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Speaker 1: This Day in History Class is a production of iHeartRadio.

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Speaker 1: Hello and welcome to This Day in History Class, a

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Speaker 1: show that pays tribute to heroes of the past by

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Speaker 1: telling their stories. Today I'm Gabe Lucier, and today we're

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Speaker 1: talking about the formation of the Guinea Pig Club, a

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Speaker 1: group of Allied airmen who suffered severe burns and other

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Speaker 1: crash related injuries during the Second World War but found

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Speaker 1: cause to celebrate regardless. The day was July twentieth, nineteen

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Speaker 1: forty one. A group of badly burned airmen and the

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Speaker 1: Royal Air Force established the Guinea Pig Club, part social club,

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Speaker 1: part support group. The Guinea Pig Club welcomed any member

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Speaker 1: of the Allied Aircrew who had undergone at least two

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Speaker 1: reconstructive operations at the Queen Victoria Hospital. The facility was

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Speaker 1: led by a pioneering plastic surgeon from New Zealand named

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Speaker 1: Archibald Macindoe. During the Second World War, he and his

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Speaker 1: team developed a host of experimental treatments to help the

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Speaker 1: airmen recover from their life changing injuries, both physically and mentally.

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Speaker 1: The club's sardonic name was a reference to these untried

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Speaker 1: techniques and to the common use of guinea pigs as

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Speaker 1: laboratory test subjects. In the early days of the war,

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Speaker 1: the club had only a few dozen members, but once

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Speaker 1: the Nazi air raids commenced, those numbers grew quickly as

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Speaker 1: more and more pilots were shot down in fiery crashes.

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Speaker 1: By the end of the war, the club had more

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Speaker 1: than six hundred members, each one a willing guinea pig

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Speaker 1: and grateful patient of doctor Mackindoe. The First World War

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Speaker 1: had introduced new, more destructive weapons to the battlefield, such

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Speaker 1: as machine guns and aerial bombers. As a result, more

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Speaker 1: soldiers suffered facial wounds due to bullets and shrapnel than

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Speaker 1: in any previous war. Those wounds were often more extensive

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Speaker 1: than surgeons were used to treating, but the good news

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Speaker 1: was that anesthesia and the treatment of infections had improved

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Speaker 1: dramatically prior to the start of the war. That meant

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Speaker 1: that many serious injuries which would have proven fatal in

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Speaker 1: the past were now considered survivable, and that included lost

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Speaker 1: limbs and facial disfigurements. Treating such injuries gave surgeons the

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Speaker 1: chance to develop and refine new plastic surgery techniques, and

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Speaker 1: one member of the medical community who was especially helpful

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Speaker 1: in that regard was doctor Harold Gillies, a nose, ear

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Speaker 1: and throat specialist from New Zealand. Gillies joined the Royal

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Speaker 1: Army Medical Corps at the start of World War I,

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Speaker 1: and during his time on the Western Front he learned

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Speaker 1: as much as he could about reconstructive surgery, mostly by

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Speaker 1: observing the dentists and doctors he was stationed with. Later,

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Speaker 1: once Gillies had returned to England, he was given the

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Speaker 1: chance to apply what he had learned at the newly

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Speaker 1: opened Queen's Hospital in London. More than a thousand beds

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Speaker 1: were reserved there for patients in need of facial reconstructions,

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Speaker 1: providing doctor Gillies with plenty of chances to further refine

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Speaker 1: his techniques. One of his biggest breakthroughs was what he

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Speaker 1: called the tube pedicle or flat procedure. Essentially, Gillies would

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Speaker 1: cut out a strip of living flesh and tissue and

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Speaker 1: then form it into a tube still connected to the

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Speaker 1: patient at one end. This allowed the skin tube to

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Speaker 1: be laid across the patient's wounded face or other extremity,

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Speaker 1: thereby ensuring that blood would continue flowing until the skin

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Speaker 1: graft took root. Once it had, the surgeon could simply

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Speaker 1: sever the tube and then sculpt the remaining tissue and

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Speaker 1: to the patient's new nose, throat, or what have you.

