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When you pop 10 00:00:29,320 --> 00:00:31,240 Speaker 1: a piece of cheese into your mouth, you're probably not 11 00:00:31,360 --> 00:00:34,280 Speaker 1: thinking about the environmental impact. But the people in the 12 00:00:34,360 --> 00:00:37,680 Speaker 1: dairy industry are. That's why they're working hard every day 13 00:00:37,720 --> 00:00:40,760 Speaker 1: to find new ways to reduce waste, conserve natural resources, 14 00:00:40,800 --> 00:00:44,360 Speaker 1: and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. How is US Dairy 15 00:00:44,400 --> 00:00:48,520 Speaker 1: tackling greenhouse gases? Many farms use anaerobic digesters to turn 16 00:00:48,560 --> 00:00:53,080 Speaker 1: the methane from manure into renewable energy that can power farms, towns, 17 00:00:53,120 --> 00:00:57,200 Speaker 1: and electric cars. Visit us dairy dot COM's Last Sustainability 18 00:00:57,280 --> 00:00:58,000 Speaker 1: to learn more. 19 00:01:00,200 --> 00:01:03,440 Speaker 2: And friends and families walking riding on passing the roads 20 00:01:03,440 --> 00:01:05,800 Speaker 2: every day. Remember they're real people with loved ones who 21 00:01:05,880 --> 00:01:08,240 Speaker 2: need them to get home safely. Protect our cyclists and 22 00:01:08,280 --> 00:01:11,560 Speaker 2: pedestrians because they're people too, Go safely. California from the 23 00:01:11,560 --> 00:01:14,200 Speaker 2: California Office of Traffic Safety and Caltrans. 24 00:01:20,480 --> 00:01:23,240 Speaker 3: Hey, Daniel, what would you sacrifice for the sake of 25 00:01:23,319 --> 00:01:25,320 Speaker 3: a big scientific discovery? 26 00:01:25,640 --> 00:01:28,279 Speaker 1: Ooh, that's a good question. I would give up something juicy. 27 00:01:28,360 --> 00:01:32,200 Speaker 1: I don't know, weekends, evenings, maybe, like I don't know, 28 00:01:32,240 --> 00:01:34,360 Speaker 1: a pinky toe. I'd probably give up a pinky toe. 29 00:01:34,480 --> 00:01:37,760 Speaker 3: Really, you wouldn't sacrifice your life for science. You wouldn't 30 00:01:37,800 --> 00:01:39,959 Speaker 3: risk your life for a big breakthrough. 31 00:01:40,240 --> 00:01:42,800 Speaker 1: I would love to reveal something deep about the universe, 32 00:01:42,880 --> 00:01:44,959 Speaker 1: but I'd like to live to see it. You know, 33 00:01:45,000 --> 00:01:47,360 Speaker 1: I don't think. I don't think scientific breakthroughs are worth 34 00:01:47,400 --> 00:01:48,440 Speaker 1: sacrificing your life. 35 00:01:49,280 --> 00:01:51,920 Speaker 3: Well, you know, some of history's most famous scientists, like 36 00:01:52,160 --> 00:01:55,600 Speaker 3: Mary Currie, died to make their prize winning discoveries. 37 00:01:55,840 --> 00:01:57,960 Speaker 1: That's true, and I'm pretty impressed. Though, I wonder if 38 00:01:58,000 --> 00:02:01,400 Speaker 1: she really understood, like in advance, how dangerous that research 39 00:02:01,440 --> 00:02:04,240 Speaker 1: she was doing actually was. But let me turn the 40 00:02:04,280 --> 00:02:06,280 Speaker 1: table on you. Are you willing to risk your life 41 00:02:06,320 --> 00:02:08,600 Speaker 1: or something like a really tasty snack? 42 00:02:09,919 --> 00:02:11,200 Speaker 3: How tasty are we talking about. 43 00:02:13,040 --> 00:02:17,280 Speaker 1: We're talking long yellow and comes naturally wrapped in its 44 00:02:17,320 --> 00:02:19,160 Speaker 1: own in its own packaging. 45 00:02:19,440 --> 00:02:21,080 Speaker 3: Oh man, are snacks deadly? 46 00:02:21,200 --> 00:02:21,359 Speaker 4: Now? 47 00:02:21,360 --> 00:02:22,280 Speaker 3: What are you talking about? 48 00:02:22,480 --> 00:02:24,239 Speaker 1: Well, I'm sorry to be the one to tell you, 49 00:02:24,280 --> 00:02:28,680 Speaker 1: but there's something in common between Madame Currie's research in 50 00:02:28,720 --> 00:02:29,880 Speaker 1: your favorite snack. 