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Speaker 1: If I told you that today we're talking about bubbles,

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Speaker 1: what comes to mind?

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Speaker 4: I'm thinking of bathtime?

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Speaker 1: Are you in the bath as we're recording this.

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Speaker 4: I'm just worried. I listened to the Higgs boson. I

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Speaker 4: think that rubber duckies might destroy the universe.

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Speaker 1: All right, well, I want you to think bigger than

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Speaker 1: just your bathtob.

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Speaker 4: Okay, like those hula hoop bubbles that you make with

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Speaker 4: your kids in.

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Speaker 1: This classic that's the right direction.

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Speaker 4: But go bigger, Okay, bigger than that. Then you've got

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Speaker 4: to be talking about like our atmosphere or something as

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Speaker 4: a huge bubble.

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Speaker 1: Around the whole earth, even bigger.

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Speaker 4: Can a bubble be that big?

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Speaker 1: Can you even think about a bubble that big? Or

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Speaker 1: is it going to blow your mind?

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Speaker 3: Hi?

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Speaker 1: This is Daniel. I'm a particle physicist and the co

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Speaker 1: author of the book We Have No Idea, A Guide

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Speaker 1: to the Unknown Universe. My other co host and co

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Speaker 1: author is Jorge cham, a cartoonist and a friend of mine.

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Speaker 1: Jorge is not here today, so we have a guest host,

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Speaker 1: Professor Matt Georgiani of the University of Maryland. Say Hi

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Speaker 1: to everybody.

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Speaker 4: Matt, Hello everybody. Yeah, I'm Matt Georgianni and I'm a biologist,

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Speaker 4: so I don't know anything about physics unless it meets animals.

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Speaker 1: Biology is basically just big physics, though, isn't.

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Speaker 4: It it is? I mean, it's biologist is what physicists

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Speaker 4: wish they could study. Oh, we're going to lay the

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Speaker 4: gauntlet down now.

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Speaker 1: Wow. I thought you were admitting that biology is nothing

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Speaker 1: but an emergent phenomenon of physics. But now it seems

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Speaker 1: you're trying to turn the tables on me.

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Speaker 4: It won't be the first time.

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Speaker 1: So tell everybody a little bit about yourself, Matt. Why

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Speaker 1: are you a biologist? What do you study? What do

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Speaker 1: you find fascinating?

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Speaker 4: I loved Matt early on in high school and in college,

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Speaker 4: but I got really taken.

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Speaker 1: Loved is in past tense, loved, I.

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Speaker 4: Still love, but I got really taken with evolution, and

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Speaker 4: I loved how big mood you know, animals evolved into

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Speaker 4: different shapes and beings and how all of life on

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Speaker 4: Earth came to be. And I just find it utterly fascinating.

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Speaker 1: You mean the theory of evolution, right.

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Speaker 4: The theory of evolution, yes, but what a wonderful theory.

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Speaker 4: Right up there with the theory of gravity is two

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Speaker 4: of my favorite theories.

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Speaker 1: Oh snap, snap, all right, I will I will take

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Speaker 1: that blow touche. So do you study evolution in your research?

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Speaker 4: I do. I study rattlesnake venom, actually, and how that

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Speaker 4: has evolved across different types of snakes.

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Speaker 1: Wow, So how many years until humans evolve venom that

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Speaker 1: we can squirt out of our teeth?

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Speaker 4: Man, I keep waiting. Every day I check my teeth

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Speaker 4: and I haven't done it yet.

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Speaker 1: What do you mean waiting? If anybody's going to develop

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Speaker 1: that technology, it's going to be you. We are all

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Speaker 1: waiting for you to develop it. Matt.

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Speaker 4: Well, I'm working on it. I'll get there.

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Speaker 1: Have you tried getting bitten by a radioactive rattlesnake?

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Speaker 4: I feel like now this is why I called you.

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Speaker 4: Now I can finally complete my research.

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Speaker 1: All right, Well, I want authorship or at least acknowledgment

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Speaker 1: on the paper where you announced that.

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Speaker 4: I'll give you my first bite.

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Speaker 1: That's a deal. That's a deal.

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Speaker 5: All right.

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Speaker 1: Well, welcome you are our co host today our guest

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Speaker 1: host on the podcast, Daniel and Jorge explain the universe

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Speaker 1: featuring today Matt Georgiani. So, I guess it's right. Daniel

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Speaker 1: and Matt explain Daniel and Jorges universe or I'm not

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Speaker 1: sure what the temporary name should be.

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Speaker 4: Or maybe I can just mark up what you guys explain.

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Speaker 1: That's right. Daniel tries to explain the universe and Matt

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Speaker 1: confuses everybody, that's right. And our podcast is a production

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Speaker 1: of iHeartRadio. Today we're going to be talking about all

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Speaker 1: those amazing things that you do go into science to discover.

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Speaker 1: You went into science to talk to discover evolution and

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Speaker 1: unravel the secrets of the history of life, and I

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Speaker 1: went into physics to reveal a deeper truth about the

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Speaker 1: nature of the universe. And as old is, when you

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Speaker 1: jump into something scientific, you never know what you're going

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Speaker 1: to discover. And today's episode is going to be all

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Speaker 1: about that, about unexpected discoveries. What's the most interesting or

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Speaker 1: famous unexpected discovery in biology or in rattlesnake venom.

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Speaker 4: I can only say that one of the things about

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Speaker 4: biology is that we as we keep discovering things, the

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Speaker 4: conclusion is always that everything is way more complicated than

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Speaker 4: we ever thought it was.

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Speaker 1: Oh I see, so we're like, hey, we evolved from primates.

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Speaker 1: There must be a straight dotted line between us and

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Speaker 1: some common ancestor of chimps, And then we dig up

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Speaker 1: a bunch of fossils and they don't make a nice

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Speaker 1: dotted line.

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Speaker 4: I think human evolution is in one of these great

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Speaker 4: cases where we did kind of think maybe there would

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Speaker 4: be a sort of simple line. And all we keep

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Speaker 4: learning is that populations of early humans and different hominids

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Speaker 4: were intermingling and mixing, and that the modern human that

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Speaker 4: we that what we envision is actually this really complex

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Speaker 4: mixture of a bunch of different populations of humans and

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Speaker 4: early humans and we're just way more complex than we

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Speaker 4: ever thought we were.

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Speaker 1: And do you think that's like a really fun moment

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Speaker 1: when you're digging up a skeleton and that doesn't look

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Speaker 1: anything like the one you expected to find, because that

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Speaker 1: opens the doors to crazy new ideas, Or do you

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Speaker 1: think it's like frustrating when you're like, look, I just

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Speaker 1: got to graduate, I want to write this paper, and

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Speaker 1: now this data doesn't make any sense to me.

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Speaker 4: I think it's a little of both. I think the

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Speaker 4: first time you realize it's not the answer you expected,

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Speaker 4: you think, oh great, I was really hoping I could

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Speaker 4: wrap this up, And then your mind starts to click

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Speaker 4: and you start to think of all the other new

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Speaker 4: questions you suddenly have, and then all of a sudden,

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Speaker 4: the world just becomes that much bigger and that's really

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Speaker 4: a fun moment.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, And I think there's an analogy there. I think

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Speaker 1: like the progress of science in general is something like

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Speaker 1: the weird, complicated mess of human evolution. You know, we

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Speaker 1: make progress in this direction, and we got to back

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Speaker 1: up and go this other way, and then we stumble

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Speaker 1: across this thing, and then the end we draw some

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Speaker 1: conclusions based on this big, messy combination of ideas, this

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Speaker 1: popular discoveries. Yeah, and so today on the podcast, we'll

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Speaker 1: be talking about an amazing discovery that was made very recently,

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Speaker 1: within the last ten years, something which totally changes what

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Speaker 1: we know about the very galaxy we live in.

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Speaker 4: I love that physics is still discovering things.

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Speaker 1: You thought physics was used up like one hundred years ago.

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Speaker 4: I thought that Einstein and Newton had figured it all out.

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Speaker 4: So this is great.

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Speaker 1: No, no, not at all. So today on the podcast,

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Speaker 1: we'll be answering the question what are the Fermi bubbles.

