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Speaker 1: Hey, hey, you have strong opinions about naming things, don't you.

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Speaker 4: Well, I just don't like kid when things are named

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Speaker 4: in a very confusing way, or where the name actually

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Speaker 4: confuses you instead of making things clear.

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Speaker 1: All right, Well, then I have a bit of a

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Speaker 1: personal question. How did you pick the names of your.

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Speaker 4: Kids, not through physics, for sure, that's definitely.

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Speaker 1: There's not one called strange, one called charm.

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Speaker 4: They're both strange and charming, for sure.

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Speaker 1: That's a linear superposition. There is physics there.

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Speaker 4: They are definitely quantum and delep a lot.

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Speaker 1: For sure.

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Speaker 4: Our son was named my wife had a dream, and

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Speaker 4: that's actually came up with a name for our son.

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Speaker 4: She just came up with the name and a dream.

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Speaker 4: And my daughter is named after a Jane Austen character.

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Speaker 1: Wow. All right, so both inspired by mental realms outside

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Speaker 1: of the physical world.

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Speaker 4: I am more handmade cartoonists and the creator of PhD comics.

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Speaker 1: I'm Daniel. I'm a particle physicist, and I'm a connoisseur

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Speaker 1: of all jokes physics y strong electric and even weak.

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Speaker 4: Ones and banana forces of course.

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Speaker 1: That's right, and of course the mysterious banana field that

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Speaker 1: feels the universe and is mostly concentrated around Jorge's head.

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Speaker 4: And together we are co authors on books and other projects.

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Speaker 4: But this is our podcast, Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe,

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Speaker 4: a production of iHeart Radio, in.

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Speaker 1: Which we take you on a tour of all the

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Speaker 1: weird crazy amazing stuff in the universe and try to

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Speaker 1: explain it to you. So you go away going, wow,

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Speaker 1: that's kind of cool. I never understood that before.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, all the strong and amazing things and even the

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Speaker 4: weak but significant things in the universe that maybe every

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Speaker 4: once you know about.

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Speaker 1: That's right. It's a forceful exposition of all the fascinating

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Speaker 1: things about the universe.

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Speaker 4: Oh man, now you're just forcing it.

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Speaker 1: I think that's right. Well, you know my joke, force

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Speaker 1: is pretty weak. But forces themselves are sort of a

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Speaker 1: weird thing. It's like, forces are something that physicists you've

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Speaker 1: even had a hard time grappling with over the centuries.

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Speaker 4: Well, something that's really intuitive. I think you know, as

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Speaker 4: a little kid, even as a baby, you sort of

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Speaker 4: get the idea of a force, right, Thanks pushing you,

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Speaker 4: thanks pulling you, gravity pushing you down.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, but I think your intuition is misleading. I think

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Speaker 1: most people think of a force as something as a push, right,

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Speaker 1: something that's touching you. Somebody comes up to you, pushes

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Speaker 1: you over, you fall over, you move your role or whatever.

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Speaker 1: So I think most people think of forces as touching.

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Speaker 1: The really weird thing about forces is when they can

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Speaker 1: act without touching, right, when they can, Like when you

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Speaker 1: see a magnet levitating, it seems almost like magic, right,

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Speaker 1: because it's this these two things are acting on each

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Speaker 1: other without actually touching each other.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, it's weird. And so today we'll be talking about

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Speaker 4: one particular force out of all the forces out there

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Speaker 4: in the universe, one that is maybe not the strongest one,

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Speaker 4: but that led to some amazing discoveries.

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Speaker 1: Right, that's right. It's not the most powerful force, but

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Speaker 1: it did give us some amazing hints into the way

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Speaker 1: the universe works. So it's weekly powered, but plays a

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Speaker 1: strong role in the sort of overarching drama that is physics.

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Speaker 4: Yep, it's a force that's inside everyone, right, It's inside

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Speaker 4: of me, inside of you, inside of everyone listening to

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Speaker 4: this podcast.

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Speaker 1: That's right. It's everywhere in the universe, and it plays

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Speaker 1: an important role in how we live and how we

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Speaker 1: dine and how we power ourselves.

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Speaker 4: So to be on the podcast, we'll be talking about

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Speaker 4: the weak Force week fours.

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Speaker 1: Are you just trying to add some drama to it

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Speaker 1: because it needs some panache?

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Speaker 4: Yeah, it was a little anti climatic to say.

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Speaker 1: The week Well, I thought you might go with weak

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Speaker 1: nuclear force because nuclear gives it some sort of like

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Speaker 1: edge of mysteriousness.

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Speaker 4: Right, the weak quantum nano, n the weak black hole.

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Speaker 4: Let's just give the multiple hybernated.

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Speaker 1: Names the weak Truehehi, Montes Yang force are exactly. That

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Speaker 1: would be a lot more fun. No, the weak force

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Speaker 1: is really amazing, it's fascinating.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, it's one of the four fundamental forces in nature. Right,

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Speaker 4: there's only four of them. Yeah, well, spoiler alert, turns

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Speaker 4: out there's three. You eliminated one like Pluto just got

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Speaker 4: de declassified.

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Speaker 1: No. No, that's the goal of physics, right, is to

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Speaker 1: not have four forces. We don't want to say, hey,

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Speaker 1: here's how the universe works. There are four totally weird,

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Speaker 1: separate rules about things, how things can push and pull

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Speaker 1: on each other. We we think, we hope, we want

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Speaker 1: to explain the universe in terms of one force. So

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Speaker 1: the story of physics so far is look around you

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Speaker 1: see all the weird thing that's happening in the universe,

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Speaker 1: and try to describe them all in terms of the

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Speaker 1: smallest number of things, the smallest number of forces. So, yeah,

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Speaker 1: the goal is to sort of take things off the

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Speaker 1: list and describe everything in terms of just one thing.

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Speaker 4: So you're saying, there used to be only four forces

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Speaker 4: in the universe, but then phasics killed one of them

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Speaker 4: and or marry two of them, and now there are

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Speaker 4: only three fundamental forces in the universe.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, well, the drama is even more because we suspect

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Speaker 1: that in the first few moments after the Big Bang

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Speaker 1: there was just one force, really, but then as the

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Speaker 1: universe cooled, we think they broke up into all these

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Speaker 1: different forces. And what we're trying to do now is

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Speaker 1: sort of run that backwards and understand, like, can we

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Speaker 1: bring these things together? Can we understand these things in

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Speaker 1: terms of one big picture? How do we bring marry

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Speaker 1: these things back together? You know, it's like a universal

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Speaker 1: divorce early on, and we're trying to bring the couples

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Speaker 1: back together and show them how they can work together.

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Speaker 4: You're trying to bring the band back together. Basically, it's

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Speaker 4: Liketles broke up and you know, we enjoyed their individual work.

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Speaker 1: But come on, guys, yeah, that's a great analogy. Wouldn't

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Speaker 1: you like to just describe the Beatles instead of having

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Speaker 1: to describe all four members of the Beatles? Right, That's

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Speaker 1: exactly what we're trying to do. We're trying to show

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Speaker 1: you that, you know, the drums are not interesting on

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Speaker 1: their own, They're just part of a larger harmony, right.

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Speaker 1: They make much more sense when you understand them in

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Speaker 1: terms of the guitar parts and the vocals which come

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Speaker 1: together to make this amazing, beautiful music. Right.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, the physics of the Beatles. That will be the

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Speaker 4: next exactly.

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Speaker 1: So today we're going to show you how Paul and

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Speaker 1: John were actually the same person.

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Speaker 4: Spoiler alert, they were the same person.

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Speaker 1: That's right. And Ringo's an alien. Everybody knows Ringo's an alien, right,

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Speaker 1: all right.

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Speaker 4: So the weak nuclear force, and so it's not the

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Speaker 4: most popular force. You know, most people know electromagnetism and gravity. Right,

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Speaker 4: it is part of the forces, isn't it.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, maybe it is. Maybe it's the Ringo forces. It's

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Speaker 1: sort of overlooked and you know, dismissed, but in the

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Speaker 1: end fundamentally important to making things work. It's just like Ringo,

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Speaker 1: he kept going the harmony together exactly. Without the beeds together,

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Speaker 1: you wouldn't have a good song, that's right. Who ever

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Speaker 1: heard a good pop song without it, without without a drum.

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Speaker 4: Line, without Ringo? All right, So we were wondering it

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Speaker 4: is kind of the lesser known maybe of the forces.

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Speaker 4: And so we were wondering how many people out there

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Speaker 4: knew what the weak force was.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, and this is one of the times when I

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Speaker 1: really had no idea what to expect. Had everybody heard

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Speaker 1: of the weak force and they were going to spout

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Speaker 1: off some interesting physics about it, or was there going

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Speaker 1: to get a bunch of blank stares? So I was

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Speaker 1: pretty curious.

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Speaker 4: And so as usual, Daniel went out into the street

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Speaker 4: and as random strangers if they knew what the weak

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Speaker 4: force was. And so before you listen to these answers,

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Speaker 4: think a little bit yourself. If someone approached you on

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Speaker 4: the street and wearing sandals and supporting a beard, if

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Speaker 4: they asked you randomly what the weak force.

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Speaker 1: Was, You're giving away my disguise. Man, I'm gonna have

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Speaker 1: to wear a completely different disguise when they'll throw them off.

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Speaker 1: They be like, you can't be Daniel, I can I

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Speaker 1: can't see your toes.

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Speaker 4: So if you were asked this question, you would you

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Speaker 4: know the answer to it. Here's what people had to say.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, has it kind of governs radioactive to k most

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Speaker 1: particle stuff?

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Speaker 4: I guess I'm not heard of the weak nuclear force.

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Speaker 1: Have you heard of the strong nuclear force, the medium

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Speaker 1: nuclear force, not the super weak nuclear force? I made

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Speaker 1: most of those clear force not as well, I've heard

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Speaker 1: of them.

