not just one country that's doing this.
Speaker 1: There there's multiple countries that are doing it. And uh
Speaker 1: so the the speculation is that this is these are
Speaker 1: messages they're sent to government spies, uh and these you know,
Speaker 1: the governments aren't admitting to it for for pretty understandable reasons.
Speaker 1: I would say, well, if you or any of your
Speaker 1: team is captured, the government will disavow any knowledge of
Speaker 1: this operations. Message will self destructed fifteen seconds. The So
Speaker 1: these messages, the numbers those that's a code, it's an
Speaker 1: it's encoded message. Form of cryptography that is called the
Speaker 1: the the one pad note yeah, or or one time
Speaker 1: pad yeah. Um yeah. I'm interested in cryptography, uh and
Speaker 1: have been reading about it for many years. And this
Speaker 1: is not exactly a new thing. It doesn't even require
Speaker 1: the use of a computer. I mean, we talked about
Speaker 1: cryptography on many podcasts at different levels. Um and we
Speaker 1: even got into quantum cryptography, which is supposedly unbreakable, although
Speaker 1: I've seen reports recently that it may not necessarily be unbreakable. Well,
Speaker 1: one time pads are technically unbreakable if you follow the
Speaker 1: right procedure right because basically, um and they were called
Speaker 1: pads because at one time they were and probably still
Speaker 1: are a pad. So this pad is generated like a
Speaker 1: pad of paper. You uh write down your message and
Speaker 1: encode it on this paper using the tool um And
Speaker 1: it's a one time thing. And there's a part of
Speaker 1: the key is embedded in the message, so that tells
Speaker 1: the recipient use page. Let's just go for a reference here,
Speaker 1: use page sixteen of your pad, and that way, you know,
Speaker 1: you write down the message in the pad that you
Speaker 1: can decode it on that page and and that then
Speaker 1: becomes useless. You can't use it again. Yeah, you then
Speaker 1: destroy that page. So here's here's how here's how it works.
Speaker 1: Let's say that I want to send a message to Chris,
Speaker 1: and I want to use this this one time pad method.
Speaker 1: All right, So we would each have a pad that
Speaker 1: would have a string of random letters across each line,
Speaker 1: all right, And let's say we group them in in
Speaker 1: groups of five, because that's pretty common, that's four or five.
Speaker 1: So we'll say we have groups of five letters. And
Speaker 1: these letters are truly random in that we've had some
Speaker 1: sort of well as close to truly random as we
Speaker 1: can get. We've had some sort of random number generator
Speaker 1: that has picked random letters, and it's just that we
Speaker 1: each have a copy of that output. So Chris's string
Speaker 1: of random letters is the same as my string of
Speaker 1: random letters. And then I write down my message in
Speaker 1: normal text, and I write my normal letters above the
Speaker 1: letters of the that's that's in the key. Then I
Speaker 1: convert my letters into numbers. So let's say that an
Speaker 1: A equals zero, and a B equals one, and a
Speaker 1: C equals Three's not going to take them very long
Speaker 1: to pick this one apart. No, it's going to take
Speaker 1: them a long time because here's the here's the that
Speaker 1: that's just that. All that is is just as just
Speaker 1: a simple substitution cipher. Right, But here's the tricky part.
Speaker 1: So then I take my key, all right, and I
Speaker 1: convert all of those letters to numbers. That's when it
Speaker 1: gets harder. And then I add the two numbers together,
Speaker 1: all right, So I add the I add the number
Speaker 1: from my first letter. So let's say that my first
Speaker 1: letter is H, because I write, hey there, Chris, I
Speaker 1: take the number from H. Yeah really, why not? Alright?
Speaker 1: You know, hey there Chris, there's a rusky on your tail.
Speaker 1: That's that's my message. So H is because I'm going
Speaker 1: back to the Cold War. So so H. We would
Speaker 1: convert H to a number, and then we look at
Speaker 1: the first letter in the key. Let's say that the
Speaker 1: first letter in the key is an M. Well, that
Speaker 1: M is going to have its own number of value.
Speaker 1: We add the H and the M values together and
Speaker 1: then we convert that into a new letter. So if
Speaker 1: it's anything up to if we if A is zero,
Speaker 1: if it's anything up to twenty five, then that's the
Speaker 1: letter that we would pick. If it's over twenty five,
Speaker 1: then we just use number twenty six counts a zero again,
Speaker 1: so the number twenty would be an A, twenty seven
Speaker 1: would be a B, twenty eight would be a C.
