1 00:00:05,040 --> 00:00:08,039 Speaker 1: It was Halloween night when he decided to strike, which, 2 00:00:08,200 --> 00:00:10,959 Speaker 1: as I'm sure you'll agree, made for the perfect backdrop 3 00:00:11,080 --> 00:00:13,800 Speaker 1: for a bloody crime. But before I get ahead of 4 00:00:13,840 --> 00:00:16,320 Speaker 1: myself here, let me assure you that there was no 5 00:00:16,360 --> 00:00:18,799 Speaker 1: one hurt in the making of this new story. But 6 00:00:18,840 --> 00:00:21,720 Speaker 1: as the old adage goes, if it bleeds, it leads, 7 00:00:22,079 --> 00:00:24,520 Speaker 1: and this was certainly true from the robbery at the 8 00:00:24,560 --> 00:00:28,120 Speaker 1: Spokane Blood Bank. Now, at the time, blood bank robberies 9 00:00:28,120 --> 00:00:31,080 Speaker 1: weren't actually unheard of. They often had cash on hand 10 00:00:31,120 --> 00:00:34,400 Speaker 1: and very minimal security. The papers reported that on the 11 00:00:34,479 --> 00:00:37,840 Speaker 1: nine of October thirty one, nineteen fifty seven, a man 12 00:00:37,920 --> 00:00:41,240 Speaker 1: stepped through the Spokane Blood Banks doorway and approached Billy 13 00:00:41,320 --> 00:00:45,040 Speaker 1: Evelyn Miller, the only medical technician on duty. He saw her, 14 00:00:45,320 --> 00:00:48,839 Speaker 1: and she saw him. The man then calmly produced a pistol. 15 00:00:49,440 --> 00:00:52,400 Speaker 1: This wasn't a typical bank robbery, though. He wasn't there 16 00:00:52,440 --> 00:00:54,880 Speaker 1: after some quick cash. No, he was there to find 17 00:00:54,920 --> 00:00:58,280 Speaker 1: something far more valuable to him, human blood. In a 18 00:00:58,360 --> 00:01:01,680 Speaker 1: steady voice, he asked for five units of typo negative 19 00:01:01,800 --> 00:01:05,240 Speaker 1: and four sets of transfusion equipment. Based on the words 20 00:01:05,240 --> 00:01:07,960 Speaker 1: he used, Billy Evelyn thought that he must have had 21 00:01:08,000 --> 00:01:11,319 Speaker 1: a higher degree of medical understanding than your average run 22 00:01:11,319 --> 00:01:13,840 Speaker 1: of the mill thief. He was also polite and, in 23 00:01:13,920 --> 00:01:17,960 Speaker 1: her words, very calm and sweet, telling her, I won't 24 00:01:18,000 --> 00:01:20,760 Speaker 1: hurt you, my dear, just don't be frightened. Do what 25 00:01:20,840 --> 00:01:23,720 Speaker 1: I tell you. And although he was brandishing a gun, 26 00:01:23,959 --> 00:01:26,520 Speaker 1: he was careful not to aim it at Billy Evelyn, 27 00:01:27,000 --> 00:01:30,560 Speaker 1: so she obliged handing the items over. He packed his 28 00:01:30,600 --> 00:01:33,440 Speaker 1: bag full of blood and tubes and needles and asked 29 00:01:33,440 --> 00:01:35,759 Speaker 1: her not to watch as he left, and to wait 30 00:01:35,800 --> 00:01:39,360 Speaker 1: five minutes before calling the police. She complied, and he 31 00:01:39,480 --> 00:01:42,920 Speaker 1: quietly made his smooth escape. What drove the man to 32 00:01:43,160 --> 00:01:46,560 Speaker 1: rob the blood bank would remain a mystery. Six detectives 33 00:01:46,560 --> 00:01:48,880 Speaker 1: were assigned to the case, but they turned up nothing. 34 00:01:49,280 --> 00:01:51,960 Speaker 1: The police speculated that the robber could have needed the 35 00:01:51,960 --> 00:01:55,559 Speaker 1: blood for something that occurred outside the law, a gunshot wound, 36 00:01:55,680 --> 00:01:58,840 Speaker 1: or perhaps in abortion. They noted the typo negative blood 37 00:01:58,880 --> 00:02:02,280 Speaker 1: is often characterized as a universal donor, meaning that it 38 00:02:02,280 --> 00:02:04,960 Speaker 1: can be used in all cases, and is often deployed 39 00:02:04,960 --> 00:02:07,960 Speaker 1: in the direst of situations in which a perfect match 40 00:02:08,280 --> 00:02:11,480 Speaker 1: may take longer to find the value of blood is 41 00:02:11,520 --> 00:02:15,320 Speaker 1: not to be understated. Globally and in a metaphorical sense, 42 00:02:15,560 --> 00:02:19,280 Speaker 1: it represents life itself, the sticky force that keeps us 43 00:02:19,320 --> 00:02:22,600 Speaker 1: all on this earth. Blood is an important component in 44 00:02:22,680 --> 00:02:26,760 Speaker 1: our world religions and foundational tales of civilizations. It's been 45 00:02:26,840 --> 00:02:29,800 Speaker 1: used in rituals across the world as offerings to the 46 00:02:29,840 --> 00:02:33,760 Speaker 1: gods and appeasements to forces beyond our understanding. It's found 47 00:02:33,760 --> 00:02:37,200 Speaker 1: its way from our arteries into larger than life symbolism 48 00:02:37,240 --> 00:02:40,359 Speaker 1: that we live with every day, and the English language 49 00:02:40,560 --> 00:02:43,840 Speaker 1: is ripe with common phrases that invoke the idea of blood. 50 00:02:44,280 --> 00:02:47,639 Speaker 1: These blood born idioms illustrate some of our most intense 51 00:02:47,760 --> 00:02:52,440 Speaker 1: human experiences. For example, something terrifying might make your blood kurdle. 52 00:02:52,840 --> 00:02:55,200 Speaker 1: To have blood on your hands means that you've done 53 00:02:55,240 --> 00:02:58,760 Speaker 1: something irrevocably harmful. To be after blood means that you 54 00:02:58,840 --> 00:03:01,240 Speaker 1: might stop at nothing to get what you want. And 55 00:03:01,280 --> 00:03:04,440 Speaker 1: these are just a few. The list is seemingly endless. 56 00:03:04,880 --> 00:03:08,360 Speaker 1: We can't understand who we are as humankind without first 57 00:03:08,440 --> 00:03:11,600 Speaker 1: understanding more about the substance that flows through our veins 58 00:03:11,840 --> 00:03:14,600 Speaker 1: and keeps us living. We need to wrap our minds 59 00:03:14,639 --> 00:03:19,480 Speaker 1: around how it's been understood and misunderstood across time and place. 