WEBVTT - Does anti-matter feel anti-gravity? 0:00:08.440 --> 0:00:11.520 Hey, Jorgey, do you have your antimatter snack yet? I 0:00:11.560 --> 0:00:17.000 had a banana as usual. It's anti slip. Does that count? No? 0:00:17.440 --> 0:00:21.720 But you do know that bananas give off antimatter radiation, 0:00:21.800 --> 0:00:26.520 don't you wait? What that's bananas? Isn't that dangerous. It's 0:00:26.560 --> 0:00:29.200 so little that it doesn't really matter. That's why you're 0:00:29.200 --> 0:00:32.120 so matter of fact about it. That's why it annihilated 0:00:32.159 --> 0:00:34.960 my taste for bananas. Well, the important thing is that 0:00:34.960 --> 0:00:37.720 it annihilates your hunger. That's the whole point of eating food, 0:00:37.840 --> 0:00:55.840 is the antimatter of hunger. Hi am or Handy, cartoonist 0:00:55.880 --> 0:00:58.760 and the creator of PhD comics. Hi, I'm Daniel. I'm 0:00:58.760 --> 0:01:01.600 a particle physicist and a professor at U C Irvine. 0:01:01.720 --> 0:01:05.560 And it really has been years since I had a banana. Years. 0:01:05.840 --> 0:01:08.640 Oh my gosh, I feel sorry for you. Why are 0:01:08.640 --> 0:01:12.319 you depriving yourself and one of life's simplest pleasures. Although 0:01:12.360 --> 0:01:15.120 I recently convinced my daughter to start eating bananas, so 0:01:15.160 --> 0:01:18.240 now we have bananas around the house. Oh my goodness. Wait, 0:01:18.480 --> 0:01:20.960 why are you recommending it to your daughter but not 0:01:21.000 --> 0:01:23.880 having any yourself. You know, it's a very personal question, 0:01:24.080 --> 0:01:26.400 person to person, I mean you brought it up, and 0:01:26.480 --> 0:01:29.319 I'm just asking a fallow up question. I just mean 0:01:29.360 --> 0:01:32.320 that it's subjective. You know, one person can love bananas, 0:01:32.360 --> 0:01:36.119 another person can hate them. To slippery slope, some people 0:01:36.160 --> 0:01:39.199 find them appealing. Welcome to a podcast Daniel and Jorge 0:01:39.240 --> 0:01:42.160 Explained the Universe, a production of Our Heart Radio in 0:01:42.200 --> 0:01:46.600 which we try to explain our subjective, our personal experience 0:01:46.840 --> 0:01:49.440 of the universe the way that it seems to us. 0:01:49.480 --> 0:01:52.760 All this data that we gather with our eyeballs, biological 0:01:52.880 --> 0:01:55.600 and technological, the things that we see out there in 0:01:55.600 --> 0:01:58.680 the universe, we want to understand all of them. We 0:01:58.760 --> 0:02:01.360 want the whole universe to be a story that makes 0:02:01.400 --> 0:02:04.320 sense to the human brain. This is part of course, 0:02:04.440 --> 0:02:07.560 the long journey of science and trying to wrap up 0:02:07.560 --> 0:02:10.400 the mysteries of the cosmos into something we understand. And 0:02:10.440 --> 0:02:12.880 our goal on this podcast is to take you on 0:02:12.880 --> 0:02:15.440 that journey and explain all of it to you. Yeah, 0:02:15.520 --> 0:02:18.720 because it is a very mysterious universe, full of amazing 0:02:18.760 --> 0:02:20.600 things that are happening in it, and a lot of 0:02:20.639 --> 0:02:23.080 things that we don't understand, even things that we take 0:02:23.120 --> 0:02:25.760 for granted on an everyday basis. Yeah, there are so 0:02:25.800 --> 0:02:28.840 many basic questions about the universe that we do not 0:02:29.040 --> 0:02:32.480 have answers to, which means that for you young folks listening, 0:02:32.520 --> 0:02:36.080 you future scientists, there are plenty of discoveries left to 0:02:36.120 --> 0:02:39.359 be made, lots and lots of open questions for you 0:02:39.400 --> 0:02:42.440 to explore. These are big questions about the universe, about 0:02:42.480 --> 0:02:45.640 our very existence, of why we're here and how it 0:02:45.680 --> 0:02:48.120 is that we are here because there is a lot 0:02:48.160 --> 0:02:50.280 of the things in the universe that matter, and also 0:02:50.320 --> 0:02:53.120 a lot of things that antimatter, like bananas. I wasn't 0:02:53.160 --> 0:02:56.320 joking that bananas produced antimatter. That's a real thing. Oh yeah, 0:02:56.400 --> 0:02:58.919 But is an antimatter dangerous? Like if you touch antimatter, 0:02:58.960 --> 0:03:01.600 you explode anti matter. When it hits real matter, it 0:03:01.639 --> 0:03:07.120 will annihilate into photons. But bananas contain potassium, which is unstable. 