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Speaker 4: I'm not sure.

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Speaker 1: No, I'm not heard of that. No, the MRI measures

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Speaker 1: in nuclear force.

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Speaker 4: And then you can no, I don't know.

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Speaker 5: That's good. That's one of the four main types of

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Speaker 5: forces in physics.

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Speaker 1: Not just in physics, in the universe, right in the universe.

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Speaker 5: Sure, it's kind of it's a kind of part to

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Speaker 5: a strong nuclear force.

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Speaker 1: Why do we have it? What is important or what

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Speaker 1: does it do?

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Speaker 4: Has something to do with how atoms are held together?

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Speaker 4: I don't know exactly, all right, So not a lot

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Speaker 4: of yeses.

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Speaker 1: I got a lot of blank looks on this one,

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Speaker 1: that's for sure.

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Speaker 4: Well some people most people say no, they'd never heard

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Speaker 4: of it. But somebody actually said that it's related to

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Speaker 4: the radioactive radiactivity radioactive decay.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, And somebody even understood that it was like

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Speaker 1: connected to particle physics experiments we do in Geneva. So

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Speaker 1: a hundred bonus points to that, because.

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Speaker 4: Was it your office made another physics professor.

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Speaker 1: That was me with disguising my own voices, asking myself

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Speaker 1: with question spoiler Earler.

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Speaker 4: They're all you always every episode.

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Speaker 1: I'm just amazing at impressions right now. You know what

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Speaker 1: one of my career goals is, please speaking of which

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Speaker 1: is you ever read The Onion. They have this fantastic

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Speaker 1: people in the Street section where they ask people ridiculous

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Speaker 1: questions and every week they have the same four pictures

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Speaker 1: and they just give them made up names and jobs,

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Speaker 1: you know, bone crusher or like, you know, keyboard tester

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Speaker 1: or something. My career, your goal is to get My

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Speaker 1: face is used in the Onion as one of those

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Speaker 1: people on the street saying something dumb. But I've actually

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Speaker 1: written to the Onions several times volunteering, but never heard back.

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Speaker 4: Please use my picture.

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Speaker 1: Exactly, please make fun of me every week.

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Speaker 4: Do they write back or they just ignored it?

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Speaker 6: No?

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Speaker 1: No, Unlike other Internet celebrities, they did not respond to

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Speaker 1: my cold call.

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Speaker 4: Well keep trying, Daniel, there's always hope, all right, I

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Speaker 4: will so, yeah, somebody. Most people didn't know what it was,

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Speaker 4: and so did that surprise you. I mean, it's not

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Speaker 4: something that is usually covered in you know, high school physics.

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Speaker 1: Even it didn't surprise me because it is a bit esoteric.

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Speaker 1: And also it's not something people experience. You know, people

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Speaker 1: experience gravity, they all know what it is. They have

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Speaker 1: to understand it, they have an intuitive sense of it.

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Speaker 1: People experience electricity, right, We've all been shocked by static electricity.

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Speaker 1: People experience magnets, right. But people don't interact with the

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Speaker 1: weak nuclear force very much. You don't really see its

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Speaker 1: consequences directly. You can't tell the difference between it and

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Speaker 1: something else the way you can tell the difference between

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Speaker 1: gravity and magnetism. Right.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, Well, there's very a couple of things about it.

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Speaker 4: First of all, it's a force, and second it's weak.

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Speaker 1: That's right. It's really really weak, like compared to electromagnetism

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Speaker 1: and the strong nuclear force. It just is not very effective.

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Speaker 1: And one way to understand that is to think about

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Speaker 1: how particles interact, right, Like when you touch something or

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Speaker 1: when you bounce against something, that's all done with particles.

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Speaker 1: That's particles pushing against each other or interacting with each other.

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Speaker 4: I mean, like the particles in my finger are interacting

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Speaker 4: with the particles in the table, and so they're pushing

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Speaker 4: against each other.

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Speaker 1: That's right, And that's mostly using electromagnetism because it has

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Speaker 1: to do with the bonds and the electrons holding the

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Speaker 1: atoms tightly together and making this like you know, chain

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Speaker 1: link fence of atoms that your finger can't pass through.

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Speaker 1: But there are other particles, right, And that's because all

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Speaker 1: the particles in your finger and all the particles in

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Speaker 1: the table feel electromagnetism, right, But there are particles that

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Speaker 1: don't feel electromagnetism, like this mysterious particle called the neutrino. Right,

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Speaker 1: the neutrino doesn't feel electromagnetism, and it doesn't feel a

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Speaker 1: strong force, and it has almost no mass or it

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Speaker 1: hardly feels any gravity. The only way it interacts is

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Speaker 1: through the weak force, and so it's a good lens

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Speaker 1: for figuring out like how weak is the weak force.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, we had a whole podcast episode about neutrinos and

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Speaker 4: we sort of talked about how, you know, the forces

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Speaker 4: are sort of like social media channels. You know, there's Twitter,

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Speaker 4: there's Facebook, there's Instagram that you can interact with people,

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Speaker 4: but some people don't use some of the don't use Instagram,

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Speaker 4: where they only use Twitter, or they only they or

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Speaker 4: they use all three.

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Speaker 1: And neutrinos are like that. They only subscribe to this

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Speaker 1: one very lightly used social media channel, and so they

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Speaker 1: hardly interact.

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Speaker 4: It's the friends through of social media channel.

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Speaker 1: The original And so that's why neutrino can pass right

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Speaker 1: through you, and a neutrino can pass right through the

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Speaker 1: Earth right. We do these experiments where we look at

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Speaker 1: neutrinos from the Sun and we use the entire Earth

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Speaker 1: as an instrument to try to get the neutrinos to interact,

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Speaker 1: but most of them fly right through the entire Earth

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Speaker 1: without interacting. And if you had to say, like how

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Speaker 1: thick a wall would I have to build to block neutrinos, Well,

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Speaker 1: neutrinos can fly through a light year of lead and

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Speaker 1: have a fifty percent chance I'm getting through. So I

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Speaker 1: mean it's it's hard to even fathom, like how big

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Speaker 1: a wall you would have to build to effectively block neutrinos.

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Speaker 1: And the reason is that the weak force is so

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Speaker 1: weak that every time the neutrino nears something, it rolls

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Speaker 1: a dye and the dye has to come up just

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Speaker 1: right for it to interact. Most of the time it

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Speaker 1: just ignores it.

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Speaker 4: Oh wait, so all right, so we're getting into what

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Speaker 4: is the weak force, and you're saying that it is

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Speaker 4: super weak, and you're saying that it's weak, not because

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Speaker 4: it's just the weak force, but it's it's just less

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Speaker 4: likely to interact with you.

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Speaker 1: That's exactly what weak means, right, that it has a

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Speaker 1: smaller chance to interact. Right that you shoot these two

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Speaker 1: things against each other and they will less often have

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Speaker 1: an interaction.

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Speaker 4: But when they do interact, the force that you actually

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Speaker 4: feel is also weak or not.

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Speaker 1: Oh, I see what you mean. No, the magnitude of

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Speaker 1: the force is not effect that, it's how often it happens. Oh,

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Speaker 1: it's how likely it is to happen when it intrino

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Speaker 1: interacts with the nucleus. For example, it bounces off and

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Speaker 1: goes in the other direction. It's not like just slightly deflected.

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Speaker 1: It's just that it doesn't happen very often. It passes

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Speaker 1: right through most of the nuclei without doing anything, just

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Speaker 1: ignores them latin out there.

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Speaker 4: But in terms of magnitude, like when it does interact,

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Speaker 4: it is as strong as the other forces.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, that's a really good question. I've never really thought

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Speaker 1: about it that way. It's just a question of whether

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Speaker 1: it interacts. The strength of the force really determines whether

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Speaker 1: it's interacting. And so, for example, you know, the strong

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Speaker 1: force is really really strong. There's a lot of energy

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Speaker 1: in that interaction, and so it's going to interact with

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Speaker 1: everything else that feels it. Electromagnetism is a powerful force,

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Speaker 1: and that means that it's going to interact almost all

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Speaker 1: the time, and so you get lots of particles contributing.

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Speaker 1: But if you're like going to measure it per particle,

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Speaker 1: I think, I think it's just another way of saying

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Speaker 1: the same thing. I think. You know, the strength of

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Speaker 1: the force between them is another way of saying how

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Speaker 1: likely are they too interact or not the other fast

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Speaker 1: in anything about the weak force, Another reason to think

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Speaker 1: about why it's weak is that it doesn't interact over

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Speaker 1: a very long range, like electromagnetism. Two electrons that are

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Speaker 1: like one thousand miles away from each other, they can

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Speaker 1: feel each other, they feel each other's electric fields, right

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Speaker 1: that electromagnetism extends infinitely far. The weak force, another way

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Speaker 1: to think about why it's weak is that it only

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Speaker 1: interacts with things very very near it, right, Like you

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Speaker 1: have to be really close to that neutrino to interact

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Speaker 1: with it.

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Speaker 4: Is that true? Like two electrons, even if there are

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Speaker 4: millions of light years apart, they'll still feel each other.

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Speaker 1: Absolutely, you feel the electric field from electrons in Alpha

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Speaker 1: Centauri or the Andromeda Galaxy or halfway across the universe. Absolutely?

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Speaker 4: Is that why I feel like I'm being pulled apart?

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Speaker 1: No, that's like maybe the only scientific action between astronomy

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Speaker 1: and astrology, Like are you affected by the movements of

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Speaker 1: the planets fields? Maybe, but it's really negligible. And I

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Speaker 1: also remember that it's time delayed. You know, if you

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Speaker 1: if there are electrons in Alpha Centauri and somebody wiggles them,

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Speaker 1: you don't see those wiggles until the information comes here,

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Speaker 1: which takes you know, which travels at the speed of lights,

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Speaker 1: so it takes a long time.

