WEBVTT - 200 Years in Tech 0:00:00.320 --> 0:00:03.000 Brought to you by the reinvented two thousand twelve Camray. 0:00:03.240 --> 0:00:08.920 It's ready. Are you get in touch with technology with 0:00:09.080 --> 0:00:17.919 tex Stuff from how stuff works dot com. Hello again, everyone, 0:00:17.920 --> 0:00:20.439 and welcome to tex Stuff. My name is Chris Pellette 0:00:20.440 --> 0:00:22.479 and I am an editor here at how stuff works 0:00:22.640 --> 0:00:25.360 dot Com. Sitting across from me as he always does, 0:00:25.440 --> 0:00:29.920 his senior writer, Jonathan Strickland, Happy two hundredth episode, Chris, Well, 0:00:30.080 --> 0:00:32.720 thank you, Jonathan. Happy two hundred episode to you two. 0:00:33.000 --> 0:00:35.960 And they said that after one hundred episodes it was 0:00:36.040 --> 0:00:44.720 too much already, but we kept going. Yes, we did. 0:00:45.360 --> 0:00:50.319 So today we're going to present our two hundredth episode spectacular. Yeah. Now, 0:00:50.360 --> 0:00:53.640 if you remember, on our one hundredth episode spectacular, we 0:00:53.720 --> 0:00:56.920 decided to do something that would require us to do 0:00:57.040 --> 0:01:01.680 absolutely no research whatsoever. We talked about our favorite technology, 0:01:02.000 --> 0:01:05.240 which was easy, right. We were like, Hey, this is great. 0:01:05.240 --> 0:01:06.920 I don't have to look anything up. I just think 0:01:07.040 --> 0:01:09.800 what kind of stuff do I like to play with? Well, 0:01:09.840 --> 0:01:12.360 we decided for the two hundred episode we'd go the 0:01:12.440 --> 0:01:16.720 opposite direction. We wanted something that would require lots and 0:01:16.959 --> 0:01:19.800 lots of research. So we've decided to talk about some 0:01:19.880 --> 0:01:24.319 of the biggest innovations and inventions over the last two 0:01:24.800 --> 0:01:30.680 hundred years, because why did we two? Why did I 0:01:30.720 --> 0:01:34.640 know the connection? But I'm just wondering why we decided 0:01:34.680 --> 0:01:37.960 to go with the whole let's research stuff. Yeah, and 0:01:37.959 --> 0:01:41.520 and uh, well I don't know. Yeah, but in retrospect 0:01:41.560 --> 0:01:44.520 it seems like a silly Oh it's Ariel's fault. Yes, 0:01:44.680 --> 0:01:48.680 it was my friend Ariel who suggested that. Thanks Ariel, 0:01:48.880 --> 0:01:52.760 thanks so much. Okay, Well, we we should point out, though, um, 0:01:52.960 --> 0:01:55.480 that we just made a list of all the different 0:01:55.480 --> 0:01:58.440 technologies we thought were important, and we there there are 0:01:58.560 --> 0:02:02.640 tons and tons and tons of important technologies, and as 0:02:02.680 --> 0:02:06.640 the cases with science and engineering, um, one person builds 0:02:06.680 --> 0:02:08.600 on the work of someone else. So we sort of 0:02:08.639 --> 0:02:11.280 picked highlights here and there that we thought were important. 0:02:11.280 --> 0:02:13.600 We're probably gonna leave out, uh one or two of 0:02:13.600 --> 0:02:15.840 your favorites, in which case feel free to write in 0:02:15.880 --> 0:02:17.800 and she let us know what they are. Um, but 0:02:17.800 --> 0:02:19.240 we're gonna touch on some of the ones that we 0:02:19.280 --> 0:02:23.160 thought were important, maybe call out some some points on 0:02:23.160 --> 0:02:26.160 on a few of the most important ones, but definitely, 0:02:26.800 --> 0:02:29.080 you know, pick some of our favorites over the last 0:02:29.120 --> 0:02:32.040 couple hundred years. Yeah, what's a couple of centuries between friends. 