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Speaker 1: When we're talking about bubbles, we're not talking about Matt

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Speaker 1: having a soapie bath or making hula hoop bubbles, or

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Speaker 1: even the bubble of our atmosphere. We're talking about something

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Speaker 1: on an enormous scale, something basically the size of the galaxy,

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Speaker 1: that was only recently discovered, and we talked about recently

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Speaker 1: on a podcast about how stuff at the center of

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Speaker 1: the galaxy is still a huge mystery. Like, we know

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Speaker 1: there's a big black hole there, we have lots of

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Speaker 1: questions about black holes. There's a bunch of stuff swirling

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Speaker 1: around that black hole, and questions about how those black

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Speaker 1: holes were made and all sorts of stuff. It's a big,

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Speaker 1: messy swarm of goop there in the middle of the galaxy.

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Speaker 1: And even Gwyneth Paltrow can't give us any insight.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, well maybe she's in the Fermi bubbles. So we'll see.

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Speaker 1: That's right. And so today we're gonna be talking about

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Speaker 1: an amazing discovery that they made recently. They found these

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Speaker 1: huge blobs of gas. They're like basically the size of

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Speaker 1: the galaxy, and they called them the Fermi bubbles. And

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Speaker 1: before we dig into talking about what they are and

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Speaker 1: what they mean and what they might reveal about the

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Speaker 1: nature of our galaxy and the universe in general, I

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Speaker 1: was wondering had anybody heard of this, because in my

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Speaker 1: field in physics, everybody knows about it because it's a

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Speaker 1: big discovery made pretty recently. Somebody has recently awarded a

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Speaker 1: big prize for it. But I wasn't sure if it

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Speaker 1: had sort of penetrated into the cultural zeitgeist. People had

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Speaker 1: been talking about this, and so I walked around campus

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Speaker 1: at UC Irvine and I asked people, Hey, have you

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Speaker 1: ever heard of the Fermi bubbles? Do you know what

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Speaker 1: they are? Before you listen to these answers, think to yourself,

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Speaker 1: do you know what the Fermi bubbles are? If I

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Speaker 1: had asked you randomly on the street, what would you

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Speaker 1: have said.

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Speaker 4: This is actually my favorite part of your podcast, when

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Speaker 4: we're asked to just quietly listen and think about our

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Speaker 4: own answer. I love it, and I'm never right, so

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Speaker 4: I love time.

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Speaker 1: All right, Well, listen to these answers and hear what

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Speaker 1: people had to say. Have you ever heard of the

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Speaker 1: Fermi bubbles? No?

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Speaker 5: No, no, no, no, no, I have not.

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Speaker 1: No.

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Speaker 4: I've heard the.

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Speaker 3: Name, but I the definition escapes me.

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Speaker 1: All right, Matt, what did you think of people's responses?

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Speaker 4: Well, I have to say that I also had not

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Speaker 4: heard of Fermi bubbles and I wasn't really aware of them.

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Speaker 4: I know who Fermi is because I was in Chicago. However,

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Speaker 4: I didn't really know what these were. And it seems

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Speaker 4: like the people on her of mine did not really

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Speaker 4: know much about them either.

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Speaker 1: No, pretty much nobody had ever heard of them. You

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Speaker 1: hear some clever guesses, right, people like, oh, I think

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Speaker 1: I know who Fermi is, or you know, maybe there's

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Speaker 1: some connection to particle physics with the bubble chamber. That

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Speaker 1: was clever, But basically zero percent of these people had

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Speaker 1: ever heard of the Fermi bubbles. And God, that blows

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Speaker 1: me away because we're making these huge discoveries. This is

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Speaker 1: like when we talked about on the podcast about the

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Speaker 1: hexagon on Saturn. You know, everybody's heard of Jupiter's red spot,

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Speaker 1: obvious thing, fascinating mystery, but very few are Almost nobody

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Speaker 1: had heard of the fact that there's a huge hexagon

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Speaker 1: on the top of Saturn. Like, people just don't know

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Speaker 1: that there are these big mysteries out there, these recent discoveries.

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Speaker 1: And so I hope at least after today people will

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Speaker 1: know a little bit about what the Fermi bubbles are,

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Speaker 1: why they're such fascinating discovery. All right, so we'll dig

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Speaker 1: into what the Fermi bubbles are, but first let's take

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Speaker 4: Okay, Daniel, So now I've got some questions, right, So

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Speaker 4: what I've done is I've looked at a picture at

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Speaker 4: Google search for Fermie bubbles.

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Speaker 1: Is that how you biologists do research? You just type

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Speaker 1: stuff into Google?

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Speaker 4: Ninety nine percent of the world of the answers are

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Speaker 4: pretty much already out there. So I'm looking at these

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Speaker 4: Fermi bubbles, and what I've seeing is this really great

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Speaker 4: picture of our galaxy, the Milky Way galaxy, and I

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Speaker 4: see two big purple bubbles I guess that are extending

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Speaker 4: out from the plane perpendicular to the plane of our

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Speaker 4: our spinning disc. So I guess I can start with

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Speaker 4: my first questions, which is what am I looking at?

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Speaker 1: Yeah, it's amazing You've visualize the galaxy most people think

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Speaker 1: of something pretty flat like a disk, and it's got

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Speaker 1: these swirling arms of stars, and that's correct, right, But

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Speaker 1: in this image that we're looking at, and that I

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Speaker 1: hope that to folks out there have a chance to

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Speaker 1: google if they're not currently driving, you see these huge balls,

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Speaker 1: these big purple balls. And the most important thing for

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Speaker 1: people to know is these things are basically the same

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Speaker 1: size of the galaxy. They're like twenty five thousand light

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Speaker 1: years above and below the galaxy. They're basically the biggest

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Speaker 1: feature of our galaxy, and nobody even knew they existed

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Speaker 1: until ten years ago.

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Speaker 4: Right, the disc becomes this little belt that are of

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Speaker 4: all the galaxy.

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Speaker 1: Has, yeah, exactly, all.

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Speaker 4: The planets, all of life, all the stars are kind

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Speaker 4: of like the feature around the balls.

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Speaker 1: I know exactly. It's like we are the side note

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Speaker 1: to this enormous feature. Right. And for those of you

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Speaker 1: who don't know the whole galaxy, the Milky Way galaxy

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Speaker 1: is about one hundred thousand light years across, so to

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Speaker 1: have something that's fifty thousand light years wide, that's a

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Speaker 1: pretty big feature. Right, that's maybe the dominant thing. And

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Speaker 1: so there are these two giant blobs and they're basically circular. Also,

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Speaker 1: like they're tight at the center of the galaxy and

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Speaker 1: then they sort of expand out and then taper off

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Speaker 1: a little bit. So they look basically like two huge basketballs,

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Speaker 1: one above and one below the galaxy, touching right there

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Speaker 1: at the center of the galaxy.

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Speaker 4: Or if I try my belt really tight.

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Speaker 1: Okay, I just got a very disturbing mental image.

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Speaker 4: Let's pack that out.

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Speaker 1: And there's two of them, right there's the north one

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Speaker 1: in the south one, and they're about the same size

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Speaker 1: right there. There is there's a lot of symmetry here.

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Speaker 4: So let's just start with what are they made of?

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Speaker 1: We don't even know the answer to that question. We

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Speaker 1: think that maybe they're made of some sort of hot gas,

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Speaker 1: which in this case basically means protons. Right, remember that gas.

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Speaker 1: Most of the gas in the universe is hydrogen, which

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Speaker 1: is a proton and an electron, but a lot of

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Speaker 1: it is hot, which means it's iron eye. So the

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Speaker 1: electron has escaped, so basically just protons. So one idea

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Speaker 1: is maybe it's just a huge number of protons. And

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Speaker 1: the thing to know is like it would be a

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Speaker 1: huge number of protons, like if you took all those

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Speaker 1: protons and like use them to build stars, which is

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Speaker 1: something our galaxy is good at. You could make two

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Speaker 1: million stars, right, This is not a small amount of gas.

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Speaker 1: So one idea is maybe they're protons. The other idea

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Speaker 1: is that maybe they're electrons. Right, maybe they're like really

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Speaker 1: fast moving, zippy electrons. And I think the thing to

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Speaker 1: understand is what we're looking at. What we're seeing, of course,

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Speaker 1: is light. Right. We have a telescope out in space

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Speaker 1: that can see these things, so we're seeing photons from

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Speaker 1: these objects. Right. You know, when we see like stars

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Speaker 1: that are really far away, we're not seeing the star.

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Speaker 1: We're seeing the life from that star. So things that

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Speaker 1: we only see things that give off light. Right, there

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Speaker 1: could be something out there like a big black rock

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Speaker 1: or a black hole. We wouldn't see it because it's

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Speaker 1: not giving off any photons.

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Speaker 4: So how did we just discover this? Then?