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Speaker 4: But you're saying the weak neugar force doesn't have that

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Speaker 4: long range, like at some point two particles that feel

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Speaker 4: it don't affect each other with the weak force.

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Speaker 1: That's right. The range of the force is really tiny.

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Speaker 1: It's like the diameter of a proton, right, So these

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Speaker 1: particles have to be really close together. It's just another

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Speaker 1: way of thinking about whether these two things will interact.

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Speaker 1: I think about it sort of like, you know, imagine

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Speaker 1: you're throwing two baseballs at each other, right, They're less

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Speaker 1: likely to interact than if you're throwing two basketballs at

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Speaker 1: each other, or two with some really enormous ball, some

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Speaker 1: like enormous yoga bounce a yoga ball at each other, right,

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Speaker 1: And so the size this is what we call cross

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Speaker 1: section in physics, because the cross section of those balls

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Speaker 1: tells you how likely they are to hit each other.

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Speaker 1: Balls with a really small cross section, like if you're throwing,

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Speaker 1: you know, pebbles at each other, it's much harder for

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Speaker 1: them to hit. And so the range of this force

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Speaker 1: tells you basically the cross section of their interaction. And

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Speaker 1: so the weak force is a really small range, which

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Speaker 1: makes it less likely to interact. When they interact that

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Speaker 1: you know, they still bounce off each other like anything else,

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Speaker 1: just less likely to happen.

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Speaker 4: So what happens when you get further away? Does it

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Speaker 4: the force just drops off? Or you know, like I've

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Speaker 4: heard that at some point the weak force doesn't travel

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Speaker 4: far because the particles decay or they don't last far

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Speaker 4: far out enough.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, that's a really fascinating way to think about it. Yeah,

402
00:19:45,119 --> 00:19:47,800
Speaker 1: the weak force, it just is negligible beyond a certain distance,

403
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Speaker 1: like you know, it's basically zero. And another way to

404
00:19:51,200 --> 00:19:53,520
Speaker 1: answer the question why is the weak force week, I

405
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Speaker 1: mean one way to say, as well, it just has

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Speaker 1: a number associated with it, and that number is smaller

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Speaker 1: than the number associated with electromagnet or the strong force.

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00:20:02,320 --> 00:20:04,400
Speaker 1: And then of course you can ask why. But one

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Speaker 1: way to explain that is to think about in terms

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Speaker 1: of the particles that transmit these forces. Right, we think

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Speaker 1: about like the photon. The photon is the thing that

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Speaker 1: transmits electromagnetism.

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Speaker 4: Right.

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Speaker 1: What do we mean by that, Well, we have this

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Speaker 1: sort of picture that like two electrons coming near each other,

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Speaker 1: one of them can shoot off a photon to hit

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Speaker 1: the other electron and push it away, and that's like

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Speaker 1: how electrons repel via a photon. And we use that

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Speaker 1: same sort of picture for all the forces. Actually, but

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Speaker 1: the particles that are associated with the weak force, they

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Speaker 1: are not massless like the photon.

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Speaker 7: Is.

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Speaker 1: The reason electromagnetism extends so far is because the photon

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Speaker 1: is massless. It zooms away at the speed of light

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Speaker 1: and it doesn't decay. Right, Photons can go forever. But

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Speaker 1: the weak force has these really heavy particles. They're really

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Speaker 1: really heavy, and so they don't go very far before

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Speaker 1: they basically decay.

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Speaker 4: It's like if I was trying to hit you with

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Speaker 4: a bowling ball, my range would be limited.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, Or if you, like, you know, had taped a

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Speaker 1: bunch of stuff together very loosely and then tried to

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Speaker 1: throw it at me and it exploded in midair before

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Speaker 1: it got to me.

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Speaker 4: Like throwing a sandball at some point in might.

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00:21:11,400 --> 00:21:16,480
Speaker 1: Exactly a sandball exactly. It's like throwing a sandball. You know,

437
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Speaker 1: you're not really gonna get hit by the full force

438
00:21:18,200 --> 00:21:21,680
Speaker 1: of the sandball unless you're really close. And that's that's fascinating.

439
00:21:21,680 --> 00:21:24,840
Speaker 1: It's like these particles, these particles that mediate the weak

440
00:21:24,880 --> 00:21:28,320
Speaker 1: force bosons, why are they so heavy in the and

441
00:21:28,400 --> 00:21:30,840
Speaker 1: the photon is is massless. That's like one of the

442
00:21:30,880 --> 00:21:33,120
Speaker 1: deep questions in physics over the last few decades.

443
00:21:33,160 --> 00:21:36,000
Speaker 4: And that's why the photon can go to infinity because

444
00:21:36,000 --> 00:21:38,440
Speaker 4: it's massless and it just keeps going right exactly.

445
00:21:38,440 --> 00:21:42,000
Speaker 1: That's why electromagtism is powerful, and that's why its range

446
00:21:42,040 --> 00:21:45,560
Speaker 1: is infinite, and the weak force is very weak because

447
00:21:45,840 --> 00:21:47,920
Speaker 1: the things that carry it are very fat and slow.

448
00:21:48,119 --> 00:21:50,639
Speaker 1: You know. It's like, you know, if you wanted to

449
00:21:50,680 --> 00:21:55,520
Speaker 1: send letters ups drivers are super super fast and driving Lamborghinis, right,

450
00:21:55,640 --> 00:21:59,560
Speaker 1: and instead you sent it via I don't know us

451
00:21:59,560 --> 00:22:02,080
Speaker 1: mail and they're driving, you know, a big, heavy, slow

452
00:22:02,119 --> 00:22:04,879
Speaker 1: bus or something. Your letters is not going to get

453
00:22:04,920 --> 00:22:06,959
Speaker 1: there as fast or might not even get there. So

454
00:22:07,000 --> 00:22:10,240
Speaker 1: the thing that carries the messages, the information of the

455
00:22:10,240 --> 00:22:11,760
Speaker 1: weak force, is big and.

456
00:22:11,760 --> 00:22:16,560
Speaker 4: Hazy, weak, and that's what makes it the force blame

457
00:22:16,640 --> 00:22:17,160
Speaker 4: the messenger.

458
00:22:18,560 --> 00:22:21,920
Speaker 1: And the fascinating thing is that that's really only irrelevant

459
00:22:22,600 --> 00:22:25,520
Speaker 1: sort of late in the universe. That's relevant when every

460
00:22:25,600 --> 00:22:27,679
Speaker 1: when there isn't a whole lot of energy, because the

461
00:22:27,720 --> 00:22:31,399
Speaker 1: mass these particles makes a difference when everything doesn't have

462
00:22:31,480 --> 00:22:33,760
Speaker 1: a lot of energy. But if everything was really hot

463
00:22:33,800 --> 00:22:37,280
Speaker 1: and dense and zooming around, then it wouldn't really matter

464
00:22:37,520 --> 00:22:39,840
Speaker 1: what the mass of these particles was, Right, they have

465
00:22:39,880 --> 00:22:41,720
Speaker 1: a little bit of mass or not they had a

466
00:22:41,720 --> 00:22:44,480
Speaker 1: lot of energy, wouldn't make any difference. And that's why

467
00:22:44,520 --> 00:22:48,080
Speaker 1: we think back in the beginning of the universe, electromagnetism

468
00:22:48,119 --> 00:22:50,800
Speaker 1: and the weak force had the same strength.

469
00:22:50,920 --> 00:22:54,560
Speaker 4: Because everything we're just closer together and interacting the same way.

470
00:22:54,760 --> 00:22:57,080
Speaker 1: Yeah, and those particles, the ones that carry the weak force,

471
00:22:57,280 --> 00:22:59,560
Speaker 1: just had enough energy to get further. The fact that

472
00:22:59,560 --> 00:23:01,679
Speaker 1: they had mass didn't really matter because they had so

473
00:23:01,920 --> 00:23:03,760
Speaker 1: much energy it was negligible.

474
00:23:03,840 --> 00:23:05,840
Speaker 4: All right, So that's the weak fours. Now we know

475
00:23:05,880 --> 00:23:07,760
Speaker 4: it's a force, and we know why it's a weak

476
00:23:07,960 --> 00:23:10,960
Speaker 4: and so let's get into what's interesting about the week fours.

477
00:23:11,000 --> 00:23:14,119
Speaker 4: Why is it weak, what's weird about it? Why do

478
00:23:14,160 --> 00:23:16,199
Speaker 4: we have it? And how did it help us discover

479
00:23:16,240 --> 00:23:18,760
Speaker 4: the Higgs boson. But first, let's take a quick break.

480
00:23:23,160 --> 00:23:26,080
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529
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Speaker 4: All right, hey, Daniel, do you think the weak force

530
00:26:03,960 --> 00:26:06,399
Speaker 4: knows that it's called the weak force? You know?

531
00:26:08,320 --> 00:26:10,520
Speaker 1: I think my agents have been working for quite a

532
00:26:10,560 --> 00:26:13,040
Speaker 1: while to get a name change. Yeah, I think it

533
00:26:13,080 --> 00:26:14,600
Speaker 1: needs a pr overhaul for sure.

534
00:26:15,800 --> 00:26:17,280
Speaker 4: What should be called? Would you like to be called

535
00:26:17,359 --> 00:26:21,040
Speaker 4: Doctor Week or Daniel Week or I don't think anyone?

536
00:26:21,160 --> 00:26:25,000
Speaker 1: Master of the Week force expertness still worked out for

537
00:26:25,119 --> 00:26:25,640
Speaker 1: John Week.

538
00:26:26,800 --> 00:26:32,399
Speaker 4: That franchise change then.