0:02:32.120 --> 0:02:34.080 I kind of actually started at eighteen hundred, but I 0:02:34.080 --> 0:02:36.440 don't really have anything between eighteen under eighteen ten anyway, 0:02:36.480 --> 0:02:38.079 so I guess that's all right. So you know, let's 0:02:38.120 --> 0:02:41.639 just go straight to eighteen fourteen, Joey, that sounds good, okay. 0:02:41.680 --> 0:02:45.919 So in eighteen fourteen, and a man who had been 0:02:45.919 --> 0:02:49.880 working in coal mines pretty much his whole life, George Stevenson, 0:02:50.440 --> 0:02:55.880 built the first successful steam locomotive. Now we're including this 0:02:55.960 --> 0:02:59.320 on here because of course, steam locomotives ended up changing 0:02:59.360 --> 0:03:03.520 the face of much of the world and allowed for 0:03:04.360 --> 0:03:07.920 shipping on a scale and a speed that up to 0:03:08.000 --> 0:03:11.480 that point had never been seen before. So it was 0:03:11.560 --> 0:03:16.919 definitely a revolutionary development. Now, the first train was called 0:03:17.040 --> 0:03:23.440 Bluecker Bluer and uh that was a young Frankenstein reference, 0:03:23.440 --> 0:03:27.079 which is why Chris doesn't get it, um. But Bluecker 0:03:27.280 --> 0:03:31.320 was uh yeah, it pulled several cars of coal that 0:03:31.480 --> 0:03:36.240 wade several times up a hill at a maximum speed 0:03:36.520 --> 0:03:41.200 of a blistering four miles per hour. But you know, 0:03:41.360 --> 0:03:43.320 this is the first time that they've been able that 0:03:43.480 --> 0:03:47.400 anyone had been able to create a steam driven locomotive, 0:03:47.640 --> 0:03:51.320 and that didn't explode or you know that that actually worked. 0:03:51.440 --> 0:03:53.720 There had been some steam engines before that point, but 0:03:53.760 --> 0:03:56.040 this was the first one as use of a in 0:03:56.120 --> 0:03:59.440 a locomotive, so that was my first choice. Also in 0:03:59.480 --> 0:04:02.400 eighteen four team we had the first use of the 0:04:02.480 --> 0:04:06.800 camera obscia. Actually, no, not exactly. The camera obscarra had 0:04:06.840 --> 0:04:10.120 been around for quite some time before that well, but 0:04:11.280 --> 0:04:16.560 it was around that time that Joseph Nissa phone nyeps nice. 0:04:16.640 --> 0:04:19.160 Try no, actually I went to uh, by the way, 0:04:19.200 --> 0:04:22.719 four vote dot com for seriously, four vote dot com 0:04:22.760 --> 0:04:25.479 has if you're looking for difficult to pronounce words or 0:04:25.680 --> 0:04:30.039 a lot of cases um names for names, um, they 0:04:30.080 --> 0:04:33.159 have a service where you can contribute your pronunciation. Should 0:04:33.200 --> 0:04:35.839 hurry this up because it's not on topic, but very nice. 0:04:35.839 --> 0:04:40.760 So Joseph nia phone nieps or nissa phone nieps um. 0:04:40.839 --> 0:04:43.200 He was. He was an inventor who and he made 0:04:43.200 --> 0:04:46.120 the first permanent photographic image. So he's the first person 0:04:46.160 --> 0:04:48.920 to actually print out a photo UM and he sort 0:04:48.960 --> 0:04:51.239 of he had difficulty with He and his brother Claude 0:04:51.560 --> 0:04:54.960 Um they actually had an internal combustion engine. I found 0:04:54.960 --> 0:04:57.560 out in doing this uh and in poking around on 0:04:57.560 --> 0:05:00.680 on Britannica. We're gonna get to that in a minute. Um. 0:05:00.680 --> 0:05:04.760 But he ended up partnering with Louis Jacques Monday Daguerre, 0:05:05.080 --> 0:05:08.239 whom you might know from the Dagara type, um, and 0:05:08.440 --> 0:05:13.200 they refined the practice of putting photos on paper and 0:05:13.520 --> 0:05:17.960 really making modern photography uh more possible because before, I mean, 0:05:18.000 --> 0:05:20.320 you had the camera obscura, but it really wasn't able 0:05:20.360 --> 0:05:23.239 to make a print of an image. And now you 0:05:23.240 --> 0:05:25.239 you could take a photo and print it out, although 0:05:25.279 --> 0:05:27.920 it was a much more arduous and painful process than 0:05:27.960 --> 0:05:29.919 it is now, right because now what I do is 0:05:29.920 --> 0:05:32.080 I push a button and then it's digital, and then 0:05:32.120 --> 0:05:34.800 I pressed another button and then in prints. But I 0:05:34.839 --> 0:05:38.480 don't print because I post put them in my Facebook. Okay, okay, 0:05:38.640 --> 0:05:41.520 So in or skipping ahead a little bit, uhh, Yeah, 0:05:41.520 --> 0:05:43.360 we're gonna We're gonna jump around a little bit. It's 0:05:43.360 --> 0:05:46.280 not gonna be year by year that would take forever, 0:05:46.320 --> 0:05:48.960 because of course years or so. The last two hundred 0:05:49.080 --> 0:05:51.800 years happened to be during the Industrial Revolution, So it 0:05:51.839 --> 0:05:53.960 turns out there's quite a few things that were invented 0:05:54.000 --> 0:05:56.440 at that time. We're, like was said, we've tried to 0:05:56.440 --> 0:05:59.840 concentrate on things that we thought really changed the world. 