0:03:07.400 --> 0:03:12.680 It undergoes radioactive decay, emitting positrons, which are anti electrons, 0:03:12.880 --> 0:03:15.119 and when those do hit your body, they will annihilate 0:03:15.200 --> 0:03:17.720 and create a tiny little flash of light. But it's 0:03:17.760 --> 0:03:21.520 such a tiny amount of antimatter that it doesn't really matter. Well, 0:03:21.560 --> 0:03:23.680 that's why I eat bananas, because you know, it makes 0:03:23.680 --> 0:03:27.720 me glow, makes me feel lighter too. There isn't potassium 0:03:27.760 --> 0:03:29.840 in everything. I mean, it's all around us too, right, 0:03:29.880 --> 0:03:32.079 It's not just bananas that have potassium. That's right. It's 0:03:32.080 --> 0:03:34.320 not just bananas that have potassium. And it's all sorts 0:03:34.320 --> 0:03:37.400 of other things that also radioactively decay. So it's actually 0:03:37.400 --> 0:03:39.720 anti matter sort of all around us all the time. 0:03:39.760 --> 0:03:43.920 It's also showering down on us from the atmosphere because 0:03:43.960 --> 0:03:47.480 of cosmic ray impacts. Yeah, there are all kinds of 0:03:47.520 --> 0:03:50.240 amazing things showering us at the moment right now and 0:03:50.400 --> 0:03:52.440 enveloping us, and and for a lot of those things, 0:03:52.440 --> 0:03:55.440 we still have big questions about them, even big things 0:03:55.520 --> 0:03:59.120 like gravity. Anti matter is fascinating. It appears in science fiction, 0:03:59.160 --> 0:04:01.720 but it's also some thing that's real. It's one of 0:04:01.800 --> 0:04:05.080 these interesting hints that the universe is more complex than 0:04:05.200 --> 0:04:07.360 just the stuff that we are made out of, that 0:04:07.440 --> 0:04:10.240 the universe is capable of doing many more things than 0:04:10.320 --> 0:04:12.560 can just be found out of the particles that we 0:04:12.600 --> 0:04:15.040 are made of. There are all sorts of other weird 0:04:15.120 --> 0:04:17.600 possible particles out there, and they all give us hints 0:04:17.880 --> 0:04:22.160 about what the underlying rules are governing the universe itself. 0:04:22.360 --> 0:04:24.480 And you're right, because ant matter is so rare. There 0:04:24.480 --> 0:04:28.400 are basic questions we have about its properties, Yeah, including 0:04:28.440 --> 0:04:32.720 something as basic as gravity, gravity, which you know we 0:04:32.800 --> 0:04:34.960 kind of depend on every day of our lives to 0:04:35.080 --> 0:04:37.920 stay on planet Earth. Without gravity, we'd all be floating 0:04:37.920 --> 0:04:40.440 out there in space. That's not something I ever worry about, 0:04:40.440 --> 0:04:42.479 but maybe I should start to do. We need to 0:04:42.480 --> 0:04:44.920 like look at the gravity prediction every day as well 0:04:44.960 --> 0:04:46.920 as the weather prediction. Well, I know it's a heavy 0:04:46.960 --> 0:04:49.640 burden to be carrying around worrying about gravity, but it 0:04:49.680 --> 0:04:52.120 seems to be pretty reliable. Right. We ever noticed any 0:04:52.200 --> 0:04:55.120 change in your gravity? I mean, I don't want to 0:04:55.200 --> 0:04:58.800 enquire about your weight or anything like that. That's also 0:04:58.839 --> 0:05:02.240 personal information. That definitely explains it. Right, It's not that 0:05:02.279 --> 0:05:04.640 I'm getting heavier and heavier. It's at the gravity of 0:05:04.640 --> 0:05:07.880 the Earth itself is increasing. Sounds like you have an 0:05:07.880 --> 0:05:11.800 amazing experiment in at hand here, But it does raise 0:05:11.880 --> 0:05:15.800 a lot of interesting questions about gravity and antimatter, specifically 0:05:16.040 --> 0:05:20.320 whether or not they are the same for everything in 0:05:20.360 --> 0:05:23.240 the universe. That's right, antimatter seems to be like the 0:05:23.279 --> 0:05:26.760 opposite of matter in so many interesting ways, and so 0:05:26.839 --> 0:05:31.440 people also wonder whether or not antimatter falls down or 0:05:31.480 --> 0:05:36.560 whether it might possibly fall up, like does antimatter fail upwards? 