1 00:00:01,320 --> 00:00:04,240 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,400 --> 00:00:15,440 Speaker 1: of iHeartRadio. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy V. Wilson, 3 00:00:15,480 --> 00:00:19,040 Speaker 1: and I'm Holly Frye. I think a lot of my 4 00:00:19,160 --> 00:00:22,799 Speaker 1: episodes lately have been really concentrated in the nineteenth and 5 00:00:22,800 --> 00:00:26,479 Speaker 1: twentieth centuries. Me too, and that's for a lot of reasons, 6 00:00:27,520 --> 00:00:31,080 Speaker 1: like one topic leading me to another related topic, and 7 00:00:31,120 --> 00:00:36,159 Speaker 1: the research Holly's nodding for listeners at home, pulling topics 8 00:00:36,200 --> 00:00:39,280 Speaker 1: from the suggestions that our listeners have sent in, which 9 00:00:39,400 --> 00:00:42,800 Speaker 1: do tend to be kind of clustered toward more recent stuff. 10 00:00:42,840 --> 00:00:46,160 Speaker 1: That is not a complaint at all. We love listener suggestions, 11 00:00:46,159 --> 00:00:49,720 Speaker 1: that's just an observation that a lot of them are 12 00:00:49,720 --> 00:00:52,839 Speaker 1: in the nineteenth and twentieth century range. A lot of 13 00:00:52,880 --> 00:00:54,880 Speaker 1: the episodes that I have worked on this year have 14 00:00:54,960 --> 00:00:57,360 Speaker 1: also been inspired by things that are going on in 15 00:00:57,400 --> 00:01:00,720 Speaker 1: the world right now that have some kind of relatively 16 00:01:00,840 --> 00:01:08,360 Speaker 1: recent antecedent or context or parallel. I don't want to 17 00:01:08,400 --> 00:01:12,080 Speaker 1: feel like I'm only talking about one time period on 18 00:01:12,240 --> 00:01:15,319 Speaker 1: the show, though, so this week I made a point 19 00:01:15,319 --> 00:01:18,280 Speaker 1: of going at least a little bit farther back than 20 00:01:18,280 --> 00:01:20,440 Speaker 1: the nineteenth century, and I made it all the way 21 00:01:20,440 --> 00:01:26,480 Speaker 1: back to seventeenth century polymath Anna Maria von Sherman. She 22 00:01:26,560 --> 00:01:30,080 Speaker 1: would have been considered very well educated among people of 23 00:01:30,120 --> 00:01:33,279 Speaker 1: any sex in Europe for most of the early modern period. 24 00:01:33,959 --> 00:01:35,920 Speaker 1: The fact that she was a woman, though, made her 25 00:01:35,959 --> 00:01:40,600 Speaker 1: truly exceptional. She's described as the most learned woman of 26 00:01:40,640 --> 00:01:44,399 Speaker 1: her time. She basically became a celebrity because of it. 27 00:01:44,959 --> 00:01:47,400 Speaker 1: One thing that I do want to note is that 28 00:01:47,480 --> 00:01:49,760 Speaker 1: a lot of the places that we are talking about 29 00:01:49,840 --> 00:01:54,600 Speaker 1: in this episode are pronounced a little bit differently in 30 00:01:54,760 --> 00:01:59,520 Speaker 1: Dutch or German than they are in English. And I 31 00:01:59,640 --> 00:02:07,200 Speaker 1: found trying to adopt like a slightly different German or 32 00:02:07,280 --> 00:02:09,960 Speaker 1: Dutch pronunciation for things to be just kind of a 33 00:02:10,000 --> 00:02:13,520 Speaker 1: little bit jarring in terms of the you know, the 34 00:02:13,600 --> 00:02:15,919 Speaker 1: names that people in our audience would expect to hear. 35 00:02:16,080 --> 00:02:18,880 Speaker 1: So we are not trying to pronounce things in a 36 00:02:19,000 --> 00:02:22,560 Speaker 1: very Dutch or German way, which are the two languages 37 00:02:22,880 --> 00:02:26,760 Speaker 1: that are relevant to the most of this Anna Marie 38 00:02:26,840 --> 00:02:30,520 Speaker 1: von Sherman's life was deeply affected by the Protestant Reformation 39 00:02:30,800 --> 00:02:35,120 Speaker 1: and Catholic counter Reformation in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. 40 00:02:35,919 --> 00:02:38,960 Speaker 1: Her father, Frederick was from Antwerp, which is in Belgium 41 00:02:39,000 --> 00:02:42,120 Speaker 1: today but was part of the Spanish Netherlands at the time. 42 00:02:43,160 --> 00:02:46,799 Speaker 1: Frederick's family were Calvinists, and in fifteen sixty eight they 43 00:02:46,840 --> 00:02:50,800 Speaker 1: had to flee from Antwerp because of religious persecution and violence. 44 00:02:51,560 --> 00:02:55,320 Speaker 1: Philip the Second of Spain, who was staunchly Catholic, had 45 00:02:55,320 --> 00:02:59,520 Speaker 1: dispatched Fernando Alvarez de Toledo I, Pimental, Duke of Alba, 46 00:02:59,560 --> 00:03:02,280 Speaker 1: to put a us stopped to a growing Calvinist uprising 47 00:03:02,320 --> 00:03:05,919 Speaker 1: in the Spanish Netherlands. To that end, the Duke established 48 00:03:05,960 --> 00:03:09,560 Speaker 1: a special court called the Council of Troubles, which sentenced 49 00:03:09,600 --> 00:03:13,600 Speaker 1: rebels and so called heretics to imprisonment or death without 50 00:03:13,720 --> 00:03:18,480 Speaker 1: due process. This council earned the nickname the Council of Blood, 51 00:03:18,600 --> 00:03:21,080 Speaker 1: and this conflict was at the start of the Eighty 52 00:03:21,160 --> 00:03:24,320 Speaker 1: Years War, which was both a religious war and a 53 00:03:24,360 --> 00:03:28,600 Speaker 1: fight for Dutch independence from Spain. Frederick von Shermann was 54 00:03:28,639 --> 00:03:32,480 Speaker 1: about four years old when his family left Antwerp. They 55 00:03:32,560 --> 00:03:35,480 Speaker 1: eventually made their way to Cologne, which is in Germany 56 00:03:35,520 --> 00:03:38,960 Speaker 1: today but at the time was a free imperial city 57 00:03:39,000 --> 00:03:43,040 Speaker 1: in the Holy Roman Empire. In sixteen oh two, Frederick 58 00:03:43,120 --> 00:03:46,360 Speaker 1: married Eva von Haarf did Dryburn, and they had four 59 00:03:46,440 --> 00:03:50,560 Speaker 1: children together. Anna Maria was their only daughter. She was 60 00:03:50,600 --> 00:03:54,640 Speaker 1: born on November fifth, sixteen oh seven. Her older brothers 61 00:03:54,680 --> 00:03:59,240 Speaker 1: were Hendrik, Frederick and Johann Hadschalck. Sadly her younger brother 62 00:03:59,320 --> 00:04:02,560 Speaker 1: Willem at the age of about five when Anna Maria 63 00:04:02,800 --> 00:04:07,280 Speaker 1: was about eight years old. When Frederick front Sherman's family 64 00:04:07,440 --> 00:04:12,520 Speaker 1: first arrived in Cologne, the area had been relatively tolerant 65 00:04:12,560 --> 00:04:17,200 Speaker 1: toward Protestantism, especially compared to what was happening in Antwerp 66 00:04:17,360 --> 00:04:21,200 Speaker 1: at the time, but that changed over the years that followed, 67 00:04:21,400 --> 00:04:26,760 Speaker 1: and Reformed Protestant worship was eventually banned. So in sixteen fifteen, 68 00:04:26,960 --> 00:04:30,480 Speaker 1: the same year that Willem died, the family moved again, 69 00:04:30,640 --> 00:04:33,480 Speaker 1: this time to Utrect, which is in the Netherlands today 70 00:04:34,000 --> 00:04:36,400 Speaker 1: and at the time was part of the Dutch Republic 71 00:04:36,760 --> 00:04:41,359 Speaker 1: also called the United Provinces of the Netherlands. The Eighty 72 00:04:41,440 --> 00:04:45,040 Speaker 1: Years War was still ongoing and the Dutch Republic had 73 00:04:45,080 --> 00:04:49,000 Speaker 1: been formed through an alliance of seven Spanish Netherlands provinces. 74 00:04:49,040 --> 00:04:53,520 Speaker 1: In fifteen seventy nine, the Dutch Republic had declared its 75 00:04:53,520 --> 00:04:57,320 Speaker 1: independence from Spain. Two years after that, it was a 76 00:04:57,360 --> 00:05:01,640 Speaker 1: Protestant nation that also allowed more for other religions than 77 00:05:01,760 --> 00:05:04,920 Speaker 1: a lot of other parts of Europe did. Frederic von 78 00:05:04,960 --> 00:05:09,440 Speaker 1: Sherman's former home of Antwerp had also joined the Dutch Republic, 79 00:05:09,520 --> 00:05:14,039 Speaker 1: but it was besieged and recaptured by Spain five years later. 