WEBVTT - Marshall Brain's News Roundup: April 15th, 2011

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<v Speaker 1>Welcome to brain Stuff from house stuff Works dot com

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<v Speaker 1>where smart happens. Hi. I'm Marshall Brain and it is

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<v Speaker 1>time once again for the Friday News Roundup, where we

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<v Speaker 1>feature some of the most interesting science and technology articles

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<v Speaker 1>of the week. If you were to pick the thing

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<v Speaker 1>that has the probability of having the most effect on

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<v Speaker 1>humanity in the future, it would probably be IBMS demonstration

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<v Speaker 1>of a graphine transistor running at an impossible to imagine

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<v Speaker 1>a hundred and fifty five giga hurts. If a CPU

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<v Speaker 1>could clock at that speed, it would be roughly fifty

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<v Speaker 1>times faster than the typical CPU chip available today. That's

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<v Speaker 1>quite unlikely because the clock speed of a chip is

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<v Speaker 1>a lot more complicated than the speed of one transistor,

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<v Speaker 1>and these transistors are more designed for radios rather than

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<v Speaker 1>for you know, computing kinds of applications. But even so,

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<v Speaker 1>if you could take graphing and get even a two

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<v Speaker 1>x or a four x speed up, so you know,

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<v Speaker 1>a chip running at ten giga hurts or twenty giga hurts,

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<v Speaker 1>that would be impressive. Given that speed increases of pretty

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<v Speaker 1>much stalled at three giga hurts for several years. We'll

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<v Speaker 1>have to see where IBM and other manufacturers take this,

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<v Speaker 1>but it appears possible that graphing or some derivative thereof,

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<v Speaker 1>could be the thing that replaces silicon over the next decade.

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<v Speaker 1>If you go to Interesting Reading number seven twenty seven,

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<v Speaker 1>you can get details on these new transistors. But if

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<v Speaker 1>I were to pick the thing this week that has

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<v Speaker 1>the coolest buzz factor, that would have to be a

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<v Speaker 1>guy talking about building a life size functional at at

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<v Speaker 1>Yes and at at. This is the all terrain armored

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<v Speaker 1>transport that came out in the Empire Strikes Back film.

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<v Speaker 1>You remember in the hot scene at the beginning of

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<v Speaker 1>the film, there's this ice planet and these giant walkers

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<v Speaker 1>are walking across the ice to destroy the rebel base

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<v Speaker 1>and the power reactor or whatever it was. The idea

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<v Speaker 1>being that these walkers can somehow handle terrain that's you know,

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<v Speaker 1>rough and complex, much better than a wheeled vehicle could.

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<v Speaker 1>So let's ignore the obvious, like kind of silliness of

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<v Speaker 1>such a tall vehicle that's connected to such a narrow chassis,

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<v Speaker 1>especially since the legs in the film appear to have

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<v Speaker 1>little or no sideways mobility to handle tipping over. But

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<v Speaker 1>you know, these design problems have no effect on the

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<v Speaker 1>utter mind blowing power of the machines. When you saw

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<v Speaker 1>them in the film, especially when you saw them for

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<v Speaker 1>the first time in theaters, it was just an amazing spectacle.

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<v Speaker 1>So building a real one and having it walk around

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<v Speaker 1>would be a triumph. There's a guy named Mike Kohler

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<v Speaker 1>who's hoping to raise money for the project on Kickstarter.

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<v Speaker 1>If you google Interesting Reading number seven twenty eight, you

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<v Speaker 1>can you can read more about it. There's an interview

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<v Speaker 1>with him there. Speaking of legs, there is a female

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<v Speaker 1>double leg amputee who's making lemonade out of lemons. She um,

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<v Speaker 1>you know, as I said, as a double leg ampute

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<v Speaker 1>so that's the lemon part. But she's able to now

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<v Speaker 1>don a prosthesis that turns her into a mermaid. The

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<v Speaker 1>prosthesis combines her two stumps into a single tale for swimming,

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<v Speaker 1>and she swims so well that she would like to compete.