0:06:00.520 --> 0:06:02.839 So not just something that was cool or interesting, but 0:06:02.920 --> 0:06:06.320 something that really did revolutionize the way we do things. 0:06:06.480 --> 0:06:08.880 I don't want to change the world. I'm not looking 0:06:08.920 --> 0:06:13.440 for New England. So in eighteen five William Sturgeon uh 0:06:13.600 --> 0:06:16.440 invinced the electro magnet. Now this was actually the culmination 0:06:16.560 --> 0:06:22.239 of several observations that that ended with the electro magnet. 0:06:22.560 --> 0:06:26.080 So back in eighteen twenty, Hans Christian erst Did discovered 0:06:26.120 --> 0:06:30.160 that UH, wire carrying a current generated by a magnetic field, 0:06:30.520 --> 0:06:33.719 or rather a wire that carries a current could generate 0:06:33.760 --> 0:06:36.760 a magnetic field. Okay, so we've talked about this before. 0:06:36.800 --> 0:06:39.520 You know, you electricity moves through a wire, and then 0:06:39.600 --> 0:06:42.840 you get a magnetic field because there's this interesting relationship 0:06:42.880 --> 0:06:48.240 between magnetism and electricity. Um. Then you have Andre Marie Ampere, 0:06:48.880 --> 0:06:53.599 who found that a helix of wire, also UH carrying 0:06:53.600 --> 0:06:56.520 a current would create a magnetic field. UM. And you 0:06:56.600 --> 0:07:01.640 had Dominique Francois Jean Arago. He found that you could 0:07:01.680 --> 0:07:05.200 magnetize an iron bar if you wrapped this coil of 0:07:05.240 --> 0:07:07.479 wire around it, ran the current through it creates the 0:07:07.480 --> 0:07:09.560 magnetic field. You can actually magnetize an iron bar. Take 0:07:09.560 --> 0:07:12.160 the iron bar out and it's a magnet. Uh. That 0:07:12.320 --> 0:07:15.040 leads us to Surgeon who discovered that if you kept 0:07:15.080 --> 0:07:17.800 the bar in there, if you did not remove the bar, 0:07:18.120 --> 0:07:21.600 it actually created a much stronger magnetic field. He bent 0:07:21.680 --> 0:07:24.200 that bar into a U shape and then uh you 0:07:24.320 --> 0:07:26.960 think of like the base of the U is is 0:07:27.360 --> 0:07:30.760 uh embedded in some sort of foundation. There's a coil 0:07:30.760 --> 0:07:33.560 of wire around each end. You've got two poles. Well, 0:07:33.560 --> 0:07:35.120 the two poles are close to each other, and that 0:07:35.200 --> 0:07:40.320 generated a particularly strong magnet magnetic field. This was essentially 0:07:40.320 --> 0:07:44.160 the first real electro magnet, which ended up being really 0:07:44.200 --> 0:07:48.400 really important in electronics later on. In fact, a lot 0:07:48.440 --> 0:07:52.280 of the developments that we're going to talk about shortly, Um, 0:07:52.600 --> 0:07:56.200 we're based upon the electro magnet. Without it, they don't work. 0:07:57.120 --> 0:08:01.440 That's true. That's true. So um an nine the typewriter 0:08:02.040 --> 0:08:05.440 w a burt yep and we have we Uh this 0:08:05.520 --> 0:08:08.400 might be a good uh plug again for our podcast 0:08:08.480 --> 0:08:11.560 on the keyboard, the quarty keyboard when it got popular 0:08:11.560 --> 0:08:14.680 in the voort keyboard. UM. But yeah, this we're not 0:08:14.680 --> 0:08:17.400 talking like the IBM S electric here. We're talking about 0:08:17.840 --> 0:08:24.000 the manual uh mechanical typewriter. Right. Um, and then you 0:08:24.000 --> 0:08:27.040 wanted to talk about eight thirty one, the electric dynamo 0:08:27.120 --> 0:08:30.240 and mutter with Michael Faraday. Yes, okay, so this is 0:08:30.320 --> 0:08:34.480 another really important discovery. It's not so much an invention 0:08:34.520 --> 0:08:37.280 as a discovery. So we just started talking about the 0:08:37.320 --> 0:08:40.320 electro magnet where you create the magnetic field by running 0:08:40.360 --> 0:08:44.280 the current through the wire. Well, Faraday found out that 0:08:44.360 --> 0:08:47.959 the opposite was also true if you subjected