WEBVTT - How Black Holes Work 0:00:01.120 --> 0:00:04.280 Welcome to you Stuff you Should Know from House Stuff 0:00:04.320 --> 0:00:12.760 Works dot com. Hey, and welcome to the podcast. I'm 0:00:12.840 --> 0:00:16.200 Josh Clark. There's Charles W. Chuck Bryant. You put the 0:00:16.239 --> 0:00:18.560 two of us together in front a couple of microphones 0:00:18.600 --> 0:00:23.040 in an alarmingly red room. You have stuff you should 0:00:23.040 --> 0:00:29.160 know the podcast. That's right, the podcast, the one and only. Yes, 0:00:29.960 --> 0:00:33.040 not Catholic Stuff you should know. Is it still around? 0:00:33.200 --> 0:00:35.720 I don't know, but they need to do penance for that. 0:00:35.840 --> 0:00:38.600 There's a guy on YouTube too that has a little 0:00:38.720 --> 0:00:44.200 um video series called stuff you should Know that. Um, 0:00:44.280 --> 0:00:46.680 that's copyright infringement. I don't know. I think he's been 0:00:46.760 --> 0:00:51.800 dealt with. Actually is Yeah, that's what happens. And it's 0:00:51.800 --> 0:00:53.920 not about thick stuff you should know. I mean, it's 0:00:53.960 --> 0:00:56.600 really I don't know why you called it that. It's weird. 0:00:57.560 --> 0:01:01.480 What's it about? Just go watch it? Everybody out there 0:01:01.680 --> 0:01:06.399 watch it, right, We're just gonna boost him to fame. Huh. Um, Chuck, 0:01:07.319 --> 0:01:11.080 have you ever seen a black hole? Um? No, no 0:01:11.440 --> 0:01:13.640 you haven't, and you know why because no one has. 0:01:13.800 --> 0:01:17.320 They're invisible. As a matter of fact, we can't even 0:01:17.319 --> 0:01:22.840 say that they are real. If you're an empiricist and 0:01:22.920 --> 0:01:27.200 empiricism if you forgot your philosophy. One oh one is 0:01:27.240 --> 0:01:31.640 the idea that nothing exists unless you can detect it 0:01:31.680 --> 0:01:35.000 with your senses one or all of the five senses. 0:01:35.040 --> 0:01:38.959 Do you know who champion that I'm just asking? Let's 0:01:38.959 --> 0:01:41.760 say Bacon. Okay. I thought you were gonna say Decart, 0:01:41.880 --> 0:01:44.680 but I don't think so. No. Deck Cartes was more 0:01:44.720 --> 0:01:49.640 into himself. He talked a lot about the eye. Yeah. Yeah, Um, 0:01:49.760 --> 0:01:53.080 I'm gonna say, Sir Francis Bacon, all right, Okay, I'm 0:01:53.120 --> 0:01:57.120 probably totally wrong, but not love Bacon. Empirically speaking, black 0:01:57.160 --> 0:01:59.960 holes don't exist because we can't detect them. We can't 0:02:00.040 --> 0:02:02.160 hear him, although I have heard that they do make 0:02:02.200 --> 0:02:05.680 a sound. Yeah, and I have. Morgan Freeman said that 0:02:06.760 --> 0:02:09.760 we can probably hear them before we could see them. 0:02:09.919 --> 0:02:11.959 The reason we can't see them. So let's just say, 0:02:11.960 --> 0:02:16.160 if you are um part of hearing or deaf, okay, 0:02:17.600 --> 0:02:23.239 and you can't taste, yeah, and you can't touch you, 0:02:23.520 --> 0:02:25.560 you have no sensations. It's just your eyes that you 0:02:25.600 --> 0:02:29.040 rely on. Black holes will probably never exist to you. 0:02:29.440 --> 0:02:34.079 Got you? That's my inter that's good, Thank you. This 0:02:34.120 --> 0:02:36.320 one melted my brain a little, have to admit I 0:02:36.360 --> 0:02:38.960 was expecting a brain melt. But I thought Fred and Rick, 0:02:39.440 --> 0:02:41.680 Fred and Rich. We've never figured out how to pronounce 0:02:41.720 --> 0:02:45.799 his name. Let's go Rich, the only um writer that 0:02:45.919 --> 0:02:48.320 how stuff works with a PhD. That's what they toss him, 0:02:48.360 --> 0:02:51.040 ones like how black holes work. He I thought he 0:02:51.080 --> 0:02:53.880 did a decent job. I think it's a high time 0:02:53.880 --> 0:02:57.720 we get our honorary PhD. Where would you want yours from? 0:02:57.919 --> 0:03:02.800 I don't know, some I don't know. Maybe Georgia. Okay, 0:03:03.520 --> 0:03:06.320 why not I take a doctorate from Georgia that I 0:03:06.360 --> 0:03:09.200 didn't have to lift a finger for. Okay, well we 0:03:09.320 --> 0:03:11.040 just put the call up. My dad got a doctor 0:03:11.080 --> 0:03:14.040 from Georgia. Yeah, but he got a real one. Yeah. Sure, 0:03:14.120 --> 0:03:15.720 he had to write the whole thesis and all that stuff. 