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<v Speaker 1>But obviously this would have to be a new category

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<v Speaker 1>of competition, since you know, normal people who are in

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<v Speaker 1>swimming competitions aren't wearing fins or tails or anything else currently,

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<v Speaker 1>so we'll have to see how this develops. If you

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<v Speaker 1>google Interesting Reading number seven seven. You can read more

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<v Speaker 1>about her story. We all have lithium ion batteries and

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<v Speaker 1>things like our cell phones, are iPods, are iPads, our cameras,

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<v Speaker 1>and our laptops. How could we get the most life

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<v Speaker 1>and power from these batteries? Because they are expensive and

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<v Speaker 1>we do use these devices a lot, it would be

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<v Speaker 1>nice if the batteries could last as long as possible.

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<v Speaker 1>So Popular mechanics study this question and has four recommendations. First,

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<v Speaker 1>a lithium ion battery prefers an intermediate state of charge

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<v Speaker 1>that is given a choice, it would last longest if

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<v Speaker 1>it is not ever fully charged to its maximum voltage

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<v Speaker 1>and if it's not ever fully drained down to you know,

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<v Speaker 1>no charge left on the battery. Those two conditions can

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<v Speaker 1>shorten the life of the battery by quite a bit.

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<v Speaker 1>The second tip is, you know, following on that, to

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<v Speaker 1>avoid full charges at full discharges at any time, But

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<v Speaker 1>the number of cycles if you're at an intermediate charge

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<v Speaker 1>is irrelevant. So you know, if you charge it three

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<v Speaker 1>times a day to keep it at an intermediate charge,

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<v Speaker 1>that's okay. The number of times it comes on and

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<v Speaker 1>off the charger is not relevant. Then number three is

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<v Speaker 1>something we probably already knew heat and cold are bad

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<v Speaker 1>for lithium ion batteries, as they are for a lot

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<v Speaker 1>of other batteries. And also you don't want to keep

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<v Speaker 1>lit em I on batteries constantly on a charger because

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<v Speaker 1>for one, that keeps him at this fully charged level,

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<v Speaker 1>which is bad, and for another it adds heat. So

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<v Speaker 1>if all of this is true, and really there's no

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<v Speaker 1>reason to believe that it's not, it makes you wonder

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<v Speaker 1>why all these tricks aren't built into chargers already, Like

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<v Speaker 1>why would a charger take a battery up to full

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<v Speaker 1>charge if that's bad for the battery? But you know

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<v Speaker 1>we have to wait, I guess for these chargers that

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<v Speaker 1>are smart enough to avoid these problems. So if you

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<v Speaker 1>want to learn more about this, you can go to

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<v Speaker 1>Interesting Reading seven to get the details. It really is

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<v Speaker 1>a pretty fascinating article. Speaking of making things last longer,

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<v Speaker 1>there was a story in Interesting Reading seven five where

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<v Speaker 1>a z Camaro with the sticker still on the window

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<v Speaker 1>and just a few miles on the odometer had been

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<v Speaker 1>left in a sort of time capsule and then got

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<v Speaker 1>pulled out of hybridation more than twenty years later. Except

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<v Speaker 1>for a lot of dust, it appeared to be in

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<v Speaker 1>pristine shape, which might suggest that if you're going to

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<v Speaker 1>do your own time capsule with a car and it,

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<v Speaker 1>you might want to invest in one of those fabric

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<v Speaker 1>car covers and put it over the car before you

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<v Speaker 1>stuff it in the box or the trailer or whatever

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<v Speaker 1>you're gonna store your time capsule in. Anyway, it was,

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<v Speaker 1>you know, a fun video to see them pull the

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<v Speaker 1>car out, and they had done a nice job of

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<v Speaker 1>preserving the seats with plastic and stuff, so it was

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<v Speaker 1>it was a neat little thing to see. But that

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<v Speaker 1>brings up a great point. If you are going to

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<v Speaker 1>buy a car today and save it for the future yourself,