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Speaker 1: I know, right, how did we not see this before? Well,

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Speaker 1: the story is that, you know, we didn't have a

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Speaker 1: telescope that could see these things before. People I think

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Speaker 1: imagine that we've looked out into the universe, that we've

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Speaker 1: basically seen the whole universe. But that's not true, right,

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Speaker 1: We've looked at a very tiny fraction of the universe.

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Speaker 1: Just recently, we had an episode about like how many

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Speaker 1: stars have we seen in the sky, and we talked

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Speaker 1: about how the Hubble, which can see really deep into

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Speaker 1: the universe, has only looked at a tiny patch of

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Speaker 1: the sky. Most of the sky has not even been

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Speaker 1: examined by Hubble. And if you could look out there

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Speaker 1: and find this crazy, amazing stuff nobody's ever seen before,

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Speaker 1: there could be huge surprises there. So I think the

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Speaker 1: lesson is like every time we turn on a new

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Speaker 1: astronomical device, we see crazy stuff that we didn't expect

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Speaker 1: because the universe is filled with crazy stuff and we

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Speaker 1: just got open lots of new kinds of eyes.

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Speaker 4: And the key is not that we're it's not that

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Speaker 4: we're not pointing in the right direction. Is that we're

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Speaker 4: not looking with the right or we're not using all

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Speaker 4: the wavelengths or.

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Speaker 1: Something, Yeah, exactly. So this this these things are called

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Speaker 1: Fermi bubbles because they were discovered by the Fermi telescope,

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Speaker 1: which is name after Enrico Fermi. So it's a bit

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Speaker 1: of a you know, double misdirection there. People thought Fermi

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Speaker 1: might have discovered these things, but no, the telescope named

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Speaker 1: after him discovered it. So I think it's cool that

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Speaker 1: he sort of gets credit for stuff he didn't discover, because,

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Speaker 1: like you know, if you become a famous scientist and

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Speaker 1: then they name something after you, and then that device

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Speaker 1: is used to discover stuff, you get like secondary credit

400
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Speaker 1: for it. I think that's pretty cool. But yeah, that

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Speaker 1: telescope was the first one that could see these photons.

402
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Speaker 1: These are very high energy gamma rays like above fifty

403
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Speaker 1: or one hundred giga electron volts, and we just didn't

404
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Speaker 1: have a great space telescope that could see these things before.

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Speaker 1: And so essentially the first time they built one of

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Speaker 1: these things, put it in space, and then looked out

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Speaker 1: into the universe with it, they spotted these things. It

408
00:19:43,480 --> 00:19:45,040
Speaker 1: was pretty quick, like it only took a couple of

409
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Speaker 1: years of data before they noticed these things. So we

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Speaker 1: just hadn't been looking at the right energies before.

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Speaker 4: So there are more of them.

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Speaker 1: Well, there's the our galaxy has only these two. Yeah,

413
00:19:53,840 --> 00:19:55,880
Speaker 1: there's the one, the north one and the south one,

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Speaker 1: And there's a lot of really weird things about them.

415
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Speaker 1: Like if you look at the picture, you notice is

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00:20:00,640 --> 00:20:03,760
Speaker 1: like a really strong cutoff, Like they're not these like

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Speaker 1: amorphous blobs. They're not like you know, sort of gradually

418
00:20:07,359 --> 00:20:10,640
Speaker 1: fading out. They're pretty crisp, like the edges are kind

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00:20:10,680 --> 00:20:13,920
Speaker 1: of sharp, right, And that's really interesting because they're trying

420
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Speaker 1: to understand, like what are these things made of, like

421
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Speaker 1: you were asking, and so either their protons or they're electrons,

422
00:20:20,320 --> 00:20:22,360
Speaker 1: or you know, they could always be something totally weird

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Speaker 1: and different. But the thing that's happening is that, you know,

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Speaker 1: there's photons out there all over the universes, cosmic ray

425
00:20:28,480 --> 00:20:32,200
Speaker 1: background and other sort of soft photons, and then these

426
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Speaker 1: really high energy particles, the protons or the electrons in

427
00:20:35,880 --> 00:20:38,520
Speaker 1: these bubbles. What they do is they basically give those

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00:20:38,520 --> 00:20:41,760
Speaker 1: photons a boost, like they interact with those photons, and

429
00:20:41,800 --> 00:20:44,879
Speaker 1: the photons like get pushed and then they become really

430
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Speaker 1: high energy gamma rays and they come to Earth. And

431
00:20:47,880 --> 00:20:51,000
Speaker 1: that's what we're seeing. So we're not literally seeing the

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Speaker 1: gas or the photo or the electrons directly. We're seeing

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Speaker 1: the photons that got boosted by those high energy particles

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Speaker 1: in these bubbles.

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Speaker 4: So it's almost like this little chain that's everything that

436
00:21:01,000 --> 00:21:04,480
Speaker 4: comes into its shooting it out or it's a I

437
00:21:04,520 --> 00:21:06,360
Speaker 4: guess that's the high energy part of it.

438
00:21:06,560 --> 00:21:09,199
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, it's like a little accelerator, right, everything that

439
00:21:09,280 --> 00:21:11,760
Speaker 1: comes in gets zoomed out, and that's what we're seeing.

440
00:21:11,800 --> 00:21:14,840
Speaker 1: We're seeing that photons in this region of space are

441
00:21:14,880 --> 00:21:18,159
Speaker 1: getting pushed or getting boosted up to some really high energy.

442
00:21:18,520 --> 00:21:21,480
Speaker 1: And that's the mysteries, like why are these things here,

443
00:21:21,560 --> 00:21:23,919
Speaker 1: what are they doing, what's causing it, where do they

444
00:21:23,920 --> 00:21:24,399
Speaker 1: come from?

445
00:21:24,680 --> 00:21:26,320
Speaker 4: And do we think it's a cloud of gas or

446
00:21:26,400 --> 00:21:28,199
Speaker 4: is it like a bubble with a perimeter and then

447
00:21:28,240 --> 00:21:29,119
Speaker 4: a hollow center.

448
00:21:29,680 --> 00:21:31,800
Speaker 1: Now that's really interesting things that it seems to be

449
00:21:31,840 --> 00:21:34,320
Speaker 1: sort of smooth. It's not like there's an edge like

450
00:21:34,359 --> 00:21:36,960
Speaker 1: a bubble right where mostly it's happening on the edge,

451
00:21:37,400 --> 00:21:39,960
Speaker 1: and it's also not really much more intense Closer to

452
00:21:40,000 --> 00:21:42,359
Speaker 1: the center of the galaxy. We see the same intensity

453
00:21:42,440 --> 00:21:45,400
Speaker 1: basically all the way across it, which is really hard

454
00:21:45,440 --> 00:21:48,240
Speaker 1: to explain physically. Like we'll talk later about the possible

455
00:21:48,280 --> 00:21:50,399
Speaker 1: things that could have made these things, but none of

456
00:21:50,440 --> 00:21:53,320
Speaker 1: those hypotheses explain what we see because none of them

457
00:21:53,359 --> 00:21:56,840
Speaker 1: can generate a bubble that's smooth all the way through it.

458
00:21:56,840 --> 00:21:58,160
Speaker 1: It's really weird I.

459
00:21:58,080 --> 00:22:01,359
Speaker 4: Can't believe you're going to make me wait for an answer, Matt.

460
00:22:01,400 --> 00:22:02,920
Speaker 1: At least you have to listen to the rest of

461
00:22:02,920 --> 00:22:06,440
Speaker 1: the podcast. You're on the podcast, don't tune out?

462
00:22:07,119 --> 00:22:11,280
Speaker 4: Should I tell everybody to skip forward ten minutes? Now,

463
00:22:11,440 --> 00:22:14,640
Speaker 4: let's not do that. This might be one of these moments, right,

464
00:22:14,640 --> 00:22:17,439
Speaker 4: So when these things were first discovered, can you actually

465
00:22:17,480 --> 00:22:19,639
Speaker 4: what was it like? If it was recent, then what

466
00:22:19,720 --> 00:22:21,400
Speaker 4: was it like in the physics community.