0:03:15.720 --> 0:03:18.440 Do you ever call him doctor? Uh No, but that's 0:03:18.440 --> 0:03:20.239 what he You know, he went by the whole time, 0:03:20.360 --> 0:03:23.959 Dr Bryant. If you got an honorary doctor, you could 0:03:24.040 --> 0:03:26.760 do that whole um spies like us thing with your 0:03:26.840 --> 0:03:33.919 dad doctor doctor. Yeah. Yeah, we're really stalling on this one. 0:03:34.720 --> 0:03:37.600 Don't want to talk about black all right, I'm gonna 0:03:37.640 --> 0:03:41.320 kick it all off, all right, So black holes we 0:03:41.360 --> 0:03:45.040 don't know that they exist for certain, although yes we do. 0:03:45.280 --> 0:03:47.880 You can't see him, I guess, is ultimately what I'm saying. 0:03:48.480 --> 0:03:52.600 But um, there was a real lag in between the 0:03:52.600 --> 0:03:56.520 time that they were predicted to exist, um, before we 0:03:56.560 --> 0:03:59.080 started figuring out how to detect them, and we detect 0:03:59.160 --> 0:04:02.720 them indirectly. Sure, but um, A lot of people say 0:04:02.720 --> 0:04:06.440 Einstein was the first one to predict black holes. Not true. Yeah, 0:04:06.520 --> 0:04:11.440 this blew me away. Oh yeah, this dude, yeah, pretty smart. 0:04:11.920 --> 0:04:17.799 Uh what's his name? Pierre Simon Laplace? And he used 0:04:17.839 --> 0:04:21.240 Newton's theory of gravity and he said he calculated, you know, 0:04:21.320 --> 0:04:25.400 if there's an object compressed small enough, um, the escape 0:04:25.480 --> 0:04:27.680 velocity of that object would be faster than the speed 0:04:27.680 --> 0:04:30.280 of light. And he was like right on the money, Yeah, 0:04:30.279 --> 0:04:34.480 which means that nothing can escape this, including light. Yeah, 0:04:34.520 --> 0:04:37.240 because if light can't escape it's the fastest thing around, 0:04:37.960 --> 0:04:40.400 then nothing can. Yeah. I guess we should just say 0:04:40.440 --> 0:04:42.880 simply straight up. First of all, I still haven't even 0:04:42.880 --> 0:04:46.279 said what it is. Yeah, it is what remains after 0:04:46.400 --> 0:04:52.359 a former star um collapses upon itself, after Gordon Webb 0:04:52.480 --> 0:04:57.240 collapses upon himself, either by super nova, which is a 0:04:57.279 --> 0:05:02.159 little more um explosive. I understand it's dramatic um or. 0:05:02.400 --> 0:05:04.800 I just learned this term and nova. Have you heard 0:05:04.839 --> 0:05:06.599 of that? No, I haven't. I think that's newer on 0:05:06.640 --> 0:05:10.760 the scene, and that is a little a little more anticlimactic. 0:05:10.800 --> 0:05:13.719 And that's when a star will just sort of disappear. 0:05:14.400 --> 0:05:16.480 It's not a big explosion. It just kind of shrinks 0:05:16.520 --> 0:05:21.480 and collapses. It's like the credit Garbo of black Holes exactly. So, 0:05:21.680 --> 0:05:25.080 uh yeah. Or an un nova. I've not heard of 0:05:25.080 --> 0:05:28.160 that one. I watched through the Wormhole today and there 0:05:28.200 --> 0:05:31.440 was a guy just going on and on about the unknova. Yeah. Yeah, 0:05:31.600 --> 0:05:36.240 He's like, seriously, they're so understated. It's okay. So, uh well, 0:05:36.360 --> 0:05:38.280 let's let's just give a quick primer of what a 0:05:38.360 --> 0:05:41.720 star is. The star is essentially a big fusion reactor, right, 0:05:41.760 --> 0:05:44.719 So there's nuclear explosion after nuclear explosion. It's constant and 0:05:44.720 --> 0:05:48.800 they're massive, and they want to blow the star, which 0:05:48.839 --> 0:05:52.520 is a ball of gas outward. But you have another 0:05:52.600 --> 0:05:55.800 force called gravity, which is trying to draw the star 0:05:55.920 --> 0:05:59.120 inward toward its center. So you have this interplay, this 0:05:59.240 --> 0:06:04.360 push and pull between nuclear explosion and gravity, and that 0:06:04.480 --> 0:06:09.800 defines the star. Yeah, the equilibrium between the