a coiled 0:08:48.520 --> 0:08:50.720 or if you subject a wire to a magnetic field, 0:08:51.000 --> 0:08:55.760 it would induce electricity to flow through the wire. So, uh, 0:08:55.880 --> 0:09:00.520 this induction became the basis of things like electric motors, generators, 0:09:00.520 --> 0:09:04.280 and transformers. So that became extremely important later on. So 0:09:04.760 --> 0:09:07.079 you noticed that a lot of these developments are happening 0:09:07.120 --> 0:09:09.160 pretty close to each other, like a decade or so 0:09:09.280 --> 0:09:12.200 within each other. And um, and that's where we really 0:09:12.240 --> 0:09:15.280 saw the rapid development of technology take off. Once once 0:09:15.320 --> 0:09:19.920 we've got a real firm understanding of things like electromagnetism, Uh, 0:09:19.920 --> 0:09:23.920 it really made lots of uh, really cool developments possible. 0:09:24.280 --> 0:09:26.240 And that kind of goes back to my point earlier 0:09:26.280 --> 0:09:31.079 about how these different engineers and scientists were working off 0:09:31.120 --> 0:09:33.720 of each other's discoveries. I mean, fair Day was obviously 0:09:33.760 --> 0:09:36.680 interested interested in electromagnetism, and then you know, moved on 0:09:36.800 --> 0:09:40.520 from there. Right. So it's it's really kind of interesting 0:09:40.559 --> 0:09:43.160 to note just what you know, you discover and then 0:09:43.160 --> 0:09:44.960 you keep you just follow a different path as you 0:09:44.960 --> 0:09:48.720 make a new discoveries exactly. Um. Also where those transformers 0:09:48.960 --> 0:09:52.400 autobots are moving on in eighteen thirty five, you knew 0:09:52.440 --> 0:09:54.240 I was gonna do it in eighteen is you know, 0:09:54.320 --> 0:09:57.080 more than meets the ichris. In eighteen thirty five we 0:09:57.160 --> 0:10:00.920 have Charles Babbage creating his mechanical calculator. And of course 0:10:01.360 --> 0:10:04.120 you could argue in a way that the the Advocus 0:10:04.320 --> 0:10:06.480 was a type of mechanical calculator although you had to 0:10:06.480 --> 0:10:08.400 move the beads by hands. I would say that's a 0:10:08.440 --> 0:10:12.240 manual calculator. Yeah, yeah, we're being a little more technical 0:10:12.280 --> 0:10:15.360 than that. Um. But uh. And the of course Babbage 0:10:15.400 --> 0:10:18.760 made many many contributions that would later become extremely important 0:10:18.800 --> 0:10:24.640 in computer science definitely. Uh. And then eight seven Samuel 0:10:24.640 --> 0:10:27.760 Morse and the telegraph. Actually, this is one of those 0:10:27.920 --> 0:10:31.360 devices that the electromagnetic played a huge part in. Right, 0:10:31.440 --> 0:10:34.840 So Samuel Morris came up with this idea. Actually, the 0:10:34.880 --> 0:10:38.160 idea had been booted around by a few different people, 0:10:38.200 --> 0:10:39.960 but Morse was one of the folks who was able 0:10:40.000 --> 0:10:42.320 to actually put it to use and and get to 0:10:42.320 --> 0:10:44.920 to work properly. The idea was that you would be 0:10:44.960 --> 0:10:48.480 able to create an electric current with one device, send 0:10:48.520 --> 0:10:51.600 that electric current through a wire, so that would activate 0:10:51.679 --> 0:10:53.920 a second device, and you would get some sort of 0:10:53.960 --> 0:10:57.360 mechanical action out of it. That was just the very basics. 0:10:57.480 --> 0:10:59.760 So you you know, essentially think of it like if 0:10:59.760 --> 0:11:03.160 you've flip a switch, it would send on an electric 0:11:03.160 --> 0:11:06.240 current through a wire to another switch, which would then trip. 0:11:06.920 --> 0:11:10.360 That's kind of the basis for this. Well, that would 0:11:10.400 --> 0:11:12.640 give you the the very basics of being able to 0:11:12.679 --> 0:11:15.559 communicate with someone on the other end. Now, granted, uh, 0:11:15.600 --> 0:11:18.000 there were some limitations, of course. One was that you 0:11:18.040 --> 0:11:22.440 could only really communicate through clicks and to you could 0:11:22.440 --> 0:11:24.719 only communicate one way at a time. You couldn't have 0:11:24.760 --> 