539
00:26:32,720 --> 00:26:35,159
Speaker 1: Exactly. Well, you know, what would you have called the

540
00:26:35,160 --> 00:26:35,640
Speaker 1: weak Force?

541
00:26:36,760 --> 00:26:39,520
Speaker 4: Well, I don't know anything about it. Much about it.

542
00:26:39,640 --> 00:26:41,359
Speaker 1: You should listen to this podcast to explain it to you.

543
00:26:41,400 --> 00:26:42,120
Speaker 1: It's really good.

544
00:26:42,359 --> 00:26:44,840
Speaker 4: Well, all I know is that it's weak and that

545
00:26:45,000 --> 00:26:47,320
Speaker 4: it's a force. But you know, is there what do

546
00:26:47,359 --> 00:26:49,400
Speaker 4: we know about it that might give it some identity?

547
00:26:49,480 --> 00:26:50,760
Speaker 4: Like what's special about it?

548
00:26:50,800 --> 00:26:53,120
Speaker 1: What is special about it? It's pretty weird. It can

549
00:26:53,160 --> 00:26:55,720
Speaker 1: do some things that other forces can't do. It's sort

550
00:26:55,720 --> 00:26:57,959
Speaker 1: of like messes with your mind. A lot of the

551
00:26:57,960 --> 00:26:59,800
Speaker 1: things that we thought we knew about the universe, that

552
00:26:59,800 --> 00:27:03,040
Speaker 1: we assumed we're fundamentally true about the universe. The weak

553
00:27:03,080 --> 00:27:05,320
Speaker 1: Force just sort of breaks those rules and shrugs and

554
00:27:05,359 --> 00:27:08,199
Speaker 1: moves on. And so it's a great window into like

555
00:27:08,359 --> 00:27:10,720
Speaker 1: what is the sort of the limitation? What can forces

556
00:27:10,800 --> 00:27:12,480
Speaker 1: do in the universe. It turns out they can do

557
00:27:12,520 --> 00:27:14,000
Speaker 1: a lot of things that we thought were impossible.

558
00:27:14,040 --> 00:27:15,400
Speaker 4: And that's what the weak force can do.

559
00:27:15,600 --> 00:27:17,840
Speaker 1: Yeah, that's what the weak force can do. For example,

560
00:27:18,200 --> 00:27:21,240
Speaker 1: the weak force can change quark flavors. We had a

561
00:27:21,280 --> 00:27:23,879
Speaker 1: whole podcast episode abou quark flavors. And for those of

562
00:27:23,920 --> 00:27:26,000
Speaker 1: you thinking what what's a quark and how does it

563
00:27:26,040 --> 00:27:30,000
Speaker 1: have flavors? We're not talking about European yogurt snacks, though

564
00:27:30,040 --> 00:27:34,320
Speaker 1: there are flavors snacks called quark. We're talking about fundamental particles.

565
00:27:34,520 --> 00:27:37,360
Speaker 4: Yeah, and so this, the weak force can change the

566
00:27:37,400 --> 00:27:38,800
Speaker 4: flavor of a quark.

567
00:27:38,960 --> 00:27:42,879
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. Electromagnetism can't do that, right, you have a

568
00:27:42,960 --> 00:27:46,080
Speaker 1: charm cork. It can't give off a photon and then

569
00:27:46,080 --> 00:27:50,159
Speaker 1: become an upquark. That doesn't happen, right, But if the

570
00:27:50,359 --> 00:27:53,080
Speaker 1: charm interacts using the weak force, it can give off

571
00:27:53,160 --> 00:27:55,520
Speaker 1: one of the particles that it transmits, and it can

572
00:27:55,560 --> 00:27:58,640
Speaker 1: become for example, a down cork or a strange cork

573
00:27:58,760 --> 00:28:01,640
Speaker 1: can become an upcark, right, or top cork can become

574
00:28:01,640 --> 00:28:04,760
Speaker 1: a bottom cork or a down cork. Right, And so

575
00:28:04,840 --> 00:28:08,160
Speaker 1: it can actually change these flavors, and other other forces

576
00:28:08,200 --> 00:28:09,320
Speaker 1: are not allowed to do that.

577
00:28:10,000 --> 00:28:12,520
Speaker 4: Well, and that's kind of a big deal because if

578
00:28:12,520 --> 00:28:15,000
Speaker 4: I change all the flavors in the quarts inside of

579
00:28:15,040 --> 00:28:17,000
Speaker 4: your atoms, you'd be in trouble, right.

580
00:28:17,960 --> 00:28:19,440
Speaker 1: Oh, I think I'd be even tastier.

581
00:28:19,920 --> 00:28:24,360
Speaker 4: You'd be charming and strange, but or more charming and

582
00:28:24,440 --> 00:28:25,040
Speaker 4: more strange.

583
00:28:25,200 --> 00:28:27,280
Speaker 1: Yeah. Well, you know, you think of its sort of

584
00:28:27,280 --> 00:28:30,359
Speaker 1: like a ladder. There's the lowest energy ones, the lowest

585
00:28:30,400 --> 00:28:32,920
Speaker 1: mass ones. Those are the upcork and the down cork,

586
00:28:33,359 --> 00:28:35,560
Speaker 1: and if you have the heavier quarks, then that they

587
00:28:35,600 --> 00:28:38,360
Speaker 1: tend to decay down the ladder. Things in the universe

588
00:28:38,400 --> 00:28:41,520
Speaker 1: tend to be the lowest energy state, the lowest mass particles.

589
00:28:41,760 --> 00:28:43,600
Speaker 1: So if you have the heavier particles like the top,

590
00:28:43,840 --> 00:28:45,920
Speaker 1: then it uses the weak force to sort of step

591
00:28:46,000 --> 00:28:47,880
Speaker 1: down that ladder down to the up and the down

592
00:28:48,480 --> 00:28:51,400
Speaker 1: and I and you and every banana you've ever eaten

593
00:28:51,560 --> 00:28:53,680
Speaker 1: are made up of just upcorks and down quarks and

594
00:28:53,800 --> 00:28:57,280
Speaker 1: of course electrons. But it also changes. It can change

595
00:28:57,280 --> 00:28:59,520
Speaker 1: those upquarks and down corks back into each other, and

596
00:28:59,560 --> 00:29:02,920
Speaker 1: that's actually what we call radioactive beta decay. That's how

597
00:29:02,920 --> 00:29:06,040
Speaker 1: you change, for example, a neutron into a proton is

598
00:29:06,080 --> 00:29:08,680
Speaker 1: by changing is by going back and forth between upquarks

599
00:29:08,680 --> 00:29:11,480
Speaker 1: and down quarks, because that's the difference between neutrons and protons.

600
00:29:11,480 --> 00:29:13,320
Speaker 1: It's just one up versus one down.

601
00:29:13,760 --> 00:29:16,320
Speaker 4: So it's weird because it can really mess with the

602
00:29:16,360 --> 00:29:20,960
Speaker 4: identity of matter, right Like, if if all my quarks

603
00:29:21,040 --> 00:29:23,800
Speaker 4: change identities, I would probably blow up, right, I wouldn't

604
00:29:23,800 --> 00:29:26,040
Speaker 4: be able to stay together, right Like, if all my

605
00:29:26,080 --> 00:29:29,200
Speaker 4: protons turn into neutrons, you know, goodbye wore.

606
00:29:29,600 --> 00:29:32,440
Speaker 1: Yeah, well, protons don't turn into neutrons, right, Protons are stable,

607
00:29:32,440 --> 00:29:35,280
Speaker 1: which is a whole other fascinating thing, like can protons

608
00:29:35,320 --> 00:29:37,160
Speaker 1: live for the whole life of the universe or do

609
00:29:37,200 --> 00:29:40,400
Speaker 1: they eventually decay? Currently we think that protons live for

610
00:29:40,480 --> 00:29:43,720
Speaker 1: like zillions of years, but neutrons don't. Neutrons will eventually

611
00:29:43,720 --> 00:29:46,520
Speaker 1: turn into protons, and that's fascinating. And that's what the

612
00:29:46,720 --> 00:29:48,600
Speaker 1: that's what the weak nuclear force does, and only the

613
00:29:48,600 --> 00:29:49,600
Speaker 1: weak force can do that.

614
00:29:50,640 --> 00:29:54,000
Speaker 4: Okay, that's weird, So maybe I would call it the

615
00:29:54,040 --> 00:29:54,560
Speaker 4: weird force.

616
00:29:54,600 --> 00:29:59,920
Speaker 1: I don't know. Ooh, we the flavor flavor seems a little.

617
00:30:02,560 --> 00:30:05,400
Speaker 1: The tasty force, you know, the particles that it uses

618
00:30:05,440 --> 00:30:09,360
Speaker 1: are also weird. Like we said, the electromagnetism has the photon, right,

619
00:30:09,400 --> 00:30:13,040
Speaker 1: and that's how we transmits information. And the weak force

620
00:30:13,120 --> 00:30:17,280
Speaker 1: is more complicated. It has three particles that transmit its forces.

621
00:30:17,440 --> 00:30:19,880
Speaker 1: It has this particle we call the z boson, and

622
00:30:19,960 --> 00:30:22,520
Speaker 1: then it has the W plus and the W minus,

623
00:30:22,600 --> 00:30:24,960
Speaker 1: and we call them plus and minus because those particles

624
00:30:24,960 --> 00:30:29,080
Speaker 1: themselves have electric charge. So it's like the particles of

625
00:30:29,200 --> 00:30:32,040
Speaker 1: one force feel the forces of another force.

626
00:30:32,520 --> 00:30:37,120
Speaker 4: Huh. So the bloody mind cat affect the weak force

627
00:30:37,400 --> 00:30:39,720
Speaker 4: using a magnet, is kind of what you're saying.