80 00:05:15,040 --> 00:05:18,240 Speaker 1: Frederic and Evo were both from noble families and they 81 00:05:18,240 --> 00:05:21,960 Speaker 1: were wealthy. They educated their children themselves and with a 82 00:05:22,000 --> 00:05:25,840 Speaker 1: private tutor, and they also raised them to be religiously devout, 83 00:05:26,120 --> 00:05:29,800 Speaker 1: and this was something that they took seriously. The children's 84 00:05:29,839 --> 00:05:32,920 Speaker 1: reading material included things like stories of people who had 85 00:05:32,920 --> 00:05:37,200 Speaker 1: been murdered during the Protestant Reformation. Anna Maria was pulled 86 00:05:37,240 --> 00:05:39,719 Speaker 1: out of school after only a couple of months because 87 00:05:39,760 --> 00:05:42,520 Speaker 1: her parents thought that the other students were a bad 88 00:05:42,600 --> 00:05:45,560 Speaker 1: influence on her, and they worried that she would be 89 00:05:45,600 --> 00:05:50,720 Speaker 1: exposed to things like bad behavior and profanity. The children's 90 00:05:50,720 --> 00:05:53,880 Speaker 1: first languages were Dutch and German, and they were taught 91 00:05:53,920 --> 00:05:57,160 Speaker 1: other languages as well, starting with Latin for the boys 92 00:05:57,360 --> 00:06:01,080 Speaker 1: and French for Anna Maria. Day when Anna Maria was 93 00:06:01,120 --> 00:06:05,040 Speaker 1: about eleven, her brothers were working on their Latin lessons 94 00:06:05,080 --> 00:06:08,680 Speaker 1: and they were struggling with the material they were asked 95 00:06:08,680 --> 00:06:11,159 Speaker 1: a question, and when it was clear that they did 96 00:06:11,200 --> 00:06:13,960 Speaker 1: not know, Anna Maria called out the answer from the 97 00:06:14,000 --> 00:06:16,960 Speaker 1: other side of the room where she was studying her French. 98 00:06:18,080 --> 00:06:21,200 Speaker 1: It wasn't unusual for wealthy men to give their daughters 99 00:06:21,240 --> 00:06:24,679 Speaker 1: some kind of education at this point in history. Having 100 00:06:24,760 --> 00:06:27,560 Speaker 1: daughters who were intelligent and well read was seen as 101 00:06:27,560 --> 00:06:30,599 Speaker 1: a point of pride, and Anna Maria already had a 102 00:06:30,640 --> 00:06:37,000 Speaker 1: reputation for being precocious. But girls' education also usually focused 103 00:06:37,000 --> 00:06:40,640 Speaker 1: on subjects that were considered appropriate for ladies, and that 104 00:06:40,760 --> 00:06:43,960 Speaker 1: is why Anna Maria was studying French rather than Latin. 105 00:06:45,240 --> 00:06:47,760 Speaker 1: But according to her account, when her father realized she 106 00:06:47,839 --> 00:06:51,360 Speaker 1: had mastered something that his sons had not simply by 107 00:06:51,400 --> 00:06:54,120 Speaker 1: being in the room during their lessons, he decided to 108 00:06:54,160 --> 00:06:57,400 Speaker 1: include her in what the boys were learning. For the 109 00:06:57,440 --> 00:07:01,520 Speaker 1: most part, Latin was the default language of intellectual writing 110 00:07:01,680 --> 00:07:05,960 Speaker 1: and discourse in Europe, so learning Latin gave Anna Maria 111 00:07:06,080 --> 00:07:09,080 Speaker 1: access to a wealth of knowledge that she would not 112 00:07:09,240 --> 00:07:13,600 Speaker 1: have been able to read otherwise. Greek and Hebrew were 113 00:07:13,760 --> 00:07:17,400 Speaker 1: used in some contexts as well, and Anna Maria learned 114 00:07:17,440 --> 00:07:21,320 Speaker 1: those two, specifically the classical Hebrew and coined Greek that 115 00:07:21,480 --> 00:07:23,640 Speaker 1: are found in the Old and New Testaments of the 116 00:07:23,720 --> 00:07:27,000 Speaker 1: Christian Bible. Her father did not just give her run 117 00:07:27,040 --> 00:07:29,800 Speaker 1: of the library, though He for example, did not let 118 00:07:29,840 --> 00:07:32,520 Speaker 1: her read works that he thought were immoral in any way, 119 00:07:32,680 --> 00:07:36,000 Speaker 1: and he edited and expurgated some of the classics that 120 00:07:36,080 --> 00:07:39,600 Speaker 1: he did want her to read. He was particularly focused 121 00:07:39,680 --> 00:07:43,480 Speaker 1: on removing anything that was about love, adultery, or sex. 122 00:07:44,480 --> 00:07:46,560 Speaker 1: If someone gave her a book as a gift and 123 00:07:46,640 --> 00:07:49,720 Speaker 1: it wasn't one that her father thought was appropriate, she 124 00:07:49,920 --> 00:07:52,320 Speaker 1: was allowed to skim it just enough to write a 125 00:07:52,360 --> 00:07:56,880 Speaker 1: thank you note that sounded knowledgeable. Anna Maria didn't simply 126 00:07:56,960 --> 00:08:01,720 Speaker 1: read these materials. She was actively engaged with them. She 127 00:08:01,960 --> 00:08:05,600 Speaker 1: annotated many of her texts and wrote commentaries on them. 128 00:08:05,920 --> 00:08:09,600 Speaker 1: As she learned more languages, she translated works from one 129 00:08:09,680 --> 00:08:13,840 Speaker 1: into another. Over time, she compiled her own Greek dictionary. 130 00:08:14,640 --> 00:08:17,640 Speaker 1: She also sang, and she learned to play the harpsichord 131 00:08:17,720 --> 00:08:22,360 Speaker 1: and the lute, and she loved art. Drawing, embroidery, and 132 00:08:22,440 --> 00:08:25,800 Speaker 1: paper cutting were all popular pastime for women and girls, 133 00:08:26,080 --> 00:08:28,560 Speaker 1: and she probably learned these from her mother or other 134 00:08:28,600 --> 00:08:32,960 Speaker 1: women in their social circle. She was doing extremely intricate 135 00:08:33,000 --> 00:08:37,760 Speaker 1: papercuts from a very early age. She also wanted to 136 00:08:37,880 --> 00:08:40,880 Speaker 1: learn to paint, and the most common way for a 137 00:08:40,920 --> 00:08:44,720 Speaker 1: young girl to get formal training in painting was through 138 00:08:44,760 --> 00:08:49,000 Speaker 1: a professional artist. In their family, the von Shermans were 139 00:08:49,000 --> 00:08:52,720 Speaker 1: not related to any painters, so she taught herself, starting 140 00:08:52,720 --> 00:08:56,160 Speaker 1: by copying the paintings that were hanging in the family home. 141 00:08:56,920 --> 00:08:59,800 Speaker 1: By her early teens, Anna Maria was thought of as 142 00:08:59,800 --> 00:09:03,920 Speaker 1: a child prodigy. In sixteen twenty, when she was thirteen, 143 00:09:04,120 --> 00:09:06,720 Speaker 1: she met Anna Rumors Fisher, who was a poet and 144 00:09:06,760 --> 00:09:11,200 Speaker 1: a glass engraver. She was in her thirties. Anna wrote 145 00:09:11,200 --> 00:09:14,920 Speaker 1: a praise poem about Anna Maria which referenced Anna Maria's 146 00:09:14,920 --> 00:09:18,880 Speaker 1: harpsichord and lute playing, her singing, her writing, and her painting, 147 00:09:19,080 --> 00:09:22,040 Speaker 1: saying that if Heaven allowed it, Anna Maria would one 148 00:09:22,080 --> 00:09:25,200 Speaker 1: day be quote the pride of all those maidens who 149 00:09:25,240 --> 00:09:30,200 Speaker 1: ever pursued knowledge. Anna Rumors Fisher and her sister Maria 150 00:09:30,280 --> 00:09:35,280 Speaker 1: Tesselschad Rumors Fisher had already established themselves as part of 151 00:09:35,320 --> 00:09:38,560 Speaker 1: the Mauden Circle or Marty Kring, which was a group 152 00:09:38,600 --> 00:09:42,439 Speaker 1: of writers, artists and scientists who met at Mauden Castle 153 00:09:42,520 --> 00:09:46,920 Speaker 1: near Amsterdam. These sisters were the only two women who 154 00:09:46,920 --> 00:09:50,760 Speaker 1: were really considered to be part of this circle, and 155 00:09:50,800 --> 00:09:53,360 Speaker 1: they were also connected to a lot of other Dutch 156 00:09:53,480 --> 00:09:57,040 Speaker 1: artists and scholars that Anna Maria would eventually grow to 157 00:09:57,160 --> 00:10:01,960 Speaker 1: know herself. In sixteen to twenty, the Van Sherman family 158 00:10:02,120 --> 00:10:06,199 Speaker 1: moved to Frenicker, which was home to Fronicker University. Her 159 00:10:06,200 --> 00:10:09,960 Speaker 1: brother Johann Hodshock was going to study medicine there and 160 00:10:10,000 --> 00:10:13,800 Speaker 1: her father Frederick was planning to continue his education as well. 161 00:10:14,679 --> 00:10:18,440 Speaker 1: But on November fifteenth, sixteen twenty three, Frederic van Sherman 162 00:10:18,600 --> 00:10:22,720 Speaker 1: died at the age of fifty nine. His death was unexpected, 163 00:10:22,960 --> 00:10:25,440 Speaker 1: but he also had enough time to meet with his 164 00:10:25,480 --> 00:10:28,800 Speaker 1: wife and each of his children privately before he passed, 165 00:10:29,280 --> 00:10:31,480 Speaker 1: and when he met with Anna Maria, he asked her 166 00:10:31,520 --> 00:10:34,920 Speaker 1: to promise him that she would never get