0:11:29.120 two way communications simultaneously. Yeah. Um, But that that is 0:11:29.320 --> 0:11:32.719 also a good point because Samuel Morse came up with 0:11:32.800 --> 0:11:36.640 the idea for Morse Code, probably uh, because you needed 0:11:36.679 --> 0:11:39.600 some way to send messages from one side to the 0:11:39.600 --> 0:11:43.160 other yep, yep, and then uh and and a few 0:11:43.240 --> 0:11:46.560 years after he had developed this, uh, there was the 0:11:46.600 --> 0:11:50.720 infamous Morse code message sent from DC to Baltimore. What 0:11:50.920 --> 0:11:55.839 hath God wrought? Yes, yep, Morse code. No wait, that 0:11:55.920 --> 0:12:00.959 was Samuel at any rate. So again, now that revolutionized 0:12:00.960 --> 0:12:03.720 communication because, of course, up to that point, the way 0:12:03.800 --> 0:12:06.400 that we communicated was sending a piece of paper with 0:12:06.600 --> 0:12:09.320 a messenger from one place to another right either on 0:12:09.400 --> 0:12:12.400 train or on horseback pony express type stuff. Yeah, I 0:12:12.440 --> 0:12:17.600 mean it was slow to communicate between cities or between countries. Definitely, 0:12:17.679 --> 0:12:20.760 it was very slow. And but the the invention of 0:12:20.800 --> 0:12:25.520 the telegraph completely revolutionized communication. Now we've got a few 0:12:25.520 --> 0:12:27.960 that we're just going to kind of jump on. First 0:12:27.960 --> 0:12:30.920 of all, one of the most important inventions of all 0:12:30.960 --> 0:12:39.960 time created in eighteen forty one by Samuel Slocum, the stapler. Yes, 0:12:40.200 --> 0:12:44.160 please don't touch mine, Milton will be very pleased. Yes, 0:12:44.240 --> 0:12:46.920 and told I could listen to my music at a 0:12:46.960 --> 0:12:50.520 reasonable volume between the end of ten and eleven. Um. 0:12:50.640 --> 0:12:56.880 So then we've got around eighteen eighteen sixties when subways 0:12:56.960 --> 0:13:04.600 actually first became practical and uh launched in London, and yeah, 0:13:04.640 --> 0:13:06.800 and now it's you know, pretty popular all over the 0:13:06.800 --> 0:13:10.959 world and in many major cities. Um. But that really 0:13:11.000 --> 0:13:15.360 I think helped solidify the urban area, you know, being 0:13:15.400 --> 0:13:18.120 able to spread people out and still get them in 0:13:18.240 --> 0:13:21.240 and a form a mass transit um that would enable 0:13:21.360 --> 0:13:24.600 people to uh to move a little bit more quickly 0:13:24.880 --> 0:13:28.679 without having to rely on horseback or foot. Because we 0:13:28.720 --> 0:13:30.960 don't have something yet that we're going to talk about 0:13:30.960 --> 0:13:34.600 in a minute. Um. In eighteen fifty two, we have 0:13:34.679 --> 0:13:39.600 the gyroscope, Yes, invented by a Jean Bernard Leon for Colt. 0:13:40.559 --> 0:13:42.640 I have no idea four vo dot com is what 0:13:42.679 --> 0:13:46.480 I'm saying you. All right, Well, very useful, see Chris, 0:13:46.720 --> 0:13:49.520 here's here's a little hint. Yeah, your tips are a 0:13:49.520 --> 0:13:53.120 lot more useful before we go into the studio. While 0:13:53.160 --> 0:13:55.079 we're in the studio, let me point out that it 0:13:55.120 --> 0:13:57.520 didn't really help my pronunciation, even I didn't listen to 0:13:57.559 --> 0:14:00.319 it beforehand. Okay, all right, Well at any ray, Um, 0:14:00.320 --> 0:14:04.679 the gyroscope extremely important in navigation, space travel, YEP, accelerometers, 0:14:04.760 --> 0:14:07.800 things like that, I mean gyroscopes like yes, space travel 0:14:07.840 --> 0:14:12.280 in particular, it was extremely important, I mean gyroscopes and 0:14:12.440 --> 0:14:15.480 and gimbals together where some of the Yeah, they seem 0:14:15.520 --> 0:14:19.160 like they're pretty basic to us now, but really play 0:14:19.400 --> 0:14:23.120 an integral role in those technologies. So while it seems like, 0:14:23.160 --> 0:14:25.520 you know, you might look at a gyroscope, is like 0:14:25.760 --> 0:14:27.480 especially the ones that you see in like toy stores 0:14:27.560 --> 0:14:29.360 or hobby stores, like it's a little kids toy. No, 0:14:29.480 --> 0:14:32.880 that's it's very important. No, I don't. I don't shop 0:14:32.880 --> 0:14:39.520 at Gimbal's. Maybe. And now we have a Jean Lenoire 0:14:39.880 --> 0:14:42.640 that one I knew I could say, so Jean Lenoire 0:14:42.720 --> 0:14:47.280 invented Well apparently not since it pre existed by forty 0:14:47.360 --> 0:14:49.400 years according to you. Well, from what I understand, this 0:14:49.480 --> 0:14:54.200 is the first successful gas powered engine internal combustion engine. 