0:05:37.880 --> 0:05:40.080 So today on the program we'll be tackling the question 0:05:45.200 --> 0:05:50.680 does antimatter feel anti gravity? Interesting? Now, are you saying 0:05:50.680 --> 0:05:54.039 it might feel anti gravity or it has anti feelings 0:05:54.080 --> 0:05:56.719 against gravity? We should invite it onto the podcast to 0:05:56.760 --> 0:06:00.240 ask it what its emotional response is to gravity. But 0:06:00.360 --> 0:06:03.120 I think today we're focusing on a more physics question, 0:06:03.200 --> 0:06:06.040 which is just like, when gravity does this thing, where 0:06:06.080 --> 0:06:10.560 does antimatter go? Doesn't like run away from gravity? Is 0:06:10.600 --> 0:06:12.839 that what you mean? Because antimatter is the opposite of 0:06:12.880 --> 0:06:16.640 matter in so many interesting ways, Yet we also really 0:06:16.680 --> 0:06:21.120 don't understand how gravity works for fundamental particles. We think 0:06:21.160 --> 0:06:25.160 about gravity in terms of like boulders or basketballs, or baseballs, 0:06:25.279 --> 0:06:28.120 or even little bits of sand, But once we get 0:06:28.120 --> 0:06:31.479 down to the quantum level, those particles do things that baseball's, 0:06:31.480 --> 0:06:34.599 basketballs and bits of sand can't do, and we don't 0:06:34.640 --> 0:06:38.120 really know how to apply gravity to those situations, which 0:06:38.160 --> 0:06:41.039 opens up all sorts of questions like maybe it does 0:06:41.120 --> 0:06:43.839 the opposite of what it does for normal matter. Do 0:06:43.880 --> 0:06:47.160 you think antimatter minds that we call it antimatter? Like 0:06:47.200 --> 0:06:49.600 maybe it just has a different opinion about the universe. 0:06:49.640 --> 0:06:52.960 You know, maybe it's just pro something else. Yeah, I 0:06:52.960 --> 0:06:55.600 think in the antimatter galaxies that might be out there 0:06:55.600 --> 0:06:58.479 in deep space. On their podcast, they're probably calling us 0:06:58.560 --> 0:07:01.479 the antimatter yeah. Or maybe there's a third opinion, you know, 0:07:01.600 --> 0:07:04.520 why does it have to be so adversarial these politics 0:07:04.520 --> 0:07:08.719 of physics? Stop the polarization of physics exactly, it's all 0:07:08.800 --> 0:07:12.600 just matter. Yeah, it's not helping our society for sure. Well, 0:07:12.640 --> 0:07:14.720 as usual, we were wondering how many people have thought 0:07:14.760 --> 0:07:18.600 about anti matter and whether it feels gravity, or whether 0:07:18.680 --> 0:07:23.200 it feels anti gravity, or whether anti feels gravity. So 0:07:23.440 --> 0:07:26.920 thanks very much to everybody who participates in this segment 0:07:26.920 --> 0:07:29.080 of the podcast. If you would like to try answering 0:07:29.120 --> 0:07:31.920 the question of the day, please feel free to write in. 0:07:32.000 --> 0:07:34.280 We'll set you up and you can hear your voice 0:07:34.360 --> 0:07:36.480 on the podcast. Think about it for a second. Do 0:07:36.520 --> 0:07:41.600 you think antimatter falls down or up? Here's what people 0:07:41.640 --> 0:07:44.480 had to say, pravity, because anti gravity might be things 0:07:44.480 --> 0:07:47.120 pushing each other apart. What do you think gravity or 0:07:47.120 --> 0:07:54.040 anti gravity? I feel like anti matter still has mass. 0:07:54.120 --> 0:07:56.480 It doesn't have like anti mass, so I don't think 0:07:56.520 --> 0:07:59.960 it feels anti gravity. Do we know if there's anti gravity? 0:08:00.160 --> 0:08:03.760 Is their uncle gravity? I think that antimatter feel gravity 0:08:03.800 --> 0:08:08.160 in the same way that normal matter feels gravity, and 0:08:08.320 --> 0:08:11.680 anti gravity, I think is we don't know if that 0:08:11.720 --> 0:08:15.760 even exists. Well, if I remember your lessons on anti matter, 0:08:16.280 --> 0:08:19.320 it should feel gravity because any matter is just regular 0:08:19.360 --> 0:08:22.920 matter with opposite chart. I know that matter feels gravity 0:08:22.960 --> 0:08:26.120 because of the bending of spacetime towards something with mass. 0:08:26.800 --> 0:08:29.160 I don't really know what anti matter is and whether 0:08:29.200 --> 0:08:34.080 it exists in another field or spatial field than mass. 0:08:34.720 --> 0:08:37.800 But I suppose in the field that anti matter exists, 0:08:38.440 --> 0:08:41.080 maybe there's the bending of that field, which would be 0:08:41.120 --> 0:08:45.400 called anti gravity, So I'd say it does feel anti gravity. Alright, 0:08:45.480 --> 0:08:48.760 a lot of very pro and anti pocisitions on this question. 