467
00:22:21,600 --> 00:22:24,840
Speaker 1: It was a big surprise, right because the Fermi telescope

468
00:22:24,960 --> 00:22:27,720
Speaker 1: was not launched to find the Fermi bubbles because nobody

469
00:22:27,800 --> 00:22:29,919
Speaker 1: knew they were there. It's one of these moments when

470
00:22:29,960 --> 00:22:32,040
Speaker 1: you build a device to look for something and you

471
00:22:32,080 --> 00:22:34,919
Speaker 1: find something totally different, you know. A famous example is

472
00:22:34,960 --> 00:22:38,800
Speaker 1: like the cosmic microwave background. These guys built a radio

473
00:22:38,880 --> 00:22:42,119
Speaker 1: telescope to do radar testing and listen to other stuff

474
00:22:42,119 --> 00:22:45,200
Speaker 1: from the universe, and they found this weird buzz background

475
00:22:45,240 --> 00:22:47,359
Speaker 1: that they couldn't explain, and it turned out to be

476
00:22:47,400 --> 00:22:50,920
Speaker 1: this amazing discovery cosmic microwave background. We got a podcast

477
00:22:50,960 --> 00:22:53,240
Speaker 1: schedule for that next week, I think. And this is

478
00:22:53,240 --> 00:22:54,840
Speaker 1: the kind of thing that happens a lot. You build

479
00:22:54,840 --> 00:22:56,920
Speaker 1: a new instrument, you look out in the universe, do

480
00:22:56,920 --> 00:22:59,240
Speaker 1: you expect to see something? You see something totally different.

481
00:22:59,560 --> 00:23:03,280
Speaker 1: So this one was designed basically to discover dark matter.

482
00:23:03,320 --> 00:23:06,280
Speaker 1: I mean, this also has other intentions, but in my community,

483
00:23:06,320 --> 00:23:08,760
Speaker 1: we're most interested in the Fermi telescope because it could

484
00:23:08,760 --> 00:23:11,680
Speaker 1: see dark matter. And you might wonder, like, how can

485
00:23:11,720 --> 00:23:15,000
Speaker 1: you see dark matter? Right? And the idea is that

486
00:23:15,119 --> 00:23:18,360
Speaker 1: dark matter could bounce into other dark matter and annihilate,

487
00:23:18,440 --> 00:23:21,880
Speaker 1: and maybe sometimes that would produce photons and you could

488
00:23:21,880 --> 00:23:25,359
Speaker 1: see those. So this device, the Fermi Telescope, it's basically

489
00:23:25,359 --> 00:23:28,080
Speaker 1: it's like a big particle detector in space. It can

490
00:23:28,119 --> 00:23:32,080
Speaker 1: see high energy photons. It turns them into electrons and positrons,

491
00:23:32,400 --> 00:23:35,159
Speaker 1: splits them, and then it can measure their energy. And

492
00:23:35,200 --> 00:23:38,480
Speaker 1: so essentially it's like looking out into space with a

493
00:23:38,600 --> 00:23:41,280
Speaker 1: very very high energy light. Right. You know, the Hubble,

494
00:23:41,320 --> 00:23:44,320
Speaker 1: for example, looks at visible light, but this looks at

495
00:23:44,400 --> 00:23:46,280
Speaker 1: really really high energy photons.

496
00:23:46,480 --> 00:23:49,000
Speaker 4: Did they think there would be anything near the center

497
00:23:49,000 --> 00:23:51,480
Speaker 4: of the galaxy like this above and you know above

498
00:23:51,480 --> 00:23:52,040
Speaker 4: and below it?

499
00:23:52,440 --> 00:23:55,919
Speaker 1: Yeah, great question. There was another instrument recently called w map,

500
00:23:56,160 --> 00:23:58,119
Speaker 1: and it's sort of like a fuzz. They called it

501
00:23:58,119 --> 00:24:00,960
Speaker 1: the w map haaves above and below the center of

502
00:24:00,960 --> 00:24:03,240
Speaker 1: the galaxy, and it was more in the radio waves,

503
00:24:03,400 --> 00:24:06,200
Speaker 1: and nobody understood what that was either, and so these

504
00:24:06,200 --> 00:24:08,439
Speaker 1: guys were interested, like, well, let's look at that, but

505
00:24:08,520 --> 00:24:11,040
Speaker 1: let's also they were looking more specifically at the center

506
00:24:11,080 --> 00:24:13,680
Speaker 1: of the galaxy to try to understand whether they could

507
00:24:13,680 --> 00:24:16,280
Speaker 1: see a signal of dark matter from there. And you know,

508
00:24:16,320 --> 00:24:18,160
Speaker 1: when you do that, you got to understand the deity.

509
00:24:18,160 --> 00:24:19,879
Speaker 1: You have to say, like, what are we seeing? Do

510
00:24:19,920 --> 00:24:21,439
Speaker 1: we make sure we understand what we can see so

511
00:24:21,480 --> 00:24:23,120
Speaker 1: then we can look for the thing we're looking for.

512
00:24:23,480 --> 00:24:25,280
Speaker 1: It's like, you know, you got to understand the backgrounds

513
00:24:25,280 --> 00:24:28,040
Speaker 1: before you can look for your signal. But they couldn't.

514
00:24:28,080 --> 00:24:32,280
Speaker 1: They were like, what is this? You know this yeah? Yeah,

515
00:24:32,320 --> 00:24:33,919
Speaker 1: And it's one of those moments where they're like it's

516
00:24:33,920 --> 00:24:37,040
Speaker 1: an obstacle because they wanted to answer this other science question.

517
00:24:37,400 --> 00:24:40,400
Speaker 1: But then potentially that obstacle is a whole new avenue

518
00:24:40,400 --> 00:24:43,320
Speaker 1: for discovery, and so they released this paper. It was

519
00:24:43,359 --> 00:24:46,000
Speaker 1: kind of a bombshell. People were like, what are you

520
00:24:46,080 --> 00:24:48,920
Speaker 1: telling me that the galaxy is a totally different shape

521
00:24:49,040 --> 00:24:51,679
Speaker 1: than the one we always imagine and always draw, Like

522
00:24:51,680 --> 00:24:54,359
Speaker 1: there is this huge new structure, which basically changes the

523
00:24:54,400 --> 00:24:56,760
Speaker 1: way you should think about the shape of the galaxy. Right,

524
00:24:57,160 --> 00:24:58,359
Speaker 1: so it was a pretty big deal.

525
00:24:58,760 --> 00:25:00,879
Speaker 4: Did you find it annoying? You were really hoping to

526
00:25:00,920 --> 00:25:02,679
Speaker 4: know about dark matter, and now all of a sudden

527
00:25:02,720 --> 00:25:05,320
Speaker 4: it was that he knew that everyone was going to

528
00:25:05,320 --> 00:25:06,639
Speaker 4: be focused on these bubbles.

529
00:25:06,960 --> 00:25:08,919
Speaker 1: Yeah, why can't we just turn those bubbles off so

530
00:25:08,960 --> 00:25:10,639
Speaker 1: we can get back to the dark matter studies?

531
00:25:10,840 --> 00:25:12,200
Speaker 4: Somebody get rid of them.

532
00:25:12,359 --> 00:25:16,920
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. No, it's frustrating in that respect. It does

533
00:25:16,960 --> 00:25:19,360
Speaker 1: obscure the dark matter signal a little bit, but it's

534
00:25:19,400 --> 00:25:22,840
Speaker 1: also fascinating because every time you see something that you

535
00:25:22,840 --> 00:25:25,800
Speaker 1: don't understand, something that you don't expect, it's a clue, right,

536
00:25:25,880 --> 00:25:28,800
Speaker 1: It's a clue that tells you where to look for

537
00:25:28,880 --> 00:25:32,120
Speaker 1: a new answer, where to find something new, because by definition,

538
00:25:32,160 --> 00:25:34,520
Speaker 1: if you didn't expect it, it means there's something either

539
00:25:34,520 --> 00:25:36,760
Speaker 1: a new kind of object out there in the universe

540
00:25:37,240 --> 00:25:40,720
Speaker 1: or something you knew about doing something weird, right, like, oh,

541
00:25:40,760 --> 00:25:42,480
Speaker 1: I didn't know that stars could do that, or I

542
00:25:42,480 --> 00:25:44,600
Speaker 1: didn't know black holes could make this kind of feature.

543
00:25:45,080 --> 00:25:47,320
Speaker 1: So you're guaranteed to learn something new.

544
00:25:47,560 --> 00:25:49,400
Speaker 4: So presumably this is going to teach us a lot

545
00:25:49,400 --> 00:25:52,679
Speaker 4: about black holes, presumably right, since it's near the center

546
00:25:52,720 --> 00:25:53,520
Speaker 4: of our galaxy.

547
00:25:53,640 --> 00:25:56,280
Speaker 1: And I knew you were either clear you were either

548
00:25:56,280 --> 00:25:58,440
Speaker 1: going to go for black holes or for aliens, right,

549
00:25:58,520 --> 00:26:01,320
Speaker 1: because those are your go to explanations for weird stuff

550
00:26:01,320 --> 00:26:01,760
Speaker 1: in space.