Speaker 1: So we go up there and we we put in
Speaker 1: whatever the substitute letter will be. Well, the only way
Speaker 1: to know what the original letter is is if you
Speaker 1: have that one time pad in front of you where
Speaker 1: you take the value of the letter that is uh
Speaker 1: that the represented letter, the ciphered letter. You subtract the
Speaker 1: value of the key from the ciphered letter, and that
Speaker 1: gives you the value of the original letter, and then
Speaker 1: you can convert that into the original letter. So the
Speaker 1: process of coding and decoding is pretty painstaking because you
Speaker 1: know you have to you have to convert all the
Speaker 1: letters to values, add and then make new letters. But
Speaker 1: the nice thing is is that because as long as
Speaker 1: you keep that that string of letters that acts as
Speaker 1: your key truly random, and that you don't repeat letters,
Speaker 1: so that you don't or you don't repeat strings, like
Speaker 1: you don't go to the end of a page and
Speaker 1: and start at the top again. As long as you
Speaker 1: avoid that, it is impossible to crack that without without
Speaker 1: getting possession of one of those pads. So that's where
Speaker 1: we talk about if you follow this correctly, it is
Speaker 1: unbreakable the correctly. By correctly we mean you you have
Speaker 1: truly random string for your key. You do not repeat
Speaker 1: the key, and you do not let the key fall
Speaker 1: into the wrong hands. As long as that happens, it
Speaker 1: is unbreakable. So it's kind of like when we talked
Speaker 1: about the the various ways of ciphering. You know, there
Speaker 1: always seems to be some way to crack the code.
Speaker 1: In this case, unless you have physical possession of the
Speaker 1: pad or if someone uses a key that repeats, it's
Speaker 1: just not practical. So that's that's the basis for the
Speaker 1: secret messages. Um, what those secret messages are we can't say,
Speaker 1: because again, unless someone gets hold of one of those
Speaker 1: paths adds, then it is it's just meaningless numbers. I mean,
Speaker 1: you could convert those two letters, but all that's going
Speaker 1: to do is give you the product of those those
Speaker 1: two that like the original message and the key. Without
Speaker 1: having the key, you can't figure out what the original messages. Now. Um,
Speaker 1: it is likely too that the uh, well we talked
Speaker 1: about that in the Enigma machine, how the German codes
Speaker 1: during World War Two were broken down into those um
Speaker 1: five letter combinations, um as an added layer of security.
Speaker 1: These these combinations stand in for other words too, So
Speaker 1: it is possible that you know, even if you did
Speaker 1: break the code, you would also have to have the
Speaker 1: book that explains what these these letter combinations mean. But um, so, well,
Speaker 1: that's what I'm saying. If if you for some reason,
Speaker 1: if you may right, or if they use a repeating key,
Speaker 1: because if they use a repeating key, then it would
Speaker 1: take a lot of an you would have to analyze
Speaker 1: the heck out of the message, but you could potentially
Speaker 1: start detecting patterns. Well that's what broke the enigmac Yeah, exactly,
Speaker 1: because they were they got lazy, lazy, and they started
Speaker 1: using repeating keys as opposed to using a key that
Speaker 1: just doesn't repeat, which would have been impossible to crack.
Speaker 1: So it's just an added layer of security. That's that
Speaker 1: just makes it much more difficult. So they do these
Speaker 1: repetitions over and over again. Um, and it's. Uh. The
Speaker 1: thing is, the the tone and the style of the
Speaker 1: broadcasts is really really creepy, especially when you add that
Speaker 1: spy layer in your head to it. You start going,
Speaker 1: this message is not intended for me, and and somebody
Speaker 1: could be doing something. You know, I could be listening, well,
Speaker 1: this is what I think, you know, I'm you know,
Speaker 1: listening to it, going I could be listening to a
Speaker 1: message that tells somebody to kill somebody else, right, this
Speaker 1: could be a message saying to like and then think
Speaker 1: about this. You hear those messages and then maybe a
Speaker 1: week later, you hear about some massive political event that
Speaker 1: takes place in the country, and you think, is there
Speaker 1: any connection to what I heard and what just happened?
Speaker 1: Is what I heard? Was that? Was that a essentially
Speaker 1: a prediction for what actually unfolded? And yeah, it's it's
Speaker 1: kind of I mean, it is definitely creepy. And um,
Speaker 1: there are a lot of really cool names for these
Speaker 1: various broadcasts, some of which are named after the music
Speaker 1: that they use. Yeah, and again, Um, in some cases
Speaker 1: you could kind of some of them the station's sort
Speaker 1: of semi identify themselves and others I think are given
Speaker 1: sort of like kind of stars, you know, or viruses.