60 00:03:19,960 --> 00:03:25,520 Speaker 1: And what happens when that blood is spilled. I'm Aaron Manky, 61 00:03:25,639 --> 00:03:36,640 Speaker 1: and welcome to bedside Manners. Close your eyes and come 62 00:03:36,640 --> 00:03:40,680 Speaker 1: with me. Picture this. You're sitting in a room. It's musty, 63 00:03:40,960 --> 00:03:44,280 Speaker 1: but bright and full of conversation and the occasional moan. 64 00:03:44,640 --> 00:03:47,080 Speaker 1: Beside you. A man is working near someone's head with 65 00:03:47,160 --> 00:03:49,880 Speaker 1: a pair of scissors. You hear the sharp shearing sound 66 00:03:49,920 --> 00:03:52,880 Speaker 1: of metal on metal as he works. Fine hairs catch 67 00:03:52,960 --> 00:03:56,120 Speaker 1: the lights as they fluttered to the ground. Nearby, another 68 00:03:56,160 --> 00:03:58,560 Speaker 1: man is bent over and peering into the gaping mouth 69 00:03:58,600 --> 00:04:01,760 Speaker 1: of a wincing woman. You can smell, even from some 70 00:04:01,840 --> 00:04:05,720 Speaker 1: feet away, that her insides have gone rancid. A shrill 71 00:04:05,840 --> 00:04:09,400 Speaker 1: cry escapes her throat as the metal implement scrapes deeper. 72 00:04:09,880 --> 00:04:12,840 Speaker 1: Looking toward the windows, you spy bowls lined up like 73 00:04:13,080 --> 00:04:16,880 Speaker 1: neat and tidy soldiers, all arranged by size. They're filled 74 00:04:16,880 --> 00:04:19,800 Speaker 1: with a liquid that seems to swallow the sun. Then 75 00:04:19,960 --> 00:04:22,200 Speaker 1: the smell of iron hits you, and you realize that 76 00:04:22,240 --> 00:04:26,039 Speaker 1: those bowls are filled with blood. The scene might have 77 00:04:26,120 --> 00:04:28,520 Speaker 1: the ingredients of a torture chamber, but all of the 78 00:04:28,560 --> 00:04:32,640 Speaker 1: people are there, quite willingly still sitting. You see that 79 00:04:32,720 --> 00:04:35,360 Speaker 1: your hand is stretched out and clutching onto a pole. 80 00:04:35,760 --> 00:04:38,159 Speaker 1: The pole has a dual purpose that helps you keep 81 00:04:38,160 --> 00:04:41,760 Speaker 1: your arms straight and serves as an object to grasp tightly, 82 00:04:42,160 --> 00:04:45,240 Speaker 1: all to make what's about to happen easier. A man 83 00:04:45,360 --> 00:04:48,360 Speaker 1: in an apron approaches you in his hands, he holds 84 00:04:48,360 --> 00:04:51,960 Speaker 1: a small, flat silver box with a hinged top. He 85 00:04:52,000 --> 00:04:54,039 Speaker 1: sets it on the table, then wraps a piece of 86 00:04:54,040 --> 00:04:57,440 Speaker 1: cloth around your arm a tourniquet. The veins in your 87 00:04:57,520 --> 00:05:00,320 Speaker 1: arms start to bulge. The man then opens the box 88 00:05:00,360 --> 00:05:03,440 Speaker 1: he set down, pulls out an instrument, and unfolds it. 89 00:05:03,839 --> 00:05:06,839 Speaker 1: They resembles something like a pocket knife, a white handle 90 00:05:06,920 --> 00:05:10,799 Speaker 1: and a short, double edged metal blade. The practitioner easily 91 00:05:10,839 --> 00:05:13,720 Speaker 1: positions the blade at just the right angle he wants. 92 00:05:13,760 --> 00:05:16,760 Speaker 1: He's done this many times before. But before he makes 93 00:05:16,760 --> 00:05:20,440 Speaker 1: any cuts, he places an ornate pewter bowl beneath your arm, 94 00:05:20,480 --> 00:05:24,679 Speaker 1: and then he slices into your bulging vein. Blood runs 95 00:05:24,720 --> 00:05:27,480 Speaker 1: down your forearm. It feels warm as it begins to 96 00:05:27,560 --> 00:05:30,480 Speaker 1: drip into the bowl in clips and plops. As you 97 00:05:30,560 --> 00:05:34,760 Speaker 1: and the man your barber surgeon watch, your head feels light, 98 00:05:35,080 --> 00:05:38,440 Speaker 1: the room fades, and finally you slump over because you 99 00:05:38,560 --> 00:05:41,760 Speaker 1: have passed out. When you awake, the barber surgeon is 100 00:05:41,800 --> 00:05:44,839 Speaker 1: smiling at you with satisfaction, knowing that he has done 101 00:05:44,920 --> 00:05:48,200 Speaker 1: his job perfectly. You have a bandage on your arm 102 00:05:48,240 --> 00:05:50,880 Speaker 1: and the bleeding has ceased. You'd come to him after 103 00:05:50,920 --> 00:05:53,680 Speaker 1: all because you were ill, and now, with the excess 104 00:05:53,680 --> 00:05:56,880 Speaker 1: blood removed and your humors restored, you are on the 105 00:05:56,960 --> 00:06:01,000 Speaker 1: road toward healing. Blood letting, you see, was fundamental to 106 00:06:01,080 --> 00:06:04,360 Speaker 1: caring for the human body. For over two thousand years 107 00:06:04,400 --> 00:06:07,200 Speaker 1: throughout history, it was practiced in some form by almost 108 00:06:07,279 --> 00:06:10,400 Speaker 1: all cultures and societies. Though it seems like a total 109 00:06:10,520 --> 00:06:14,520 Speaker 1: counterintuitive practice, blood is our life force, after all, For 110 00:06:14,560 --> 00:06:17,680 Speaker 1: a long time the practice was considered to be cutting edge, 111 00:06:18,000 --> 00:06:21,880 Speaker 1: and yes, that pun was intentional. For a large part 112 00:06:21,920 --> 00:06:24,680 Speaker 1: of history, quality and quantity of blood were thought to 113 00:06:24,760 --> 00:06:28,080 Speaker 1: govern the quality and quantity of a person's years. The 114 00:06:28,120 --> 00:06:31,279 Speaker 1: practice of phlebotomy, the letting of blood, is thought to 115 00:06:31,320 --> 00:06:34,479 Speaker 1: have originated in ancient Egypt, with the first evidence of 116 00:06:34,480 --> 00:06:38,400 Speaker 1: the practice appearing around fift b C. It's believed that 117 00:06:38,440 --> 00:06:41,720 