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Speaker 1: These reconstructions were primed by today's standards, but they were

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Speaker 1: revolutionary for their time, so much so that Gillies actually

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Speaker 1: received a knighthood for his efforts. Then, when World War

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Speaker 1: II began in the late nineteen thirties, Gillies continued his

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Speaker 1: work on a whole new group of soldiers in need. Eventually,

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Speaker 1: that need proved so great that Gillies invited his younger cousin,

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Speaker 1: Archibald Mackindoe, to come join his practice in Britain. Under

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Speaker 1: his cousin's tutelage, Mackindoe became one of just four full

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Speaker 1: time plastic surgeons in the country. In nineteen thirty eight,

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Speaker 1: he joined the war effort himself when he was appointed

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Speaker 1: plastic surgery consultant to the Royal Air Force. Mackindoe quickly

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Speaker 1: distinguished himself through his skill at treating burns and reconstructing faces,

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Speaker 1: and in nineteen forty he was sent to Queen Victoria

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Speaker 1: Hospital in East Grinstead to oversee a surgical facility of

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Speaker 1: his own. Three new wards were to be added to

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Speaker 1: the hospital, the third of which would he dedicated to

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Speaker 1: RAF officers and servicemen who had been badly burned or maimed.

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Speaker 1: Mackindoe was tasked with setting up the facility as part

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Speaker 1: of the preparations for the impending Battle of Britain. It

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Speaker 1: seemed likely that many British pilots would be injured in

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Speaker 1: the coming months while defending the UK against Nazi Germany's

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Speaker 1: air force. Mackindoe was told to be ready to receive

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Speaker 1: airmen with badly burned faces and hands starting that summer.

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Speaker 1: To meet this need, Ward III was erected on the

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Speaker 1: hospital grounds, a short distance away from the main building.

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Speaker 1: It was a long hut with twenty beds on each side,

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Speaker 1: and just a few months into its operation, every single

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Speaker 1: one of those beds was filled. The young airmen treated

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Speaker 1: there presented a wide array of disfiguring injuries. Some were

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Speaker 1: missing facial features such as jaws, noses, or eyelids. Others

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Speaker 1: had bones protruding from their faces or charred stumps where

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Speaker 1: their hands used to be. When the war began, and

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Speaker 1: the true volume of burned airmen became apparent, the senior

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Speaker 1: commanders of the RAF thought it best to institutionalize the

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Speaker 1: victims indefinitely. That way, the public wouldn't be shocked by

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Speaker 1: the sight of their injuries, and the airmen would be

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Speaker 1: spared the embarrassment of being looked at with disgust. But

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Speaker 1: these men had been cut down in the prime of

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Speaker 1: their lives, just nineteen or twenty years old in most cases,

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Speaker 1: and the idea of keeping them hidden away from society

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Speaker 1: forever was unacceptable to doctor Mackindoe. Instead, he endeavored to

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Speaker 1: give his patients back their identity, not only by restoring

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Speaker 1: their faces, but by rebuilding their confidence and sense of

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Speaker 1: self worth. The work was never easy. Mackindoe performed at

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Speaker 1: least four surgeries per day on average, and in between

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Speaker 1: he spent countless hours getting to know each of his patients,

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Speaker 1: asking where they were from, how they had been injured,

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Speaker 1: and how long they had sped in the water before

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Speaker 1: being rescued. More than seven hundred burned airmen were treated

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Speaker 1: at Ward three during the war, two hundred of whom

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Speaker 1: were gravely disfigured. Mackindoe created a personalized reconstruction plan for

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Speaker 1: every one of them, with the average patient undergoing some

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Speaker 1: ten to fifty operations over the course of a three

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Speaker 1: year span. As the conflict dragged on, Ward III quickly

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Speaker 1: developed a reputation not only for the surgical innovations that