Speaker 1: They're given the names of their discoverers want to name them. Yeah,
Speaker 1: so there's um, there's One of the famous ones is
Speaker 1: the Lincolnshire Poacher. Yeah, which was was featured not too
Speaker 1: long ago as of the recording of this podcast on
Speaker 1: another podcast called The Skeptics Guide to the Universe, they
Speaker 1: have a little feature where it's called Who's that Noisy?
Speaker 1: And they which which is named after one of the
Speaker 1: one of the hosts has a daughter who would say
Speaker 1: who's that noisy? As in what's making that noise? So anyway,
Speaker 1: Who's that noisy is the name of the segment where
Speaker 1: they'll play a sound file and it's the listener's job
Speaker 1: to try and figure out what that sound file is.
Speaker 1: And they played the little musical uh prelude that would
Speaker 1: happen before the numbers broadcast on the number station Lincolnshire
Speaker 1: Poacher Do do Do Do Do Do Do Do Do
Speaker 1: Do Do Do do doo And it's really creepy when
Speaker 1: you hear it over and over again. Um And anyway,
Speaker 1: that particular broadcast has been linked to Cyprus, to the
Speaker 1: Royal Air Force Base on Cyprus and is believed, though
Speaker 1: there's no proof because there's no one actually coming out
Speaker 1: and saying this is true, that it was operated by
Speaker 1: the British Secret Intelligence Service out of Cyprus. Now that
Speaker 1: particular station is no longer active. I think it stopped
Speaker 1: podcasting in neither two thousand or two thousand nine. But
Speaker 1: there are a few others that also were pretty famous.
Speaker 1: Cherry Ripe. There's the song Cherry Ripe, another British folk song,
Speaker 1: which was a station somewhere in Australia or Australia if
Speaker 1: you prefer. There's Swedish Rhapsody, which is possibly the creepiest
Speaker 1: thing I have ever heard in my life, which is
Speaker 1: a there's a Glockenshfield it's playing and a ace. The
Speaker 1: voice is clearly that of a female child reading out
Speaker 1: numbers in Germany, and you just hear this glockenspield play
Speaker 1: and then this little girl reading out numbers in German,
Speaker 1: and it is you can't help but feel a deep
Speaker 1: sense of foreboding. But then there's also other ones called
Speaker 1: like the Mad Violinist and the Boardman, because apparently it's
Speaker 1: just for two seven eight that that's kind of how
Speaker 1: I would be like like day one, I'd be all creepy,
Speaker 1: and day two I'd be you know, less creepy. Day three,
Speaker 1: I just be like three six. What am I gonna
Speaker 1: have for dinner tonight? For I gotta pick up the
Speaker 1: drug leading to read the message you're not getting anything
Speaker 1: for dinner. Um. Yeah, there are There are a number
Speaker 1: of places number um where you can if you don't
Speaker 1: happen to have a short wave radio, where you can
Speaker 1: pick up on these. Um. The Internet Archive, of course,
Speaker 1: which collects all sorts of strange and esoteric things. Um.
Speaker 1: There are many many recordings that you can listen to
Speaker 1: on there. And actually the first place that I encountered
Speaker 1: these was in an article in Wired magazine, which I
Speaker 1: went back and revisited UM for for this, and they
Speaker 1: were categorizing this Russian station UVB seventy six, which had
Speaker 1: been broadcasting essentially the same thing for many, many years
Speaker 1: until one day it stopped and then started again, and
Speaker 1: then stopped again, and then you could hear so it
Speaker 1: sounded like somebody in the room with the microphone, uh,
Speaker 1: you know, just you know, too creepy stuffling stuff and
Speaker 1: banging around, and then it started broadcasting something else and
Speaker 1: and they changed the call numbers at the station to
Speaker 1: something entirely different. It makes me wonder if the guy
Speaker 1: was just asking for toilet paper and it finally arrived
Speaker 1: and he was like, now blue jeans blue. Well, you
Speaker 1: can you can still listen to this at UVB dash
Speaker 1: seven six dot net and you can go and visit
Speaker 1: that website and they will tell you. The enthusiasts who
Speaker 1: keep track of these things will will share information about
Speaker 1: the station and what it changed to. But very very weird. U. Well.