0:08:49.160 --> 0:08:51.720 My emotions go up and down as I was listening 0:08:51.720 --> 0:08:55.920 to those things. I like how people were anti knowing 0:08:55.920 --> 0:08:59.040 an answer. What happens when knowledge collides with anti knowledge. 0:08:59.200 --> 0:09:01.959 You probably get the current state of affairs right now 0:09:02.240 --> 0:09:04.800 in the world. You get a physics podcast about the 0:09:04.840 --> 0:09:07.640 mysteries of the universe. But it is an interesting question 0:09:07.640 --> 0:09:12.439 whether antimatter feels anti gravity, because I guess antimatter feels 0:09:12.520 --> 0:09:15.679 natively about a lot of things. Yeah, antimatter is one 0:09:15.679 --> 0:09:18.920 of my favorite ideas in physics because it shows you 0:09:18.960 --> 0:09:21.360 that our matter isn't the only kind of matter that 0:09:21.400 --> 0:09:23.880 can be out there. There's like the opposite of our 0:09:24.040 --> 0:09:27.719 kind of matter. Though, like what exactly opposite means is 0:09:27.760 --> 0:09:30.320 a bit of a question philosophically, Right, Well, I guess 0:09:30.360 --> 0:09:33.600 maybe start with the basics what is matter for of all? 0:09:34.520 --> 0:09:37.040 Because I know there are matter particles and there are 0:09:37.200 --> 0:09:40.440 force particles, right, I think the basic idea is that 0:09:40.480 --> 0:09:43.680 the universe is filled with quantum fields, and some of 0:09:43.720 --> 0:09:46.640 these are matter quantum fields. Right. Yeah, what we call 0:09:46.800 --> 0:09:49.520 matter is what you and I are made out of. 0:09:49.679 --> 0:09:51.880 We call it matter because it's the first thing we discovered, 0:09:51.920 --> 0:09:54.520 and so we sort of named it the normal stuff. 0:09:54.520 --> 0:09:57.000 And you and I are made of these particles electrons 0:09:57.040 --> 0:09:59.600 and protons and neutrons, which are of course made up 0:09:59.600 --> 0:10:02.000 of core works inside them. And as you say, they 0:10:02.000 --> 0:10:05.480 are all bound together by forces, the electromagnetic force, the 0:10:05.520 --> 0:10:09.120 weak nuclear force, the strong force, which all use particles 0:10:09.160 --> 0:10:12.000 to communicate with each other. So there's like the photon 0:10:12.200 --> 0:10:15.280 for the electromagnetic force and the gluon for the strong 0:10:15.400 --> 0:10:18.200 nuclear force. And so you and I are like this 0:10:18.360 --> 0:10:22.480 big complicated mesh of particles all weaving themselves together to 0:10:22.640 --> 0:10:25.280 make me and you. Right, and we are made out 0:10:25.280 --> 0:10:29.400 of the basic three kinds of matter particles, right, electrons, 0:10:29.440 --> 0:10:32.480 and one type of forks, and another type of cork. 0:10:33.440 --> 0:10:36.439 And wait, a third type of cork. Right, three courts? 0:10:36.480 --> 0:10:38.720 How many quarks are there? There are six quarks that 0:10:38.760 --> 0:10:41.400 we have discovered, the up cork and the down cork. 0:10:41.480 --> 0:10:44.000 Those two are the ones that we find mostly in 0:10:44.080 --> 0:10:47.280 the proton and the neutron, although there is a little 0:10:47.320 --> 0:10:50.160 bit of other kinds of quirks sometimes appearing in the 0:10:50.200 --> 0:10:52.679 proton and neutron, but for the most part, it's up 0:10:52.720 --> 0:10:55.800 quarks and down corks make protons and neutrons, and you 0:10:55.840 --> 0:10:58.400 add electrons to complete the atom. Right, So we're made 0:10:58.400 --> 0:11:01.080 out of those kinds of icles, and most of most 0:11:01.120 --> 0:11:02.720 of the stuff in the universe is made out of 0:11:02.760 --> 0:11:06.640 those three particles, right, Like the planets, the stars, the 0:11:06.679 --> 0:11:09.840 comments out there, the asteroids, the whole galaxies are basically 0:11:09.880 --> 0:11:12.400 those