two. Yeah, 0:06:09.839 --> 0:06:12.479 and as I understand it, as they have these reactions, 0:06:12.520 --> 0:06:16.880 they're actually burning up these gases in like a specific order, 0:06:16.920 --> 0:06:20.760 even until eventually there is none left. Is that right? Right? Yeah, 0:06:20.800 --> 0:06:22.920 Gravity is always gonna win out because the star is 0:06:22.960 --> 0:06:26.240 going to spend its fuel, right, Okay, So when the 0:06:26.279 --> 0:06:29.320 star spends its fuel, gravity, it's like, ha ha, I 0:06:29.400 --> 0:06:31.320 got the better of you, and I'm going to start 0:06:31.360 --> 0:06:34.760 pulling in like I've always wanted to. And it compresses everything. 0:06:35.120 --> 0:06:37.760 And then in the case of a supernova, the supernova 0:06:37.800 --> 0:06:41.440 happens that explosion, right, Yeah, it sends stuff all out 0:06:41.480 --> 0:06:44.400 all over the place, and then what's left is a core, 0:06:45.000 --> 0:06:48.640 but it's a super compressed core, which is fairly small, 0:06:48.680 --> 0:06:51.440 the most dense thing you can imagine. Right. So, our 0:06:51.480 --> 0:06:54.880 Earth has a gravitational field. It's a pretty massive body. 0:06:54.920 --> 0:06:58.040 Comparatively speaking, it's a speck, but to you and me, 0:06:58.200 --> 0:07:00.680 it's pretty big, and it's big enough so that the 0:07:00.720 --> 0:07:04.839 gravitational field prevents it from from being sucked inward. Right. 0:07:05.400 --> 0:07:08.560 But if the Earth were smaller, the gravitational field will 0:07:08.600 --> 0:07:12.120 get stronger and stronger because the more dense something is 0:07:12.640 --> 0:07:16.200 and the smaller it's radius. As I believe, is how 0:07:16.200 --> 0:07:20.880 they put it. Astrophysically speaking, the stronger the force of 0:07:20.920 --> 0:07:24.480 gravity acting on that. So the gravitational field around that 0:07:24.600 --> 0:07:29.240 small object, like the core of a dead star um 0:07:29.400 --> 0:07:33.520 is incredibly strong. Right. So you've got that core and 0:07:33.560 --> 0:07:36.440 this gravitational feel acting on it, and gravity just keeps 0:07:36.480 --> 0:07:41.160 pressing and pressing and pressing until the thing actually sinks 0:07:41.880 --> 0:07:44.680 into the fabric of time and space. And my friend, 0:07:45.240 --> 0:07:47.520 you have a black hole. Now do you have a 0:07:47.520 --> 0:07:50.560 hole in the fabric of time and space? Yeah, you 0:07:50.600 --> 0:07:53.600 can't see into it. You can't send anything into it 0:07:53.720 --> 0:07:56.960 to report back. Well, yeah, that's the caveat. You can 0:07:57.000 --> 0:07:59.640 send whatever you want into it. It ain't it ain't 0:07:59.640 --> 0:08:02.720 coming back. It will. It will swallow anything that crosses 0:08:03.000 --> 0:08:07.040 the event horizon like mouth. Yeah, it's like the rim, right, 0:08:08.840 --> 0:08:11.800 but it doesn't. Just like, uh, this thing I read 0:08:11.840 --> 0:08:13.800 and we need to give a shout out to Hubble 0:08:13.880 --> 0:08:17.440 Hubble site, hubble site dot org. They have this great 0:08:17.440 --> 0:08:21.280 interactive thing on black holes. It's just really extensive. That's 0:08:21.280 --> 0:08:23.200 where you fly through space. Yeah, it's very cool. It's 0:08:23.200 --> 0:08:26.680 pretty cool. Uh So they what's important to point out 0:08:26.720 --> 0:08:28.280 because I thought it was just like this vacuum that 0:08:28.320 --> 0:08:32.440 just sucked everything, you know, sucked everything inside of it 0:08:32.480 --> 0:08:35.280 and like killed it. Yeah, it dejects stuff even well, 0:08:35.280 --> 0:08:38.520 it ejects stuff, but it also doesn't suck anything into 0:08:38.559 --> 0:08:44.040 itself anymore so than anything else in space with similar mass. Yeah, 0:08:44.240 --> 0:08:48.240 like vacuum cleaner. Right, Yeah, exactly. Like if we weren't 0:08:48.280 --> 0:08:51.040 going so fast around the Sun, we could potentially be 0:08:51.120 --> 0:08:53.880 pulled into the Sun, but because we're going around it 0:08:54.080 --> 0:08:56.839 like I think sixty seven thousand miles per