628
00:30:39,800 --> 00:30:43,480
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. Or the particles that transmit the weak force

629
00:30:43,720 --> 00:30:46,440
Speaker 1: can shoot off photons, right, they interact with each other

630
00:30:46,520 --> 00:30:49,760
Speaker 1: using electromagnetism. Yeah, oh weird. And that was a big clue.

631
00:30:49,800 --> 00:30:51,960
Speaker 1: We'll talk about that later, that there's a deep, deep

632
00:30:52,000 --> 00:30:55,240
Speaker 1: connection between the weak force and electromagnetism.

633
00:30:55,280 --> 00:30:57,240
Speaker 4: It's kind of like it'd be cool, like if, for example,

634
00:30:57,280 --> 00:31:00,960
Speaker 4: you can affect gravity using electromagnetism, right, that would be crazy.

635
00:31:01,400 --> 00:31:02,200
Speaker 4: Then you could.

636
00:31:02,320 --> 00:31:05,400
Speaker 1: Yeah, right exactly, if you could like make a magnet

637
00:31:05,480 --> 00:31:08,320
Speaker 1: which turned off gravity or something, that would be cool.

638
00:31:08,480 --> 00:31:10,760
Speaker 1: And you know, we hope one day in the far

639
00:31:10,840 --> 00:31:13,440
Speaker 1: future to have a unified understanding of all the forces.

640
00:31:13,800 --> 00:31:16,320
Speaker 1: Take gravity turn it into a quantum mechanical theory, which

641
00:31:16,360 --> 00:31:18,080
Speaker 1: we haven't done yet and have no clue how to do,

642
00:31:18,440 --> 00:31:20,480
Speaker 1: and then somehow unify it with the other forces and

643
00:31:20,520 --> 00:31:23,840
Speaker 1: show that they're all just part of the same larger force.

644
00:31:24,200 --> 00:31:26,280
Speaker 1: In that case, then maybe you could do what you

645
00:31:26,320 --> 00:31:28,720
Speaker 1: just said, is use one part of the force to

646
00:31:28,760 --> 00:31:31,560
Speaker 1: balance another part of the force and affect it. So, yeah,

647
00:31:31,600 --> 00:31:33,920
Speaker 1: I think you just invented an anti gravity machine right

648
00:31:33,960 --> 00:31:34,720
Speaker 1: here on the right.

649
00:31:35,160 --> 00:31:37,840
Speaker 4: I should get one one half of a Nobel prize then.

650
00:31:37,840 --> 00:31:38,080
Speaker 5: Or.

651
00:31:39,720 --> 00:31:42,160
Speaker 1: Let's go with one five hundred million, so real.

652
00:31:43,000 --> 00:31:47,400
Speaker 4: That's probably the chances that I will get one.

653
00:31:48,720 --> 00:31:49,840
Speaker 1: I think that's probably accurate.

654
00:31:49,880 --> 00:31:55,800
Speaker 4: Yeah, all right, so well let's get into Now we

655
00:31:55,840 --> 00:31:57,680
Speaker 4: know what it is, we know what's kind of weird.

656
00:31:57,720 --> 00:31:59,720
Speaker 1: Wait, but wait, there's more the more, there's even a

657
00:31:59,760 --> 00:32:00,640
Speaker 1: weird thing about that.

658
00:32:00,720 --> 00:32:02,440
Speaker 4: I thought it was weak, but there's more.

659
00:32:02,600 --> 00:32:06,440
Speaker 1: Right, it's weak, but it's got a long backstory, right.

660
00:32:06,480 --> 00:32:08,880
Speaker 1: It's one of these superhero characters with like a really

661
00:32:08,960 --> 00:32:12,280
Speaker 1: deep interesting connection. It was affected in its childhood and

662
00:32:12,320 --> 00:32:13,280
Speaker 1: it's carrying all that back.

663
00:32:13,480 --> 00:32:16,320
Speaker 4: Like Widow not a lot of superpowers, but you're like,

664
00:32:16,680 --> 00:32:17,440
Speaker 4: what is going.

665
00:32:17,280 --> 00:32:21,440
Speaker 1: On with her? Oh? You mean blackwed are the superhero

666
00:32:21,520 --> 00:32:25,400
Speaker 1: now the the actual spider. Yeah exactly. She she looks

667
00:32:25,440 --> 00:32:27,120
Speaker 1: good in leather and she can really kick.

668
00:32:27,280 --> 00:32:30,720
Speaker 4: Yeah, but she has all the mysterious of Russian spy backstory.

669
00:32:31,000 --> 00:32:34,600
Speaker 1: Yeah exactly. She's intimidating now. The one of the weirdest things.

670
00:32:34,720 --> 00:32:37,960
Speaker 1: But the weak fours is that it breaks what we

671
00:32:38,000 --> 00:32:41,000
Speaker 1: thought was a fundamental symmetry in the universe, and that

672
00:32:41,200 --> 00:32:44,000
Speaker 1: is that we think that it shouldn't make a difference

673
00:32:44,360 --> 00:32:47,840
Speaker 1: sort of how you draw your X, Y and Z axes. Like,

674
00:32:47,880 --> 00:32:50,000
Speaker 1: if you have to draw, you draw an X axis

675
00:32:50,000 --> 00:32:51,680
Speaker 1: and a Y axis. You put them in ninety degrees

676
00:32:51,720 --> 00:32:54,640
Speaker 1: with each other, right, then you're gonna draw Z axis.

677
00:32:54,680 --> 00:32:56,080
Speaker 1: You want to put it in ninety degrees. But then

678
00:32:56,080 --> 00:32:57,760
Speaker 1: there's a question do you draw it like sort of

679
00:32:58,000 --> 00:33:01,400
Speaker 1: up above the X Y axis or down below right?

680
00:33:01,760 --> 00:33:04,280
Speaker 1: And the difference is what we call handedness. Is it

681
00:33:04,320 --> 00:33:06,840
Speaker 1: a left handed system or a right handed system. It's

682
00:33:06,880 --> 00:33:09,479
Speaker 1: really just arbitrary, and so because most of us are

683
00:33:09,520 --> 00:33:12,000
Speaker 1: right handed, we tend to draw those things the way

684
00:33:12,040 --> 00:33:14,520
Speaker 1: you would have the first three fingers on your right

685
00:33:14,520 --> 00:33:16,960
Speaker 1: hand point, so we call them right handed coordinates.

686
00:33:17,000 --> 00:33:19,760
Speaker 4: It's kind of related to mirrors, right, like you think

687
00:33:19,800 --> 00:33:22,120
Speaker 4: that physics should work the same on one side of

688
00:33:22,120 --> 00:33:23,920
Speaker 4: the mirror or in the reflection of the.

689
00:33:23,840 --> 00:33:26,160
Speaker 1: Mirror, exactly, because if you take a right handed coordinate

690
00:33:26,200 --> 00:33:27,880
Speaker 1: system and you look in the mirror, then it looks

691
00:33:27,960 --> 00:33:30,760
Speaker 1: left handed. And so for a long time people thought, well,

692
00:33:30,760 --> 00:33:32,640
Speaker 1: that's just a thing we made up. It's just like

693
00:33:32,880 --> 00:33:36,320
Speaker 1: human it's not fundamental or physical. Right, And so they said, well,

694
00:33:36,600 --> 00:33:40,080
Speaker 1: physics shouldn't matter. The physics shouldn't depend on whether things

695
00:33:40,080 --> 00:33:42,800
Speaker 1: are right handed or left handed. So they made this assumption.

696
00:33:42,880 --> 00:33:46,200
Speaker 1: They said, well, we assume that any experiment you do,

697
00:33:46,720 --> 00:33:49,680
Speaker 1: if you watch the experiment in the mirror, you should

698
00:33:49,680 --> 00:33:52,000
Speaker 1: also be able to do that mirror experiment, right, that

699
00:33:52,040 --> 00:33:54,600
Speaker 1: the laws of physics should work the same here as

700
00:33:54,600 --> 00:33:57,720
Speaker 1: they do in the mirror. Right. So, like you do

701
00:33:57,800 --> 00:34:00,400
Speaker 1: some experiment you watch in the mirror, should you should

702
00:34:00,400 --> 00:34:02,800
Speaker 1: be able to do that same experiment or our laws

703
00:34:02,800 --> 00:34:05,400
Speaker 1: of physics should still govern what's happening in the mirror.

704
00:34:05,440 --> 00:34:08,719
Speaker 4: Right, But you're saying the weak force totally doesn't care.

705
00:34:08,920 --> 00:34:10,920
Speaker 1: Yeah, And this is one of the great stories of physics,

706
00:34:11,400 --> 00:34:14,279
Speaker 1: is that nobody checked for a long long time, like

707
00:34:14,320 --> 00:34:17,320
Speaker 1: they checked the electromagnetism. Yep, it's true. They checked the

708
00:34:17,360 --> 00:34:19,920
Speaker 1: strong force, Yep, it's true. And they thought, well, this

709
00:34:20,000 --> 00:34:23,160
Speaker 1: is just so fundamental and obvious, like we don't need

710
00:34:23,239 --> 00:34:25,759
Speaker 1: to check it. You know. It's like, you know, do

711
00:34:25,800 --> 00:34:28,000
Speaker 1: you check that the sun doesn't like come out in

712
00:34:28,000 --> 00:34:30,200
Speaker 1: the middle of the night. No, they don't get up

713
00:34:30,200 --> 00:34:31,360
Speaker 1: in the middle of the night and check if the

714
00:34:31,400 --> 00:34:34,200
Speaker 1: sun is sneaking around, right, You just you checked it

715
00:34:34,239 --> 00:34:37,000
Speaker 1: at sunset, You check it at sunrise, and you assume

716
00:34:37,040 --> 00:34:39,680
Speaker 1: what else is happening? Right, So people thought, well, the

717
00:34:39,680 --> 00:34:41,960
Speaker 1: weak force is really hard to test, so we'll just

718
00:34:42,040 --> 00:34:45,520
Speaker 1: assume that it also respects the symmetry called parody. And

719
00:34:45,560 --> 00:34:48,839
Speaker 1: then in the fifties some theorists realized nobody's actually ever

720
00:34:48,960 --> 00:34:52,640
Speaker 1: checked this, so maybe somebody should. And this is great

721
00:34:52,680 --> 00:34:55,319
Speaker 1: story about a physicist at Columbia. She was planning to

722
00:34:55,320 --> 00:34:57,919
Speaker 1: go on vacation with her husband for Christmas, and she said,

723
00:34:57,920 --> 00:35:00,120
Speaker 1: you know what, I can't go on vacation and it

724
00:35:00,160 --> 00:35:03,400
Speaker 1: can't relax without knowing the answer to this deep question.