three kinds of particles. Right. Yeah, we think that 0:11:12.440 --> 0:11:16.240 our entire solar system, our entire galaxy, our cluster of 0:11:16.280 --> 0:11:18.880 galaxy is all made out of this same kind of 0:11:18.880 --> 0:11:21.400 basic stuff that these basic building blocks can be put 0:11:21.440 --> 0:11:23.960 together in lots of different ways to make stars and 0:11:24.040 --> 0:11:26.800 lava and weasels and peanut butter and all the stuff 0:11:26.800 --> 0:11:29.440 that we know in the universe. And that's why we 0:11:29.520 --> 0:11:31.440 call it matter. And on a semantic note, I would 0:11:31.480 --> 0:11:34.520 include also the force particles, you know, the gluons and 0:11:34.520 --> 0:11:37.199 the photons and things that tie them together to really 0:11:37.240 --> 0:11:39.520 make them who we are. So we're not just like 0:11:39.559 --> 0:11:43.560 a loose pile of particles as constituting matter in this case. 0:11:43.640 --> 0:11:47.120 I know, sometimes particle physicists distinguished between matter particles and 0:11:47.200 --> 0:11:50.840 force particles, but when we're talking about matter and versus antimatter, 0:11:50.880 --> 0:11:52.480 I think it makes more sense to just lump it 0:11:52.520 --> 0:11:56.920 all together as matter. Okay, shifting definitions here of basic 0:11:57.000 --> 0:11:59.640 things like matter and force. I guess we're all a 0:11:59.640 --> 0:12:02.320 little bit das to that. But also that's the stuff 0:12:02.360 --> 0:12:05.000 that we're made out of. But there's also other stuff 0:12:05.000 --> 0:12:08.160 in the universe in this category of matter, right, there's 0:12:08.240 --> 0:12:11.560 like heavier electrons and heavier courts. Yes, there are other 0:12:11.720 --> 0:12:14.680 versions of these particles. This is one of the really 0:12:14.720 --> 0:12:18.480 fascinating things about particle physics is that the particles we know, 0:12:18.679 --> 0:12:22.360 the electron, the upcork, and the down cork have these reflections. 0:12:22.400 --> 0:12:24.640 That's what I meant earlier about the sort of philosophical 0:12:24.640 --> 0:12:27.400 definition of opposite. Because with the particles we know, there 0:12:27.400 --> 0:12:30.400 are several versions of them. So even before we talk 0:12:30.440 --> 0:12:33.480 about antimatter, as you said, there are heavier versions of 0:12:33.520 --> 0:12:36.160 these particles, so they're sort of reflected in this one 0:12:36.200 --> 0:12:39.280 dimension along mass. So there's like a heavier version of 0:12:39.280 --> 0:12:42.040 the electron it's called a muon, and a heavier version 0:12:42.120 --> 0:12:44.560 of the up cork it's called a charm cork. And 0:12:44.559 --> 0:12:47.440 then there's a second reflection, right, So there's the muan 0:12:47.559 --> 0:12:50.400 and then the towel is the upcork, the charm cork, 0:12:50.440 --> 0:12:52.680 and then the top cork. So each of these basic 0:12:52.720 --> 0:12:55.560 particles of matter that we know, there's two more versions 0:12:55.640 --> 0:12:58.960 of each of them. So it's this weird reflection of 0:12:59.000 --> 0:13:02.080 the kinds of matter that we're familiar with along the 0:13:02.120 --> 0:13:04.960 mass access they're heavier versions of each of these. Well, 0:13:05.200 --> 0:13:08.240 not all the particles, right, the force particles don't have 0:13:08.280 --> 0:13:12.040 heavier cousins, do they. Yeah, that's right. Only the fermions 0:13:12.240 --> 0:13:15.000 have these heavier cousins. We're not aware of any heavier 0:13:15.120 --> 0:13:18.400 version of the photon or the z boson. Okay, but 0:13:18.440 --> 0:13:21.640 there is something called antimatter particles, which is like if 0:13:21.679 --> 0:13:23.800 you take all of those particles you mentioned, the ones 0:13:23.840 --> 0:13:27.280 we're made out of their heavier cousins. And also in 0:13:27.360 --> 0:13:30.280 some ways, if you also take the force particles and 0:13:30.360 --> 0:13:33.199 numpit amount in, there's a whole other version of all 0:13:33.240 --> 0:13:36.440 of those particles that are called antimatter. That's exactly right. 