Speaker 1: I think is funny is that a lot of the
Speaker 1: people who are following numbers stations, who really have a
Speaker 1: passion for listening to them and finding them on on
Speaker 1: shortwave radio, they don't want to have the mystery solved
Speaker 1: because it would mean their hobby would be over. Well,
Speaker 1: I mean it even um information about this. This is
Speaker 1: kind of something that is operated for so many years. Uh,
Speaker 1: if you will pardon the radio punt under the radar,
Speaker 1: I mean it's it's not something that the general public
Speaker 1: knew anything about up until the last handful of years,
Speaker 1: which is kind of ironic considering it was going on
Speaker 1: through the Cold War and before that and and and
Speaker 1: now after most of it has stopped anyhow. Uh. It
Speaker 1: even made an appearance in an episode of Lost. I understand.
Speaker 1: I never was really much of a fan of the show,
Speaker 1: but I think it's cool that they put that into
Speaker 1: the the show's UM storyline, that there was a number
Speaker 1: station involved with uh, with the plot line UM. And
Speaker 1: of course that was about codes and code breaking and
Speaker 1: creepiness and all sorts of stuff, so it fit right in. UM.
Speaker 1: So yeah, I mean, it's it's fascinating. But the people
Speaker 1: who watched Lost, you know, wanted the mystery to unravel
Speaker 1: over time. They didn't want it solved immediately. And I
Speaker 1: think for for the people who followed they these number stations,
Speaker 1: it's the same kind of thing. They don't and you
Speaker 1: kind of want to know. But then I don't know
Speaker 1: if you've ever read a book where you didn't want
Speaker 1: the story to end and you just stopped reading because
Speaker 1: you just enjoyed the fact that it was still going
Speaker 1: on and you didn't really want to know quite what
Speaker 1: was going on, although you knew it had an end
Speaker 1: and somebody was behind it. I don't want to know.
Speaker 1: So I've done that many times, or slowed very very
Speaker 1: slow way down, you know. UM, because you don't want
Speaker 1: to find out because then you know your fun ends.
Speaker 1: So I don't know very interesting stuff. Jonathan has been
Speaker 1: researching something as we're talking, and he's got this mysterious
Speaker 1: look on his face. Yeah. Um yeah, No, creepy, that's
Speaker 1: all I'm saying. It is creepy. Uh yeah, I mean
Speaker 1: these are these are definitely one of those things that
Speaker 1: that I hope stick around just for the sake of
Speaker 1: perpetuating this kind of air of mystery, because you think
Speaker 1: about it, you're like, Okay, first of all, let me
Speaker 1: get this clear. Our world is amazing and the universe
Speaker 1: is astounding. But even so, there are days where you
Speaker 1: feel like you're living in a pretty mundane kind of existence.
Speaker 1: And then you find out about numbers stations and you're like,
Speaker 1: there's a whole level operating just under the surface that
Speaker 1: I've always suspected but never really proven, and now I
Speaker 1: know there's something to it. Then you're like, hey, our
Speaker 1: world is amazing again. By the way, our world is amazing,
Speaker 1: whether there's number stations or not. It's just that occasionally
Speaker 1: we have to be reminded of it. Puppies boomtiata Alright,
Speaker 1: so shout out to the parent company. Uh, guys, that
Speaker 1: kind of wraps up our discussion on number stations. I
Speaker 1: wish we could tell you more, but frankly, there's just
Speaker 1: nothing official. We can't you know, we we can speculate
Speaker 1: all we like, but we can't really, uh say for sure. Now,
Speaker 1: I think I think it's fairly safe to say that
Speaker 1: if these are encoded messages, which I can't imagine them
Speaker 1: being anything else, that they're not. Yeah, it's hard to
Speaker 1: it's hard to come up with a set of circumstances
Speaker 1: whereas a string of numbers isn't meaningful in any other way,
Speaker 1: that if they are encoded messages, that this is some
Speaker 1: form of espionage I mean at least some form of
Speaker 1: secret communication. And it's one way. I mean, these are
Speaker 1: a broadcasts that are going out. It's not that we're
Speaker 1: receiving answers from from another one. It's also I mean,
Speaker 1: they're they're regular, they're they're broadcast usually at regular intervals,
Speaker 1: like on the hour or on every quarter hour or whatever.
Speaker 1: So oh, you know, I think it's pretty safe to
Speaker 1: say these are some form of of espionage communication. Um,
Speaker 1: but that's really all we can say, although that go
Speaker 1: listen to some because they are both fascinating and incredibly
Speaker 1: unsettling for just being a series of numbers. So that
Speaker 1: wraps up this discussion. You guys, if you have any
Speaker 1: topics you would like us to cover, let us know.
Speaker 1: Send us a message on Facebook or Twitter are handled.
Speaker 1: There is text stuff H s W or you can
Speaker 1: always send us an email. That address is tech Stuff
Speaker 1: at Discovery dot com and Chris and I will talk
Speaker 1: to you again really soon. Four seven Do do Do
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