0:14:54.720 --> 0:14:58.160 Now we should kind of explain what the internal combustion 0:14:58.240 --> 0:15:02.280 engine means. So when you're talking about things like steam 0:15:02.320 --> 0:15:07.120 powered or or even coal powered engines from before, you 0:15:07.240 --> 0:15:10.640 generally were heating up an element really really high and 0:15:10.680 --> 0:15:14.680 then using the pressure from say the steam like steam 0:15:14.720 --> 0:15:18.520 locomotives the steam to power pistons. Uh So, but you 0:15:18.600 --> 0:15:21.200 had a chamber where all the combustion took place, and 0:15:21.240 --> 0:15:24.040 then the steam was then transported to wherever it needs 0:15:24.040 --> 0:15:26.480 to go to to push pistons. To make things move. 0:15:26.920 --> 0:15:32.560 Internal combustion has a the the combustion take place within 0:15:32.600 --> 0:15:35.520 a cylinder, that where the piston actually is. So that's 0:15:35.560 --> 0:15:38.920 that's the internal part. Because people say, well, what was it? 0:15:39.080 --> 0:15:43.320 Were there external combustion engines before that kind of in 0:15:43.360 --> 0:15:47.120 that the combustion didn't take place within the cylinder. In 0:15:47.160 --> 0:15:50.200 this case, the cylinders contained a mixture of air and 0:15:50.840 --> 0:15:54.720 gas from coal, and then a spark from a little 0:15:55.120 --> 0:15:59.040 electrode spark plug essentially would ignite the gas. Uh, and 0:15:59.320 --> 0:16:01.360 that would cause is the guest to expand very quickly, 0:16:01.640 --> 0:16:04.360 pushing a piston which generated the power you needed to 0:16:04.560 --> 0:16:07.960 move things. Yes. Uh. And in case you're wondering the 0:16:08.000 --> 0:16:13.280 difference between Joseph Nissaphone niepps uh and his brother Clode 0:16:13.920 --> 0:16:16.920 Uh there there their system was a little different. It 0:16:16.960 --> 0:16:20.040 did use pistons, but what they were using for fuel 0:16:20.400 --> 0:16:23.840 was um. Their their machine, by the way, was called 0:16:23.840 --> 0:16:27.400 the Pirae la four. Why did you even try? I 0:16:27.400 --> 0:16:30.200 don't know. But he used like a podium powder as 0:16:30.240 --> 0:16:34.840 fuel and he theoretical he theoretically a power to boat 0:16:34.880 --> 0:16:38.840 with it um. But Britannic I said he claimed to 0:16:38.920 --> 0:16:42.200 have so I guess we don't know for sure. All right, 0:16:42.200 --> 0:16:44.640 Well they were finding other people we find it. Nicolas 0:16:44.680 --> 0:16:48.280 Otto in eighty eight, Um, you know made it a 0:16:48.280 --> 0:16:51.280 little better. And that's when people really, you know, really 0:16:51.280 --> 0:16:53.400 took off when they had an opportunity to do that. Sure, 0:16:54.240 --> 0:16:58.720 So moving ahead, eighteen sixty two, man made plastic thanks 0:16:58.760 --> 0:17:03.080 to Alexander Parker's parks rather uh and then eighteen sixty 0:17:03.200 --> 0:17:06.560 nine we had ball bearings. Yes, you you wanted to 0:17:06.560 --> 0:17:08.120 add that to the list. I did want to add 0:17:08.119 --> 0:17:10.000 that to the list. There are very many things. Yes, 0:17:10.040 --> 0:17:12.040 they're extremely important, and it's the kind of thing where 0:17:13.240 --> 0:17:15.560 I think previously to that they hadn't been able to 0:17:15.600 --> 0:17:19.360 machine them fine enough to make them available to many 0:17:19.400 --> 0:17:21.960 different things. And uh, you know, and I know it 0:17:22.040 --> 0:17:24.880 had a lot to do to improve the a lot 0:17:24.920 --> 0:17:27.680 of industry because they were able to make different kinds 0:17:27.680 --> 0:17:31.520 of machinery on different scales with the advent of the 0:17:31.560 --> 0:17:34.280 ball bearing. So it's a small thing and if you 0:17:34.320 --> 0:17:36.720 have a lot of them on the floor, they will 0:17:36.720 --> 0:17:39.720 make you fase. It plays a pivotal role in many 0:17:39.800 --> 0:17:43.320 early comedies. Yes it does. But you know that's the 0:17:43.400 --> 0:17:46.040 kind of thing that it shows up and you go, huh, yeah, 0:17:46.080 --> 0:17:48.600 well that does little things, do you make a difference sometimes? 