Speaker 1: the earliest proponents of therapeutic blood letting took their cues 118 00:06:41,760 --> 00:06:45,479 Speaker 1: from spontaneous forms of blood letting, such as menstruation and 119 00:06:45,520 --> 00:06:49,640 Speaker 1: nose bleeds. It was with thanks to the ancient physician Hippocrates, though, 120 00:06:49,920 --> 00:06:54,080 Speaker 1: that this specific healing modality gained a lot of momentum 121 00:06:54,080 --> 00:06:57,880 Speaker 1: over two thousand, three hundred years ago. Hippocrates hypothesized that 122 00:06:57,960 --> 00:07:02,520 Speaker 1: illnesses stemmed from natural mother than supernatural causes. He proposed 123 00:07:02,520 --> 00:07:05,320 Speaker 1: that healing was a matter of proper bodily maintenance and 124 00:07:05,480 --> 00:07:08,719 Speaker 1: not from tributes to the gods. He adapted his ideas 125 00:07:08,720 --> 00:07:11,920 Speaker 1: on some pre scientific thought that originated before his time, 126 00:07:12,160 --> 00:07:15,080 Speaker 1: and after some percolating, he came up with his theory 127 00:07:15,160 --> 00:07:19,200 Speaker 1: of the four humors. Hippocrates believe that nature is represented 128 00:07:19,200 --> 00:07:23,320 Speaker 1: in four elements earth, air, water, and fire. It made 129 00:07:23,320 --> 00:07:26,320 Speaker 1: sense to him then that humans also might be comprised 130 00:07:26,320 --> 00:07:30,320 Speaker 1: of four corresponding liquids called humors, and he decided that 131 00:07:30,360 --> 00:07:34,680 Speaker 1: these were blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile. Each 132 00:07:34,720 --> 00:07:37,680 Speaker 1: humor was ascribed to a certain organ and related to 133 00:07:37,720 --> 00:07:41,400 Speaker 1: one of four certain personality types. Illness was attributed to 134 00:07:41,680 --> 00:07:44,960 Speaker 1: humoral imbalance, too much of one thing and not enough 135 00:07:45,000 --> 00:07:47,440 Speaker 1: of another. In order to get yourself back in balance, 136 00:07:47,480 --> 00:07:51,520 Speaker 1: a doctor would be prescribing any number of things blood letting, purging, 137 00:07:51,920 --> 00:07:55,920 Speaker 1: diarresus and fasting. Of course, there were folks who completely 138 00:07:56,040 --> 00:07:59,480 Speaker 1: disagreed with Hippocrates, but his ideas would be built upon 139 00:07:59,760 --> 00:08:04,040 Speaker 1: and gain wider acceptance long after his time. The physician 140 00:08:04,120 --> 00:08:07,560 Speaker 1: Galen inherited these ideas. He was born in Turkey in 141 00:08:07,600 --> 00:08:10,960 Speaker 1: one d and twenty years later he took to the 142 00:08:11,000 --> 00:08:13,040 Speaker 1: road to study with some of the most pre eminent 143 00:08:13,160 --> 00:08:16,280 Speaker 1: medical teachers of the time. He settled permanently in Rome 144 00:08:16,320 --> 00:08:19,560 Speaker 1: in the early one sixties, stirring up business with public 145 00:08:19,600 --> 00:08:23,320 Speaker 1: demonstrations and lectures. By this time he had become wholly 146 00:08:23,400 --> 00:08:28,080 Speaker 1: fixated on blood, becoming phlebotomy's most prolific proponent. That said, 147 00:08:28,120 --> 00:08:30,600 Speaker 1: he knew it wasn't something to be taken lightly. Cutting 148 00:08:30,640 --> 00:08:33,079 Speaker 1: a person was something to be done with much precision 149 00:08:33,160 --> 00:08:36,080 Speaker 1: and care. He deemed blood letting to be an essential 150 00:08:36,120 --> 00:08:39,360 Speaker 1: remedy to all that ailed folks, and as a safeguard 151 00:08:39,400 --> 00:08:42,520 Speaker 1: against what might afflict them in times to come. Blood, 152 00:08:42,640 --> 00:08:46,280 Speaker 1: Galen thought, was the root of all sickness. Sometimes you 153 00:08:46,320 --> 00:08:48,720 Speaker 1: had bad blood, and sometimes you might have too much 154 00:08:48,800 --> 00:08:51,559 Speaker 1: of it. This, according to him, could be diagnosed from 155 00:08:51,600 --> 00:08:56,240 Speaker 1: external observations. One just had to look for a ruddy complexion. Uh, 156 00:08:56,280 --> 00:08:59,960 Speaker 1: sluggishness or maybe a rapid pulse. He and his contempt 157 00:09:00,000 --> 00:09:03,160 Speaker 1: braries became quick to prescribing blood letting as a remedy 158 00:09:03,360 --> 00:09:06,360 Speaker 1: for just about everything. Galen would go on to become 159 00:09:06,400 --> 00:09:09,280 Speaker 1: one of the most prolific authors in Western antiquity, his 160 00:09:09,400 --> 00:09:13,080 Speaker 1: total writing output exceeding two million words. He wrote on 161 00:09:13,120 --> 00:09:15,920 Speaker 1: a variety of topics, but he's best remembered for his 162 00:09:16,000 --> 00:09:20,280 Speaker 1: outsized impact on medicine, and as the Empire expanded, so 163 00:09:20,360 --> 00:09:23,920 Speaker 1: too did the reach of Galen's medical theories. Blood Letting, 164 00:09:23,960 --> 00:09:27,040 Speaker 1: it seems, was here to stay. So next time you 165 00:09:27,080 --> 00:09:29,160 Speaker 1: reach for an aspirin or have to run out for 166 00:09:29,200 --> 00:09:32,880 Speaker 1: more cold medicine, just think this could all be so 167 00:09:33,080 --> 00:09:36,880 Speaker 1: much worse, because for a very long time it was. 168 00:09:42,720 --> 00:09:45,160 Speaker 1: King Charles the Second of England was having a rough 169 00:09:45,200 --> 00:09:48,600 Speaker 1: go of it in the winter of his feet ached, 170 00:09:48,760 --> 00:09:51,800 Speaker 1: and despite tending to them, they continued to be a nuisance. 