married. He 167 00:10:35,080 --> 00:10:40,360 Speaker 1: described marriage as a worldly shackle. Anna Maria was sixteen 168 00:10:40,520 --> 00:10:43,640 Speaker 1: when she made this deathbed promise to her father, and 169 00:10:43,679 --> 00:10:46,000 Speaker 1: she kept that promise for the rest of her life. 170 00:10:46,760 --> 00:10:51,559 Speaker 1: When she received marriage proposals, she rejected them. She described 171 00:10:51,600 --> 00:10:54,480 Speaker 1: herself as married to her pen and she took a 172 00:10:54,600 --> 00:10:58,520 Speaker 1: Latin phrase meaning my love has been crucified as her 173 00:10:58,559 --> 00:11:03,160 Speaker 1: personal motto. This motto came from a letter from Saint 174 00:11:03,200 --> 00:11:08,040 Speaker 1: Ignatius of Antioch to the Romans, and it has multiple interpretations, 175 00:11:08,120 --> 00:11:11,120 Speaker 1: one of those being that my love was a person, 176 00:11:11,360 --> 00:11:15,640 Speaker 1: not a feeling, and that it referenced Jesus Christ. This 177 00:11:15,840 --> 00:11:19,160 Speaker 1: was something other people commented on, making remarks about her 178 00:11:19,240 --> 00:11:22,800 Speaker 1: chastity and their depictions of her, and in the case 179 00:11:22,920 --> 00:11:28,319 Speaker 1: of poet Constantine Hugens and polymath Casper Barlius, interpreting her 180 00:11:28,600 --> 00:11:32,319 Speaker 1: hiding her hands in some of her self portraits as 181 00:11:32,360 --> 00:11:35,840 Speaker 1: a reference to her virginity. We'll move on to her 182 00:11:35,920 --> 00:11:38,680 Speaker 1: life after her father's death after we paused for a 183 00:11:38,679 --> 00:11:53,119 Speaker 1: sponsor break. Anna Maria's brother, Johann Hodschock, was about eighteen 184 00:11:53,320 --> 00:11:58,000 Speaker 1: when their father died. Johann Hodschok had already been involved 185 00:11:58,080 --> 00:12:01,280 Speaker 1: in her education, and he had been sharing his university 186 00:12:01,320 --> 00:12:05,040 Speaker 1: books and other materials with her through his own studies 187 00:12:05,080 --> 00:12:08,599 Speaker 1: and correspondence. He was also building a network of connections 188 00:12:08,600 --> 00:12:13,760 Speaker 1: to other writers and scholars. After their father's death, Johann 189 00:12:13,760 --> 00:12:18,679 Speaker 1: Hodschack basically took over Anna Maria's education. He became the 190 00:12:18,720 --> 00:12:22,960 Speaker 1: primary person to facilitate her connections to the greater world 191 00:12:23,000 --> 00:12:26,880 Speaker 1: of learning in what's now the Netherlands. But for a 192 00:12:26,920 --> 00:12:32,120 Speaker 1: while her father's death really derailed Anna Maria's education, she 193 00:12:32,280 --> 00:12:36,840 Speaker 1: was grief stricken and she had a hard time concentrating. Eventually, 194 00:12:37,120 --> 00:12:40,320 Speaker 1: she had a dream in which Lady Philosophy appeared to 195 00:12:40,360 --> 00:12:43,439 Speaker 1: her and advised her to be reasonable and told her 196 00:12:43,440 --> 00:12:46,200 Speaker 1: that with time she would be more focused on happy 197 00:12:46,240 --> 00:12:48,960 Speaker 1: memories of her father than the pain of her grief. 198 00:12:49,800 --> 00:12:52,560 Speaker 1: And after this dream, Anna Maria turned to reading and 199 00:12:52,600 --> 00:12:56,760 Speaker 1: studying to keep herself busy. The family went back to 200 00:12:56,880 --> 00:13:00,960 Speaker 1: Utrecht in sixteen twenty six and two of Anna Maria's aunts, 201 00:13:01,040 --> 00:13:04,640 Speaker 1: who were fleeing the Thirty Years' War, came from Cologne 202 00:13:04,640 --> 00:13:08,560 Speaker 1: to live with them. Anna Maria was nineteen and she 203 00:13:08,679 --> 00:13:13,160 Speaker 1: started expanding her study of art. She learned engraving through 204 00:13:13,240 --> 00:13:17,720 Speaker 1: self study and probably with the help of Magdalena Vonda Pass, 205 00:13:17,880 --> 00:13:21,920 Speaker 1: daughter of Crispaine Vondapass, who was an engraver and publisher 206 00:13:21,960 --> 00:13:25,440 Speaker 1: who lived in Utrecht. Anna Maria started working in other 207 00:13:25,559 --> 00:13:30,880 Speaker 1: media as well, including carving things from wood, making wax models, 208 00:13:31,160 --> 00:13:35,280 Speaker 1: and engraving on glass with a diamond. She produced a 209 00:13:35,360 --> 00:13:38,920 Speaker 1: lot of portraits and self portraits in an assortment of media, 210 00:13:39,360 --> 00:13:44,560 Speaker 1: including guash oils, engravings, pencils and pastels. She was the 211 00:13:44,600 --> 00:13:48,640 Speaker 1: first person in the Netherlands known to do portraiture in pastels. 212 00:13:49,320 --> 00:13:53,320 Speaker 1: She also carved portraits from wax and boxwood. But while 213 00:13:53,360 --> 00:13:55,760 Speaker 1: she learned to do all of this, she never aspired 214 00:13:55,800 --> 00:13:58,880 Speaker 1: to become an artist. Art was what she did when 215 00:13:58,880 --> 00:14:01,480 Speaker 1: she wanted to take a break from her academic study, 216 00:14:02,679 --> 00:14:06,360 Speaker 1: and there was a lot of academic study. She read 217 00:14:06,400 --> 00:14:10,600 Speaker 1: classical literature in Latin and Greek, and scientific and medical texts. 218 00:14:10,920 --> 00:14:15,120 Speaker 1: She also became proficient in numerous other languages. In addition 219 00:14:15,200 --> 00:14:18,680 Speaker 1: to the Dutch, German, French, Latin, Greek, and Hebrew that 220 00:14:18,800 --> 00:14:22,040 Speaker 1: she had started studying from a young age, she also 221 00:14:22,160 --> 00:14:28,000 Speaker 1: became proficient in Arabic, the Ethiopian language of Gaiaz, Flemish English, 222 00:14:28,040 --> 00:14:32,120 Speaker 1: and Italian. Some of these languages have different alphabets, and 223 00:14:32,160 --> 00:14:35,880 Speaker 1: she liked to write out a Bible verse in multiple languages, 224 00:14:36,040 --> 00:14:39,400 Speaker 1: with each language using its own script, and she would 225 00:14:39,440 --> 00:14:42,840 Speaker 1: give that to people as a gift, including for people 226 00:14:42,880 --> 00:14:45,480 Speaker 1: who had asked her specifically to do one of these 227 00:14:45,480 --> 00:14:49,360 Speaker 1: for them. In her early teens, Anna Maria had started 228 00:14:49,400 --> 00:14:53,160 Speaker 1: writing letters to poets, artists, and scholars, primarily in the 229 00:14:53,240 --> 00:14:57,640 Speaker 1: Dutch Republic, but elsewhere as well. One of her correspondents 230 00:14:57,680 --> 00:15:00,840 Speaker 1: was diplomat and poet jakub Kat. Starting when she was 231 00:15:00,880 --> 00:15:05,040 Speaker 1: around fourteen, Cotts may have been the person who introduced 232 00:15:05,080 --> 00:15:07,520 Speaker 1: her to the visher sisters, and he was also one 233 00:15:07,520 --> 00:15:10,840 Speaker 1: of the people who really promoted her and her accomplishments. 234 00:15:11,520 --> 00:15:15,640 Speaker 1: As Johann Hodshot guided her academic and religious education, he 235 00:15:15,720 --> 00:15:18,040 Speaker 1: also connected her to other people who were part of 236 00:15:18,080 --> 00:15:23,040 Speaker 1: his own network. This included poet and diplomat Constantine Huggins 237 00:15:23,240 --> 00:15:26,360 Speaker 1: and painter Gerard von Hanhorst, who ran an art school 238 00:15:26,600 --> 00:15:31,200 Speaker 1: where she continued to study painting. Sometime around sixteen thirty two, 239 00:15:31,440 --> 00:15:36,200 Speaker 1: Anna Maria von Sherman became connected to Elizabeth, Princess Palatine 240 00:15:36,240 --> 00:15:40,840 Speaker 1: of Bohemia. Elizabeth was the daughter of Elizabeth Stewart and 241 00:15:40,960 --> 00:15:44,000 Speaker 1: Frederick the Fifth, who were nicknamed the Winter Queen and 242 00:15:44,040 --> 00:15:48,240 Speaker 1: Winter King. Because Frederick's reign lasted only from August of 243 00:15:48,280 --> 00:15:51,960 Speaker 1: sixteen nineteen to November of sixteen twenty, so only for 244 00:15:52,040 --> 00:15:56,040 Speaker 1: one winter. Elizabeth Stewart, the Winter Queen, is somebody who's 245 00:15:56,080 --> 00:15:59,720 Speaker 1: been on my list for a while. Frederick's reign had 246 00:15:59,800 --> 00:16:03,240 Speaker 1: ended with his death, and afterward Elizabeth Stewart in the 247 00:16:03,320 --> 00:16:06,920 Speaker 1: family had taken refuge at the