0:13:36.480 --> 0:13:38.959 So all these particles that were aware of, there's another 0:13:39.040 --> 0:13:41.839 way they're reflected, not just like there's a heavier version 0:13:41.840 --> 0:13:44.760 of them, but now there's like this opposite version of 0:13:44.800 --> 0:13:47.640 them where we take all the charges, for example, and 0:13:47.640 --> 0:13:50.040 we flip them, so the electron has charged minus one. 0:13:50.440 --> 0:13:52.880 There's another version of the electron, which we call the 0:13:52.920 --> 0:13:57.160 antimatter version of the electron. Sometimes we call it a positron, 0:13:57.559 --> 0:14:00.920 which has charged plus one. So it's reflected in this 0:14:01.040 --> 0:14:04.280 like different direction. And that's true also for the muan 0:14:04.400 --> 0:14:06.280 and for the up cork, and for the down cork 0:14:06.320 --> 0:14:10.560 and the top cork. All these particles have their antimatter versions. 0:14:10.600 --> 0:14:14.680 So the antimatter versions are when you flip their charges, 0:14:15.200 --> 0:14:17.959 which is related to the kind of force they feel, right, 0:14:18.040 --> 0:14:21.960 Like electrons feel the electromagnetic force, which means they have 0:14:22.000 --> 0:14:24.120 a charge, and that's what you flip to get the 0:14:24.160 --> 0:14:27.440 anti electron exactly. And we're talking here just about the 0:14:27.480 --> 0:14:30.160 electric charge, which is a label that we put on 0:14:30.240 --> 0:14:34.480 particles that feel the electromagnetic force. And a minus charge 0:14:34.840 --> 0:14:37.560 means one thing, and a positive charge means something else. 0:14:37.960 --> 0:14:40.440 And we know, for example that like positive negative charges 0:14:40.440 --> 0:14:42.960 will pull on each other and similar charges will repel 0:14:43.080 --> 0:14:45.520 each other. So that's a label we put on particles 0:14:45.520 --> 0:14:48.960 to describe how they react to electromagnetic fields. And so 0:14:49.040 --> 0:14:52.200 an electron an apostitron are the same, except they react 0:14:52.280 --> 0:14:55.960 oppositely to these fields. The same electromagnetic field which pushes 0:14:56.000 --> 0:14:59.640 an electron up will push a positron down, so it 0:14:59.720 --> 0:15:02.479 has the same mass as an electron, but the opposite 0:15:02.520 --> 0:15:06.360 electric charge. Right. And then other particles like the corks, 0:15:06.440 --> 0:15:09.120 they don't feel the electromagnetic force, right, so they don't 0:15:09.120 --> 0:15:13.080 have electrical charge. Right. Corks do have electromagnetic charge, but 0:15:13.120 --> 0:15:16.280 they're really weird. They're like plus two thirds or minus 0:15:16.400 --> 0:15:20.120 one third, so they definitely feel electromagnetic fields. You just 0:15:20.160 --> 0:15:22.160 don't typically think of them as doing so because they 0:15:22.200 --> 0:15:24.600 also have a charge for a much more powerful force, 0:15:24.800 --> 0:15:28.040 a strong nuclear force. So they have the electric charge 0:15:28.080 --> 0:15:31.000 and they also have this color charge for the strong 0:15:31.120 --> 0:15:34.200 nuclear force. Okay, so of course feel the color charge 0:15:34.440 --> 0:15:37.920 and also the electric charge. Now, then is an anti 0:15:38.120 --> 0:15:41.360 cork something that has both of those things flipped or 0:15:41.400 --> 0:15:43.920 just one of those things flipped. Both of those things 0:15:43.960 --> 0:15:47.440 get flipped for an antiquark exactly. And I guess that's 0:15:47.440 --> 0:15:49.200 true for all the other particles. But what about the 0:15:49.240 --> 0:15:52.680 force particles. That's also true for their antimatter versions, So 0:15:52.720 --> 0:15:55.760 that's really interesting. It actually depends on the force particle. 0:15:56.320 --> 0:16:00.200 So for example, the W boson that actually carries electric charge, 0:16:00.240 --> 0:16:03.080 it's like there's a positive version and a negative version, 0:16:03.360 --> 0:16:05.800 and one is the anti particle of the other. So 0:16:05.840 --> 0:16:09.320 the antiparticle of the W plus is the W minus. Okay. Yeah. 0:16:09.360 --> 0:16:12.400 And then there's some interesting things about certain particles that 0:16:12.520 --> 0:16:16.480 are their own antiparticle, like photons, right, that's right. For photons, 0:16:16.520 --> 0:16:19.120 there is no other particle to serve as the antiparticle. 