551
00:26:02,040 --> 00:26:03,720
Speaker 4: I wish it was alien. That would be fun.

552
00:26:04,840 --> 00:26:07,359
Speaker 1: Hey, Well, you know aliens is my go to explanation.

553
00:26:07,520 --> 00:26:09,560
Speaker 1: When we don't understand something, you could always explain it

554
00:26:09,640 --> 00:26:14,280
Speaker 1: using intelligent life, right, Yeah, So let's talk about that.

555
00:26:14,359 --> 00:26:16,720
Speaker 1: Let's dig into like what these might be, how we

556
00:26:16,800 --> 00:26:19,120
Speaker 1: might explain it, what the various ideas are, and why

557
00:26:19,240 --> 00:26:21,920
Speaker 1: none of them actually work. But let's take another break.

558
00:26:26,280 --> 00:26:28,080
Speaker 1: When you pop a piece of cheese into your mouth

559
00:26:28,200 --> 00:26:31,320
Speaker 1: or enjoy a rich spoonful of greeky yogurt, you're probably

560
00:26:31,400 --> 00:26:35,399
Speaker 1: not thinking about the environmental impact of each and every bite.

561
00:26:35,440 --> 00:26:38,080
Speaker 1: But the people in the dairy industry are US. Dairy

562
00:26:38,119 --> 00:26:42,399
Speaker 1: has set themselves some ambitious sustainability goals, including being greenhouse

563
00:26:42,440 --> 00:26:45,000
Speaker 1: gas neutral by twenty to fifty. That's why they're working

564
00:26:45,040 --> 00:26:47,359
Speaker 1: hard every day to find new ways to reduce waste,

565
00:26:47,440 --> 00:26:51,680
Speaker 1: conserve natural resources, and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. Take water,

566
00:26:51,720 --> 00:26:55,280
Speaker 1: for example, most dairy farms reuse water up to four times.

567
00:26:55,359 --> 00:26:58,720
Speaker 1: The same water cools the milk, cleans equipment, washes the barn,

568
00:26:58,840 --> 00:27:02,560
Speaker 1: and irrigates the crop. How is US dairy tackling greenhouse gases?

569
00:27:02,600 --> 00:27:05,600
Speaker 1: Many farms use anaerobic digestors that turn the methane from

570
00:27:05,600 --> 00:27:09,000
Speaker 1: maneuver into renewable energy that can power farms, towns, and

571
00:27:09,040 --> 00:27:11,280
Speaker 1: electric cars. So the next time you grab a slice

572
00:27:11,280 --> 00:27:13,159
Speaker 1: of pizza or lick an ice cream cone, know that

573
00:27:13,240 --> 00:27:15,919
Speaker 1: dairy farmers and processors around the country are using the

574
00:27:16,000 --> 00:27:19,720
Speaker 1: latest practices and innovations to provide the nutrient deentse dairy

575
00:27:19,760 --> 00:27:22,760
Speaker 1: products we love with less of an impact. Visit usdairy

576
00:27:22,800 --> 00:27:25,040
Speaker 1: dot com slash sustainability to learn more.

577
00:27:26,080 --> 00:27:29,600
Speaker 7: There are children, friends, and families walking, riding on passing

578
00:27:29,640 --> 00:27:31,720
Speaker 7: the roads every day. Remember they are real people with

579
00:27:31,800 --> 00:27:34,119
Speaker 7: loved ones who need them to get home safely. Protect

580
00:27:34,160 --> 00:27:36,360
Speaker 7: our cyclists and pedestrians because they're people too.

581
00:27:36,640 --> 00:27:37,159
Speaker 1: Go safely.

582
00:27:37,240 --> 00:27:40,159
Speaker 7: California From the California Office of Traffic Safety and Caltrans.

583
00:27:41,240 --> 00:27:44,960
Speaker 8: When you walk through our doors, your world expands. Your

584
00:27:45,000 --> 00:27:49,439
Speaker 8: adventure begins with a spectacle of violuminescent light, a symphony

585
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Speaker 8: of shore bird sounds, or a touch of wonder as

586
00:27:52,840 --> 00:27:55,719
Speaker 8: you hold a hermit crab in your palm. Every moment

587
00:27:55,880 --> 00:27:59,040
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588
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589
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590
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591
00:28:18,640 --> 00:28:21,560
Speaker 4: Why are they the center of our galaxy? Is that important?

592
00:28:21,760 --> 00:28:24,240
Speaker 1: It's definitely a clue, right. We think that they must

593
00:28:24,240 --> 00:28:26,960
Speaker 1: have been generated by something at the center because they're

594
00:28:27,000 --> 00:28:29,520
Speaker 1: touching sort of the disk of the milky Way only

595
00:28:29,560 --> 00:28:32,720
Speaker 1: there at the center. So they must be related to

596
00:28:32,760 --> 00:28:35,639
Speaker 1: something crazy happening at the center of the galaxy. And

597
00:28:35,760 --> 00:28:37,560
Speaker 1: remember that the center of our galaxy would have a

598
00:28:37,560 --> 00:28:40,880
Speaker 1: really big black hole, and so you might think maybe

599
00:28:41,480 --> 00:28:43,880
Speaker 1: like it's a burp, right, maybe the black hole like

600
00:28:43,960 --> 00:28:47,960
Speaker 1: eats something really big. And remember when things get sucked

601
00:28:47,960 --> 00:28:51,280
Speaker 1: into a black lush, it's a galactic black hole. Belch

602
00:28:51,760 --> 00:28:55,360
Speaker 1: indigestion from the black hole, because remember when black holes

603
00:28:55,400 --> 00:28:58,000
Speaker 1: eat something, things don't just like trip and fall into

604
00:28:58,000 --> 00:29:00,920
Speaker 1: the black hole and they're totally gone. They swirl around

605
00:29:01,000 --> 00:29:03,320
Speaker 1: the black hole because they still have angular momentum. They

606
00:29:03,360 --> 00:29:05,880
Speaker 1: get torn up into pieces, and most of it goes

607
00:29:05,880 --> 00:29:08,360
Speaker 1: in the black hole, but some of it gets flung out, right,

608
00:29:08,360 --> 00:29:11,680
Speaker 1: it gets shot out from the black hole. And so

609
00:29:11,840 --> 00:29:14,160
Speaker 1: when you see black holes eat something big, often there's

610
00:29:14,200 --> 00:29:16,920
Speaker 1: like a big jet of gas or something that gets emitted.

611
00:29:17,440 --> 00:29:19,360
Speaker 1: So you like to think maybe that's.

612
00:29:19,520 --> 00:29:23,400
Speaker 4: What's remarkable here, too, is that I often think of

613
00:29:23,440 --> 00:29:25,480
Speaker 4: the sci fi black holes where you're looking at the

614
00:29:25,480 --> 00:29:28,160
Speaker 4: black hole and the spaceships circling and about to fall

615
00:29:28,160 --> 00:29:31,640
Speaker 4: into it. And I often think of then, for some reason,

616
00:29:31,640 --> 00:29:33,880
Speaker 4: black holes as being one sided. But I guess when

617
00:29:33,880 --> 00:29:37,320
Speaker 4: I see these two bubbles and the symmetry here, it

618
00:29:37,400 --> 00:29:40,640
Speaker 4: really tells me more that the black hole exists potentially

619
00:29:40,720 --> 00:29:43,200
Speaker 4: as a disc, I guess, and it's belching out of

620
00:29:43,240 --> 00:29:44,040
Speaker 4: both ends.

621
00:29:44,440 --> 00:29:47,560
Speaker 1: Well, remember, black holes are not like loony Tunes black

622
00:29:47,560 --> 00:29:50,000
Speaker 1: holes right where anybody can roll them up and drag

623
00:29:50,040 --> 00:29:50,600
Speaker 1: them around.

624
00:29:51,000 --> 00:29:54,720
Speaker 4: They're spoil this for me, all.

625
00:29:54,640 --> 00:29:58,480
Speaker 1: Right, you're a biologist, you're allowed to have a totally unreliable.

626
00:29:59,720 --> 00:29:59,840
Speaker 4: No.

627
00:30:00,000 --> 00:30:03,040
Speaker 1: Black hole is more like a sphere, right, It's not

628
00:30:03,120 --> 00:30:05,840
Speaker 1: even really a hole. It's a dense blob of stuff, right,

629
00:30:05,880 --> 00:30:08,160
Speaker 1: So it's more like a really black rock, you know.