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<v Speaker 1>and you wanted to hold its value, what car should

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<v Speaker 1>you buy? So you know, you don't want to buy

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<v Speaker 1>a car that people are gonna look at as junk

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<v Speaker 1>in twenty or thirty years. You want to pick a

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<v Speaker 1>good car. And so there's this article and interesting reading

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<v Speaker 1>number seven six that explores this question. The article recommends,

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<v Speaker 1>you know, the obvious stuff like keeping the car pretty

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<v Speaker 1>much exactly as this time capsule car was kept. You

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<v Speaker 1>buy the car, it has very low mileage. If you

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<v Speaker 1>can leave the around the window, that's great because it

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<v Speaker 1>shows you you know exactly what's on the car and

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<v Speaker 1>how much it exactly costs. You want to have all

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<v Speaker 1>original equipment on the car, you want it to be

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<v Speaker 1>in mint conditioned. But what kind of car should you pick?

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<v Speaker 1>And this is where it gets very strange, at least

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<v Speaker 1>with the first car in the list, because it's the

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<v Speaker 1>PT Cruiser, and I would never have picked that particular

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<v Speaker 1>car is one that would be valuable in the future,

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<v Speaker 1>but apparently because of its body style and so on,

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<v Speaker 1>it has the potential to really hold its value. Then

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<v Speaker 1>you go down through the list and the rest of

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<v Speaker 1>them are a lot more obvious than that, including things

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<v Speaker 1>like the Dodge Viper and the Plymouth Prowler and the

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<v Speaker 1>BMW Z three and even the Chevy Vault, which I,

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<v Speaker 1>you know, thought was interesting. Of course, the Vault is

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<v Speaker 1>in there because it's unlikely that anyone will ever own one.

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<v Speaker 1>They're making so few of them. And I actually went

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<v Speaker 1>to the Chevy dealer here and Raleigh and asked about

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<v Speaker 1>the Vault, and apparently if it even ever makes it

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<v Speaker 1>to North Carolina, it would be in something like two

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<v Speaker 1>thousand and twelve. Maybe the Dler was really sketchy on

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<v Speaker 1>whether he would ever have Chevy vaults on his lot.

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<v Speaker 1>So anyway, if you want to see all the recommendations,

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<v Speaker 1>google Interesting Reading number seven twenty six. Everyone knows what

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<v Speaker 1>skyscrapers look like today, you know, they all have these

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<v Speaker 1>different embellishments to make them a little different from the other. Sure,

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<v Speaker 1>but they're all pretty much tall, thin, tower like buildings.

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<v Speaker 1>So what is the skyscraper the future going to look like?

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<v Speaker 1>And a magazine called evol had a competition, and some

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<v Speaker 1>of the designs that came out of that competition are

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<v Speaker 1>mind blowing because most of the designs look nothing like

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<v Speaker 1>skyscrapers look today. Many of them don't even scrape the sky.

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<v Speaker 1>They are much squatter and and flatter but immense. You know,

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<v Speaker 1>they spread out instead of necessarily going up, and you

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<v Speaker 1>can have complete communities inside a single structure with these things.

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<v Speaker 1>It really is interesting to look at the pictures from

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<v Speaker 1>the competition because many of them are quite quite unexpected.

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<v Speaker 1>So if you google Interesting Reading number seven eight and

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<v Speaker 1>look for the article in the future of skyscrapers, you

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<v Speaker 1>can go through those pictures and see what's coming down

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<v Speaker 1>the road in terms of skyscrapers. Some of these skyscrapers

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<v Speaker 1>could house what might be the latest in farming technology.

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<v Speaker 1>More and more farming is moving indoors, and lettuce is

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<v Speaker 1>the most important example. Currently, much of the lettuce grown

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<v Speaker 1>today is grown indoors because the process of growing it

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<v Speaker 1>indoors cut it down on all sorts of problems, and

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<v Speaker 1>because lettuce is a pretty quick crop, it doesn't take

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<v Speaker 1>long for it to go from seed to maturity relatively speaking.