Hague. When they first 248 00:16:06,960 --> 00:16:11,400 Speaker 1: became acquainted, Princess Elizabeth was fourteen and Anna Maria von 249 00:16:11,480 --> 00:16:15,280 Speaker 1: Sherman was twenty five. It is not completely clear how 250 00:16:15,280 --> 00:16:18,840 Speaker 1: they met. The most widely cited possibility is that French 251 00:16:18,880 --> 00:16:23,080 Speaker 1: theologian Andre Revet, professor of theology at the University of Leiden, 252 00:16:23,440 --> 00:16:27,720 Speaker 1: made the introduction. He was also at the Hague tutoring William, 253 00:16:27,720 --> 00:16:30,640 Speaker 1: the second Prince of Orange, and he may have given 254 00:16:30,680 --> 00:16:33,760 Speaker 1: some of Van Sherman's poems to the princess and likely 255 00:16:33,760 --> 00:16:39,800 Speaker 1: facilitated their correspondents. Van Sherman became something of a mentor 256 00:16:39,960 --> 00:16:43,680 Speaker 1: to the princess, including giving her advice about people to 257 00:16:43,800 --> 00:16:47,200 Speaker 1: read and subjects to study. They were friends for the 258 00:16:47,240 --> 00:16:50,000 Speaker 1: rest of their lives, writing to one another and meeting 259 00:16:50,000 --> 00:16:54,280 Speaker 1: in person, but they went in very different directions in 260 00:16:54,400 --> 00:16:59,280 Speaker 1: terms of religion and philosophy. As we've said, Anna Maria 261 00:16:59,440 --> 00:17:03,800 Speaker 1: was religiously a very devout Christian, and consequently a lot 262 00:17:03,840 --> 00:17:07,720 Speaker 1: of her interests were very grounded in Christian theology and 263 00:17:07,880 --> 00:17:13,520 Speaker 1: Aristotelian thought. Aristotle, of course, lived in the fourth century BCE, 264 00:17:14,040 --> 00:17:20,520 Speaker 1: before Christianity existed. But his works on subjects like logic, metaphysics, 265 00:17:20,600 --> 00:17:23,880 Speaker 1: and ethics had been a major part of the development 266 00:17:23,960 --> 00:17:28,840 Speaker 1: of Christian teachings, especially during the medieval period. But Princess 267 00:17:28,880 --> 00:17:33,040 Speaker 1: Elizabeth became focused on rationality in the work of Renee 268 00:17:33,040 --> 00:17:37,040 Speaker 1: des Cartes. She and Descarte had an ongoing correspondence, and 269 00:17:37,119 --> 00:17:41,280 Speaker 1: Descarte dedicated some of his works to her. Both women 270 00:17:41,400 --> 00:17:44,560 Speaker 1: were part of the international network of correspondents that came 271 00:17:44,600 --> 00:17:48,280 Speaker 1: to be known as the Republic of Letters. These letters, 272 00:17:48,320 --> 00:17:53,679 Speaker 1: written primarily in Latin, connected poets, scholars, philosophers, and intellectuals 273 00:17:54,000 --> 00:17:58,080 Speaker 1: primarily across Europe and the Americas. And these weren't simply 274 00:17:58,160 --> 00:18:02,239 Speaker 1: personal letters. They were treated and analytical works, sometimes very 275 00:18:02,359 --> 00:18:06,159 Speaker 1: lengthy and dense. These writings were passed around not just 276 00:18:06,200 --> 00:18:09,560 Speaker 1: through postal services, but also by friends and family who 277 00:18:09,560 --> 00:18:13,639 Speaker 1: were traveling, merchants and students taking their grand tour of 278 00:18:13,680 --> 00:18:16,720 Speaker 1: the European continent who might be given a stack of 279 00:18:16,800 --> 00:18:20,719 Speaker 1: letters and treatises to deliver along the way. Combined with 280 00:18:20,760 --> 00:18:24,720 Speaker 1: things like literary salons, advances in printing technology, and the 281 00:18:24,800 --> 00:18:29,200 Speaker 1: establishment of more schools, colleges and universities, this Republic of 282 00:18:29,280 --> 00:18:33,240 Speaker 1: Letters was part of what sustained intellectual and philosophical movements 283 00:18:33,440 --> 00:18:36,520 Speaker 1: in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the period that is 284 00:18:36,600 --> 00:18:39,720 Speaker 1: sometimes framed as the Age of Reason or the Age 285 00:18:39,720 --> 00:18:44,439 Speaker 1: of Enlightenment. While many of Anna Maria von Sherman's letters 286 00:18:44,520 --> 00:18:48,560 Speaker 1: were shorter or contained works of poetry, she was deeply 287 00:18:48,640 --> 00:18:52,400 Speaker 1: connected to the world of European scholarship and philosophy through 288 00:18:52,440 --> 00:18:55,800 Speaker 1: these letters. The thing was true of other women too. 289 00:18:55,920 --> 00:18:58,600 Speaker 1: She was not at all the only one. This included, 290 00:18:58,640 --> 00:19:02,159 Speaker 1: of course, Princess Elizabeth. A lot of the other women 291 00:19:02,240 --> 00:19:06,399 Speaker 1: who were participating in this correspondence were royals or nobles, 292 00:19:06,560 --> 00:19:10,200 Speaker 1: or they came from other wealthy and well connected families. 293 00:19:10,600 --> 00:19:14,480 Speaker 1: Since these were almost entirely the only women who likely 294 00:19:14,560 --> 00:19:18,399 Speaker 1: had access to some kind of education, as well as 295 00:19:18,520 --> 00:19:21,119 Speaker 1: enough money to be able to spend their time on 296 00:19:21,240 --> 00:19:24,520 Speaker 1: these kinds of pursuits. But while there were a lot 297 00:19:24,560 --> 00:19:28,440 Speaker 1: of relatively educated women in the upper classes, Anna Marie 298 00:19:28,560 --> 00:19:32,359 Speaker 1: van Sherman was seen as exceptional among them. She was 299 00:19:32,359 --> 00:19:35,880 Speaker 1: given a lot of nicknames that referenced this during her lifetime. 300 00:19:36,480 --> 00:19:38,680 Speaker 1: One of them that was in use by sixteen thirty 301 00:19:38,680 --> 00:19:42,760 Speaker 1: three was the Jewel of Learned Women. By the following year, 302 00:19:42,960 --> 00:19:47,480 Speaker 1: Dutch theologian Heisbertus Fusius had become her teacher, and she 303 00:19:47,600 --> 00:19:51,000 Speaker 1: expanded her knowledge of Greek and the New Testament. She 304 00:19:51,080 --> 00:19:54,160 Speaker 1: also made a deeper study of Greek literature and poetry, 305 00:19:54,200 --> 00:19:57,439 Speaker 1: and Homer, credited with the authorship of the Iliad and 306 00:19:57,480 --> 00:20:02,399 Speaker 1: the Odyssey, became her favorite poet. Von Sherman was also 307 00:20:02,600 --> 00:20:06,440 Speaker 1: unique in that she was able to access a university education, 308 00:20:06,880 --> 00:20:12,960 Speaker 1: something that women were almost entirely excluded from. Her teacher, Futsius, 309 00:20:13,119 --> 00:20:16,280 Speaker 1: was one of the founders of Utrecht University, which had 310 00:20:16,320 --> 00:20:22,560 Speaker 1: originally been established as Utrek's Illustrious Gymnasium, gymnasium being a 311 00:20:22,640 --> 00:20:26,560 Speaker 1: term for a secondary school, not a gym with weights 312 00:20:26,560 --> 00:20:29,119 Speaker 1: and jump ropes and stuff that we might think of 313 00:20:29,160 --> 00:20:34,000 Speaker 1: in the United States. Utrecht University was formally inaugurated on 314 00:20:34,080 --> 00:20:37,560 Speaker 1: March sixteenth, sixteen thirty six, making it one of the 315 00:20:37,600 --> 00:20:41,800 Speaker 1: oldest universities in what's now the Netherlands. Anna Maria von 316 00:20:41,840 --> 00:20:44,960 Speaker 1: Sherman was invited to write a poem in honor of 317 00:20:45,000 --> 00:20:49,119 Speaker 1: the university, to be read at the opening ceremonies. She 318 00:20:49,240 --> 00:20:52,760 Speaker 1: wrote two poems, one of them a reflection on Footsius's 319 00:20:52,760 --> 00:20:57,800 Speaker 1: inaugural sermon, and the other a praise poem about the university. 320 00:20:58,000 --> 00:21:00,680 Speaker 1: Both of these poems were in Latin and both are 321 00:21:00,720 --> 00:21:04,520 Speaker 1: described as very beautiful, and the praise poem pointedly noted 322 00:21:04,800 --> 00:21:08,399 Speaker 1: that the sacred halls being opened were not accessible to women. 323 00:21:09,400 --> 00:21:13,560 Speaker 1: Van Sherman also composed a poem in French extemporaneously and 324 00:21:13,680 --> 00:21:18,159 Speaker 1: delivered it during the festivities. She became the unofficial poet 325 00:21:18,200 --> 00:21:21,400 Speaker 1: Laureate of Utrecht and she was nicknamed the Dutch Sapho. 