hour, it 0:08:56.920 --> 0:08:59.960 prevents it from happening. And theoretically, if you could go 0:09:00.120 --> 0:09:03.480 super super fast around in an orbit around a black hole, 0:09:03.480 --> 0:09:05.800 you wouldn't get sucked in either, but you'd have to 0:09:05.840 --> 0:09:08.360 be in a perfect orbit. Okay, if you're off at all, 0:09:08.400 --> 0:09:12.920 then bye bye. Okay, So you mentioned the event horizon, right, Um, 0:09:12.960 --> 0:09:16.320 that core, that super compressed core is called the singularity. Yeah, 0:09:16.360 --> 0:09:18.960 we don't know a lot about that um, and black 0:09:19.000 --> 0:09:23.360 hole has a lot of really cool quirky UM aspects 0:09:23.400 --> 0:09:25.960 to it. Number one one quirky. One thing I learned 0:09:26.000 --> 0:09:27.920 about this that I didn't realize is that black holes 0:09:27.960 --> 0:09:31.480 like move around space. Yeah, so, like you have a 0:09:31.520 --> 0:09:36.000 hole in space, the fabric of space and time. Because 0:09:36.080 --> 0:09:41.240 time and space are totally intertwined, they can't be separated. Um, 0:09:41.280 --> 0:09:44.400 that's moving around, right, and there could be lots of them, right, 0:09:45.280 --> 0:09:51.000 So yeah, depending on the kind. Um, there's probably tens 0:09:51.000 --> 0:09:55.679 of millions of ones called stellar black holes, which are 0:09:55.679 --> 0:09:58.800 about anywhere between ten to twenty four times the mass 0:09:58.840 --> 0:10:01.840 of our Sun. And then there's super massive black holes, 0:10:01.880 --> 0:10:05.600 which are tens of millions to billions of times more 0:10:05.679 --> 0:10:08.200 massive than our Sun. And they think that there may 0:10:08.240 --> 0:10:11.520 be one of those at the center of every galaxy. Yeah, 0:10:11.559 --> 0:10:12.800 and at the very least at the center of the 0:10:12.880 --> 0:10:17.360 Milky Way. Right. So the other quirky part, this is 0:10:17.480 --> 0:10:21.439 my favorite thing about about black holes, is so gravity, 0:10:22.720 --> 0:10:25.920 if it's strong enough, it has the capability of bending 0:10:26.000 --> 0:10:30.520 space that pulls on space spacetime. Yes, because space and 0:10:30.520 --> 0:10:32.760 time are intertwined, that means it also pulls on time. 0:10:32.840 --> 0:10:36.480 So if you get close to a black hole, um, 0:10:36.520 --> 0:10:38.080 and I think we talked about this a little bit 0:10:38.080 --> 0:10:41.200 in the time travel episode. Uh, as you get closer 0:10:41.360 --> 0:10:45.920 to the event horizon, they drag on time will actually 0:10:45.960 --> 0:10:49.840 slow time for you relative to say the people back 0:10:49.840 --> 0:10:53.360 here on Earth because at the event horizon, the reason 0:10:53.400 --> 0:10:55.600 they call it an event horizon. Is an event is 0:10:55.600 --> 0:10:58.360 a point in space time and as you get closer 0:10:58.400 --> 0:11:01.320 to the event horizons, time slow until you hit the 0:11:01.360 --> 0:11:06.520 event horizon and time stands still. You're going faster than 0:11:06.559 --> 0:11:09.720 the speed of light. And once you pass that, there's 0:11:09.840 --> 0:11:14.440 there's time to stops. That's a pretty quirky characteristic. The 0:11:14.559 --> 0:11:18.080 quirkiest great word for it. Yeah. Uh. The event horizon 0:11:18.120 --> 0:11:22.760 has a radius called the schwartz Field swatch Child radius. 0:11:23.800 --> 0:11:28.199 Sorry about that, And it's name for Carl Schwartzchild and 0:11:28.320 --> 0:11:32.000 he was one of the early leading theorists on black holes. 0:11:32.559 --> 0:11:36.400 And I think the radius, I believe where don't have 0:11:36.400 --> 0:11:39.240 that note if the Earth where to become a black hole. 0:11:39.280 --> 0:11:41.120 I think the radius is the size of a marble. 