171 00:09:51,960 --> 00:09:54,400 Speaker 1: So he decided to cancel his daily walk and go 172 00:09:54,520 --> 00:09:57,880 Speaker 1: for a carriage ride instead. As you'll see, it would 173 00:09:57,880 --> 00:10:01,120 Speaker 1: be his last. The king retired to bed early that night, 174 00:10:01,200 --> 00:10:04,400 Speaker 1: but his sleep would be anything but RESTful. By morning, 175 00:10:04,440 --> 00:10:07,640 Speaker 1: he awoke moaning and barely able to speak, His aids 176 00:10:07,920 --> 00:10:11,200 Speaker 1: hustled in alarm. He was soon struck by a seizure. 177 00:10:11,600 --> 00:10:14,559 Speaker 1: Doctors from the Royal College of Physicians quickly arrived at 178 00:10:14,600 --> 00:10:18,560 Speaker 1: his bedside and deployed an arsenal of treatments. They took 179 00:10:18,559 --> 00:10:22,320 Speaker 1: out their enemies, the purgatives, the laxatives. They ground up 180 00:10:22,320 --> 00:10:25,120 Speaker 1: sugar and pearls for a tonic. They put the irons 181 00:10:25,120 --> 00:10:28,040 Speaker 1: in the fire literally, and of course they brought out 182 00:10:28,080 --> 00:10:31,920 Speaker 1: their lancets. This was top tier medical technology. There would 183 00:10:31,960 --> 00:10:34,920 Speaker 1: be nothing but the best for their king. With these 184 00:10:34,920 --> 00:10:37,240 Speaker 1: tools in hand, the metal of the king was put 185 00:10:37,280 --> 00:10:39,960 Speaker 1: to the test. The old adage what doesn't kill you 186 00:10:40,120 --> 00:10:43,720 Speaker 1: makes you stronger, it seems like it was particularly applicable here. 187 00:10:44,000 --> 00:10:47,160 Speaker 1: He drank boiled spirits from a human skull, hoping that 188 00:10:47,240 --> 00:10:50,960 Speaker 1: its former vitality would reinvigorate him. He was scalded from 189 00:10:50,960 --> 00:10:54,040 Speaker 1: head to toe by white hot irons and bled from 190 00:10:54,080 --> 00:10:56,840 Speaker 1: his jugular vein, but he knew the end was near. 191 00:10:57,360 --> 00:11:00,440 Speaker 1: The king apologized to his doctors for having such an 192 00:11:00,600 --> 00:11:04,800 Speaker 1: unconscionable time, dying after six days, King Charles the Second 193 00:11:04,960 --> 00:11:08,360 Speaker 1: slipped from this life. In total, he had about twenty 194 00:11:08,360 --> 00:11:11,080 Speaker 1: four ounces of blood taken over the course of his treatment. 195 00:11:11,440 --> 00:11:13,560 Speaker 1: What we have since learned is that a human body 196 00:11:13,600 --> 00:11:17,600 Speaker 1: can replace sixteen ounces of the stuff within two days. This, though, 197 00:11:17,720 --> 00:11:20,320 Speaker 1: is assuming that the body is healthy. It seems that 198 00:11:20,400 --> 00:11:23,080 Speaker 1: Charles probably needed all the blood he could get, and 199 00:11:23,160 --> 00:11:25,480 Speaker 1: it's likely that his body couldn't keep up with the 200 00:11:25,480 --> 00:11:28,600 Speaker 1: reproduction of it, and due to the number of physical ailments, 201 00:11:28,840 --> 00:11:31,520 Speaker 1: it seems that his body simply gave out. He was 202 00:11:31,559 --> 00:11:36,040 Speaker 1: beyond repair. In the centuries following Galen, blood letting continued 203 00:11:36,080 --> 00:11:38,520 Speaker 1: to be widely considered as a cure all and was 204 00:11:38,559 --> 00:11:41,160 Speaker 1: incredibly common. For a while, the practice was in the 205 00:11:41,200 --> 00:11:43,760 Speaker 1: hands of the clergy, which actually made a lot of sense. 206 00:11:44,040 --> 00:11:46,640 Speaker 1: They were an educated class and were often tasked with 207 00:11:46,679 --> 00:11:49,600 Speaker 1: caring for the sick. But after Pope Alexander the Third 208 00:11:49,679 --> 00:11:52,079 Speaker 1: banned his holy men and women from the practice in 209 00:11:52,120 --> 00:11:56,160 Speaker 1: eleven sixty three, avoid appeared and the barber surgeons would 210 00:11:56,200 --> 00:11:59,160 Speaker 1: fill that role. Once upon a time, the local barber 211 00:11:59,200 --> 00:12:03,640 Speaker 1: surgeon was a stop shop for various kinds of bodily maintenance, haircutting, 212 00:12:03,800 --> 00:12:06,720 Speaker 1: teeth pulling, and of course, blood letting. Their job was 213 00:12:06,760 --> 00:12:10,320 Speaker 1: to tend to things considered to be dirty and deeply personal. 214 00:12:10,760 --> 00:12:14,880 Speaker 1: These practitioners were tradesmen rather than high society physician types. 215 00:12:15,280 --> 00:12:18,400 Speaker 1: They worked with bodies, something that was considered to be uncouth, 216 00:12:18,679 --> 00:12:22,559 Speaker 1: whereas physicians looked but didn't touch. In England, it was 217 00:12:22,600 --> 00:12:25,680 Speaker 1: common to see candy cane striped poles outside of barber 218 00:12:25,720 --> 00:12:29,120 Speaker 1: surgeon shops, with the red representing blood and the white 219 00:12:29,200 --> 00:12:32,560 Speaker 1: representing the tourniquet. Bowls of blood were even set in 220 00:12:32,559 --> 00:12:35,920 Speaker 1: the windows as advertising. Remember that the next time you 221 00:12:35,960 --> 00:12:38,400 Speaker 1: go and see the same pole outside your own barber shop. 222 00:12:38,960 --> 00:12:42,360 Speaker 1: Over the years, their tools of the trade evolved. Animal teeth, 223 00:12:42,520 --> 00:12:46,240 Speaker 1: sharpened wood and shells gave way to spring lancets and 224 00:12:46,400 --> 00:12:50,640 Speaker 1: razor sharp instruments known as scarificators. But as theories around 225 00:12:50,640 --> 00:12:54,000 Speaker 1: the practice grew more complex, the tools became more precise. 