326 00:21:22,280 --> 00:21:25,879 Speaker 1: The name Sapho was not as closely connected to lesbianism 327 00:21:26,080 --> 00:21:28,640 Speaker 1: as it is in a lot of places today. This 328 00:21:28,800 --> 00:21:32,399 Speaker 1: was a reference to her skill in poetry. We just 329 00:21:32,520 --> 00:21:35,480 Speaker 1: ran our episode on Sappho, which talks about the evolution 330 00:21:35,720 --> 00:21:38,760 Speaker 1: in the connotations around her name and identity as a 331 00:21:38,760 --> 00:21:43,640 Speaker 1: Saturday Classic. After the opening of the University of Utrecht, 332 00:21:43,640 --> 00:21:48,480 Speaker 1: Futsias continued to tutor von Sherman, including in the Semitic 333 00:21:48,560 --> 00:21:53,160 Speaker 1: languages of Hebrew, Syriac and Chaldean, and he made arrangements 334 00:21:53,200 --> 00:21:56,879 Speaker 1: for her to attend lectures at the university, seated in 335 00:21:56,960 --> 00:22:01,080 Speaker 1: a special compartment with its entry and exit by curtains 336 00:22:01,720 --> 00:22:05,400 Speaker 1: so that she would not distract the men. This made 337 00:22:05,480 --> 00:22:08,359 Speaker 1: her the first woman in the Netherlands known to attend 338 00:22:08,359 --> 00:22:12,919 Speaker 1: a university. She completed the equivalent of the Faculty of Letters, 339 00:22:13,000 --> 00:22:16,680 Speaker 1: which was the basic liberal arts coursework required for all students, 340 00:22:17,160 --> 00:22:20,399 Speaker 1: most of which she had already mastered before attending these lectures, 341 00:22:20,920 --> 00:22:24,240 Speaker 1: and she continued to attend both public and private lectures 342 00:22:24,240 --> 00:22:27,960 Speaker 1: at the university for years. We'll talk about how her 343 00:22:28,000 --> 00:22:31,240 Speaker 1: work as a scholar evolved from here. After a sponsor 344 00:22:31,280 --> 00:22:44,359 Speaker 1: break in the sixteen thirties, Anna Maria von Sherman became 345 00:22:44,600 --> 00:22:48,640 Speaker 1: famous in Northern Europe. Scholars and intellectuals wrote to each 346 00:22:48,680 --> 00:22:52,399 Speaker 1: other about this woman attending university in Utrecht, and they 347 00:22:52,480 --> 00:22:56,600 Speaker 1: shared her poetry and her letters. Earlier, we mentioned how 348 00:22:56,640 --> 00:23:01,000 Speaker 1: Anna Maria von Sherman and Princess Elizabeth of bohem followed 349 00:23:01,280 --> 00:23:04,920 Speaker 1: very different paths through the worlds of religion and philosophy, 350 00:23:05,040 --> 00:23:09,359 Speaker 1: with von Sherman following Aristotelian and Christian thinking, while the 351 00:23:09,400 --> 00:23:14,160 Speaker 1: princess became a student of Renee de Carte. Very broadly speaking, 352 00:23:14,440 --> 00:23:19,360 Speaker 1: Aristotle had been focused on understanding the world through sensory experience, 353 00:23:19,480 --> 00:23:26,080 Speaker 1: while Descartes focused on rationality and reason. Aristotelian versus Cartesian 354 00:23:26,119 --> 00:23:31,120 Speaker 1: philosophy became a huge debate at Utrecht University and between 355 00:23:31,200 --> 00:23:37,080 Speaker 1: Fusius and Descartes personally. It was a big feud. After 356 00:23:37,160 --> 00:23:40,560 Speaker 1: Descartes was banned from the university, he wrote a letter 357 00:23:40,640 --> 00:23:44,600 Speaker 1: to philosopher and physician on Reichus Reggius, who taught medicine there, 358 00:23:45,119 --> 00:23:48,640 Speaker 1: saying that if he wanted to attend Reggius's lectures, he 359 00:23:48,680 --> 00:23:52,359 Speaker 1: would have to stay in Van Sherman's compartment behind a screen. Two. 360 00:23:53,720 --> 00:23:57,760 Speaker 1: Van Sherman visited Descartes during this dispute. He was already 361 00:23:57,760 --> 00:24:00,159 Speaker 1: aware of her as a poet and a painter, and 362 00:24:00,200 --> 00:24:04,479 Speaker 1: he appreciated her work in both. She clearly didn't agree 363 00:24:04,480 --> 00:24:08,240 Speaker 1: with his viewpoints, describing them as not contributing anything new 364 00:24:08,280 --> 00:24:10,719 Speaker 1: to science other than a way to fail at it 365 00:24:10,760 --> 00:24:15,720 Speaker 1: really quickly. Meanwhile, Descartes thought her work with Futsius was 366 00:24:15,800 --> 00:24:18,680 Speaker 1: leading her to a kind of pedantic focus on religion 367 00:24:19,200 --> 00:24:21,520 Speaker 1: rather than the poetry and painting that he thought she 368 00:24:21,600 --> 00:24:25,600 Speaker 1: was better suited to. Later on, vn Sherman also met 369 00:24:25,600 --> 00:24:27,720 Speaker 1: with Descartes when he was on his way to become 370 00:24:27,840 --> 00:24:31,600 Speaker 1: Christina of Sweden's tutor, and he criticized her for reading 371 00:24:31,640 --> 00:24:35,840 Speaker 1: the Bible in Hebrew. We talked about Descartes's relationship with 372 00:24:35,960 --> 00:24:38,960 Speaker 1: Christina of Sweden in our episode on her, which we 373 00:24:39,040 --> 00:24:43,480 Speaker 1: ran as a Saturday Classic on December eighteenth, twenty twenty one. 374 00:24:43,720 --> 00:24:47,439 Speaker 1: It was around this time that other scholars started wanting 375 00:24:47,480 --> 00:24:51,679 Speaker 1: to dedicate their books to Von Sherman, especially their books 376 00:24:51,720 --> 00:24:57,640 Speaker 1: on women. One was Dutch author and physician Johann von Bevervik, 377 00:24:58,119 --> 00:25:02,679 Speaker 1: author of De Excellencia anti Sexist or The Excellency of 378 00:25:02,760 --> 00:25:06,639 Speaker 1: the Female Sex. Von Sherman wrote him a letter quote 379 00:25:06,920 --> 00:25:12,600 Speaker 1: heartily beseeching him not to do this. It felt like vanity, 380 00:25:12,960 --> 00:25:16,479 Speaker 1: but she also thought that most men, not just the 381 00:25:16,520 --> 00:25:19,439 Speaker 1: low ranking men who were not worth her attention, but 382 00:25:19,560 --> 00:25:23,639 Speaker 1: men of great esteem, would interpret his work as saying 383 00:25:23,640 --> 00:25:26,600 Speaker 1: that as long as women were able to get some 384 00:25:26,720 --> 00:25:30,719 Speaker 1: kind of special permission to pursue higher studies, that that 385 00:25:30,760 --> 00:25:35,679 Speaker 1: would be enough. Von Beayvervik dedicated this work to her. Anyway, 386 00:25:36,600 --> 00:25:39,240 Speaker 1: he was not the only man to dedicate work to 387 00:25:39,280 --> 00:25:45,720 Speaker 1: her after specifically being asked not to because I know better, uh. 388 00:25:46,000 --> 00:25:50,359 Speaker 1: Von Sherman also faced continual pressure to publish her correspondence 389 00:25:50,680 --> 00:25:55,000 Speaker 1: with philosophers, scientists, and scholars all over northern Europe. She 390 00:25:55,080 --> 00:25:58,480 Speaker 1: also corresponded with people like Queen Christina of Sweden, who 391 00:25:58,560 --> 00:26:02,879 Speaker 1: visited her at least once, and with Polish Queen Ludvika Maria. 392 00:26:03,359 --> 00:26:07,240 Speaker 1: Other female correspondents included artist Margaret Gojuwick, who was a 393 00:26:07,280 --> 00:26:10,879 Speaker 1: scholar of Hebrew, and singer Utricia Ogel, and of course 394 00:26:11,000 --> 00:26:17,000 Speaker 1: Princess Elizabeth of the Palatinate. This pressure to publish was 395 00:26:17,040 --> 00:26:21,200 Speaker 1: not just because people found von Sherman's insights and analysis 396 00:26:21,320 --> 00:26:25,360 Speaker 1: interesting and worthwhile, and her poetry to be beautiful, and 397 00:26:25,400 --> 00:26:28,600 Speaker 1: so they thought all of that should be shared. This 398 00:26:28,800 --> 00:26:32,520 Speaker 1: was happening during a period of ongoing debate about women 399 00:26:32,920 --> 00:26:36,679 Speaker 1: and their role in society and their capability for intellect 400 00:26:36,760 --> 00:26:40,679 Speaker 1: and learning, described as the querrel de farm or the 401 00:26:40,960 --> 00:26:46,080 Speaker 1: woman question. Most, but not all, of the people writing 402 00:26:46,160 --> 00:26:50,560 Speaker 1: about this subject were men, who wrote essays about women's 403 00:26:50,760 --> 00:26:55,359 Speaker 1: nature and their abilities. People who supported the idea of 404 00:26:55,480 --> 00:27:00,359 Speaker 1: women having a capacity to learn also assembled catalog of 405 00:27:00,480 --> 00:27:05,280 Speaker 1: learned women, listing out these women's biographies and their accomplishments. 