725
00:35:04,400 --> 00:35:06,560
Speaker 4: Sounds like a physicist exactly.

726
00:35:06,800 --> 00:35:09,360
Speaker 1: So her husband went on vacation by himself and she

727
00:35:09,480 --> 00:35:13,000
Speaker 1: stayed back and she did these experiments where she demonstrated.

728
00:35:13,040 --> 00:35:15,400
Speaker 1: She asked the question would the weak force look the

729
00:35:15,440 --> 00:35:16,960
Speaker 1: same in the mirror, And she set up this really

730
00:35:17,000 --> 00:35:20,920
Speaker 1: complicated but very clever experiment, and it's difficult to describe

731
00:35:20,920 --> 00:35:22,680
Speaker 1: it with the audio. So I encourage everybody to check

732
00:35:22,680 --> 00:35:26,400
Speaker 1: out or hey, your video on this experiment, which you

733
00:35:26,400 --> 00:35:28,880
Speaker 1: can find by googling. But the short version, we.

734
00:35:31,120 --> 00:35:34,680
Speaker 4: Remember you made it with the Derek Muller of veritassium.

735
00:35:35,040 --> 00:35:35,600
Speaker 4: If you look up.

736
00:35:35,760 --> 00:35:37,879
Speaker 1: Yeah, it's a great video. It's a great video. It's

737
00:35:37,880 --> 00:35:41,239
Speaker 1: called due particles respect time symmetry? Or do particles go

738
00:35:41,280 --> 00:35:44,080
Speaker 1: backwards in time? In that video, you can see that

739
00:35:44,160 --> 00:35:46,400
Speaker 1: the weak force doesn't work the same in the mirror.

740
00:35:46,400 --> 00:35:49,359
Speaker 1: In fact, in the mirror works exactly the opposite. So

741
00:35:49,480 --> 00:35:52,480
Speaker 1: not only does it not like respect this basic symmetry

742
00:35:52,520 --> 00:35:54,719
Speaker 1: we assume was a true thing about the universe, it

743
00:35:55,080 --> 00:35:56,640
Speaker 1: violates it almost one hundred percent.

744
00:35:57,360 --> 00:36:00,120
Speaker 4: So it's weak, but it's like the rebel force.

745
00:36:00,160 --> 00:36:03,360
Speaker 1: Yeah, which means that like our universe is, you know,

746
00:36:03,600 --> 00:36:05,920
Speaker 1: has a handedness. It's not like it could have been

747
00:36:05,960 --> 00:36:08,560
Speaker 1: this or could have been that. It is one way, right,

748
00:36:08,600 --> 00:36:10,279
Speaker 1: And anytime you see a kind of thing like that

749
00:36:10,280 --> 00:36:13,040
Speaker 1: in physics, where it's like an arbitrary choice between two things.

750
00:36:13,280 --> 00:36:15,440
Speaker 1: You expect it to be balanced or even or symmetric,

751
00:36:15,600 --> 00:36:18,000
Speaker 1: and then it's not. That's a clue that tells you

752
00:36:19,040 --> 00:36:21,480
Speaker 1: something happened when the universe was being cooked up, that

753
00:36:21,560 --> 00:36:23,440
Speaker 1: it went this way and not that way. Yeah, what

754
00:36:23,640 --> 00:36:24,520
Speaker 1: is that? Yeah?

755
00:36:24,560 --> 00:36:28,320
Speaker 4: It makes you realize that the universe maybe doesn't have laws,

756
00:36:28,400 --> 00:36:30,799
Speaker 4: or the laws you thought real to universe are not

757
00:36:31,640 --> 00:36:33,080
Speaker 4: always true exactly.

758
00:36:33,200 --> 00:36:36,400
Speaker 1: It makes you wonder is there a deeper understanding in

759
00:36:36,440 --> 00:36:38,600
Speaker 1: which it had to be this way? Right? Is it

760
00:36:38,680 --> 00:36:40,719
Speaker 1: just arbitrary and random and we live in a multiverse

761
00:36:40,719 --> 00:36:42,760
Speaker 1: and it's one of a bajillion and there's no reason

762
00:36:42,800 --> 00:36:44,960
Speaker 1: for it. I don't like that idea. I think it's

763
00:36:45,000 --> 00:36:47,880
Speaker 1: a clue that there's something deeper going on. There's another

764
00:36:47,920 --> 00:36:49,799
Speaker 1: way to think about the way the universe works that

765
00:36:49,920 --> 00:36:52,920
Speaker 1: requires it to be this this thing that's weird to us.

766
00:36:53,320 --> 00:36:55,640
Speaker 1: And those are the moments of insight. That's when when

767
00:36:55,680 --> 00:36:58,439
Speaker 1: your intuition is confronted by reality and you realize, ooh,

768
00:36:58,520 --> 00:37:01,040
Speaker 1: here's a clue that reality is quite different from my intuition.

769
00:37:01,360 --> 00:37:02,880
Speaker 1: Those are learning moments, right.

770
00:37:02,800 --> 00:37:06,040
Speaker 4: Yeah, No, definitely, I have a lot more respect. Now

771
00:37:06,080 --> 00:37:08,160
Speaker 4: for the week furs. I mean, it's so weird and

772
00:37:08,680 --> 00:37:11,480
Speaker 4: breaks all these laws. I feel like you just upgraded

773
00:37:11,520 --> 00:37:14,960
Speaker 4: it from Ringo to George Harrison, you know what I mean?

774
00:37:15,600 --> 00:37:17,879
Speaker 1: Like, there you go. So now we should be called

775
00:37:17,880 --> 00:37:18,879
Speaker 1: the well respected ya.

776
00:37:19,080 --> 00:37:22,880
Speaker 4: Yesh, there you go, well respected, well liked. Interesting.

777
00:37:23,200 --> 00:37:25,360
Speaker 1: They should speak with a stuffy British accent.

778
00:37:26,080 --> 00:37:28,920
Speaker 4: Well, let's get into now whether we even need the

779
00:37:28,960 --> 00:37:31,879
Speaker 4: weak force or why is it important? But first let's

780
00:37:31,880 --> 00:37:32,720
Speaker 4: take a quick break.

781
00:37:37,080 --> 00:37:38,879
Speaker 1: When you pop a piece of cheese into your mouth

782
00:37:39,000 --> 00:37:42,120
Speaker 1: or enjoy a rich spoonful of Greek yogurt, you're probably

783
00:37:42,200 --> 00:37:46,200
Speaker 1: not thinking about the environmental impact of each and every bite.

784
00:37:46,239 --> 00:37:48,880
Speaker 1: But the people in the dairy industry are US. Dairy

785
00:37:48,920 --> 00:37:53,200
Speaker 1: has set themselves some ambitious sustainability goals, including being greenhouse

786
00:37:53,239 --> 00:37:55,799
Speaker 1: gas neutral by twenty to fifty. That's why they're working

787
00:37:55,840 --> 00:37:58,160
Speaker 1: hard every day to find new ways to reduce waste,

788
00:37:58,239 --> 00:38:02,479
Speaker 1: conserve natural resources, and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. Take water,

789
00:38:02,520 --> 00:38:06,120
Speaker 1: for example, most dairy farms reuse water up to four times.

790
00:38:06,160 --> 00:38:09,520
Speaker 1: The same water cools the milk, cleans equipment, washes the barn,

791
00:38:09,640 --> 00:38:13,320
Speaker 1: and irrigates the crops. How is us dairy Tackling greenhouse gases,

792
00:38:13,400 --> 00:38:16,399
Speaker 1: Many farms use anaerobic digestors that turn the methane from

793
00:38:16,400 --> 00:38:19,799
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794
00:38:19,840 --> 00:38:22,080
Speaker 1: electric cars. So the next time you grab a slice

795
00:38:22,080 --> 00:38:23,960
Speaker 1: of pizza or lick an ice cream cone, know that

796
00:38:24,040 --> 00:38:26,680
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797
00:38:26,800 --> 00:38:30,560
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798
00:38:30,560 --> 00:38:33,239
Speaker 1: products we love with less of an impact. Visit us

799
00:38:33,320 --> 00:38:35,839
Speaker 1: dairy dot com slash sustainability to learn more.

800
00:38:36,040 --> 00:38:39,680
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815
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823
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Speaker 4: All right, let's get into why we need the week Force?

824
00:40:02,040 --> 00:40:04,320
Speaker 4: Do we even need it? Like, well, there's two questions,

825
00:40:04,320 --> 00:40:06,919
Speaker 4: I think practically, So practically, first of all, what would

826
00:40:06,920 --> 00:40:09,320
Speaker 4: happen if we didn't have the week Force? We still

827
00:40:09,360 --> 00:40:13,719
Speaker 4: be here? And the second why is it important to physics?