630
00:30:08,840 --> 00:30:11,040
Speaker 1: But you can fall into it from any direction, So

631
00:30:11,040 --> 00:30:14,600
Speaker 1: you're right, it's not preferring the north or the south

632
00:30:14,640 --> 00:30:17,120
Speaker 1: side of the galaxy. Either way, it's happy to gobble

633
00:30:17,160 --> 00:30:19,200
Speaker 1: stuff from either direction. You would expect if the black

634
00:30:19,240 --> 00:30:21,440
Speaker 1: hole created some sort of feature, it would appear in

635
00:30:21,480 --> 00:30:24,200
Speaker 1: the north, in the south. And in fact, some galaxies

636
00:30:24,560 --> 00:30:27,040
Speaker 1: do have features, like they have these jets of material

637
00:30:27,400 --> 00:30:30,160
Speaker 1: that get shot out exactly in these directions, like one

638
00:30:30,200 --> 00:30:33,000
Speaker 1: north and one south right from the center of the galaxy.

639
00:30:33,160 --> 00:30:36,360
Speaker 1: But those look very different. Those are really collimated. They're long,

640
00:30:36,440 --> 00:30:38,640
Speaker 1: they're thin, they're about the same size, but they don't

641
00:30:38,680 --> 00:30:42,200
Speaker 1: look anything like this. And most importantly, they're really intense

642
00:30:42,240 --> 00:30:43,920
Speaker 1: close to the black hole, and then they sort of

643
00:30:43,920 --> 00:30:46,480
Speaker 1: spread out and slow down, which is what you'd expect.

644
00:30:46,880 --> 00:30:49,280
Speaker 1: But these bubbles they don't look like that. Right, like

645
00:30:49,320 --> 00:30:52,360
Speaker 1: we were saying before, they have these crisp edges and

646
00:30:52,760 --> 00:30:55,440
Speaker 1: they're smooth. They like look the same on the very top,

647
00:30:55,560 --> 00:30:58,200
Speaker 1: the very farthest part from the center of the galaxy,

648
00:30:58,400 --> 00:31:00,000
Speaker 1: as they do close to the center of the galaxy

649
00:31:00,280 --> 00:31:03,160
Speaker 1: and in the middle. So that seems like an important

650
00:31:03,160 --> 00:31:05,400
Speaker 1: clue about how they were made or what made them. Right,

651
00:31:05,440 --> 00:31:07,960
Speaker 1: they don't look like they were spewed out from the

652
00:31:07,960 --> 00:31:08,840
Speaker 1: center in that way.

653
00:31:09,000 --> 00:31:11,080
Speaker 4: I mean, it really seems like I think the image

654
00:31:11,080 --> 00:31:13,920
Speaker 4: that also invokes is one huge bubble that's been cinched

655
00:31:13,960 --> 00:31:16,680
Speaker 4: in the middle, presumably because of its the spinning of

656
00:31:16,720 --> 00:31:19,520
Speaker 4: the Milky Way. But I guess that would make you

657
00:31:19,560 --> 00:31:22,000
Speaker 4: think that the center should be more dense as well.

658
00:31:22,640 --> 00:31:26,160
Speaker 1: Yeah, yeah, precisely, that would. You would see a density

659
00:31:26,160 --> 00:31:28,680
Speaker 1: there from the sinching, right, So, but we don't know

660
00:31:28,720 --> 00:31:31,040
Speaker 1: what made it. We don't know. And you know, other

661
00:31:31,080 --> 00:31:33,800
Speaker 1: galaxies have jets, but the Milky Way doesn't have jets, right,

662
00:31:33,840 --> 00:31:36,360
Speaker 1: it doesn't have these huge jets. It's spewed out, so

663
00:31:36,480 --> 00:31:38,240
Speaker 1: though maybe it did in the past. Right, we don't

664
00:31:38,280 --> 00:31:40,640
Speaker 1: really know what the history of the Milky Way is.

665
00:31:40,680 --> 00:31:43,080
Speaker 1: We can't look back in time at it and understand

666
00:31:43,120 --> 00:31:45,600
Speaker 1: if it had jets in the past. But this can't

667
00:31:45,600 --> 00:31:48,440
Speaker 1: really be explained by the same mechanism that creates those

668
00:31:48,480 --> 00:31:49,560
Speaker 1: galactic jets.

669
00:31:49,960 --> 00:31:52,680
Speaker 4: And then, given our perspective on the arm of the

670
00:31:52,720 --> 00:31:55,120
Speaker 4: Milky Way, would we be able to see if a

671
00:31:55,160 --> 00:31:59,200
Speaker 4: big bubble was shutting out towards us. Are you worried

672
00:31:59,240 --> 00:32:01,719
Speaker 4: in the same way? I don't know. If we're in

673
00:32:01,760 --> 00:32:05,520
Speaker 4: a bubble or not. Listen to the news. They tell me,

674
00:32:05,560 --> 00:32:08,160
Speaker 4: I'm in a bubble, but I don't know if that here.

675
00:32:09,000 --> 00:32:12,480
Speaker 1: You're in a biology bubble, You're in a rattlesnake bubble. No,

676
00:32:12,640 --> 00:32:14,480
Speaker 1: we are, We're in an arm in the Milky wayte

677
00:32:14,520 --> 00:32:16,160
Speaker 1: We're not in the middle of one of these bubbles.

678
00:32:16,560 --> 00:32:18,520
Speaker 1: We are separated from it. So you can take off

679
00:32:18,520 --> 00:32:21,080
Speaker 1: your tinfoil hat. You do not need protection.

680
00:32:20,880 --> 00:32:22,640
Speaker 4: I just yet. But we would be able to tell

681
00:32:22,720 --> 00:32:25,120
Speaker 4: if it was like so, the bubbles only extend sort

682
00:32:25,160 --> 00:32:27,719
Speaker 4: of perpendicular to the plane of the desk of the

683
00:32:27,760 --> 00:32:28,400
Speaker 4: Milky Way.

684
00:32:28,680 --> 00:32:31,560
Speaker 1: Yes, now that we have this Fermi telescope, we can

685
00:32:31,600 --> 00:32:33,800
Speaker 1: see these bubbles. We can see where they are, and

686
00:32:33,840 --> 00:32:35,600
Speaker 1: we can see where they aren't. We are not in

687
00:32:36,120 --> 00:32:39,120
Speaker 1: a bubble. And we can also point this telescope at

688
00:32:39,120 --> 00:32:41,840
Speaker 1: other galaxies and be like, hold on, if our galaxy

689
00:32:41,880 --> 00:32:45,120
Speaker 1: has these bubbles, you know, does every galaxy have bubbles?

690
00:32:46,000 --> 00:32:47,720
Speaker 1: And we don't know the answer to that question yet

691
00:32:47,760 --> 00:32:50,320
Speaker 1: because these bubbles are a little bit tricky to see. Like,

692
00:32:50,400 --> 00:32:52,560
Speaker 1: first of all, you need this telescope, and you need a

693
00:32:52,560 --> 00:32:54,960
Speaker 1: bunch of data because the picture you might see if

694
00:32:54,960 --> 00:32:58,400
Speaker 1: you google that's after like years of data and background subtraction.

695
00:32:58,720 --> 00:33:00,160
Speaker 1: It's not this kind of thing you can see with

696
00:33:00,160 --> 00:33:03,040
Speaker 1: the naked eye in five seconds of data. And the

697
00:33:03,320 --> 00:33:06,440
Speaker 1: and the other galaxies are really far away. So we've

698
00:33:06,440 --> 00:33:08,720
Speaker 1: pointed it Andromeda, and we've looked for these bubbles, but

699
00:33:08,760 --> 00:33:11,200
Speaker 1: we just can't tell if they exist in other galaxies

700
00:33:11,680 --> 00:33:13,560
Speaker 1: or or not. So we just we don't know the

701
00:33:13,600 --> 00:33:14,320
Speaker 1: answer to that question.

702
00:33:14,320 --> 00:33:16,840
Speaker 4: In fact, we haven't so we haven't seen any of them.

703
00:33:16,720 --> 00:33:19,600
Speaker 1: Or have we No, there are other galaxies that are

704
00:33:19,640 --> 00:33:22,560
Speaker 1: much bigger, that have really big black holes, and they

705
00:33:22,600 --> 00:33:25,600
Speaker 1: have jets, and some of them have like bubble like features,

706
00:33:25,640 --> 00:33:27,840
Speaker 1: but they're not the same as these kind of bubbles.