406 00:27:06,520 --> 00:27:10,560 Speaker 1: These catalogs were not unique to the early modern period, 407 00:27:10,640 --> 00:27:14,919 Speaker 1: but they were particularly trendy in the seventeenth century, and 408 00:27:15,080 --> 00:27:18,639 Speaker 1: Anna Maria von Sherman was featured in a number of them. 409 00:27:19,119 --> 00:27:23,439 Speaker 1: So in this context, people who supported the idea of 410 00:27:23,720 --> 00:27:27,800 Speaker 1: education for women, and of women having a place in 411 00:27:28,000 --> 00:27:32,040 Speaker 1: academia and society, and just the capacity for thought and learning, 412 00:27:32,760 --> 00:27:36,440 Speaker 1: they thought that Von Sherman's letters could serve as direct 413 00:27:36,560 --> 00:27:39,680 Speaker 1: evidence of the arguments that they were making and as 414 00:27:39,720 --> 00:27:44,280 Speaker 1: an inspiration for other women. More than once, when von 415 00:27:44,320 --> 00:27:48,080 Speaker 1: Sherman refused to publish her letters, men did it for 416 00:27:48,160 --> 00:27:52,320 Speaker 1: her without asking. The first was Charles Duchane, who printed 417 00:27:52,359 --> 00:27:56,560 Speaker 1: an unauthorized collection of her correspondence with French theologian Andre 418 00:27:56,680 --> 00:27:59,960 Speaker 1: Revey in sixteen thirty eight. He did not have reveal 419 00:28:00,240 --> 00:28:04,200 Speaker 1: permission either, and in addition to being printed without their permission, 420 00:28:04,280 --> 00:28:09,040 Speaker 1: this collection was full of errors. After this, Van Sherman 421 00:28:09,200 --> 00:28:12,919 Speaker 1: decided to expand what she had written to Revel into 422 00:28:13,000 --> 00:28:17,439 Speaker 1: a standalone work, which was published in Latin with a 423 00:28:17,480 --> 00:28:21,119 Speaker 1: title that translates to a dissertation on the capacity of 424 00:28:21,200 --> 00:28:26,080 Speaker 1: women for education in sixteen forty one. Translations of this 425 00:28:26,200 --> 00:28:30,000 Speaker 1: work into Dutch and French followed, and it was published 426 00:28:30,040 --> 00:28:33,960 Speaker 1: in English as The Learned Maid or Whether a Maid 427 00:28:34,080 --> 00:28:38,040 Speaker 1: May be a Scholar? A logic exercise written in Latin 428 00:28:38,280 --> 00:28:42,600 Speaker 1: by that incomparable vision Anna Maria A Sherman of Utrecht 429 00:28:42,720 --> 00:28:46,959 Speaker 1: in sixteen fifty nine. So that title includes a question 430 00:28:47,480 --> 00:28:49,840 Speaker 1: whether a maid may be a scholar, and at the 431 00:28:49,920 --> 00:28:52,760 Speaker 1: very beginning the text answers it quote we hold the 432 00:28:52,800 --> 00:28:57,560 Speaker 1: affirmative and will endeavor to make it good. This dissertation 433 00:28:57,880 --> 00:29:02,880 Speaker 1: contains fourteen syllogisms or structured logical arguments, with a major 434 00:29:02,920 --> 00:29:06,280 Speaker 1: premise supported by a minor premise leading to a conclusion. 435 00:29:07,040 --> 00:29:10,360 Speaker 1: As an example, here is number eight argument from the 436 00:29:10,400 --> 00:29:14,240 Speaker 1: genus of the predicate or of learning quote, Arts and 437 00:29:14,280 --> 00:29:17,440 Speaker 1: sciences are convenient for those to whom all virtue in 438 00:29:17,520 --> 00:29:21,560 Speaker 1: general is convenient, but all virtue in general is convenient 439 00:29:21,640 --> 00:29:25,520 Speaker 1: for a maid. Therefore, the major is evident from the 440 00:29:25,560 --> 00:29:29,680 Speaker 1: division of virtue into intellectual and moral. Under the former, 441 00:29:29,720 --> 00:29:34,560 Speaker 1: whereof the philosopher comprehendeth the arts and sciences, the miner 442 00:29:34,680 --> 00:29:37,840 Speaker 1: hath no need of proof for virtue, as Seneca Saith 443 00:29:38,200 --> 00:29:42,720 Speaker 1: chooseth her servant, neither by their state nor sex. This 444 00:29:42,920 --> 00:29:46,920 Speaker 1: dissertation was both a treatise on women's education and a 445 00:29:46,960 --> 00:29:51,720 Speaker 1: work of philosophy, arguing that study was an appropriate pursuit 446 00:29:51,840 --> 00:29:55,680 Speaker 1: for Christian women and a benefit to them. Women had 447 00:29:55,680 --> 00:29:58,680 Speaker 1: the capacity for study, and study could lead them toward 448 00:29:58,760 --> 00:30:03,200 Speaker 1: a deeper love reverence for God. Von Sherman ended with 449 00:30:03,320 --> 00:30:06,760 Speaker 1: refutations of the arguments she expected would be made against her. 450 00:30:07,160 --> 00:30:09,960 Speaker 1: For example, someone could argue that a person of weak 451 00:30:10,040 --> 00:30:13,400 Speaker 1: wit could not study letters, and women are of weak wit, 452 00:30:13,840 --> 00:30:18,080 Speaker 1: therefore women could not study. She acknowledged that some women 453 00:30:18,200 --> 00:30:20,640 Speaker 1: were of weak wit, but that the ones who were 454 00:30:20,680 --> 00:30:23,720 Speaker 1: not could be admitted to studies, and that studies would 455 00:30:23,720 --> 00:30:27,400 Speaker 1: also help alleviate their weakness. She wrote in part quote, 456 00:30:27,440 --> 00:30:30,600 Speaker 1: no man can rightly judge of our inclinations to studies 457 00:30:30,880 --> 00:30:33,880 Speaker 1: before he hath encouraged us by the best reasons and 458 00:30:34,000 --> 00:30:37,360 Speaker 1: means to set upon them, and withal hath given us 459 00:30:37,440 --> 00:30:42,080 Speaker 1: some taste of their sweetness. Anna Maria's mother, Eva died 460 00:30:42,120 --> 00:30:45,880 Speaker 1: in sixteen thirty seven. After this, Anna Maria took over 461 00:30:46,040 --> 00:30:49,880 Speaker 1: running the household, including her late mother's work caring for 462 00:30:49,960 --> 00:30:53,640 Speaker 1: her elderly aunts. Eva had also done a lot of 463 00:30:53,680 --> 00:30:56,800 Speaker 1: philanthropic work, like visiting the poor and the sick, and 464 00:30:56,880 --> 00:31:00,960 Speaker 1: Anna Maria picked up this work as well. Her philosophical 465 00:31:00,960 --> 00:31:04,240 Speaker 1: and intellectual correspondent started to slow down as she had 466 00:31:04,280 --> 00:31:10,160 Speaker 1: so many other responsibilities. Meanwhile, professor and theologian Frederick Spenheim 467 00:31:10,280 --> 00:31:13,080 Speaker 1: was trying to convince her to publish her letters, which 468 00:31:13,120 --> 00:31:17,640 Speaker 1: she repeatedly declined to do. Then, in sixteen forty eight, 469 00:31:17,720 --> 00:31:20,520 Speaker 1: when he asked once again, she gave him a response 470 00:31:20,560 --> 00:31:23,640 Speaker 1: that made it sound like she might be open to it, 471 00:31:24,320 --> 00:31:26,680 Speaker 1: so he went ahead and published a collection of letters 472 00:31:26,680 --> 00:31:31,800 Speaker 1: and poems known as Opuscula. Spndheim died a year later, 473 00:31:31,880 --> 00:31:34,880 Speaker 1: and in sixteen fifty two she published her own version 474 00:31:34,960 --> 00:31:38,840 Speaker 1: of this collection that was extremely well received, leading to 475 00:31:38,960 --> 00:31:42,320 Speaker 1: nicknames like the Tenth Muse and the Star of Utrecht. 476 00:31:43,400 --> 00:31:46,560 Speaker 1: In sixteen fifty three, Von Sherman left Utrecht for a while, 477 00:31:46,760 --> 00:31:50,000 Speaker 1: going to Cologne with her aunts. The Thirty Years War 478 00:31:50,080 --> 00:31:52,479 Speaker 1: had ended by this point and they were trying to 479 00:31:52,680 --> 00:31:56,760 Speaker 1: reclaim some property they had lost. This took the family 480 00:31:56,800 --> 00:31:59,719 Speaker 1: more than a year to settle, and while Anna Maria 481 00:31:59,800 --> 00:32:02,960 Speaker 1: made mad some connections to the university in Cologne, this 482 00:32:03,200 --> 00:32:05,720 Speaker 1: was the first time she had really been away from 483 00:32:05,800 --> 00:32:10,800 Speaker 1: her academic circle in Utrecht and in particular her teacher Futsius. 