0:16:19.440 --> 0:16:23.120 They are their own antiparticle, which is sort of weird. 0:16:23.360 --> 0:16:25.360 But the way we think about in particle physics is 0:16:25.400 --> 0:16:29.120 like you take a particle, you apply the antiparticle operator 0:16:29.160 --> 0:16:30.760 to it, and say, what do you get? If you 0:16:30.800 --> 0:16:33.920 start with an electron and you apply the antimatter particle 0:16:33.960 --> 0:16:36.400 operator to it, you get a positron. You start with 0:16:36.440 --> 0:16:39.000 the photon and you apply this operator to it, you 0:16:39.040 --> 0:16:41.520 just get the photon back and sort of like symmetric. 0:16:41.840 --> 0:16:45.160 So the photon serves as its own antiparticle. Because I guess, 0:16:45.240 --> 0:16:48.000 does the photon have a charge. Photon does not have 0:16:48.040 --> 0:16:51.800 an electric charge, right, the photon does not feel electromagnetic fields. 0:16:51.880 --> 0:16:54.040 If a photon is flying through space and this electric 0:16:54.080 --> 0:16:56.840 field there does not bend the path of the photon. 0:16:57.000 --> 0:16:59.280 If you don't have anything to flip, then you can't 0:16:59.280 --> 0:17:01.840 have an antimatter because is that kind of generally the rule. 0:17:02.160 --> 0:17:04.640 That's generally the rule, and that holds also for example, 0:17:04.680 --> 0:17:08.520 for gluons. Luonto the particle that transmit the strong nuclear force, 0:17:08.880 --> 0:17:12.280 and they do carry color, they carry this charge, and 0:17:12.320 --> 0:17:14.359 so you can't have anti gluons. You can take a 0:17:14.359 --> 0:17:17.239 gluon and make the anti version of it as the 0:17:17.280 --> 0:17:21.560 opposite color. All right, So that's matter and antimatter. But 0:17:21.600 --> 0:17:24.119 one thing, I guess all matters seems to have in common, 0:17:24.480 --> 0:17:27.240 whether or not it feels certain forces or not. Is 0:17:27.240 --> 0:17:30.560 that everybody seems to feel gravity? Right, Well, we're not 0:17:30.600 --> 0:17:33.520 exactly sure about what happens with antimatter and gravity, but 0:17:33.560 --> 0:17:35.919 there is something we think that isn't flipped, which is 0:17:35.960 --> 0:17:38.879 the mass. Like an electron we think has the same 0:17:39.119 --> 0:17:42.120 mass as a positron, it's not like that mass then 0:17:42.160 --> 0:17:45.399 goes negative. That suggests they probably have a similar relationship 0:17:45.480 --> 0:17:49.400 to gravity as the original particle, but we just aren't sure. Well, yeah, 0:17:49.400 --> 0:17:51.200 I guess that's what I was trying to get at, 0:17:51.240 --> 0:17:53.760 which is that a lot of most of these particles, 0:17:54.240 --> 0:17:56.919 the matter particles, have mass, right, that's one thing we 0:17:56.960 --> 0:17:58.880 know about them, and almost in a way, that's kind 0:17:58.880 --> 0:18:01.480 of what makes the matter part Yeah, all the fermions 0:18:01.480 --> 0:18:04.240 definitely do have mass. Even the new trinos have mass, 0:18:04.240 --> 0:18:07.159 even though they have a really tiny little bit of it, 0:18:07.200 --> 0:18:09.119 and all of them get mass, we think from the 0:18:09.160 --> 0:18:12.320 same process, which is interacting with the Higgs boson, And 0:18:12.359 --> 0:18:14.320 to interact with the Higgs boson you have to have 0:18:14.400 --> 0:18:18.159 an antimatter particle. Also, the Higgs boson requires particles to 0:18:18.200 --> 0:18:21.280 interact like in pairs. It couldn't give the electron mass 0:18:21.280 --> 0:18:24.919 if the positron didn't exist, for example, right, All right, 0:18:24.960 --> 0:18:27.320 well then, I guess you know, we know that all 0:18:27.359 --> 0:18:31.400 of these matter particles feel gravity, right because we feel gravity, 0:18:31.600 --> 0:18:34.520 and all of the things on Earth feel gravity. And 0:18:34.560 --> 0:18:36.840 we know that the stars and the planets out there, 0:18:36.840 --> 0:18:40.119 and the galaxies and the galaxy clusters all feel gravity 0:18:40.160 --> 0:18:43.080 and they're mostly made out of matter stuff. And so 0:18:43.119 --> 0:18:47.800 the question that is, does antimatter also feel gravity or 0:18:47.960 --> 0:18:51.440 does it feel something else, maybe the opposite of gravity. 