707
00:33:27,880 --> 00:33:31,440
Speaker 1: They're like lower energy photons and also they're much much bigger.

708
00:33:32,280 --> 00:33:34,719
Speaker 1: So we've never seen a galaxy like this one before.

709
00:33:35,400 --> 00:33:37,360
Speaker 1: But again we don't know if there are other galaxies

710
00:33:37,360 --> 00:33:40,240
Speaker 1: out there like this one because we only recently discovered

711
00:33:40,400 --> 00:33:42,320
Speaker 1: the ones that are like around the corner. So the

712
00:33:42,320 --> 00:33:44,600
Speaker 1: ones that are in another galaxy really far away will

713
00:33:44,640 --> 00:33:46,840
Speaker 1: be harder at a spot. So that's you know, for

714
00:33:47,000 --> 00:33:48,440
Speaker 1: future astronomers to discover.

715
00:33:49,160 --> 00:33:52,840
Speaker 4: Now, are future astronomers looking in one direction or another?

716
00:33:53,600 --> 00:33:56,440
Speaker 1: Yeah? Future astronomers want to look everywhere, right, because the

717
00:33:56,560 --> 00:33:59,600
Speaker 1: universe is jammed full of crazy stuff. And you know,

718
00:33:59,640 --> 00:34:01,960
Speaker 1: the next person who's trying to answer this question, are

719
00:34:02,000 --> 00:34:04,400
Speaker 1: there Fermi bubbles and another galaxy? They're probably going to

720
00:34:04,440 --> 00:34:07,160
Speaker 1: find something else weird and crazy and get distracted and

721
00:34:07,200 --> 00:34:09,200
Speaker 1: never answer that question because they're going to be studying

722
00:34:09,480 --> 00:34:12,440
Speaker 1: you know, the Fermi bicycle or the you know, whatever

723
00:34:12,600 --> 00:34:14,080
Speaker 1: next crazy thing they find out.

724
00:34:14,120 --> 00:34:18,480
Speaker 4: There probably more hexagons. So but there must certainly be

725
00:34:18,840 --> 00:34:21,000
Speaker 4: scientists now that are looking for these.

726
00:34:20,880 --> 00:34:26,359
Speaker 1: Right, Oh, absolutely. Yeah. They announced this paper in twenty ten,

727
00:34:26,920 --> 00:34:30,480
Speaker 1: and there was some folks at MIT. It was Tracy

728
00:34:30,520 --> 00:34:34,040
Speaker 1: Slatcher and Dunk Doug Finkbiner at Harvard and other folks.

729
00:34:34,520 --> 00:34:36,560
Speaker 1: And people have been following up, and people are looking

730
00:34:36,560 --> 00:34:39,920
Speaker 1: for these things at other galaxies, and people are also

731
00:34:40,080 --> 00:34:42,160
Speaker 1: spending a lot of time having fun coming up with

732
00:34:42,239 --> 00:34:44,840
Speaker 1: various ideas to explain it. One of my favorite is

733
00:34:44,880 --> 00:34:51,560
Speaker 1: this starburst hypothesis. They think that maybe candy is your

734
00:34:51,560 --> 00:34:54,400
Speaker 1: mouth watering right now? Yeah, all right, and we're going

735
00:34:54,480 --> 00:34:59,560
Speaker 1: to charge Starburst for this plug right. Anyways, The idea

736
00:34:59,680 --> 00:35:03,439
Speaker 1: is that maybe ten million years ago, the Milky Way

737
00:35:03,480 --> 00:35:06,120
Speaker 1: went through a period of star formation because a bunch

738
00:35:06,120 --> 00:35:08,680
Speaker 1: of gas slammed into another bunch of gas. And when

739
00:35:08,920 --> 00:35:11,600
Speaker 1: gas creates these collisions, you get these density that you

740
00:35:11,640 --> 00:35:14,280
Speaker 1: get these pockets of density, and that's how stars formed.

741
00:35:14,800 --> 00:35:17,400
Speaker 1: And maybe when those stars were formed, that kind of

742
00:35:17,440 --> 00:35:20,000
Speaker 1: event could have also jetted out a bunch of gas

743
00:35:20,080 --> 00:35:22,920
Speaker 1: in either direction. It could have been these big gas

744
00:35:22,920 --> 00:35:25,960
Speaker 1: outflows from a big burst of star formation, you know,

745
00:35:26,400 --> 00:35:29,360
Speaker 1: and that would have happened like ten million years ago.

746
00:35:29,800 --> 00:35:31,880
Speaker 4: Hold on, you said ten million years ago.

747
00:35:31,840 --> 00:35:34,720
Speaker 1: Ten million years ago, and remember, guys, that's nothing.

748
00:35:34,760 --> 00:35:38,880
Speaker 4: It's it's like an evolutionary standard, that's.

749
00:35:37,160 --> 00:35:40,800
Speaker 1: Not I know there were things and people crawling around

750
00:35:40,800 --> 00:35:43,360
Speaker 1: on Earth right at the time that this happened. And

751
00:35:43,400 --> 00:35:44,640
Speaker 1: remember that there were.

752
00:35:46,480 --> 00:35:47,719
Speaker 4: Million years ago. This is.

753
00:35:49,440 --> 00:35:53,200
Speaker 1: Recent, yeah, even on biological timescale. And remember the galaxy

754
00:35:53,239 --> 00:35:56,000
Speaker 1: is super old. It's almost as old as the universe.

755
00:35:56,080 --> 00:35:58,759
Speaker 1: It's thirteen billion years old. So this is a very

756
00:35:59,000 --> 00:36:00,960
Speaker 1: new feature. And we all also don't know how long

757
00:36:01,000 --> 00:36:03,719
Speaker 1: it's gonna last. Maybe it'll dissipate and in a few

758
00:36:03,719 --> 00:36:04,760
Speaker 1: million years it'll.

759
00:36:04,600 --> 00:36:08,240
Speaker 4: Be gone, right, and our could just be a blip.

760
00:36:08,520 --> 00:36:10,279
Speaker 1: It could just be a blip, right, something we tell

761
00:36:10,320 --> 00:36:12,360
Speaker 1: our grandkids about and when I was a kid, we

762
00:36:12,440 --> 00:36:15,880
Speaker 1: had these big bubbles and shut up, Grandpa.

763
00:36:16,160 --> 00:36:19,360
Speaker 4: Or one of many blips. Yeah, aresumably this might be

764
00:36:19,400 --> 00:36:24,120
Speaker 4: a feature that's happened for the entire life of the galaxy.

765
00:36:24,640 --> 00:36:28,800
Speaker 1: Yeah, And none of these explanations, like the gas outflows

766
00:36:28,800 --> 00:36:32,040
Speaker 1: from star formation or the black hole burps or you know,

767
00:36:32,120 --> 00:36:35,280
Speaker 1: anything else, none of them explain this really weird feature

768
00:36:35,640 --> 00:36:38,719
Speaker 1: that the bubbles are smooth. Right, All of those hypotheses

769
00:36:38,719 --> 00:36:41,200
Speaker 1: predict something more intense close to the center and then

770
00:36:41,239 --> 00:36:44,640
Speaker 1: sort of fading out. So the real answer is something

771
00:36:44,680 --> 00:36:47,040
Speaker 1: that nobody's thought of yet. The real answer is something

772
00:36:47,080 --> 00:36:50,279
Speaker 1: that some future scientists will discover. And you know, it

773
00:36:50,320 --> 00:36:52,839
Speaker 1: could be something really deep, like there's a new kind

774
00:36:52,840 --> 00:36:55,200
Speaker 1: of object there in the middle of the black hole

775
00:36:55,440 --> 00:36:57,520
Speaker 1: or in the middle of the galaxy, or it could

776
00:36:57,520 --> 00:37:01,200
Speaker 1: be like, you know, very rarely black holes have indigestion

777
00:37:01,360 --> 00:37:03,520
Speaker 1: and fart out these weird bubbles, and you know, we

778
00:37:03,640 --> 00:37:05,759
Speaker 1: just happen to see one, and itach case like, how

779
00:37:05,800 --> 00:37:09,640
Speaker 1: weird and lucky that our galaxy did this, like right now, basically, but.

780
00:37:09,600 --> 00:37:11,879
Speaker 4: If these bubbles are smooth, it makes me, it makes

781
00:37:11,920 --> 00:37:14,240
Speaker 4: it hard to believe that there it's emitting out almost

782
00:37:14,280 --> 00:37:17,200
Speaker 4: from this black hole. Is it possible that these bubbles

783
00:37:17,200 --> 00:37:21,920
Speaker 4: are being pulled into the galaxy from elsewhere?