484 00:32:11,800 --> 00:32:14,680 Speaker 1: She started to question some of what she had been learning, 485 00:32:14,760 --> 00:32:18,960 Speaker 1: and she became progressively more focused on religious and spiritual 486 00:32:19,000 --> 00:32:23,680 Speaker 1: matters and less on things like science and philosophy. In 487 00:32:23,760 --> 00:32:27,880 Speaker 1: sixteen sixty Anna Maria, her brother Johann Hodschok, and their 488 00:32:27,960 --> 00:32:31,360 Speaker 1: aunts moved to Lexman, south of Utrecht, taking a couple 489 00:32:31,360 --> 00:32:35,840 Speaker 1: of servants with them. Both ants died in sixteen sixty one, 490 00:32:35,960 --> 00:32:39,360 Speaker 1: at which point Anna Maria and her brother returned to Utrecht, 491 00:32:39,920 --> 00:32:42,280 Speaker 1: and around that time they met Jean de la Badie, 492 00:32:42,320 --> 00:32:46,440 Speaker 1: former Jesuit priest and religious reformer. He had left the 493 00:32:46,480 --> 00:32:50,360 Speaker 1: Catholic Church and founded a series of small Pietistic communities 494 00:32:50,920 --> 00:32:55,800 Speaker 1: that's a religious movement focused on piety and godliness. Over time, 495 00:32:56,040 --> 00:33:00,200 Speaker 1: the Labbadists community became like a commune, including shared property 496 00:33:00,360 --> 00:33:03,880 Speaker 1: and common meals. Jean de Labadie and his teachings and 497 00:33:03,960 --> 00:33:07,680 Speaker 1: communities were controversial. By the time he met the von Shermans, 498 00:33:07,760 --> 00:33:12,160 Speaker 1: the Labbadists had been forced to move several times. In 499 00:33:12,240 --> 00:33:17,120 Speaker 1: sixteen sixty nine, Anna Maria ultimately abandoned her life as 500 00:33:17,160 --> 00:33:20,840 Speaker 1: a scholar. She left the Dutch Reformed Church and she 501 00:33:20,960 --> 00:33:25,200 Speaker 1: became a Labbyist. This was shocking to a lot of people. 502 00:33:25,400 --> 00:33:28,560 Speaker 1: The Dutch Reformed Church had been advocating for the government 503 00:33:28,600 --> 00:33:32,160 Speaker 1: to take some kind of action against the Labbydists, and 504 00:33:32,920 --> 00:33:36,040 Speaker 1: a lot of the people who admired Von shermans scholarship, 505 00:33:36,160 --> 00:33:39,400 Speaker 1: poetry and art were just baffled at this shift in 506 00:33:39,400 --> 00:33:45,720 Speaker 1: her life. They unfriended her on proto Facebook. The Labbadists 507 00:33:45,840 --> 00:33:49,600 Speaker 1: continued to move around as they faced persecution and harassment. 508 00:33:50,280 --> 00:33:54,120 Speaker 1: In sixteen seventy Anna Maria sought help from Princess Elizabeth, 509 00:33:54,360 --> 00:33:57,320 Speaker 1: who was abbess at the abbey at Herford in Westphalia. 510 00:33:58,120 --> 00:34:01,160 Speaker 1: Elizabeth had to describe the labb This community as a 511 00:34:01,240 --> 00:34:04,520 Speaker 1: convent that was being led by von Sherman was Jean 512 00:34:04,560 --> 00:34:07,600 Speaker 1: de Labadie acting as its minister, in order to get 513 00:34:07,600 --> 00:34:11,920 Speaker 1: Elector Friedrich William of Brandenburg to give his permission for 514 00:34:12,040 --> 00:34:16,760 Speaker 1: them to live there. They continue to face persecution, though, 515 00:34:17,000 --> 00:34:20,279 Speaker 1: including from people who found Jean de Labedie's teachings to 516 00:34:20,320 --> 00:34:24,880 Speaker 1: be heretical and from people who suspected him of secretly 517 00:34:24,960 --> 00:34:29,520 Speaker 1: still being Catholic. The Labbyists moved on from Herford around 518 00:34:29,560 --> 00:34:34,080 Speaker 1: sixteen seventy two, with the Princess helping them relocate to Altona, 519 00:34:34,200 --> 00:34:36,960 Speaker 1: which was part of Denmark at the time but is 520 00:34:37,000 --> 00:34:41,000 Speaker 1: now in Germany. This move was probably the last time 521 00:34:41,080 --> 00:34:45,720 Speaker 1: that Anna Maria saw Princess Elizabeth in Altona, von Sherman 522 00:34:45,840 --> 00:34:51,080 Speaker 1: published a religious autobiography called Euclearia. It was largely focused 523 00:34:51,120 --> 00:34:53,600 Speaker 1: on her decision to leave a life of scholarship and 524 00:34:53,680 --> 00:34:57,920 Speaker 1: join the Labbadists. While she continued to create some artwork, 525 00:34:58,120 --> 00:35:02,200 Speaker 1: mainly in sculpted wood and wack, she largely retired from 526 00:35:02,239 --> 00:35:06,399 Speaker 1: the world at that point. In her last years, Anna 527 00:35:06,440 --> 00:35:10,160 Speaker 1: Maria von Sherman was disabled with some kind of arthritic condition, 528 00:35:10,280 --> 00:35:14,400 Speaker 1: and she used a wheelchair. Jonda Labadee died in sixteen 529 00:35:14,480 --> 00:35:17,759 Speaker 1: seventy four, and from that point she was seen as 530 00:35:17,800 --> 00:35:21,919 Speaker 1: the leader of the Labbydists. Afterward, they moved again from 531 00:35:21,920 --> 00:35:26,680 Speaker 1: Altona to Weeward in the Dutch province of Friesland. Anna 532 00:35:26,760 --> 00:35:30,879 Speaker 1: Maria von Sherman died there on May fourteenth, sixteen seventy eight. 533 00:35:31,640 --> 00:35:34,080 Speaker 1: She had already sold much of her property and what 534 00:35:34,239 --> 00:35:37,920 Speaker 1: was left went to the Labbadists. According to her wishes, 535 00:35:37,960 --> 00:35:42,040 Speaker 1: she was buried in Weeward without a ceremony. The Labbydist 536 00:35:42,120 --> 00:35:46,640 Speaker 1: community continued at Weeward for a while. Maria, Sebulia, Marion 537 00:35:46,800 --> 00:35:49,400 Speaker 1: and several of her family joined the Labbydists there in 538 00:35:49,440 --> 00:35:53,120 Speaker 1: sixteen eighty six. We ran our episode on Maria Sibula 539 00:35:53,200 --> 00:35:57,319 Speaker 1: Merion as a Saturday Classic on April second, twenty twenty two. 540 00:35:58,120 --> 00:36:01,719 Speaker 1: The labbydist community at we Were was dissolved in seventeen 541 00:36:01,840 --> 00:36:07,239 Speaker 1: thirty two. Before she died, Anna Maria von Sherman destroyed 542 00:36:07,239 --> 00:36:09,719 Speaker 1: a lot of her letters and poems, and there's a 543 00:36:09,760 --> 00:36:15,160 Speaker 1: lot of speculation about her reasons why the Labbadists were 544 00:36:15,360 --> 00:36:19,920 Speaker 1: very focused on piety in renouncing worldliness, and she might 545 00:36:19,960 --> 00:36:23,960 Speaker 1: have seen her past writing as contrary to that. One 546 00:36:24,000 --> 00:36:26,719 Speaker 1: of the things that she criticized herself for in her 547 00:36:26,760 --> 00:36:30,880 Speaker 1: biography was pride that had come along with her accomplishments 548 00:36:30,880 --> 00:36:33,680 Speaker 1: and her fame. She had come to see that as 549 00:36:33,760 --> 00:36:38,040 Speaker 1: sinful and improper. She might have felt that, after her 550 00:36:38,320 --> 00:36:43,320 Speaker 1: shift away from university study, these earlier writings didn't represent 551 00:36:43,400 --> 00:36:46,640 Speaker 1: her anymore. She might have also been afraid that if 552 00:36:46,640 --> 00:36:49,799 Speaker 1: she did not destroy her work, other people would use 553 00:36:49,840 --> 00:36:52,320 Speaker 1: it to turn her into some kind of cult figure. 554 00:36:52,440 --> 00:36:57,200 Speaker 1: After her death, almost two hundred years passed between Anna 555 00:36:57,280 --> 00:37:00,960 Speaker 1: Maria v On Sherman's death and another woman being enrolled 556 00:37:01,000 --> 00:37:05,279 Speaker 1: at a university in the Netherlands. That is generally recognized 557 00:37:05,320 --> 00:37:08,600 Speaker 1: as Alita Yakubs, who started at the University of Groningen 558 00:37:09,000 --> 00:37:12,280 Speaker 1: in eighteen seventy one and also became the first woman 559 00:37:12,320 --> 00:37:16,879 Speaker 1: physician in the Netherlands in eighteen seventy nine. Anna Marie 560 00:37:17,000 --> 00:37:20,480 Speaker 1: von Sherman is not forgotten. Today Utrecht University is building 561 00:37:20,520 --> 00:37:24,399 Speaker 1: a new teaching complex which is to be named after her. 562 00:37:25,440 --> 00:37:29,120 Speaker 1: Do have listener mail? I do have listener mail. This 563 00:37:29,160 --> 00:37:31,840 Speaker 1: is from Caitlin. Caitlyn has written us a number of 564 00:37:31,920 --> 00:37:36,120 Speaker 1: letters and they're always really lovely, and Caitlin wrote, Hi, 565 00:37:36,239 --> 00:37:39,960 Speaker 1: Tracy and Holly. Your recent episode on Wilfred Owen was 566 00:37:40,000 --> 00:37:43,040 Speaker 1: like a time machine. I was instantly transported back to 567 00:37:43,080 --> 00:37:45,120 Speaker 1: my senior year of high school when I was in 568 00:37:45,239 --> 00:37:48,359 Speaker 1: academic to Cathalon and the subject was World War One. 569 00:37:49,160 --> 00:37:52,040 Speaker 1: The way Academic to Cathlon works is that there are 570 00:37:52,080 --> 00:37:55,200 