226 00:12:54,520 --> 00:12:57,720 Speaker 1: One of the most popular aids and bleeding were small, soft, 227 00:12:57,880 --> 00:13:01,800 Speaker 1: and sentient leeches. They were placed on the problem area, 228 00:13:01,920 --> 00:13:04,400 Speaker 1: both on the outside and on the inside of the body. 229 00:13:04,800 --> 00:13:07,240 Speaker 1: If you have never heard of a leeching chair and 230 00:13:07,280 --> 00:13:09,880 Speaker 1: wonder why it might have a hole in the seat, well, 231 00:13:10,240 --> 00:13:14,000 Speaker 1: consider yourself lucky. The popularity of leeches peaked in France 232 00:13:14,040 --> 00:13:16,199 Speaker 1: in the eighteen thirties, when it was thought that about 233 00:13:16,240 --> 00:13:19,000 Speaker 1: thirty five million of them were used per year. The 234 00:13:19,040 --> 00:13:23,079 Speaker 1: most popular variety, the Herudo Medicinalis, was capable of ingesting 235 00:13:23,120 --> 00:13:25,840 Speaker 1: ten times its own weight of blood at each feeding. 236 00:13:26,040 --> 00:13:29,440 Speaker 1: They were housed in ornate jars and apothecary windows, which 237 00:13:29,440 --> 00:13:32,120 Speaker 1: were filled with comfortable beds of pebbles and moss for 238 00:13:32,240 --> 00:13:35,640 Speaker 1: the leeches to retire upon between gigs. In fact, for 239 00:13:35,760 --> 00:13:37,880 Speaker 1: a very long time they were believed to have gone 240 00:13:37,920 --> 00:13:41,800 Speaker 1: extinct thanks to this high demand. They're actually still around today, 241 00:13:41,840 --> 00:13:44,480 Speaker 1: but they are a protected species, and of course they've 242 00:13:44,480 --> 00:13:47,280 Speaker 1: had to go back to finding their own meals, but 243 00:13:47,360 --> 00:13:49,800 Speaker 1: not before taking the blame for the deaths of some 244 00:13:50,000 --> 00:14:00,000 Speaker 1: very famous historical figures. George Washington had really taken to retirement. 245 00:14:00,320 --> 00:14:02,800 Speaker 1: He found a lot of satisfaction in watching the seasons 246 00:14:02,880 --> 00:14:06,280 Speaker 1: change at his estates at Mount Vernon, Virginia. His time 247 00:14:06,280 --> 00:14:09,080 Speaker 1: and attention had shifted away from public service, and now 248 00:14:09,080 --> 00:14:12,640 Speaker 1: he spent his hours tending to his land. Thursday, December 249 00:14:12,640 --> 00:14:16,760 Speaker 1: twelfth of sev started off with light snow, then hail, 250 00:14:17,160 --> 00:14:21,280 Speaker 1: and then rain. Conditions weren't kind, to say the least. Nevertheless, 251 00:14:21,320 --> 00:14:24,920 Speaker 1: Washington hopped on his horse to supervise his plantation activities. 252 00:14:25,200 --> 00:14:27,880 Speaker 1: It was a long, cold, wet day in the saddle. 253 00:14:28,480 --> 00:14:30,720 Speaker 1: When he returned home that evening, he was chilled to 254 00:14:30,880 --> 00:14:33,760 Speaker 1: his core. Guests said just to arrive for dinner. A 255 00:14:33,840 --> 00:14:38,120 Speaker 1: friend suggested that he changed into something warm and dry. Washington, however, 256 00:14:38,280 --> 00:14:41,200 Speaker 1: was a stickler for punctuality and chose not to do so. 257 00:14:41,600 --> 00:14:44,840 Speaker 1: He chose to take a seat at the meal, still freezing. 258 00:14:45,440 --> 00:14:48,040 Speaker 1: The next morning, Washington woke up with a sore throat 259 00:14:48,280 --> 00:14:51,320 Speaker 1: and later complained of a cough and a running nose. Still, 260 00:14:51,360 --> 00:14:54,240 Speaker 1: there were chores to do outside and three fresh inches 261 00:14:54,280 --> 00:14:57,320 Speaker 1: of snow to contend with, So despite the frigid air 262 00:14:57,360 --> 00:15:00,480 Speaker 1: and his sore throat, Washington headed out to mark trees 263 00:15:00,480 --> 00:15:03,360 Speaker 1: that he wanted to have cut down. His voice grew 264 00:15:03,440 --> 00:15:05,520 Speaker 1: more hoarse throughout the day, and by the time he 265 00:15:05,560 --> 00:15:08,960 Speaker 1: returned to read his evening newspapers allowed he could barely manage. 266 00:15:09,240 --> 00:15:11,640 Speaker 1: He chose to retire for the nights, but he wouldn't 267 00:15:11,640 --> 00:15:14,920 Speaker 1: sleep for long. He woke up around two am, clutching 268 00:15:15,000 --> 00:15:18,280 Speaker 1: his chest, short of breath, and with a raging fire 269 00:15:18,360 --> 00:15:21,200 Speaker 1: in his throat. Even so, he wouldn't allow Martha to 270 00:15:21,240 --> 00:15:23,720 Speaker 1: get up and call for help. She was recovering from 271 00:15:23,760 --> 00:15:25,960 Speaker 1: a cold herself, and he didn't want her to have 272 00:15:26,040 --> 00:15:29,080 Speaker 1: to leave the warm comforts of their bed. At daybreak, 273 00:15:29,320 --> 00:15:32,359 Speaker 1: Caroline Brandham, one of the people enslaved by the Washington's, 274 00:15:32,600 --> 00:15:34,800 Speaker 1: came to light a fire in the bedroom. It was 275 00:15:34,840 --> 00:15:39,080 Speaker 1: then that Martha sent for washington Secretary Tobias Lear. He 276 00:15:39,200 --> 00:15:41,960 Speaker 1: arrived quickly and was startled to find the former president 277 00:15:42,000 --> 00:15:44,840 Speaker 1: in such bad shape. He sent for George Rawlins, and 278 00:15:45,000 --> 00:15:48,240 Speaker 1: overseer at Mount Vernon, as well as Washington's personal doctor 279 00:15:48,280 --> 00:15:51,520 Speaker 1: of over forty years, Dr James Craik. At around seven 280 00:15:51,640 --> 00:15:55,000 Speaker 1: thirty a m. While waiting for Dr Craik to arrive, Rawlins, 281 00:15:55,120 --> 00:15:58,720 Speaker 1: at the request of Washington, and despite Martha's vocal opposition, 282 00:15:59,160 --> 00:16:02,800 Speaker 1: bled the former president, taking about fourteen ounces of blood 283 00:16:03,400 --> 00:16:06,280 Speaker 1: Over the course of the morning. Panic set in. Another 284 00:16:06,360 --> 00:16:09,160 Speaker 1: doctor was called, who also opted to bleed an additional 285 00:16:09,200 --> 00:16:12,320 Speaker 1: eighteen ounces of blood. A third blood letting occurred at 286 00:16:12,320 --> 00:16:15,960 Speaker 1: eleven am, drawing out another eighteen ounces, and then they 287 00:16:16,040 --> 00:16:21,880 Speaker 1: sent for yet another doctor. Washington's condition unsurprisingly continued to deteriorate. 