828
00:40:13,920 --> 00:40:16,640
Speaker 1: Yeah, so that's a fun hypothetical question, like if you

829
00:40:17,000 --> 00:40:20,359
Speaker 1: deleted a lot of physics, what would happen? Right, Well,

830
00:40:20,400 --> 00:40:24,400
Speaker 1: obviously everything would be different, you know. Yeah, Well, you

831
00:40:24,400 --> 00:40:27,080
Speaker 1: wouldn't have radioactive decay, right for example, you wouldn't have

832
00:40:27,120 --> 00:40:29,959
Speaker 1: beta decay. And the week force is important to making

833
00:40:30,000 --> 00:40:32,320
Speaker 1: things happen in the center of suns and the structure

834
00:40:32,320 --> 00:40:34,400
Speaker 1: of the atom is partially controlled by the weak force,

835
00:40:35,000 --> 00:40:36,480
Speaker 1: and so so everything would be there.

836
00:40:36,520 --> 00:40:39,760
Speaker 4: So if we took it out, if we eliminated Ringo

837
00:40:39,800 --> 00:40:42,200
Speaker 4: Star from the Beatles, what would happen to my atoms?

838
00:40:42,200 --> 00:40:45,400
Speaker 4: Like would I just dissolve, would I explode? Would I

839
00:40:45,440 --> 00:40:47,560
Speaker 4: feel just a little heavier? Or what would happen?

840
00:40:48,960 --> 00:40:51,239
Speaker 1: Well, it depends. Are you talking about starting from the

841
00:40:51,280 --> 00:40:53,759
Speaker 1: beginning of the universe never having the week force or

842
00:40:53,800 --> 00:40:56,120
Speaker 1: having the current universe and then just turning it off.

843
00:40:56,360 --> 00:40:59,360
Speaker 4: Let's do the second one first, So flip the switch,

844
00:40:59,520 --> 00:41:01,760
Speaker 4: the week four just quit goes away. What happens.

845
00:41:01,920 --> 00:41:04,640
Speaker 1: My first caveat is it's impossible. It doesn't make any

846
00:41:04,680 --> 00:41:06,399
Speaker 1: sense for reasons we'll talk about it in a minute.

847
00:41:06,440 --> 00:41:08,400
Speaker 1: Because it turns out the weak force is just entangled

848
00:41:08,400 --> 00:41:10,000
Speaker 1: with everything else and you can't get rid of it

849
00:41:10,080 --> 00:41:12,920
Speaker 1: right the way. You can't just fire your drummer, and

850
00:41:13,000 --> 00:41:15,120
Speaker 1: the universe wouldn't make any sense if you did that.

851
00:41:15,520 --> 00:41:18,759
Speaker 1: But say you just turn that off. Somehow, somehow you're

852
00:41:18,800 --> 00:41:20,920
Speaker 1: able to get to the control panel of the universe

853
00:41:21,160 --> 00:41:23,400
Speaker 1: and turn off the weak force. What would happen. I

854
00:41:23,400 --> 00:41:26,680
Speaker 1: don't think you would feel it immediately. I think we

855
00:41:26,760 --> 00:41:30,520
Speaker 1: would never interact with neutrinos again, right, Neutrinos would just

856
00:41:30,520 --> 00:41:33,719
Speaker 1: become invisible, becoming decoupled. No, no to interact with them.

857
00:41:33,719 --> 00:41:37,000
Speaker 1: But yeah, no big lassoever really feel nutrinos. It'd be

858
00:41:37,000 --> 00:41:40,640
Speaker 1: harder to run nuclear reactors, and fission wouldn't work the

859
00:41:40,719 --> 00:41:43,040
Speaker 1: same way, so we'd have to re engineer all that.

860
00:41:43,120 --> 00:41:45,840
Speaker 1: But again, you know, not everybody's a big fan of

861
00:41:45,880 --> 00:41:47,800
Speaker 1: nuclear power. The structure of the atom would be a

862
00:41:47,800 --> 00:41:50,120
Speaker 1: little bit different, right, I mean, it certainly plays a

863
00:41:50,200 --> 00:41:52,920
Speaker 1: role in how the nucleus is held together and how

864
00:41:52,920 --> 00:41:55,200
Speaker 1: it gets broken up. So that's a good deep question.

865
00:41:55,280 --> 00:41:57,480
Speaker 1: I'm not sure the answer of how it changes structure

866
00:41:57,480 --> 00:41:59,080
Speaker 1: of the atom, But mostly I think you could just

867
00:41:59,320 --> 00:42:01,960
Speaker 1: totally ignore it eutrinos that were already mostly ignoring.

868
00:42:03,160 --> 00:42:06,000
Speaker 4: All right, So then what's the other answer that if

869
00:42:06,040 --> 00:42:10,000
Speaker 4: we started off the universe without the weak force, would

870
00:42:10,040 --> 00:42:11,840
Speaker 4: we end up in the same spot.

871
00:42:12,120 --> 00:42:14,080
Speaker 1: Yeah, that's a great question. I think I have to

872
00:42:14,080 --> 00:42:16,359
Speaker 1: deflect that question because I don't think the universe makes

873
00:42:16,360 --> 00:42:19,400
Speaker 1: any sense without the weak force. And the reason is

874
00:42:19,400 --> 00:42:21,000
Speaker 1: that it turns out the weak force is not its

875
00:42:21,000 --> 00:42:24,360
Speaker 1: own thing. It's not like a completely separate thing that

876
00:42:24,360 --> 00:42:26,880
Speaker 1: we're like right now, we don't understand any connection between

877
00:42:27,000 --> 00:42:31,200
Speaker 1: gravity and electromagnetism. They seem like totally different phenomena with

878
00:42:31,760 --> 00:42:34,960
Speaker 1: no relationship. Turns out the weak force is not its

879
00:42:35,000 --> 00:42:39,640
Speaker 1: own thing. It's actually part of electromagnetism, or said more correctly,

880
00:42:39,960 --> 00:42:43,960
Speaker 1: the weak force and electromagnetism are part of one larger force.

881
00:42:44,080 --> 00:42:46,160
Speaker 4: I've heard that before, that the weak force and the

882
00:42:46,239 --> 00:42:49,719
Speaker 4: electromagnetic force are actually just one What does that mean?

883
00:42:50,040 --> 00:42:54,200
Speaker 4: They're actually the same particles, but they behave differently, or

884
00:42:54,239 --> 00:42:57,319
Speaker 4: they're all like different flavors of the same particles. What

885
00:42:57,360 --> 00:42:57,839
Speaker 4: does that mean?

886
00:42:58,040 --> 00:43:00,399
Speaker 1: It means that they're all different parts of the same thing.

887
00:43:00,440 --> 00:43:02,800
Speaker 1: There are like different sides of the same coin. And

888
00:43:02,840 --> 00:43:05,160
Speaker 1: I think a more intuitive analogy to help you get

889
00:43:05,160 --> 00:43:09,040
Speaker 1: there is to think about electricity and magnetism. Like one

890
00:43:09,120 --> 00:43:11,759
Speaker 1: hundred and fifty years ago, people thought electricity, oh, that's

891
00:43:11,760 --> 00:43:14,440
Speaker 1: the thing with that zaps you. Magnetism, that's the thing

892
00:43:14,480 --> 00:43:17,279
Speaker 1: that lets magnets fly or magnets work right, And they

893
00:43:17,280 --> 00:43:20,640
Speaker 1: thought they were totally separate. And it wasn't until Maxwell

894
00:43:20,800 --> 00:43:23,600
Speaker 1: wrote down Maxwell's equations and he realized, hold on a second,

895
00:43:24,040 --> 00:43:26,760
Speaker 1: the laws that government electricity and the laws that governed

896
00:43:26,760 --> 00:43:29,440
Speaker 1: magnetism are basically the same thing when you write them

897
00:43:29,440 --> 00:43:34,480
Speaker 1: down mathematically. And you know, magnets can create currents and

898
00:43:34,560 --> 00:43:37,680
Speaker 1: currents can create magnets. So it turns out that there's

899
00:43:37,719 --> 00:43:41,920
Speaker 1: just one force electromagnetism, and we had artificially separated into two.

900
00:43:42,000 --> 00:43:45,440
Speaker 1: We were just categorizing the different parts of it separately

901
00:43:45,640 --> 00:43:48,359
Speaker 1: and had recognized that it makes much more sense when

902
00:43:48,360 --> 00:43:50,799
Speaker 1: they're connected. So we said, okay, let's just call this

903
00:43:50,840 --> 00:43:52,520
Speaker 1: one force electromagnetism.

904
00:43:52,840 --> 00:43:56,360
Speaker 4: Right, So it's like the same force. It just sometimes

905
00:43:56,600 --> 00:44:00,319
Speaker 4: acts to create currents inside of wires and some times

906
00:44:00,360 --> 00:44:03,799
Speaker 4: it acts to repel magnets apart, but it's the same thing.

907
00:44:03,920 --> 00:44:07,560
Speaker 1: You're just one guy. Sometimes you're happy, sometimes you're grumpy, right, Like,

908
00:44:07,560 --> 00:44:09,719
Speaker 1: are you a different person when you're grumpy? I mean,

909
00:44:10,000 --> 00:44:12,160
Speaker 1: some people might say so, but I know deep down

910
00:44:12,200 --> 00:44:14,839
Speaker 1: you're really the same person, And so it makes much

911
00:44:14,840 --> 00:44:16,880
Speaker 1: more sense to say, oh, this is different sides of

912
00:44:16,920 --> 00:44:20,280
Speaker 1: somebody's personality. This is two different aspects of the same.

913
00:44:20,080 --> 00:44:24,480
Speaker 4: Thing sometimes like different feelings of it or different behaviors

914
00:44:24,480 --> 00:44:24,680
Speaker 4: of it.

915
00:44:24,840 --> 00:44:28,800
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. And what we've discovered is that the photon

916
00:44:29,239 --> 00:44:32,440
Speaker 1: and the W and the z bosons are all just

917
00:44:32,520 --> 00:44:35,600
Speaker 1: parts of one force that we called the electroweak force.