0:11:41.640 --> 0:11:44.360 That's what you'd have to shrink the Earth down to. Yeah, 0:11:45.280 --> 0:11:47.800 pretty cool and very small. It's mind blowing. It is 0:11:47.800 --> 0:11:53.000 mind blowing. Um. And I think they the supermassive black 0:11:53.040 --> 0:11:56.560 holes like the supernovas have only I think they happen 0:11:56.640 --> 0:11:59.120 like once or twice per century. It's like we haven't 0:11:59.160 --> 0:12:02.480 observed one of these because it's too far away and 0:12:02.520 --> 0:12:05.400 it's too intermittent. Huh. But I think they're on the 0:12:05.400 --> 0:12:08.040 lookout and like the next time there is one, hopefully 0:12:08.080 --> 0:12:11.600 it's within the range that we can see or here 0:12:12.320 --> 0:12:16.120 and the dude on through the wormholes. Like we wouldn't 0:12:16.120 --> 0:12:18.920 sleep for weeks if that happened, Like we'd be running 0:12:18.960 --> 0:12:22.280 so many tests trying to measure and uh, you know, 0:12:22.360 --> 0:12:24.560 see how big it was and how far away it is. 0:12:24.640 --> 0:12:28.400 And so it's a bit of a quandary. Do you 0:12:28.400 --> 0:12:31.480 think it will happen anytime soon? I don't know. I 0:12:31.520 --> 0:12:34.400 don't know when the last one was. So we're you 0:12:34.480 --> 0:12:36.640 just mentioned the supermassive black hole, and they think that 0:12:36.640 --> 0:12:40.199 there's one at the center of every galaxy, right, um, 0:12:40.240 --> 0:12:43.240 And but there's there's kind of a mystery if black 0:12:43.240 --> 0:12:46.120 holes aren't mysterious enough, there's a mystery to like why 0:12:46.160 --> 0:12:49.040 there's such a huge difference in the two sizes the 0:12:49.080 --> 0:12:51.079 stellar black hole which is like ten to twenty four 0:12:51.120 --> 0:12:53.480 times our son, which, by the way, our son will 0:12:53.480 --> 0:12:56.360 never become a black hole on its own, it's too small. 0:12:57.120 --> 0:13:02.360 The that guy Simon Pierre Loss or Pierre Simon Lapasse, 0:13:02.640 --> 0:13:05.000 he calculated that it has to be three times the 0:13:05.080 --> 0:13:07.440 mass of our Sun, So our son is like a 0:13:07.520 --> 0:13:10.880 third of the mass right, so it will never become 0:13:10.880 --> 0:13:14.160 a black hole, but it could become a black hole 0:13:14.720 --> 0:13:17.680 if it becomes a neutron star, or even as a star, 0:13:17.920 --> 0:13:20.880 if it collides with another star, it can form a 0:13:20.920 --> 0:13:22.880 black hole. It can be sucked up by a black 0:13:22.880 --> 0:13:25.079 hole to make an even bigger black hole. And they 0:13:25.080 --> 0:13:27.559 think perhaps, or I suspect this is the way that 0:13:27.600 --> 0:13:30.280 they're headed. They think that a super massive black hole 0:13:30.400 --> 0:13:33.800 is just a bunch of black holes pushed together. Yeah, 0:13:33.800 --> 0:13:36.240 because I did read it. If they collide, they potentially 0:13:36.400 --> 0:13:39.080 would just like join forces. Yeah. And they think also 0:13:39.160 --> 0:13:42.760 that stars can collide and create bigger stars and bigger 0:13:42.760 --> 0:13:46.240 stars and bigger stars, and then when those die, they 0:13:46.240 --> 0:13:48.440 could on their own form a super massive black hole. 0:13:48.760 --> 0:13:52.360 But if it's at the center of a galaxy, probably 0:13:52.400 --> 0:13:54.200 what's going on. It's like if you have a sheet 0:13:54.480 --> 0:13:56.280 and you put a baseball in the middle. Remember we 0:13:56.280 --> 0:13:59.520 were talking about wormholes, It kind of bends the sheet. 0:13:59.679 --> 0:14:01.560 So if you drop a marble on the sheet, it's 0:14:01.559 --> 0:14:04.960 going to go towards the center. So what I think 0:14:05.040 --> 0:14:09.000 is going on is that there's this there's super massive 0:14:09.040 --> 0:14:10.520 black holes at the center of a galaxy, and it 0:14:10.640 --> 0:14:14.840 just eventually everything is moving toward that to form a 0:14:14.880 --> 0:14:17.280 huge black hole. Really, that's what I think is happening. 0:14:17.720 --> 0:14:22.560 So we're yeah, but not in our lifetime. Well, who 0:14:22.560 --> 0:14:25.400 cares about our children and their children? Yeah? I can't 0:14:25.400 --> 0:14:28.080 even conceive how far down there it is? Should we 0:14:28.120 --> 0:14:30.840 talk about? Um? The different too, A couple of two 0:14:30.840 --> 0:14:35.120 different types. UM, the Schwartz Child non rotating type, in 0:14:35.200 --> 0:14:40.440 the ker or ker Newman rotating type. UM. It's pretty simple. 