288 00:16:22,280 --> 00:16:25,240 Speaker 1: A fourth position was called for, who conducted one final 289 00:16:25,600 --> 00:16:29,040 Speaker 1: thirty two ounce bleeding. The doctors tried giving him tease, 290 00:16:29,440 --> 00:16:33,640 Speaker 1: They tried having him gargle various tonics. They tried administering enemas, 291 00:16:33,960 --> 00:16:37,760 Speaker 1: they blistered him with Spanish fly, They even induced vomiting. 292 00:16:38,200 --> 00:16:41,320 Speaker 1: As you can imagine, it was all a pretty gruesome sight. 293 00:16:42,040 --> 00:16:44,440 Speaker 1: And if you were wondering if Washington knew that he 294 00:16:44,520 --> 00:16:49,240 Speaker 1: was dying, the answer unequivocally yes. At four thirty PM, 295 00:16:49,280 --> 00:16:51,760 Speaker 1: he called for his wills. He gave directions on how 296 00:16:51,760 --> 00:16:54,720 Speaker 1: to settle his books and accounts. He thanked his doctors 297 00:16:54,880 --> 00:16:58,000 Speaker 1: and asked to be decently buried, and specified that his 298 00:16:58,080 --> 00:17:00,680 Speaker 1: body not be put into his vault any less than 299 00:17:00,760 --> 00:17:03,040 Speaker 1: three days after he had died, for fear that he 300 00:17:03,120 --> 00:17:06,600 Speaker 1: might mistakenly be buried alive but die he did just 301 00:17:06,680 --> 00:17:10,680 Speaker 1: a few hours later, at the age of sixty seven. Washington, though, 302 00:17:10,760 --> 00:17:13,760 Speaker 1: wasn't the only high profile person to possibly be bled 303 00:17:13,800 --> 00:17:17,320 Speaker 1: to death. There were others too. It's thought that Wolfgang Amadeus, 304 00:17:17,359 --> 00:17:21,520 Speaker 1: Mozart and Lord Byron both succumbed with the aid of bleeding. Conversely, 305 00:17:21,600 --> 00:17:23,679 Speaker 1: there was the case of Marie Antoinette, in which it 306 00:17:23,720 --> 00:17:26,800 Speaker 1: was suggested that blood letting may have actually saved her life. 307 00:17:27,080 --> 00:17:29,960 Speaker 1: The four A time you see. In seventeen seventy eight, 308 00:17:30,040 --> 00:17:33,040 Speaker 1: Marie was pregnant with her first child, Marie Theress. When 309 00:17:33,040 --> 00:17:35,000 Speaker 1: it came time for the then Queen of France to 310 00:17:35,040 --> 00:17:37,720 Speaker 1: give birth in December of that year, Marie's bedroom in 311 00:17:37,760 --> 00:17:40,679 Speaker 1: the Palace of Versailles was filled with onlookers, eager to 312 00:17:40,720 --> 00:17:43,600 Speaker 1: see the birth of the queen's first child, who everyone 313 00:17:43,640 --> 00:17:46,040 Speaker 1: hoped would be a male heir to the crown. At 314 00:17:46,040 --> 00:17:48,760 Speaker 1: that time, it was customed to have public births in 315 00:17:48,760 --> 00:17:52,920 Speaker 1: the French court. People wanted to witness the heir's corporeal debut, 316 00:17:53,560 --> 00:17:56,440 Speaker 1: so the Queen's room was packed with gawkers, so many, 317 00:17:56,480 --> 00:17:58,520 Speaker 1: in fact, that they not only hindered the work of 318 00:17:58,520 --> 00:18:02,120 Speaker 1: the attending doctors, but they also made the room itself loud, suffocating, 319 00:18:02,320 --> 00:18:06,800 Speaker 1: and unbearably hot. People stood on cabinets, climbed tapestries, and 320 00:18:06,880 --> 00:18:10,359 Speaker 1: crowded all around just to get a glimpse. King Louis 321 00:18:10,400 --> 00:18:13,359 Speaker 1: the sixteenth ordered that the tapestry screens around the Queen's 322 00:18:13,400 --> 00:18:16,400 Speaker 1: bed be secured with strong cords so that they wouldn't 323 00:18:16,440 --> 00:18:19,280 Speaker 1: collapse on her. Due to the rush of people clamoring 324 00:18:19,320 --> 00:18:21,760 Speaker 1: to get a glimpse of the birth, The scene was 325 00:18:21,920 --> 00:18:25,880 Speaker 1: chaotic and overwhelming. This was all amplified when Marie did 326 00:18:25,920 --> 00:18:28,640 Speaker 1: eventually give birth, not to a son, which she had 327 00:18:28,680 --> 00:18:31,520 Speaker 1: so deeply hoped for, but to a daughter. All of 328 00:18:31,560 --> 00:18:34,119 Speaker 1: this was too much for Marie, it seems, and she 329 00:18:34,200 --> 00:18:37,159 Speaker 1: passed out as if she hadn't already lost enough blood 330 00:18:37,200 --> 00:18:40,360 Speaker 1: for the day. The doctors sprung into action. They sliced 331 00:18:40,359 --> 00:18:43,480 Speaker 1: an incision in the Queen's foot. Sure enough, she opened 332 00:18:43,520 --> 00:18:46,639 Speaker 1: her eyes and stirred once more. Blood letting in this 333 00:18:46,720 --> 00:18:49,400 Speaker 1: case seems to have helped revive her. Or it could 334 00:18:49,440 --> 00:18:51,560 Speaker 1: also be that the pain of the incision had brought 335 00:18:51,600 --> 00:18:54,159 Speaker 1: her back around, or that the crowd was dispersed and 336 00:18:54,200 --> 00:18:56,719 Speaker 1: the king frantically opened all the windows to let in 337 00:18:56,760 --> 00:18:59,320 Speaker 1: some fresh air. But this, of course, would not be 338 00:18:59,359 --> 00:19:02,880 Speaker 1: the last time that Marie Antoinette would be bled. Fourteen 339 00:19:02,960 --> 00:19:06,479 Speaker 1: years later, a much more shall we say, comprehensive session 340 00:19:06,520 --> 00:19:09,200 Speaker 1: of blood letting would occur at the gallows when Marie 341 00:19:09,280 --> 00:19:12,240 Speaker 1: was executed after a trial found her guilty of high treason. 