0:17:48.600 --> 0:17:50.760 All right? Eighteen seventy six, this is a big one. 0:17:51.440 --> 0:17:58.200 The telephone Alexander Graham Bell. Now this was, of course, 0:17:58.240 --> 0:18:00.639 this is you know, the next evil ouan for the 0:18:00.680 --> 0:18:05.280 whole telegraph technology. Bell at the time was working on 0:18:05.880 --> 0:18:08.919 a harmonic telegraph, the idea being that you would be 0:18:08.960 --> 0:18:11.720 able to have multiple lines of communication going over the 0:18:11.760 --> 0:18:16.600 same through the same medium. Yes, sort of to solve 0:18:16.640 --> 0:18:18.800 the earlier problem you mentioned of only being able to 0:18:18.800 --> 0:18:22.240 stand one communication in one direction of time exactly, but 0:18:22.680 --> 0:18:26.680 in secret more or less in secrets probably too strong 0:18:26.720 --> 0:18:30.439 a term. But he was working on this idea of 0:18:30.480 --> 0:18:34.119 being able to transmit voice over an electrical line. So 0:18:34.160 --> 0:18:37.879 you would speak into a device, The device would convert 0:18:37.920 --> 0:18:42.120 the sound waves into electricity. The electricity would travel over 0:18:42.240 --> 0:18:45.879 a line to another device, which would decode the electrical 0:18:45.920 --> 0:18:52.080 signals and then play them back as sound using various membranes. Yes. Uh, 0:18:52.280 --> 0:18:55.439 he was actually granted a patent for and that quote 0:18:55.680 --> 0:18:58.520 the method of an apparatus for transmitting vocal or other 0:18:58.560 --> 0:19:02.960 sounds telegraphically by causing electrical undulation similar informed to the 0:19:03.040 --> 0:19:06.600 vibrations of the air accompanying the said vocal or other sounds. 0:19:07.720 --> 0:19:11.320 That's what you said, yeah, and of course his fancy 0:19:11.320 --> 0:19:16.320 ways saying it. The first sentence broadcast over telephone or 0:19:16.359 --> 0:19:18.320 a what would become the telephone was, of course, can 0:19:18.320 --> 0:19:20.480 you pick up some milk? Now it was Mr Watson, 0:19:20.680 --> 0:19:23.120 come here, I want to see you. The second sentence 0:19:23.200 --> 0:19:27.600 was I would like cheese, pepperoni, and shovies and extra 0:19:27.640 --> 0:19:32.240 crispy crust. Uh. Yeah, Actually Watson, Thomas Watson was a 0:19:32.280 --> 0:19:35.240 big part of the success of the telephone because his 0:19:35.320 --> 0:19:39.760 help was really key to um getting Bell's telephone together. 0:19:39.800 --> 0:19:42.240 He apparently was really good working with the different parts 0:19:42.320 --> 0:19:47.280 of the mechanical stuff, where Bill less, so he was 0:19:47.320 --> 0:19:50.760 more of the theoretical and and like the electrical engineering 0:19:50.800 --> 0:19:53.000 behind it. But also we should point out that Watson 0:19:53.119 --> 0:19:57.399 was not Charlotte Holmes as assistant, Not that Watson, No, 0:19:57.600 --> 0:19:59.199 that would that would be John Watson to be the 0:19:59.200 --> 0:20:04.400 other one. Eight seven, eighteen seventy seven. The phonograph Thomas Edison. Yes, 0:20:04.440 --> 0:20:06.399 he's gonna pop up again in a second. Those are 0:20:06.480 --> 0:20:09.880 those big well not, I guess sort of at that time, 0:20:09.920 --> 0:20:12.880 the big vinyl plastic things. This one. At this point 0:20:12.880 --> 0:20:15.720 he dated CDs. This one actually predated vinyl. This one 0:20:15.800 --> 0:20:20.960 was on aluminum. This is a cylindrical phonograph that was 0:20:21.080 --> 0:20:23.359 that was still the cylinders. So yeah, this was before 0:20:23.520 --> 0:20:26.479 even they were using wax um. This was so but 0:20:26.520 --> 0:20:30.240 it was one of the earliest examples of the technology 0:20:30.320 --> 0:20:32.200 um socially want I put it down there. And also 0:20:32.280 --> 0:20:37.400 moving pictures were first invented then, which is not that 0:20:37.480 --> 0:20:39.120 you don't take it's not that you take a picture 0:20:39.160 --> 0:20:41.800 down from the wall and then go to move it around. 