0:14:40.800 --> 0:14:44.440 If the star was rotating before it collapsed upon itself, 0:14:44.880 --> 0:14:48.760 it will continue to rotate afterwards, for I guess as 0:14:48.760 --> 0:14:52.000 long as it's around, Is that right? Yeah? It's the 0:14:52.040 --> 0:14:58.240 angular conservation of angular momentum, where like if something spinning, 0:14:58.440 --> 0:15:00.360 why would it stop? I think it's how to put 0:15:00.600 --> 0:15:04.160 like an ice skater pretty much. Uh. And the curb 0:15:04.200 --> 0:15:06.680 black hole is a little more complex. Um. It has 0:15:06.720 --> 0:15:10.000 the singularity which we've talked about, the event horizon, which 0:15:10.000 --> 0:15:12.640 you've talked about but you don't want to go near. 0:15:13.560 --> 0:15:16.320 Did you see that movie? I love that movie. It's 0:15:16.320 --> 0:15:18.960 one of my favorite horror movies. I need to go 0:15:18.960 --> 0:15:21.280 back and rewatch it. You should because I remember liking 0:15:21.320 --> 0:15:23.000 it to a point and then not thinking it was 0:15:23.000 --> 0:15:28.680 so great, No you're thinking of yeah, okay, and never 0:15:28.840 --> 0:15:33.880 has a movie spectacularly fallen upon event horizon was Sam Neil, Right, yeah, okay, 0:15:34.760 --> 0:15:38.640 the class act he is, isn't he? Uh? And then 0:15:38.680 --> 0:15:42.760 there's the ergosphere and that is the UM egg shaped region. 0:15:43.160 --> 0:15:47.680 Basically that's the spinning part because it's dragging space around it, 0:15:47.760 --> 0:15:49.920 so it's gonna have the shape. And then the static 0:15:49.960 --> 0:15:52.400 limit is the boundary between the ergosphere and what they 0:15:52.400 --> 0:15:55.800 call normal space. So there was something in here that 0:15:55.920 --> 0:16:00.320 UM and I couldn't find this time, but before I've 0:16:00.400 --> 0:16:03.960 found that a car ring, right, the rotating black hole. 0:16:04.680 --> 0:16:10.040 UM doesn't have a singularity because the centrifugal force combats 0:16:10.080 --> 0:16:13.680 gravity enough so that the core can't be compressed enough 0:16:13.720 --> 0:16:16.080 to form a singularity, which is the whole reason why 0:16:16.160 --> 0:16:19.680 they think that that could potentially be used as a 0:16:19.680 --> 0:16:23.480 wormhole to travel through time bridge perhaps because with the 0:16:23.520 --> 0:16:29.520 singularity you have spaghettification, which is a real word, right, Um. 0:16:29.520 --> 0:16:31.880 Where As you get closer and closer to it, gravity 0:16:31.920 --> 0:16:35.200 just pulls you on an atomic and cellular level and 0:16:35.280 --> 0:16:42.120 stretches you into like this dead string version of yourself. Right, 0:16:42.200 --> 0:16:46.200 But the centrifugal force prevents gravity from becoming that powerful 0:16:46.240 --> 0:16:49.000 around the carrying, which supposedly you should be able to 0:16:49.040 --> 0:16:53.440 go through it. Is that your theory? No, No, I've 0:16:53.480 --> 0:16:55.320 seen it elsewhere. I'm just saying, I don't know that 0:16:55.640 --> 0:17:00.840 caring or care black hole has a singularity. Dispute that, Okay, 0:17:00.880 --> 0:17:03.960 I got you. Um, And I think that the schwartz 0:17:04.040 --> 0:17:06.960 Child black hole does not have the ergosphere of the 0:17:06.960 --> 0:17:09.080 static limit. Is that right? Yeah? I don't think so, 0:17:09.240 --> 0:17:11.439 just the singularity in the event horizon. Yeah, the swarts 0:17:11.520 --> 0:17:13.040 Child one is the one that you think of when 0:17:13.040 --> 0:17:16.520 you think of a black hole. Oh, isn't Huh. It's 0:17:16.520 --> 0:17:18.479 just like a black hole. It's got a singularity, it's 0:17:18.520 --> 0:17:22.639 got the event horizon. Can escape caring, light can escape, 0:17:22.680 --> 0:17:25.320 and things can become injected, and if you get up 0:17:25.400 --> 0:17:29.199 enough speed you could pass by it as long as 0:17:29.240 --> 0:17:32.000 you don't cross the event horizon. Man, there's so many 0:17:32.080 --> 0:17:35.399 rules I know. And plus it's all theoretical too, or 0:17:35.440 --> 0:17:37.800 not all theoretical, but a lot of it is because 0:17:37.880 --> 0:17:40.280 if you could only see. Yeah, we don't even know 0:17:40.359 --> 0:17:45.280 that black holes exist, what we do? Um, but we 0:17:45.320 --> 0:17:50.200 can detect them in a few different ways. Is that right? Uh? Three? 