342 00:19:12,600 --> 00:19:15,000 Speaker 1: Blood Letting may or may not have saved her before, 343 00:19:15,320 --> 00:19:18,000 Speaker 1: but the second instance certainly did what it was designed 344 00:19:18,000 --> 00:19:20,640 Speaker 1: to do, and it brought her life to an end. 345 00:19:26,920 --> 00:19:29,240 Speaker 1: You might be wondering to yourself, with all of these 346 00:19:29,280 --> 00:19:32,119 Speaker 1: cases of blood letting potentially having gone wrong, why did 347 00:19:32,240 --> 00:19:34,720 Speaker 1: so many think it was right. The advent of germ 348 00:19:34,800 --> 00:19:37,520 Speaker 1: theory in the eighteen sixties dealt a hard blow to 349 00:19:37,760 --> 00:19:41,080 Speaker 1: humorl theory. Even still, it's been documented that blood letting 350 00:19:41,080 --> 00:19:43,600 Speaker 1: didn't reach its peak in Europe until around the same time. 351 00:19:43,960 --> 00:19:46,399 Speaker 1: Books on the topic continued to be published into the 352 00:19:46,480 --> 00:19:49,800 Speaker 1: next century. For poor old George Washington, it's unknown to 353 00:19:49,800 --> 00:19:53,600 Speaker 1: this day exactly what killed him. Almost immediately after his death, 354 00:19:53,760 --> 00:19:57,280 Speaker 1: doctors began debating what had dealt America's first president the 355 00:19:57,320 --> 00:20:00,920 Speaker 1: final blow. Some suggested an abscess in his mouth, while 356 00:20:00,920 --> 00:20:03,840 Speaker 1: others believed it was a blockage in his throat. Some 357 00:20:03,960 --> 00:20:07,760 Speaker 1: even attributed his death to pneumonia and strep. Whatever the 358 00:20:07,800 --> 00:20:11,320 Speaker 1: true reason, they removed about eighty ounces of blood, or 359 00:20:11,359 --> 00:20:14,600 Speaker 1: around forty of the amount of blood in the average adult, 360 00:20:14,800 --> 00:20:18,199 Speaker 1: all in twelve hours, and this surely could not have 361 00:20:18,320 --> 00:20:21,800 Speaker 1: helped the man. The practice of blood letting progressively dwindled 362 00:20:21,840 --> 00:20:25,000 Speaker 1: in the nineteenth century in the West, and in retrospect 363 00:20:25,080 --> 00:20:29,120 Speaker 1: seems barbaric to our modern minds. It has not vanished altogether, though, 364 00:20:29,240 --> 00:20:31,840 Speaker 1: and It's still used to treat certain conditions related to 365 00:20:31,840 --> 00:20:35,680 Speaker 1: bone marrow and metabolism disorders. But on a more basic, 366 00:20:35,800 --> 00:20:40,119 Speaker 1: fundamental level, think about your annual physical They take your heights, 367 00:20:40,160 --> 00:20:42,919 Speaker 1: your weight, your blood pressure, and they also bleed you, 368 00:20:43,200 --> 00:20:46,760 Speaker 1: drawing your blood through needles and into tubes. Science has 369 00:20:46,760 --> 00:20:48,760 Speaker 1: gotten a lot better, of course. The blood is no 370 00:20:48,840 --> 00:20:51,480 Speaker 1: longer drawn for its own therapeutic sake, but for the 371 00:20:51,480 --> 00:20:54,480 Speaker 1: purpose of running various tests on it. We now look 372 00:20:54,520 --> 00:20:57,400 Speaker 1: at taking blood as a means to an end, rather 373 00:20:57,440 --> 00:21:00,920 Speaker 1: than the therapy itself, a first nest sary step toward 374 00:21:00,960 --> 00:21:04,240 Speaker 1: a more precise diagnosis and treatment. And I'm sure you'd 375 00:21:04,240 --> 00:21:06,359 Speaker 1: be happy to know that the use of medical leeches 376 00:21:06,840 --> 00:21:11,040 Speaker 1: is making a comeback in modern medicine, particularly in microsurgery. 377 00:21:11,440 --> 00:21:15,000 Speaker 1: It appears that the leeches release various biological substances that 378 00:21:15,040 --> 00:21:19,760 Speaker 1: can help reduce venous congestion and prevent tissue necrosis. If 379 00:21:19,760 --> 00:21:22,560 Speaker 1: you'll pardon the pun. It's pretty common for folks today 380 00:21:22,600 --> 00:21:26,120 Speaker 1: to think the health care practitioners of your well sucked, 381 00:21:26,520 --> 00:21:29,000 Speaker 1: But as their leeches seem to have taught us, it 382 00:21:29,000 --> 00:21:38,960 Speaker 1: turns out they were onto something. Blood and guts. That's 383 00:21:38,960 --> 00:21:41,679 Speaker 1: a term we've heard often as a general description of 384 00:21:41,680 --> 00:21:44,560 Speaker 1: what's inside our bodies, and hopefully today you've gained new 385 00:21:44,600 --> 00:21:47,520 Speaker 1: insights into the long and winding journey that blood has 386 00:21:47,560 --> 00:21:50,760 Speaker 1: traveled throughout history. But as you might expect for something 387 00:21:50,800 --> 00:21:53,640 Speaker 1: so ubiquitous, there are plenty of stories of blood out 388 00:21:53,640 --> 00:21:56,560 Speaker 1: there waiting to be retold, and if you stick around 389 00:21:56,640 --> 00:21:59,440 Speaker 1: through this brief sponsor break, you'll get to hear one 390 00:21:59,480 --> 00:22:07,840 Speaker 1: more of them. M hmm. Right in the mummified body 391 00:22:07,880 --> 00:22:10,800 Speaker 1: of an eleventh century Italian saint was discovered in a 392 00:22:10,880 --> 00:22:14,200 Speaker 1: church in Luca, Italy. Saint Venus of Armenia had died 393 00:22:14,240 --> 00:22:16,480 Speaker 1: in a hospital annexed to the church in the year 394 00:22:16,520 --> 00:22:20,159 Speaker 1: ten fifty. During a complete study of the body, scientists 395 00:22:20,160 --> 00:22:23,080 Speaker 1: located two significant wounds on a skull, thought to be 396 00:22:23,160 --> 00:22:26,280 Speaker 1: produced by a serrated blade and a blunt instrument. They 397 00:22:26,320 --> 00:22:30,000 Speaker 1: noticed precise scarifications around the wound, which appeared to indicate 398 00:22:30,040 --> 00:22:32,639 Speaker 1: that while he was alive, it had been cleaned and cauterized. 