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<v Speaker 1>So an interesting reading number seven seven there's an article

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<v Speaker 1>on future farms where more and more of this ends

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<v Speaker 1>up happening, and every single thing, including the lighting, the temperature,

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<v Speaker 1>the humidity, everything is under human control, so the plants

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<v Speaker 1>grow optimally. This to me is a little hard to imagine,

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<v Speaker 1>especially on the lighting, because lighting is pretty expensive. You know,

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<v Speaker 1>not only do you have to buy the fixture and

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<v Speaker 1>the bulb, but then you have to pump electricity into it.

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<v Speaker 1>And plants need a lot of light. They need bright,

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<v Speaker 1>bright light to do their thing. Whether it's completely comes

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<v Speaker 1>to pass or not is open to question, but the

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<v Speaker 1>indoor part is definitely understandable. On most vegetable crops, grains

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<v Speaker 1>I would expect like wheat and corn will be grown

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<v Speaker 1>outdoors well into the future, but the indoor farming of

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<v Speaker 1>vegetables seems very likely. So if you go and google

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<v Speaker 1>Interesting Reading seven you can learn more about the future

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<v Speaker 1>of farms. Scientists, engineers, and inventors are known for experimentation.

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<v Speaker 1>They are out on the cutting edge and they do

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<v Speaker 1>experiments to discover what will work and what won't work.

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<v Speaker 1>Some of these experiments do work out, some don't, and

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<v Speaker 1>then some are horrific, horrific failures. So this week there's

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<v Speaker 1>an article entitled fifteen Bizarre Experiments Gone Tragically Wrong and

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<v Speaker 1>has fifteen experiments that fall into that terrible, horrible category.

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<v Speaker 1>There are several that you would expect to find if

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<v Speaker 1>you're you know, if you're up on your weird human

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<v Speaker 1>scientific experiments, psychology experiments like the Stanford prison guard experiment

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<v Speaker 1>that show how truly awful human beings can be when

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<v Speaker 1>left in peculiar situations. There are also some medical experiments

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<v Speaker 1>from the era where apparently experimental doctors had no ethics.

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<v Speaker 1>There's the token aviation experiment that you know ended in death,

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<v Speaker 1>as many aviation experiments did in the early years, and

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<v Speaker 1>even you know some today. And then there's the truly

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<v Speaker 1>weird stuff. A couple of which I had never even

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<v Speaker 1>heard of. So if you go to Interesting Reading number

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<v Speaker 1>seven twenty eight you can learn more about these bizarre experience.

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<v Speaker 1>It was a pretty interesting read. One article that got

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<v Speaker 1>a lot of hits this week is the brain Stuff

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<v Speaker 1>article on the wave disc engine. This engine design is

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<v Speaker 1>coming out of Michigan State University and has gotten two

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<v Speaker 1>and a half million dollars in federal funding to you know,

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<v Speaker 1>bring it from the um, you know, the not even

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<v Speaker 1>a prototype but just sort of an idea stage into

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<v Speaker 1>a reality stage. It is a completely unconventional design like

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<v Speaker 1>nothing I've ever seen before, and the claims are amazing,

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<v Speaker 1>like sixty percent efficiency. This would be three to four

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<v Speaker 1>times more efficient than the typical piston engine of today,

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<v Speaker 1>which you know might get fifteen to twenty percent efficiency

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<v Speaker 1>out of the gasoline that goes into it. So this

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<v Speaker 1>wave disc engine would be a huge deal. If this

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<v Speaker 1>engine really pans out at a sixty percent efficiency, even

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<v Speaker 1>if it panned out at a forty percent efficiency, that

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<v Speaker 1>would double the efficiency today and that would be amazing.