0:17:50.200 --> 0:17:55.520 Ways mass um mass estimates. So basically you can't necessarily 0:17:55.560 --> 0:17:58.520 measure a black hole, but you can study the things 0:17:58.520 --> 0:18:01.760 swirling around it. Get some idea from that about like 0:18:01.800 --> 0:18:05.200 how big it is. Yeah, it's Kepler's third law of 0:18:06.240 --> 0:18:11.680 planetary motion appropriately enough, and that it says that the 0:18:11.760 --> 0:18:18.119 time of orbit squared equals the average orbital radius cube, 0:18:18.680 --> 0:18:22.359 which somehow translates to mass. But basically, if you watch 0:18:22.480 --> 0:18:25.520 something spinning, first of all, you have to say, why 0:18:25.600 --> 0:18:29.840 is that thing orbiting something that we can't see? Yeah, 0:18:30.160 --> 0:18:33.840 is why is it wobbling? Right? If it's wobbling and um, 0:18:34.840 --> 0:18:41.280 if if you can, if you trace its orbit and um, 0:18:41.880 --> 0:18:46.080 take that to the second power square it. Uh, if 0:18:46.119 --> 0:18:48.560 that equals the mass of three times or more of 0:18:48.560 --> 0:18:51.680 the Sun, then you probably have a black hole. You've 0:18:51.680 --> 0:18:54.280 probably detected a black hole that's in the vicinity of 0:18:54.280 --> 0:18:57.000 that thing that you're tracking. So basically, this thing is 0:18:57.040 --> 0:18:59.199 acting like it's near a black hole and there's no 0:18:59.280 --> 0:19:02.760 other reason, right, we can pinpoint, so it must be 0:19:02.800 --> 0:19:08.680 a black hole. Yes, is simple enough gravity lens Uh. 0:19:08.960 --> 0:19:13.280 Einstein predicted that you could be in space. Pretty smart dude, 0:19:13.720 --> 0:19:17.080 and he actually confirmed this. Actually did he confirm it. No. 0:19:17.320 --> 0:19:21.760 He basically theory of general relativity and special reality. He 0:19:21.880 --> 0:19:24.680 just made a bunch of predictions that was like, you guys, 0:19:24.720 --> 0:19:26.399 go out and figure it out, and everybody did and 0:19:26.480 --> 0:19:29.720 if he was proven right, so it was confirmed during 0:19:29.720 --> 0:19:34.040 a solar eclipse, star's position was measured before, during, and afterward, 0:19:34.480 --> 0:19:40.720 and the position shifted because light was bent by Sun's gravity. Yeah, 0:19:40.760 --> 0:19:42.639 pretty amazing. It was like here I am here, you 0:19:42.680 --> 0:19:48.720 am here, I am And another um effect that a 0:19:48.720 --> 0:19:51.399 black hole can have as far as lights concerned, as um, 0:19:51.440 --> 0:19:55.760 it can concentrate light by bending it by that gravitational lens. 0:19:55.800 --> 0:19:57.959 So a star can become brighter all of a sudden, 0:19:58.640 --> 0:20:02.760 And when you can't see what's doing that, you must 0:20:02.760 --> 0:20:05.560 assume that a black hole passed in between your line 0:20:05.560 --> 0:20:09.240 of sight and the star, sort of like a eclipse, 0:20:09.640 --> 0:20:13.640 right all right? And then uh, emitted radiation. This one 0:20:13.640 --> 0:20:16.760 makes a lot of sense because it emits um X 0:20:16.840 --> 0:20:20.800 rays because of the heat generated when something falls into 0:20:20.800 --> 0:20:23.760 the star. And you can actually measure and detect these 0:20:23.920 --> 0:20:27.720 X rays, right, So, and that's just X rays camera 0:20:27.800 --> 0:20:31.960 rays too, apparently. Yeah, but this this stuff, it's called 0:20:31.960 --> 0:20:34.960 acretion where if something is swirling around a black hole 0:20:35.000 --> 0:20:37.600 and it goes in or it's sucked into the swirl 0:20:37.640 --> 0:20:42.520 around a black hole towards the event horizon through gravity. Um. 0:20:42.600 --> 0:20:46.800 That's called acretion. And what I don't