784
00:37:22,840 --> 00:37:24,360
Speaker 1: WHOA, that is such a good idea. I'm going to

785
00:37:24,400 --> 00:37:26,080
Speaker 1: write that down and take credit for it.

786
00:37:26,800 --> 00:37:28,839
Speaker 4: Good, right, I expect nothing else.

787
00:37:29,400 --> 00:37:31,319
Speaker 1: You're so smart. It's like you got bitten by a

788
00:37:31,440 --> 00:37:32,879
Speaker 1: radioactive rattlesnak or something.

789
00:37:33,920 --> 00:37:35,160
Speaker 4: I'm beginning to feel it now.

790
00:37:36,480 --> 00:37:38,239
Speaker 1: Uh no, that's a great question. But then where would

791
00:37:38,239 --> 00:37:41,520
Speaker 1: they have come from? Right? Like, maybe if they're sucking

792
00:37:41,600 --> 00:37:44,920
Speaker 1: up something from the outside, then they'd have to be

793
00:37:44,960 --> 00:37:47,520
Speaker 1: a symmetric source, right, you need something on the north

794
00:37:47,600 --> 00:37:51,239
Speaker 1: and the south to get to create these bubbles from

795
00:37:51,320 --> 00:37:54,080
Speaker 1: outside the galaxy. That seems pretty unlikely because they're so

796
00:37:54,120 --> 00:37:56,280
Speaker 1: symmetric that the same size on both sides.

797
00:37:57,120 --> 00:38:02,319
Speaker 4: Sure, yeah, I don't understand it. I just have to

798
00:38:02,360 --> 00:38:04,719
Speaker 4: pose the ideas. You're supposed to explain.

799
00:38:04,400 --> 00:38:04,719
Speaker 5: It for me.

800
00:38:05,520 --> 00:38:08,240
Speaker 1: All right, Well, on the biology version of this podcast,

801
00:38:08,239 --> 00:38:09,799
Speaker 1: I'm going to expect some answers from you.

802
00:38:10,200 --> 00:38:13,520
Speaker 4: All right, Well, so this has been very informative, and

803
00:38:13,600 --> 00:38:15,920
Speaker 4: I have to say, physics, you're doing a good job.

804
00:38:16,640 --> 00:38:18,760
Speaker 4: But I think, you know, these are kind of amazing.

805
00:38:18,800 --> 00:38:21,360
Speaker 4: I think it's amazing that we have these new, i

806
00:38:21,360 --> 00:38:25,800
Speaker 4: mean really young clouds of gas that are just essentially

807
00:38:26,320 --> 00:38:30,160
Speaker 4: stuck at the center of our center of our galaxy.

808
00:38:30,320 --> 00:38:32,080
Speaker 4: The fact that we don't know what they are, I

809
00:38:32,080 --> 00:38:34,560
Speaker 4: think is just fascinating. The fact that the science behind

810
00:38:34,560 --> 00:38:38,600
Speaker 4: it is only not even ten years old is really fascinating.

811
00:38:38,680 --> 00:38:40,600
Speaker 4: So it seems like the kind of thing that we

812
00:38:40,680 --> 00:38:43,080
Speaker 4: might actually get some really cool answers for in the

813
00:38:43,120 --> 00:38:43,720
Speaker 4: near future.

814
00:38:44,960 --> 00:38:47,080
Speaker 1: Yeah, twenty years from now, people to look back and

815
00:38:47,120 --> 00:38:49,920
Speaker 1: they're going to know the answer, hopefully, and it's going

816
00:38:49,960 --> 00:38:52,160
Speaker 1: to seem obvious to them, right whereas right now we're

817
00:38:52,200 --> 00:38:55,200
Speaker 1: standing at the forefront of human ignorance, not knowing where

818
00:38:55,200 --> 00:38:55,879
Speaker 1: it's going to lead.

819
00:38:56,400 --> 00:39:00,799
Speaker 4: But the favorite place to stand, Well, my.

820
00:39:00,840 --> 00:39:03,120
Speaker 1: Favorite thing about this kind of thing is that it's

821
00:39:03,160 --> 00:39:05,840
Speaker 1: a hint, right, It's a hint about how many more

822
00:39:05,960 --> 00:39:09,279
Speaker 1: amazing discoveries there are out there. If every time we

823
00:39:09,360 --> 00:39:11,600
Speaker 1: open a new kind of eyeball into the universe we

824
00:39:11,640 --> 00:39:15,160
Speaker 1: see something crazy and unexpected, that tells you that there's

825
00:39:15,200 --> 00:39:18,320
Speaker 1: a lot more crazy stuff out there waiting to be discovered,

826
00:39:18,680 --> 00:39:22,120
Speaker 1: And so we should build as many kinds of scientific

827
00:39:22,120 --> 00:39:26,480
Speaker 1: eyeballs as we can, especially astronomical ones, because there's so

828
00:39:26,640 --> 00:39:29,200
Speaker 1: much out there in the universe waiting for us to

829
00:39:29,239 --> 00:39:32,120
Speaker 1: find it and to go What the f is that?

830
00:39:34,200 --> 00:39:37,279
Speaker 4: More eyeballs is absolutely what we need, all right, get

831
00:39:37,280 --> 00:39:40,239
Speaker 4: on at physicists, engineers, more telescopes.

832
00:39:40,280 --> 00:39:44,000
Speaker 1: Now, yeah, I don't mean rattlesnakes with more eyeballs, they

833
00:39:44,040 --> 00:39:47,280
Speaker 1: have plenty. What I'm talking about is new scientific instruments.

834
00:39:47,719 --> 00:39:49,880
Speaker 1: All right. Thanks everyone for tuning in. That was our

835
00:39:49,920 --> 00:39:52,840
Speaker 1: podcast about the mystery of the Fermi bubbles. If you

836
00:39:52,880 --> 00:39:55,520
Speaker 1: have something you'd like us to rattle on about ignorantly,

837
00:39:55,680 --> 00:39:59,560
Speaker 1: then please send us a suggestion to feedback at Danielanjorge

838
00:39:59,680 --> 00:40:02,440
Speaker 1: dot com. Or if you have a question about something

839
00:40:02,560 --> 00:40:05,880
Speaker 1: random about physics. We answer all of our listener emails.

840
00:40:05,960 --> 00:40:09,960
Speaker 1: Send it to questions at Danielanjorge dot com. Thanks Matt

841
00:40:10,000 --> 00:40:11,440
Speaker 1: for joining us on today's podcast.

842
00:40:11,640 --> 00:40:13,319
Speaker 4: Thank you, it's been marvelous.

843
00:40:14,400 --> 00:40:19,200
Speaker 1: All right, So go save all right, missus Masel go

844
00:40:19,239 --> 00:40:21,600
Speaker 1: off and solve your rattlesnake venom problem. And we don't

845
00:40:21,600 --> 00:40:23,279
Speaker 1: want to hear back from you until it's done.

846
00:40:23,520 --> 00:40:25,000
Speaker 4: I will you solve these problems.

847
00:40:25,080 --> 00:40:35,360
Speaker 1: Sounds good? Thanks everyone for tuning in before you still

848
00:40:35,400 --> 00:40:38,400
Speaker 1: have a question. After listening to all these explanations, please

849
00:40:38,719 --> 00:40:40,960
Speaker 1: drop us a line. We'd love to hear from you.

850
00:40:40,960 --> 00:40:44,040
Speaker 1: You can find us at Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram at

851
00:40:44,160 --> 00:40:47,319
Speaker 1: Daniel and Jorge That's one word, or email us at

852
00:40:47,520 --> 00:40:51,800
Speaker 1: Feedback at Danielandhorge dot com. Thanks for listening, and remember

853
00:40:51,840 --> 00:40:54,600
Speaker 1: that Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe is a production

854
00:40:54,760 --> 00:40:59,959
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855
00:41:00,320 --> 00:41:11,160
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856
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857
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858
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859
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865
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866
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867
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868
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869
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870
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Speaker 5: We're Paint Care and we're all about keeping it simple.

871
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Speaker 5: We make recycling leftover paint easy with convenient locations like

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Speaker 5: your local paint store. We have three simple rules for

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Speaker 5: painting smarter and reducing waste. One buy only what you need,

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Speaker 5: Two use up what you already have, and three recycle

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Speaker 5: the rest. Visit paintcare dot org slash three simple rules

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Speaker 5: to learn more or find a paint drop off site

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Speaker 5: near you.