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<v Speaker 1>So one thing about this engine is it's a fixed

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<v Speaker 1>rpm turbine like design, and that means it would likely

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<v Speaker 1>be running a fixed load electrical generator or something like

0:12:57.800 --> 0:13:01.160
<v Speaker 1>that in a hybrid vehicle. But you know, when I

0:13:01.200 --> 0:13:05.040
<v Speaker 1>look at this, I am I am pretty skeptical. The

0:13:05.200 --> 0:13:07.360
<v Speaker 1>articles that have been published so far on the wave

0:13:07.480 --> 0:13:10.640
<v Speaker 1>disc engine have been very high on hype and very

0:13:10.720 --> 0:13:13.480
<v Speaker 1>low on details of how this engine is going to

0:13:13.520 --> 0:13:18.000
<v Speaker 1>actually work. So if you read the articles, we're supposed

0:13:18.040 --> 0:13:21.199
<v Speaker 1>to actually see a working model of this engine by

0:13:21.240 --> 0:13:23.440
<v Speaker 1>the end of two thousand and eleven, and we'll get

0:13:23.480 --> 0:13:26.240
<v Speaker 1>to see if it lives up to all the expectations

0:13:26.280 --> 0:13:30.559
<v Speaker 1>fairly quickly. If you google brain stuff Wave disc Engine,

0:13:30.640 --> 0:13:32.680
<v Speaker 1>you can learn more about the engine, and some of

0:13:33.000 --> 0:13:35.240
<v Speaker 1>you know my thoughts on whether or not this might work.

0:13:35.360 --> 0:13:38.120
<v Speaker 1>I am going to be fascinated to see what happens

0:13:38.200 --> 0:13:41.480
<v Speaker 1>when the when the first real engines come out, and

0:13:41.520 --> 0:13:45.840
<v Speaker 1>I really hope that I'm wrong, but I'm quite skeptical

0:13:45.880 --> 0:13:49.760
<v Speaker 1>at the moment. There was a story about myth Busters,

0:13:49.760 --> 0:13:53.520
<v Speaker 1>in particular about Jamie Hyneman this week and his work

0:13:53.600 --> 0:13:57.400
<v Speaker 1>with the US government to develop better armor for vehicles

0:13:57.440 --> 0:14:00.520
<v Speaker 1>that will protect them from explosives like I E. D

0:14:00.760 --> 0:14:04.679
<v Speaker 1>s and minds that are embedded in roads. The idea

0:14:04.840 --> 0:14:07.839
<v Speaker 1>is to make much lighter armor so if you look

0:14:07.880 --> 0:14:11.120
<v Speaker 1>at some of the current designs for armorund vehicles, they

0:14:11.160 --> 0:14:14.360
<v Speaker 1>already show a fair amount of creativity. There's of course

0:14:14.400 --> 0:14:18.320
<v Speaker 1>heavy steel plating, and sometimes that plating is glued or

0:14:18.440 --> 0:14:22.320
<v Speaker 1>stickered onto thinner sheet metal to provide a quick fix, uh,

0:14:22.760 --> 0:14:25.880
<v Speaker 1>you know, a quick layer of extra armor. For example,

0:14:25.920 --> 0:14:29.800
<v Speaker 1>on humvees. There are some V bottom vehicles where the

0:14:29.920 --> 0:14:33.480
<v Speaker 1>V shape tries to deflect the blast waves away from

0:14:33.480 --> 0:14:36.800
<v Speaker 1>the vehicle after the blast, so instead of coming right

0:14:36.840 --> 0:14:38.520
<v Speaker 1>up through the bottom of the vehicle of the blast

0:14:38.600 --> 0:14:42.360
<v Speaker 1>waves are are blown outward. There's something called reactive armor

0:14:42.400 --> 0:14:45.520
<v Speaker 1>that explodes when something like an RPG hits it to

0:14:45.600 --> 0:14:48.240
<v Speaker 1>blow the grenade away from the vehicle. So it'll be

0:14:48.320 --> 0:14:50.440
<v Speaker 1>interesting to see what Jamie comes up with. If you

0:14:50.600 --> 0:14:54.000
<v Speaker 1>google Interesting Reading seven eight you can read more about

0:14:54.640 --> 0:14:59.840
<v Speaker 1>his thoughts on armor design. And finally, there's head track.