Speaker 1: ten subjects that Decca of the name, and most of 571 00:37:55,239 --> 00:37:58,640 Speaker 1: them are tailored to the yearly theme. So for language 572 00:37:58,680 --> 00:38:02,400 Speaker 1: and literature, we studied Ernest Hemingway's The Sun Also Rises, 573 00:38:02,760 --> 00:38:06,000 Speaker 1: as well as poems and poets of the war. It 574 00:38:06,040 --> 00:38:08,960 Speaker 1: seemed like every name you mentioned in the episode brought 575 00:38:09,040 --> 00:38:12,839 Speaker 1: full force memories of studying with my teammates, coming up 576 00:38:12,880 --> 00:38:17,120 Speaker 1: with mnemonics for Siegfried Sassoon, Rupert Brooke, Wilfred Owen and 577 00:38:17,239 --> 00:38:21,640 Speaker 1: their poems, committing dulcee decorumis to memory and trying to 578 00:38:21,719 --> 00:38:24,680 Speaker 1: keep track of which bits of biographical detail went with 579 00:38:24,719 --> 00:38:28,200 Speaker 1: which poem. At sixteen, I knew I was queer, but 580 00:38:28,440 --> 00:38:31,840 Speaker 1: was out to very few people and generally didn't speak 581 00:38:31,880 --> 00:38:35,040 Speaker 1: about queer things out of fear that someone would register 582 00:38:35,160 --> 00:38:39,320 Speaker 1: how passionate I was and put together the pieces. Reading 583 00:38:39,360 --> 00:38:42,640 Speaker 1: about Owen and Sassoon and realizing that there was more 584 00:38:42,680 --> 00:38:46,200 Speaker 1: to their lives than our packets contained was transformative, and 585 00:38:46,239 --> 00:38:49,960 Speaker 1: I was and still am, deeply moved by Owen's life 586 00:38:50,200 --> 00:38:53,840 Speaker 1: and how abruptly it was cut short. I had forgotten 587 00:38:53,840 --> 00:38:56,439 Speaker 1: how much these poets meant to me, and how much 588 00:38:56,480 --> 00:38:59,440 Speaker 1: the Lost generation moved me, so thank you for bringing 589 00:38:59,480 --> 00:39:03,640 Speaker 1: that back to mind. On a different subject, I know 590 00:39:03,680 --> 00:39:06,880 Speaker 1: you have a recent episode on measles and its history, 591 00:39:07,280 --> 00:39:09,600 Speaker 1: so I won't request an episode on that, But have 592 00:39:09,760 --> 00:39:13,240 Speaker 1: you considered an episode on viral hepatitis and the ethical 593 00:39:13,320 --> 00:39:16,960 Speaker 1: controversy around the development of its vaccine. I may have 594 00:39:17,000 --> 00:39:20,480 Speaker 1: written about this before, so forgive me if I'm repeating myself, 595 00:39:20,520 --> 00:39:23,920 Speaker 1: but in short, doctor Saul Krugman worked at the Willowbrook School, 596 00:39:24,360 --> 00:39:29,319 Speaker 1: an institution for disabled children, in researching viral hepatitis. He 597 00:39:29,360 --> 00:39:32,600 Speaker 1: deliberately infected disabled children with the disease in order to 598 00:39:32,640 --> 00:39:35,320 Speaker 1: test his theory about its transmission and then to test 599 00:39:35,400 --> 00:39:40,320 Speaker 1: vaccine efficacy. This horrific ethical abuse is not a secret, 600 00:39:40,440 --> 00:39:43,600 Speaker 1: but Krugman never faced real repercussions, and until his death 601 00:39:43,640 --> 00:39:45,680 Speaker 1: he maintained that he was in the right because he 602 00:39:45,760 --> 00:39:48,440 Speaker 1: was acting in service of the greater good. This is 603 00:39:48,440 --> 00:39:50,680 Speaker 1: a subject that is very close to both my heart 604 00:39:50,960 --> 00:39:53,680 Speaker 1: and my academic research. I work in history of education 605 00:39:53,800 --> 00:39:57,719 Speaker 1: and presented a paper comparing the Willibrook hepatitis experiments with 606 00:39:57,760 --> 00:40:02,479 Speaker 1: the Tuskegee syphilis experiments in public memory. Why is one 607 00:40:02,640 --> 00:40:06,399 Speaker 1: common knowledge while the other is an obscure footnote? That's 608 00:40:06,440 --> 00:40:10,560 Speaker 1: obviously quite outside the scope of this podcast, but important. Nonetheless, 609 00:40:11,200 --> 00:40:13,800 Speaker 1: some books on the subject, some of which are broader 610 00:40:13,800 --> 00:40:17,120 Speaker 1: in scope than just this case Against their Will. The 611 00:40:17,160 --> 00:40:20,839 Speaker 1: Secret History of medical experimentation on Children in Cold War 612 00:40:20,880 --> 00:40:27,120 Speaker 1: America by Alan M. Hornblum, Judy L. Newman, and Gregory J. Dober. 613 00:40:27,840 --> 00:40:30,839 Speaker 1: The Origins of bioethics Remembering when medicine went wrong by 614 00:40:30,920 --> 00:40:34,920 Speaker 1: John A. Lynch. Human medical experimentation from smallpox vaccines to 615 00:40:35,400 --> 00:40:39,920 Speaker 1: secret government programs by Francis R. Frankenberg. I've included a 616 00:40:39,960 --> 00:40:43,480 Speaker 1: few photos for pet tax. My orange boy false Dmitri 617 00:40:43,680 --> 00:40:46,400 Speaker 1: four has learned to climb on to display shelves that 618 00:40:46,440 --> 00:40:49,839 Speaker 1: are strictly no cat zones. I'm grateful he doesn't have 619 00:40:49,880 --> 00:40:51,919 Speaker 1: thumbs for the crossbow or else. Working at my desk 620 00:40:51,920 --> 00:40:55,080 Speaker 1: would be a risky endeavor. The torty is shark depus 621 00:40:55,120 --> 00:40:57,800 Speaker 1: who is scared of heights, and this does not commit 622 00:40:57,840 --> 00:41:00,799 Speaker 1: shelf crimes. All the best, Caitlin. Thank you so much 623 00:41:00,920 --> 00:41:06,800 Speaker 1: Caitlin for this email. I loved it so much. Uh. 624 00:41:06,840 --> 00:41:09,960 Speaker 1: They and I had a brief email exchange after this. 625 00:41:11,239 --> 00:41:14,920 Speaker 1: I am fairly certain that we have read a previous 626 00:41:15,000 --> 00:41:21,399 Speaker 1: email from Caitlin, specifically about the Willowbrook experiments. We did 627 00:41:21,520 --> 00:41:26,600 Speaker 1: mention Willowbrook very briefly in our episode on Measles and 628 00:41:26,600 --> 00:41:30,040 Speaker 1: the measles vaccine because Willowbrook is also one of the 629 00:41:30,040 --> 00:41:33,640 Speaker 1: places that the measles vaccine was tested. I was a 630 00:41:33,640 --> 00:41:38,240 Speaker 1: little bit different situation because there was a measles outbreak happening, 631 00:41:38,239 --> 00:41:42,000 Speaker 1: and they were trying to save kids' lives. The hepatitis 632 00:41:42,040 --> 00:41:47,480 Speaker 1: studies were deliberately spreading hepatitis and then testing a vaccine. 633 00:41:49,080 --> 00:41:52,120 Speaker 1: So like a slightly different situation going on there, but 634 00:41:52,640 --> 00:41:57,280 Speaker 1: it did come up very briefly in that prior episode. Also, 635 00:41:58,719 --> 00:42:04,320 Speaker 1: Oh my goodness, these kittycats. I've scrolled through the pictures 636 00:42:04,360 --> 00:42:09,160 Speaker 1: this morning without having reread the email, and when I 637 00:42:09,200 --> 00:42:12,680 Speaker 1: saw this orange kitty cat on the shelves, I was like, 638 00:42:12,760 --> 00:42:17,080 Speaker 1: this cat is about to do some crime. And when 639 00:42:17,120 --> 00:42:19,520 Speaker 1: I then read the email, I was like, oh, And 640 00:42:19,560 --> 00:42:21,920 Speaker 1: they also said that this cat is about to do 641 00:42:21,960 --> 00:42:27,840 Speaker 1: some shelf crimes. These cats are precious. I love them. Also, 642 00:42:27,920 --> 00:42:32,239 Speaker 1: thank you again so much for this email, Caitlin. I 643 00:42:32,400 --> 00:42:36,160 Speaker 1: especially found the part about your reading of these poets 644 00:42:36,200 --> 00:42:39,799 Speaker 1: at the age of sixteen to be really moving. If 645 00:42:39,840 --> 00:42:41,799 Speaker 1: you would like to send us a note about this 646 00:42:41,920 --> 00:42:45,880 Speaker 1: or any other podcast where at History podcast at iHeartRadio 647 00:42:45,920 --> 00:42:49,200 Speaker 1: dot com, and you can also subscribe to our show 648 00:42:49,320 --> 00:42:51,799 Speaker 1: on the iHeartRadio app or anywhere else you like to 649 00:42:51,800 --> 00:42:59,600 Speaker 1: get your podcasts. Stuff you Missed in History Class is 650 00:42:59,600 --> 00:43:04,000 Speaker 1: a production of iHeartRadio. For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit 651 00:43:04,040 --> 00:43:07,480 Speaker 1: the iHeartRadio app, Apple podcasts, or wherever you listen to 652 00:43:07,520 --> 00:43:08,400 Speaker 1: your favorite shows.