understand. I didn't 0:20:46.800 --> 0:20:49.760 think black holes spit anything out like I thought they 0:20:49.760 --> 0:20:53.120 were the cosmic vacuum cleaner too. But it turns out 0:20:53.160 --> 0:20:55.280 they can spit out matter, and when they do, they 0:20:55.320 --> 0:20:59.120 form these things called jets. So if you see a 0:20:59.320 --> 0:21:02.600 solar system um or um a galaxy and there's a 0:21:02.600 --> 0:21:07.800 lot of matter flying out in these concentrated forms called jets, 0:21:08.320 --> 0:21:12.080 there's probably a black holder. All right, Well, I went 0:21:12.119 --> 0:21:14.160 to the Hubble site and picked out a few questions 0:21:14.400 --> 0:21:18.199 about black holes that are I think helped clear up 0:21:18.240 --> 0:21:20.720 a few things at least did for me. Do black 0:21:20.720 --> 0:21:27.959 holes live forever? I'm going to say yes. No. Uh, 0:21:28.080 --> 0:21:31.320 we used to think that actually, so you were thinking 0:21:31.320 --> 0:21:34.840 with your nineteen three brain. Stephen Hawkin came along in 0:21:34.880 --> 0:21:39.840 nineteen sev and uh showed that they actually evaporate over 0:21:39.920 --> 0:21:44.000 time really slowly and just sort of emit their energy 0:21:44.000 --> 0:21:49.720 back into the universe. I'm just kind of sweet, I guess, yeah, yeah, 0:21:49.760 --> 0:21:53.240 But I don't understand how like the core burns out 0:21:53.359 --> 0:21:55.760 or the core breaks up. I don't know. He just 0:21:55.800 --> 0:22:00.520 said they slowly evaporate, And who am I to argue, Um, 0:22:00.680 --> 0:22:03.440 how large are they? The size and event horizon is 0:22:03.480 --> 0:22:06.520 proportional to the mass of the black hole, and so 0:22:06.640 --> 0:22:11.280 they found them, um with event horizons from six miles 0:22:11.720 --> 0:22:14.280 to the size of our entire solar system. So yeah, 0:22:14.520 --> 0:22:17.280 big big differences in size, like you were talking about. Yeah, Um, 0:22:17.440 --> 0:22:20.199 I can't remember the name of the the galaxy, but 0:22:20.240 --> 0:22:23.439 there's a galaxy that's like the size of our solar 0:22:23.480 --> 0:22:26.600 system at the center, but it has a mass of 0:22:26.680 --> 0:22:29.080 like one point two billion times in size of our Sun. 0:22:29.600 --> 0:22:31.880 So they're like, okay, there's probably a black hole there. 0:22:32.359 --> 0:22:34.879 This is when my brain starts melting. It's like, you 0:22:34.880 --> 0:22:36.960 can't even can see I can't even conceive this stuff. 0:22:37.040 --> 0:22:40.200 I know. We're like just we're talking about like the 0:22:40.320 --> 0:22:45.080 layman's interpretation of you know, the stuff, Like we're not 0:22:45.119 --> 0:22:47.240 even throwing numbers out there. Yeah. I don't mean, I 0:22:47.240 --> 0:22:49.320 don't feel too bad because the more I researched it, 0:22:49.359 --> 0:22:51.240 the more I saw a lot of really smart people 0:22:51.280 --> 0:22:55.119 saying like this is mind blowing stuff, you know, So 0:22:55.119 --> 0:22:58.040 I'm not that big of a dummy. What types are there? 0:22:58.560 --> 0:23:01.200 I think we already said super massive or stellar maps. 0:23:02.240 --> 0:23:05.960 Can you safely orbit of black hole? You can if you, 0:23:06.200 --> 0:23:08.800 like I said, I was gonna say, now if you 0:23:08.920 --> 0:23:13.440 get in the exact right circular orbit, but it's very 0:23:13.680 --> 0:23:16.359 unlikely that that would happen. But once you the event horizon, 0:23:16.440 --> 0:23:20.720 that's that toast. Uh. And then what is inside a 0:23:20.760 --> 0:23:23.280 black hole? Because we cannot glimpse inside of it, we 0:23:23.280 --> 0:23:26.640 don't know for sure, but they think that the singularity 0:23:26.680 --> 0:23:29.080 is like they think everything is piled up in the center, 0:23:30.080 --> 0:23:32.000 like just stacked up, like whatever it's sucking in is 0:23:32.040 --> 0:23:36.080 stacked up at the center. But to understand it fully, um, 0:23:36.119 --> 0:23:39.760 they're having to marry basically two different um parts of science, 0:23:39.760 --> 0:23:43.520