51 00:02:31,280 --> 00:02:33,160 Speaker 3: Have you heard the joke of what did Pier three 52 00:02:33,200 --> 00:02:34,000 Speaker 3: tell Mary Cury? 53 00:02:34,720 --> 00:02:36,840 Speaker 1: Now? What did Pierre Currie tell Mary Cury? 54 00:02:37,120 --> 00:02:39,519 Speaker 3: He said, My dear, you are positively glowing tonight. 55 00:02:41,600 --> 00:02:42,679 Speaker 1: You look radiant. 56 00:02:43,680 --> 00:03:05,280 Speaker 3: Oh man. I am Jorge. I'm a cartoonist and the 57 00:03:05,320 --> 00:03:07,200 Speaker 3: creator of PhD Comics. 58 00:03:07,360 --> 00:03:10,040 Speaker 1: I'm Daniel, I'm a particle physicist. 59 00:03:09,680 --> 00:03:11,600 Speaker 3: And together we're the authors of the book We Have 60 00:03:11,680 --> 00:03:14,640 Speaker 3: No Idea and the host of this podcast, Daniel and 61 00:03:14,680 --> 00:03:19,000 Speaker 3: Jorge Explain the Universe, a production of iHeartRadio. 62 00:03:18,320 --> 00:03:20,320 Speaker 1: In which we look at things in the universe that 63 00:03:20,520 --> 00:03:24,519 Speaker 1: make sense or don't make sense, or are slightly confusing 64 00:03:24,600 --> 00:03:26,880 Speaker 1: or very confusing, and break them down for you to 65 00:03:26,880 --> 00:03:29,160 Speaker 1: make sure we understand what's actually going on. 66 00:03:29,639 --> 00:03:31,920 Speaker 3: That's right, all the amazing things in the universe that 67 00:03:32,160 --> 00:03:36,240 Speaker 3: will astound you and amaze you and possibly also kill you. 68 00:03:36,560 --> 00:03:40,640 Speaker 1: Or save your life. Sometimes there are good sides to 69 00:03:40,760 --> 00:03:42,400 Speaker 1: things that sound dangerous. 70 00:03:42,920 --> 00:03:44,520 Speaker 3: Yeah, like bananas. 71 00:03:45,320 --> 00:03:49,360 Speaker 1: Like bananas. Yes, bananas are a double edged snack exactly 72 00:03:49,560 --> 00:03:51,240 Speaker 1: as we'll get into on this podcast. 73 00:03:51,520 --> 00:03:53,440 Speaker 3: You mean like you eat them and they're delicious, but 74 00:03:53,440 --> 00:03:56,760 Speaker 3: then the peel you can slip on and die. 75 00:03:57,000 --> 00:03:59,480 Speaker 1: Well, I assume that you're always wearing safety gear when 76 00:03:59,480 --> 00:04:00,680 Speaker 1: you need a banana, right. 77 00:04:01,400 --> 00:04:03,800 Speaker 3: Yeah, banana slipproof shoes. 78 00:04:04,400 --> 00:04:06,080 Speaker 1: No, I'm talking about a helmet. If you have a helmet, 79 00:04:06,080 --> 00:04:07,400 Speaker 1: I'll want you to a banana. Then you know it's 80 00:04:07,440 --> 00:04:07,920 Speaker 1: a big deal. 81 00:04:08,040 --> 00:04:13,400 Speaker 3: Oh, I see, I see. Today on the podcast, we're 82 00:04:13,440 --> 00:04:16,760 Speaker 3: tackling a subject that a couple of people asses online, 83 00:04:17,080 --> 00:04:18,960 Speaker 3: but which is kind of a big deal. It's in 84 00:04:19,080 --> 00:04:21,840 Speaker 3: our everyday lives. We use it all the time, and 85 00:04:21,880 --> 00:04:25,680 Speaker 3: it can be both dangerous and can also save your 86 00:04:25,680 --> 00:04:26,680 Speaker 3: life at the same time. 87 00:04:26,760 --> 00:04:28,800 Speaker 1: It's something you hear about a lot in science and 88 00:04:28,960 --> 00:04:32,200 Speaker 1: science fiction. It's something that's vaguely mysterious and I think 89 00:04:32,560 --> 00:04:35,479 Speaker 1: has suffered from a bad PR campaign. It definitely I 90 00:04:35,480 --> 00:04:38,400 Speaker 1: think is associated with something bad. But as we want 91 00:04:38,440 --> 00:04:41,039 Speaker 1: to show you on today's podcast, there's two sides to 92 00:04:41,120 --> 00:04:41,839 Speaker 1: every particle. 93 00:04:42,080 --> 00:04:49,960 Speaker 3: So today on the podcast, we'll be talking about radiation. 94 00:04:50,400 --> 00:04:51,800 Speaker 3: Is it good for you? Is it bad for you? 95 00:04:52,279 --> 00:04:55,159 Speaker 1: Spicy? Mild? What is radiation anyway? 96 00:04:55,480 --> 00:04:59,240 Speaker 3: Is it fizzle when you eat it? It tastes like bananas? 97 00:04:59,640 --> 00:05:02,040 Speaker 1: Right? That are those canes they put on your tongue? 