0:20:41.960 --> 0:20:43.840 I was gonna say, I didn't know Rush was still around. 0:20:43.840 --> 0:20:47.040 Back we're talking about movies, you know, like like animation, 0:20:47.119 --> 0:20:51.200 that sort of thing, that album. And then eighteen seventy 0:20:51.280 --> 0:20:54.359 nine we get back to Edison, Yes with the lightbulb. 0:20:54.760 --> 0:20:57.960 Lightbulb very important. Yeah, it's one of those things where 0:20:57.960 --> 0:21:00.320 I I you know, otherwise you wouldn't have a way 0:21:00.359 --> 0:21:03.800 to get picked it when somebody has an idea, right, yeah, 0:21:03.840 --> 0:21:05.760 we would all be without ideas for the rest of 0:21:05.880 --> 0:21:08.520 you know, it's amazing. Nothing would have happened now, Okay, 0:21:08.520 --> 0:21:11.280 so light bulb, it's very simple, simple idea. The idea 0:21:11.359 --> 0:21:14.160 here is that you use electricity to heat up some 0:21:14.200 --> 0:21:17.200 sort of elements so that it gives off light very 0:21:17.240 --> 0:21:20.520 thin filament of of metal, right, and some of the 0:21:20.520 --> 0:21:24.400 earliest ones were platinum. And Edison found that he could 0:21:24.520 --> 0:21:27.679 make the light bulbs last longer if he encased or 0:21:27.880 --> 0:21:31.120 if he encased the filament in a vacuumed sealed tube, 0:21:31.440 --> 0:21:34.159 which in this case was the light bulb to the glass. 0:21:34.160 --> 0:21:37.560 And he actually would uh did glassblowing himself, and he 0:21:37.560 --> 0:21:41.080 would form the light bulbs and put it all together. 0:21:41.240 --> 0:21:42.919 And um, the first one he had, I think it 0:21:43.000 --> 0:21:46.480 lasted maybe like four hours, and then he was able 0:21:46.520 --> 0:21:50.520 to make some improvements and gradually the lifetime of the 0:21:50.600 --> 0:21:53.320 light bulb began to to get to a point where 0:21:53.320 --> 0:21:55.440 it was actually a useful thing. And this really did 0:21:55.520 --> 0:21:58.480 revolutionize the world. I mean you think about the world 0:21:58.600 --> 0:22:02.000 was dark before the light bulb. I mean the when 0:22:02.119 --> 0:22:04.879 night came you had you had candles and fireplaces and 0:22:04.920 --> 0:22:09.840 that was about it. Yes, so you can move on. 0:22:09.880 --> 0:22:11.240 I was just looking at the time, we need to 0:22:11.240 --> 0:22:18.680 move on. And five Carl Benz he was the he's 0:22:18.720 --> 0:22:22.120 credited with creating the first automobile with an internal combustion 0:22:22.160 --> 0:22:26.200 engine that was a practical vehicle. Um, I mean there 0:22:26.280 --> 0:22:30.040 had been some vehicles that used internal combustion engines for 0:22:30.280 --> 0:22:33.760 uh to propel propelled themselves. Cush, It's been a long 0:22:33.840 --> 0:22:38.000 day before that, but his was the first really practical one. 0:22:38.160 --> 0:22:41.000 Also the year when the safety bicycle was invented. Yes, 0:22:41.359 --> 0:22:43.879 there had been all kinds of bone shakers and velocipedes 0:22:43.880 --> 0:22:47.320 and unsafety bicycles, unsafety bicycles, you know, those ones with 0:22:47.320 --> 0:22:50.960 the giant front wheel and the tiny back wheelac But 0:22:51.359 --> 0:22:55.080 in five the Rover safety was released, designed by John 0:22:55.160 --> 0:22:58.600 Kemp Stanley, and uh it, you know, basically equalized the 0:22:58.600 --> 0:23:02.640 size of the wheels and introduce some other revisions to 0:23:02.640 --> 0:23:06.960 to the design and people dia A few years later 0:23:07.160 --> 0:23:09.520 when pneumatic tires came out. We're gonna get to eighty 0:23:09.520 --> 0:23:11.159 eight in a minute. But that really made a difference 0:23:11.200 --> 0:23:15.800 because then they weren't so painful to ride. So reminds 0:23:15.800 --> 0:23:17.159