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Speaker 1: went on there, but for the rowdy antics of its

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Speaker 1: recovering patients. Macindoe was a civilian doctor, and as such

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Speaker 1: he resisted the militarization of his facility. He knew that

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Speaker 1: fighter pilots were outgoing and competitive by nature, and that

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Speaker 1: they wouldn't respond well to the rules and restrictions of

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Speaker 1: the average hospital ward. As he put it himself, quote,

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Speaker 1: their bodies may be broken, but their youthful spirits are

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Speaker 1: still with them. With that in mind, mac Anddo suspended

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Speaker 1: the hierarchy of military rank within his ward. Officers and

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Speaker 1: service personnel alike were given equal privileges and access to

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Speaker 1: shared facilities. There was no requirement to address superiors by

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Speaker 1: their title, but Macindoe himself proved an exception. The patients

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Speaker 1: referred to him as the Maestro, the boss, or sir.

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Speaker 1: In his case, it was a show of sincere respect

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Speaker 1: rather than mandated formality. Macindoe also strived to make Ward

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Speaker 1: three feel as comfortable and non medical as possible. He

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Speaker 1: had the walls painted in cheerful greens and pinks, and

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Speaker 1: brought in a piano to encourage socializing among the patients.

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Speaker 1: He overlooked practical jokes, encouraged fraternizing with the nurses, and

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Speaker 1: even allowed a beer keg to be installed in the ward.

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Speaker 1: All of those concessions helped distract the pilots from their

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Speaker 1: grim realities and therefore played a vital role in their

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Speaker 1: mental and emotional rehabilitation. Eventually, the spirited atmosphere of Ward

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Speaker 1: three inspired the patients to form a kind of drinking

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Speaker 1: club during their long recoveries. The idea was hatched over

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Speaker 1: glasses of sherry on the Sunday afternoon of July twentieth,

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Speaker 1: nineteen forty one. At first, the airmen called their club

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Speaker 1: the Maxillonians, in reference to their ongoing maxillofacial surgeries. The

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Speaker 1: name didn't exactly roll off the tongue, though, plus it

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Speaker 1: felt a bit too formal given their laid back environment.

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Speaker 1: The men gave it some more thought and eventually settled

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Speaker 1: on the Guinea Pig Club. It seemed appropriate since at

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Speaker 1: the end of the day they were all the subjects

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Speaker 1: of experimentation, well intentioned, though it was. Club membership was

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Speaker 1: open to any enlisted men who underwent treatment in Ward three,

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Speaker 1: as well as to the hospital's medical staff and to

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Speaker 1: the patient's friends and benefactors, a group lovingly referred to

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Speaker 1: as the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to

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Speaker 1: Guinea Pigs. One of the members wives created a logo

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Speaker 1: for the club, a guinea pig with wings. They also

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Speaker 1: printed membership cards and even wrote a club anthem which

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Speaker 1: was often sung around the ward's piano over drinks. As

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Speaker 1: time went on, the club started hosting annual holiday dinners

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Speaker 1: for the patients and staff. They even published a magazine

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Speaker 1: called The Guinea Pig, which included cartoons by Henry Standon,

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Speaker 1: a member who completed the drawings despite the burns to

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Speaker 1: his hands. Tom Gleave, the senior most patient in the ward,

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Speaker 1: was declared Chief Guinea Pig, and Peter Weeks was jokingly

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Speaker 1: named club treasurer on account of his badly burned legs,

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Speaker 1: which made him incapable of running off with the club funds. Lastly,

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Speaker 1: the members chose doctor Mackndoe to serve as the honorary

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Speaker 1: leader of the club, an invitation he warmly accepted. Years later,

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Speaker 1: the surgeon reflected on the harsh reay of the club, writing,

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Speaker 1: it has been described as the most exclusive club in

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Speaker 1: the world, but the entrance fee is something most men

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Speaker 1: would not care to pay, and the conditions of membership

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Speaker 1: are arduous in the extreme. The entrance fee was indeed steep,

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Speaker 1: but the annual membership dues of two shillings were far

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Speaker 1: more manageable, especially since the money went to a worthy cause.