0:15:00.640 --> 0:15:02.960
<v Speaker 1>If you've seen the demos of any of the head

0:15:03.000 --> 0:15:08.040
<v Speaker 1>tracking displays, the results are spectacular, and you know they've

0:15:08.040 --> 0:15:11.800
<v Speaker 1>been around for several years. The displays were used to

0:15:11.920 --> 0:15:14.320
<v Speaker 1>looking like don't do any head tracking at all. They

0:15:14.360 --> 0:15:16.920
<v Speaker 1>work more like paintings. When you move your head, it

0:15:16.960 --> 0:15:20.840
<v Speaker 1>has no effect on the screen. A head tracking display

0:15:21.160 --> 0:15:24.200
<v Speaker 1>is instead like the window of a building. As you

0:15:24.240 --> 0:15:26.880
<v Speaker 1>move your head around, the view of the window changes,

0:15:27.000 --> 0:15:30.280
<v Speaker 1>So if you walk closer to a window, you see more,

0:15:30.440 --> 0:15:33.760
<v Speaker 1>If you walk further back, you see a narrower range.

0:15:33.760 --> 0:15:35.440
<v Speaker 1>If you walk up close to the window and look

0:15:35.440 --> 0:15:38.560
<v Speaker 1>out to the left, there's actually you know, a lot

0:15:38.600 --> 0:15:40.320
<v Speaker 1>more stuff you can see out to the left, and

0:15:40.360 --> 0:15:43.120
<v Speaker 1>so on. A window works a lot different from a painting.

0:15:43.800 --> 0:15:46.600
<v Speaker 1>So people have been, you know, goofing around with head

0:15:46.640 --> 0:15:50.400
<v Speaker 1>tracking for I don't know, three or four or five years,

0:15:50.640 --> 0:15:54.320
<v Speaker 1>and amazingly, even though it's such a cool looking thing,

0:15:54.360 --> 0:15:57.680
<v Speaker 1>it's never made it into a widely used application. So

0:15:57.840 --> 0:16:02.360
<v Speaker 1>now there's an iPad two app location that uses the

0:16:02.400 --> 0:16:07.320
<v Speaker 1>iPads FaceTime camera to implement head tracking, you know, inexpensively

0:16:07.360 --> 0:16:10.880
<v Speaker 1>obviously basically for free, because the camera's already there, and

0:16:10.960 --> 0:16:14.160
<v Speaker 1>maybe this will be the version that breaks through. This

0:16:14.240 --> 0:16:16.680
<v Speaker 1>is you know, it's an application that really deserves the

0:16:16.760 --> 0:16:19.640
<v Speaker 1>limelight because it is cool when you see it in action.

0:16:20.080 --> 0:16:22.840
<v Speaker 1>So if you google interesting Reading number seven twenty six,

0:16:22.880 --> 0:16:26.480
<v Speaker 1>you can get a discussion in a video demonstration. So

0:16:26.520 --> 0:16:28.920
<v Speaker 1>that's it for this week. If you'd like to get

0:16:28.960 --> 0:16:32.440
<v Speaker 1>more details on these topics or about a hundred others.

0:16:32.480 --> 0:16:39.200
<v Speaker 1>You can google interesting Reading number seven seven and seven

0:16:39.640 --> 0:16:42.960
<v Speaker 1>nine for details. Until next time, have a great weekend.

0:16:45.000 --> 0:16:47.360
<v Speaker 1>For more on this and thousands of other topics. Does

0:16:47.400 --> 0:16:49.600
<v Speaker 1>that how stuff works dot com and don't forget to

0:16:49.640 --> 0:16:51.520
<v Speaker 1>check out the brain stuff blog on the house stuff

0:16:51.520 --> 0:16:54.080
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0:16:54.120 --> 0:16:57.440
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0:16:59.440 --> 0:17:02.160
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0:17:02.200 --> 0:17:03.520
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