0:18:51.560 --> 0:18:55.760 And so let's get into that weighty question. But first 0:18:55.960 --> 0:19:10.960 let's take a quick break. All right, we're anti talking 0:19:11.000 --> 0:19:14.960 about not feeling anti gravity or is this a pro 0:19:15.080 --> 0:19:18.159 gravity podcast? I'm definitely pro gravity. I don't want it 0:19:18.160 --> 0:19:19.879 to pick up and move somewhere else, like I'd like 0:19:19.920 --> 0:19:21.960 for it to stay pretty much where it is. I'm 0:19:22.000 --> 0:19:24.640 relying on it every day. Oh really, I guess I'm 0:19:24.680 --> 0:19:27.520 more morally flexible when it comes to gravity. I mean, 0:19:27.560 --> 0:19:29.359 if I could, like, you know, ignore it for a 0:19:29.400 --> 0:19:32.400 little bit, that'd be pretty cool to fly around, wouldn't 0:19:32.400 --> 0:19:34.000 that be great? It would be nice to be able 0:19:34.040 --> 0:19:36.920 to manipulate gravity, right If we had ways to create 0:19:36.960 --> 0:19:40.400 like anti gravity somehow, it'd be easier to move your 0:19:40.400 --> 0:19:42.920 bed across the room, or to ship stuff across the world, 0:19:43.000 --> 0:19:46.240 or to launch stuff into outer space. That would be 0:19:46.280 --> 0:19:49.600 pretty awesome. We forget other stuff. How about ourselves, we 0:19:49.600 --> 0:19:54.760 could all be flying around. Finally, you get that flying 0:19:54.760 --> 0:19:58.400 car exactly right. It could be an anti car. Well, 0:19:58.400 --> 0:20:00.560 that's one of the exciting things about all of these 0:20:00.600 --> 0:20:03.560 open questions is that once you understand the way the 0:20:03.640 --> 0:20:06.840 universe works, you might discover something really surprising that's could 0:20:06.880 --> 0:20:09.040 give you a handle for creating all sorts of new 0:20:09.080 --> 0:20:12.040 crazy technologies. Yeah. I mean, we've been waiting for these 0:20:12.040 --> 0:20:15.639 anti gravity flying cars for for years. We're still waiting, Daniel, 0:20:15.680 --> 0:20:19.960 what's the hold? Well, you know, antime matter is not 0:20:20.119 --> 0:20:23.320 easy to study. It's sort of all around us in 0:20:23.480 --> 0:20:27.119 very very tiny amounts. It's made when cosmic rays hit 0:20:27.160 --> 0:20:29.920 the atmosphere. Part of the shower of particles that comes 0:20:29.960 --> 0:20:33.199 down to the surface is antimatter. There's like muans and 0:20:33.320 --> 0:20:36.159 anti muans as well, but it doesn't last very long 0:20:36.200 --> 0:20:39.159 because it smashes into stuff and annihilates, and it just 0:20:39.200 --> 0:20:41.879 doesn't seem to be very much of it in the universe, 0:20:42.280 --> 0:20:44.480 which is one of the big mysteries. Right. We talked 0:20:44.480 --> 0:20:47.440 a lot about how matter and antimatter are symmetric. It's 0:20:47.440 --> 0:20:49.879 all the same, just with the flipped number. You might 0:20:49.920 --> 0:20:53.320 wonder like, well, why isn't there more antimatter in the universe. 0:20:53.320 --> 0:20:56.320 Why is the universe matter and not anti matter? What's 0:20:56.359 --> 0:20:58.760 the difference in the end. Yeah, we have a whole 0:20:58.800 --> 0:21:00.720 episode on that, and I think we also have a 0:21:00.720 --> 0:21:03.639 whole episode on the annihilation of matter and antimatter. Right. 0:21:03.720 --> 0:21:07.240 When a matter particle like an electron hits it's antimatter 0:21:07.359 --> 0:21:11.800 version a positron, they like disappear and turn into pure energy, right, Yeah, 0:21:11.840 --> 0:21:13.720 they can turn into a photon, they can turn into 0:21:13.800 --> 0:21:16.439 a z boson, And you're right, they do disappear, right. 0:21:16.480 --> 0:21:19.240 It's not like what comes out as a rearrangement of 0:21:19.280 --> 0:21:22.679 the bits inside the electron and the positron. This really 0:21:22.760 --> 0:21:25.840 is alchemy that we're talking about. You're transforming the energy 0:21:25.920 --> 0:21:29.480 from one quantum field the electron of depositron field, then 0:21:29.640 --> 0:21:32.040 into a photon field, and then into something else. That 0:21:32.160 --> 0:21:35.840