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Speaker 1: The funds were used to cover the medical costs of

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Speaker 1: the other guinea pigs or to help with unemployment following

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Speaker 1: their release from the ward. In later years, the club

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Speaker 1: made generous contributions to the RAF Benevolent Fund, establishing a

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Speaker 1: partnership that continues to this day. The operations performed by

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Speaker 1: macindoe and his team were nothing short of miraculous, but

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Speaker 1: their greatest successes often came after the airmen left the ward.

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Speaker 1: By nineteen forty five, eighty percent of Macindoe's patients had

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Speaker 1: been able to return to military service in some way capacity.

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Speaker 1: Others became commercial pilots, and some found work in factories.

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Speaker 1: Several of the patients had found love in the ward

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Speaker 1: as well, and went on to marry the young women

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Speaker 1: who had cared for them as nurses. The Guinea Pig

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Speaker 1: Club was initially meant to disband at the end of

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Speaker 1: the war, but the members decided to keep it going.

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Speaker 1: They continued to meet each year for a Lost Weekend reunion,

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Speaker 1: where they would recall fond memories, share updates on their

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Speaker 1: respective treatments, and of course, drink. Archibald Mackindoe formed lifelong

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Speaker 1: friendships with some of the Guinea Pigs and continued to

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Speaker 1: serve as the club president even after the war was over.

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Speaker 1: Like his cousin before him, Macindoe was eventually knighted for

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Speaker 1: his wartime service. He then established a successful private practice,

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Speaker 1: and in nineteen fifty eight he was invited to speak

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Speaker 1: at England's Royal College of Surgeons. In his speech, Mackindoe

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Speaker 1: celebrated the advances in the field of reconstructive surgery that

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Speaker 1: had made during the war. He hailed the new techniques

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Speaker 1: as a way to quote create order out of chaos

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Speaker 1: and make a face which does not excite pity or horror.

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Speaker 1: By doing so, he said, we can restore a lost

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Speaker 1: soul to normal living. Two years later, in nineteen sixty

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Speaker 1: Archibald macendo died in his sleep at the age of

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Speaker 1: fifty nine. The lessons he and his team learned during

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Speaker 1: the war forever changed the field of plastic surgery, but

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Speaker 1: perhaps more importantly, their work challenged the accepted notions of

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Speaker 1: what society owes to its wounded heroes. In giving his

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Speaker 1: patients new skin and faces, Macendoe also gave them the

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Speaker 1: courage to face the world again, to assert their humanity

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Speaker 1: instead of being forced into the shadows. To close today's show,

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Speaker 1: I'd like to end with a quote from Gary Haynes,

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Speaker 1: an archivist at the Royal Air Force Museum in London

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Speaker 1: for the wounded of war. He writes, the conflict does

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Speaker 1: not end in ceasefires, when peace treaties are signed, or

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Speaker 1: when victory parties take place. There is no getting back

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Speaker 1: to normal. The work of Macendoe ensured that this group

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Speaker 1: of men, the guinea pigs, were not forgotten, and that

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Speaker 1: they achieved their own personal victories. In that way, the

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Speaker 1: fewests of the few would also be remembered. I'm Gabe Lucier,

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Speaker 1: and hopefully you now know a little more about history

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Speaker 1: today than you did yesterday. You can learn even more

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Speaker 1: about history by following us on Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram

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Speaker 1: at TDI HC Show, and if you have any comments

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Speaker 1: or suggestions, you can pass them along by writing to

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Speaker 1: This Day at iHeartMedia dot com. Thanks to Chandler Mays

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Speaker 1: and Ben Hackett for producing the show, and thank you

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Speaker 1: for listening. I'll see you back here again tomorrow for

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Speaker 1: another day in History class. The batter Patter patter to

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Speaker 1: p