399 00:22:33,000 --> 00:22:35,960 Speaker 1: Researchers believe that this is the first physical evidence of 400 00:22:35,960 --> 00:22:40,560 Speaker 1: a case of post surgical medieval cauterization. Therapeutic treatments based 401 00:22:40,600 --> 00:22:44,720 Speaker 1: on humoral theory extended far beyond blood letting, or perhaps 402 00:22:45,000 --> 00:22:48,439 Speaker 1: extended to other practices ten gently related to blood letting, 403 00:22:48,880 --> 00:22:53,160 Speaker 1: and one of those practices was treatment by fire. Cattery, 404 00:22:53,359 --> 00:22:56,880 Speaker 1: like blood letting, has a pronounced historical lineage. The first 405 00:22:56,920 --> 00:22:59,159 Speaker 1: culture to use it is unknown, but what we do 406 00:22:59,320 --> 00:23:02,320 Speaker 1: know is that from very ancient times, a wide variety 407 00:23:02,359 --> 00:23:06,800 Speaker 1: of civilizations across the world believed that fire contained therapeutic properties. 408 00:23:07,119 --> 00:23:11,280 Speaker 1: Hippocrates himself prescribed red hot irons to incinerate hemorrhoids, to 409 00:23:11,320 --> 00:23:14,119 Speaker 1: be followed up with the healing poultice of lentils and vegetables. 410 00:23:14,160 --> 00:23:17,439 Speaker 1: Of course, he believed that burning was a panacea, and 411 00:23:17,480 --> 00:23:19,639 Speaker 1: if something couldn't be healed by the red hot end 412 00:23:19,640 --> 00:23:22,280 Speaker 1: of a poker or a slow burning oil, then it 413 00:23:22,400 --> 00:23:25,960 Speaker 1: was likely it probably couldn't be healed at all. Pottery 414 00:23:26,040 --> 00:23:28,840 Speaker 1: was then later used by its proponents for just about everything, 415 00:23:29,280 --> 00:23:31,960 Speaker 1: cauterizing temples for headaches, as well as under the chin 416 00:23:32,240 --> 00:23:34,399 Speaker 1: or on the neck or on the chest for things 417 00:23:34,400 --> 00:23:37,719 Speaker 1: like upper respiratory distress. Cattery was also thought to be 418 00:23:37,760 --> 00:23:40,720 Speaker 1: an aid for emotional and psychological maladies in the same 419 00:23:40,720 --> 00:23:43,920 Speaker 1: way the blood letting was part of the rationale behind 420 00:23:43,960 --> 00:23:48,320 Speaker 1: cattery and blistering was something called counter irritation that essentially 421 00:23:48,359 --> 00:23:51,960 Speaker 1: means intentionally irritating an area of the body to distract 422 00:23:52,000 --> 00:23:54,879 Speaker 1: from the already wounded area. They were working under the 423 00:23:54,920 --> 00:23:58,760 Speaker 1: assumption that this new irritation would draw away the sickness 424 00:23:58,840 --> 00:24:02,400 Speaker 1: from the original wound and allow it to heal. One 425 00:24:02,440 --> 00:24:07,040 Speaker 1: practitioner who advocated cattery was a New York physician named Dr. A. R. Carmen. 426 00:24:07,359 --> 00:24:10,280 Speaker 1: In two when a young woman who had been bedridden 427 00:24:10,320 --> 00:24:13,400 Speaker 1: for weeks due to headaches, insomnia, and overall malaise came 428 00:24:13,440 --> 00:24:15,359 Speaker 1: to him for help. He treated her by way of 429 00:24:15,400 --> 00:24:18,760 Speaker 1: creating a series of burns down or spine. Interestingly, the 430 00:24:18,800 --> 00:24:21,160 Speaker 1: young woman recovered quickly and was able to go back 431 00:24:21,200 --> 00:24:24,120 Speaker 1: to work. To him and to her family, this case 432 00:24:24,200 --> 00:24:27,880 Speaker 1: was considered proof of the efficacy of counter irritation cattery. 433 00:24:28,520 --> 00:24:31,760 Speaker 1: These days, folks are still being cauterized in medical settings, 434 00:24:31,760 --> 00:24:34,000 Speaker 1: but it takes a far less gruesome form than you 435 00:24:34,040 --> 00:24:36,760 Speaker 1: might imagine. Gone are the days of the stench of 436 00:24:36,880 --> 00:24:40,560 Speaker 1: singed burning flesh. Today, the instruments are a lot more precise, 437 00:24:40,640 --> 00:24:44,719 Speaker 1: center deployed in far fewer circumstances than days gone by, 438 00:24:44,800 --> 00:24:48,960 Speaker 1: and people still willingly employ counter irritation methods. In fact, 439 00:24:49,080 --> 00:24:51,119 Speaker 1: you can pick them right up at your local drug store. 440 00:24:51,440 --> 00:24:53,000 Speaker 1: So the next time you go out for a run 441 00:24:53,080 --> 00:24:55,040 Speaker 1: and find that your muscles are sore, rub in some 442 00:24:55,280 --> 00:24:57,840 Speaker 1: icy hot or some tiger bomb, anything that might contain 443 00:24:57,920 --> 00:25:01,439 Speaker 1: menthal or capsicum. The mag it is an abstraction and 444 00:25:01,480 --> 00:25:04,719 Speaker 1: the subsequent peace of mind that they give you something 445 00:25:04,800 --> 00:25:10,879 Speaker 1: that I highly doubt an iron poker ever could. Grim 446 00:25:10,880 --> 00:25:15,040 Speaker 1: and Mild Presents Bedside Manners was executive produced by Aaron 447 00:25:15,119 --> 00:25:19,159 Speaker 1: Manky and narrated by Aaron Manky and Robin Minat. Writing 448 00:25:19,200 --> 00:25:22,680 Speaker 1: for this season was provided by Robin Minater, with research 449 00:25:22,800 --> 00:25:26,760 Speaker 1: by Sam Alberty, Taylor haggerd Orn and Robin Minater. Production 450 00:25:26,800 --> 00:25:31,240 Speaker 1: assistance was provided by Josh Thane, Jesse Funk, Alex Williams, 451 00:25:31,440 --> 00:25:34,320 Speaker 1: and Matt Frederick. You can learn more about this show, 452 00:25:34,440 --> 00:25:37,119 Speaker 1: the Grim and Mild team, and all the other podcasts 453 00:25:37,119 --> 00:25:40,520 Speaker 1: that we make over at Grim and Mild dot com, 454 00:25:40,560 --> 00:25:42,880 Speaker 1: and as always, thanks for listening.