918
00:44:35,800 --> 00:44:37,920
Speaker 1: And you notice what happened there is that we merged

919
00:44:38,000 --> 00:44:41,960
Speaker 1: electricity and magnetism into electromagnetism. Then we added the weak force,

920
00:44:41,960 --> 00:44:44,640
Speaker 1: and like magnetism just kind of got squeezed out. It

921
00:44:44,680 --> 00:44:47,239
Speaker 1: should have been called the like electromagnetic weak force or

922
00:44:47,280 --> 00:44:52,120
Speaker 1: something like magnetic force or magneti weak force right through electricity.

923
00:44:52,760 --> 00:44:56,719
Speaker 4: Whatchromagnetic is how I would have maybe called it. So

924
00:44:56,760 --> 00:45:00,960
Speaker 4: you're saying then that electrons and the the W and

925
00:45:01,000 --> 00:45:04,799
Speaker 4: the z bosons, they're all those are different, but they're

926
00:45:04,800 --> 00:45:06,840
Speaker 4: also of carriers of the same force.

927
00:45:07,120 --> 00:45:09,839
Speaker 1: Yeah, there's one larger, more complex force. So we call

928
00:45:09,840 --> 00:45:13,680
Speaker 1: it electroweek and it has four carriers, the photon, the

929
00:45:13,719 --> 00:45:17,239
Speaker 1: two ws, and the z and has four carriers to it.

930
00:45:17,280 --> 00:45:19,359
Speaker 4: Does the weak force have like charge, you know how

931
00:45:19,400 --> 00:45:23,560
Speaker 4: we talked about electromaticism has charge and the strong force

932
00:45:23,640 --> 00:45:25,520
Speaker 4: has color color.

933
00:45:25,360 --> 00:45:27,920
Speaker 1: Right, and the weak force has its own thing. It's

934
00:45:27,960 --> 00:45:32,600
Speaker 1: called weak hypercharge, which is like a contradictory branding a

935
00:45:32,680 --> 00:45:39,200
Speaker 1: great name, I know, super awesome, not that awesome charge.

936
00:45:39,640 --> 00:45:43,439
Speaker 1: It's kind of confusing. It has weak hypercharge, and then

937
00:45:43,560 --> 00:45:48,719
Speaker 1: together the combined electroweak force has something called weak isospin,

938
00:45:49,040 --> 00:45:52,200
Speaker 1: which has nothing to do with spin. So it's a

939
00:45:52,200 --> 00:45:55,400
Speaker 1: big mess, and it comes from a historical naming accident.

940
00:45:55,440 --> 00:45:57,440
Speaker 4: Really, the main lesson is just that they can be

941
00:45:57,480 --> 00:46:00,640
Speaker 4: described by sort of the same what is it terms

942
00:46:00,640 --> 00:46:02,399
Speaker 4: in the equations of the universe kind.

943
00:46:02,320 --> 00:46:05,600
Speaker 1: Of yeah, exactly they have. The mathematics is very similar.

944
00:46:05,800 --> 00:46:08,920
Speaker 1: And in fact, when people were looking at that, they noticed, like,

945
00:46:08,960 --> 00:46:12,280
Speaker 1: these things are so similar, But why does the photon

946
00:46:12,360 --> 00:46:14,560
Speaker 1: have no mass and these other particles have a lot

947
00:46:14,600 --> 00:46:18,759
Speaker 1: of mass? Right, Like, that's why electricity and magnetism seem

948
00:46:18,880 --> 00:46:20,960
Speaker 1: so different from the rest of the force, because this

949
00:46:21,120 --> 00:46:24,279
Speaker 1: one particle, the photon, has no mass, but the other

950
00:46:24,320 --> 00:46:26,279
Speaker 1: ones have a lot of mass. So that was a

951
00:46:26,320 --> 00:46:29,640
Speaker 1: big puzzle like fifty years ago, and that's the puzzle

952
00:46:29,960 --> 00:46:33,200
Speaker 1: that inspired Higgs himself to think up the Higgs boson.

953
00:46:33,360 --> 00:46:36,440
Speaker 1: He said, well, maybe there's this other particle out there,

954
00:46:36,440 --> 00:46:39,600
Speaker 1: this other field and it's interacting with these bosons and

955
00:46:39,640 --> 00:46:41,560
Speaker 1: it's giving them mass, and it came up with a

956
00:46:41,600 --> 00:46:44,560
Speaker 1: really clever mathematical way to make that happen, to give

957
00:46:44,680 --> 00:46:47,080
Speaker 1: mass to just these particles and not to the photon.

958
00:46:47,200 --> 00:46:49,799
Speaker 4: So I think the conclusion of all it is then,

959
00:46:50,080 --> 00:46:53,960
Speaker 4: is that the weak fours. It's there. It's kind of

960
00:46:54,000 --> 00:46:56,280
Speaker 4: like the conjoined twin of electromagnetism.

961
00:46:56,360 --> 00:46:56,520
Speaker 1: Right.

962
00:46:56,960 --> 00:46:58,200
Speaker 4: It's not its own thing, that's.

963
00:46:58,120 --> 00:46:59,880
Speaker 1: Right, Yeah, exactly, And.

964
00:47:00,200 --> 00:47:03,719
Speaker 4: It's not very consequential in the universe, meaning that you

965
00:47:03,719 --> 00:47:06,480
Speaker 4: can take it away, but we wouldn't instantly feel it.

966
00:47:06,960 --> 00:47:09,520
Speaker 4: But it's sort of necessary, right, It's part of the universe,

967
00:47:09,520 --> 00:47:11,160
Speaker 4: and in fact, it kind of gave us a lot

968
00:47:11,200 --> 00:47:14,160
Speaker 4: of clues about the universe, including the Higgs boson.

969
00:47:14,320 --> 00:47:16,000
Speaker 1: That's right. And you can sort of blame it on

970
00:47:16,040 --> 00:47:18,400
Speaker 1: the Higgs, right. The Higgs is the reason that the

971
00:47:18,480 --> 00:47:20,799
Speaker 1: W and Z have so much mass, and that's why

972
00:47:20,840 --> 00:47:22,960
Speaker 1: it's so weak. So if it wasn't for the Higgs

973
00:47:22,960 --> 00:47:25,239
Speaker 1: holding it down, the weak force would have had a

974
00:47:25,360 --> 00:47:26,600
Speaker 1: much different career.

975
00:47:26,360 --> 00:47:28,080
Speaker 4: Arc Maybe we should call it the I hate the

976
00:47:28,160 --> 00:47:36,000
Speaker 4: Higgs force exactly mental state than the weak force.

977
00:47:36,320 --> 00:47:39,600
Speaker 1: Yeah, but there's like, you know, many Nobel prizes have

978
00:47:39,640 --> 00:47:43,279
Speaker 1: been won along the route to understanding this, Understanding that

979
00:47:43,520 --> 00:47:47,760
Speaker 1: electricity and magnetism are together with the weak force, understanding

980
00:47:47,800 --> 00:47:50,480
Speaker 1: the Higgs mechanism, all this stuff. These are a lot

981
00:47:50,480 --> 00:47:54,680
Speaker 1: of really important ideas. All of really complex mathematical machinery

982
00:47:54,800 --> 00:47:58,120
Speaker 1: was developed just to understand this. And it's really beautiful

983
00:47:58,120 --> 00:48:00,400
Speaker 1: when you learn that, because it shows you how the

984
00:48:00,480 --> 00:48:04,080
Speaker 1: structure of these theories really are deeply mathematical. Now, how

985
00:48:04,160 --> 00:48:06,879
Speaker 1: much mathematics really reveals the way the.

986
00:48:06,920 --> 00:48:09,680
Speaker 4: Universe works, all right, ending on a note of beauty,

987
00:48:09,920 --> 00:48:10,640
Speaker 4: that's pretty cool.

988
00:48:12,000 --> 00:48:13,719
Speaker 1: Yeah, And so for those of you interested in learning

989
00:48:13,760 --> 00:48:15,640
Speaker 1: more about it, or encourage you to get a little

990
00:48:15,640 --> 00:48:17,759
Speaker 1: bit into the group theory because it connects for you

991
00:48:18,160 --> 00:48:21,160
Speaker 1: the symmetry of these things with the idea of particles

992
00:48:21,239 --> 00:48:23,719
Speaker 1: carrying these forces and why it has to be that way.

993
00:48:23,840 --> 00:48:26,040
Speaker 1: It's really deep and fascinating and we should dive into

994
00:48:26,239 --> 00:48:27,560
Speaker 1: on another podcast episode.

995
00:48:27,640 --> 00:48:29,600
Speaker 4: All right. Thanks for joining us. I hope you enjoyed that.

996
00:48:30,120 --> 00:48:31,080
Speaker 4: We'll see you next time.

997
00:48:31,320 --> 00:48:33,640
Speaker 1: Thanks for tuning in. I hope it wasn't a weak episode.

998
00:48:33,800 --> 00:48:35,480
Speaker 4: I hope that had a forceful impact on you.

999
00:48:43,320 --> 00:48:45,640
Speaker 1: If you still have a question after listening to all

1000
00:48:45,640 --> 00:48:48,880
Speaker 1: these explanations. Please drop us a line. We'd love to

1001
00:48:48,920 --> 00:48:51,360
Speaker 1: hear from you. You can find us at Facebook, Twitter,

1002
00:48:51,400 --> 00:48:55,080
Speaker 1: and Instagram at Daniel and Jorge That's one Word, or

1003
00:48:55,200 --> 00:48:59,840
Speaker 1: email us at Feedback at Danielandhorge dot com. Thanks for listening.

1004
00:49:00,120 --> 00:49:02,799
Speaker 1: Remember that Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe is a

1005
00:49:02,840 --> 00:49:07,400
Speaker 1: production of iHeartRadio. For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit the

1006
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