98 00:05:02,040 --> 00:05:04,279 Speaker 1: Are those actually radioactive? Right? No? 99 00:05:04,360 --> 00:05:06,480 Speaker 3: I think you're right. I think radiation sort of has 100 00:05:06,480 --> 00:05:09,400 Speaker 3: a bad name in society, right, Like nobody thinks radiation 101 00:05:09,600 --> 00:05:11,640 Speaker 3: and things. Oh, I could use some of that. 102 00:05:13,320 --> 00:05:16,080 Speaker 1: Exactly. Oh, where do I get some? Yeah? It definitely 103 00:05:16,200 --> 00:05:18,960 Speaker 1: is a boogeyman, right, It's definitely something that people are 104 00:05:19,000 --> 00:05:22,120 Speaker 1: afraid of, and I think the roots of it are 105 00:05:22,160 --> 00:05:24,919 Speaker 1: are they It's something that's sort of recently discovered, you know, 106 00:05:25,040 --> 00:05:28,640 Speaker 1: like our ancestors had no idea about radiation. It's something 107 00:05:28,680 --> 00:05:30,880 Speaker 1: that is a product of modern science. 108 00:05:31,720 --> 00:05:35,920 Speaker 3: Yeah, I mean it was sort of discovered not too 109 00:05:36,240 --> 00:05:38,480 Speaker 3: long ago, right, maybe one hundred years. 110 00:05:38,440 --> 00:05:40,400 Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. It's around the turn of the century, like 111 00:05:40,440 --> 00:05:43,840 Speaker 1: eight late eighteen hundreds, people started to discover X rays 112 00:05:43,880 --> 00:05:46,800 Speaker 1: and Catherine rays and all sorts of other kind of rays. 113 00:05:47,000 --> 00:05:48,440 Speaker 1: They didn't really know what it was. There was this 114 00:05:48,560 --> 00:05:52,800 Speaker 1: new mysterious thing. It was invisible. It could develop photographs, 115 00:05:53,080 --> 00:05:56,360 Speaker 1: you could see it on photographic film. Later they discovered 116 00:05:56,400 --> 00:05:59,599 Speaker 1: it could kill you, right, you could use it to 117 00:05:59,720 --> 00:06:03,000 Speaker 1: like pictures the inside of the body. It was mysterious 118 00:06:03,040 --> 00:06:06,359 Speaker 1: and weird, and so it's kind of new. 119 00:06:06,240 --> 00:06:08,640 Speaker 3: It's kind of it's powerful, right, it kind of violates 120 00:06:08,760 --> 00:06:09,880 Speaker 3: our every day intuition. 121 00:06:10,240 --> 00:06:14,760 Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. And I think that's part of the scariness 122 00:06:14,760 --> 00:06:16,919 Speaker 1: of it, is that it shows us that the world 123 00:06:17,000 --> 00:06:19,960 Speaker 1: is different from what we understood, and that there's this 124 00:06:20,160 --> 00:06:24,880 Speaker 1: untapped power, this untapped potential, which could be terribly dangerous. Right. 125 00:06:25,200 --> 00:06:28,200 Speaker 1: For me, radiation is like the classic Frankenstein thing, like 126 00:06:28,279 --> 00:06:31,120 Speaker 1: shows us that science has cracked open a whole new 127 00:06:31,160 --> 00:06:33,640 Speaker 1: world and it could go either way. Right, it could 128 00:06:33,680 --> 00:06:35,159 Speaker 1: help you, or it could hurt you. If you don't 129 00:06:35,200 --> 00:06:39,480 Speaker 1: understand what you're doing, it could lead to dangerous side effects. Yeah. 130 00:06:39,600 --> 00:06:41,560 Speaker 3: I feel like it's also cracked up in the world 131 00:06:41,640 --> 00:06:46,080 Speaker 3: of superheroes. You know, without radiation, you wouldn't have Spider Man, 132 00:06:46,160 --> 00:06:49,039 Speaker 3: you wouldn't have the Hulk, you wouldn't have Captain America. 133 00:06:49,160 --> 00:06:51,120 Speaker 1: Yeah, but I think that that just reflects that, right. 134 00:06:51,200 --> 00:06:53,359 Speaker 1: I think what you see in comic books are like 135 00:06:53,680 --> 00:06:57,280 Speaker 1: reflect what the population is thinking about, what they are 136 00:06:57,360 --> 00:07:00,560 Speaker 1: afraid of. Right, which is why red and played such 137 00:07:00,560 --> 00:07:02,520 Speaker 1: a big role, you know, Spider Man, as you said, 138 00:07:02,560 --> 00:07:05,080 Speaker 1: and Bruce Banner and all that stuff. And these days 139 00:07:05,080 --> 00:07:06,800 Speaker 1: it's more like you see a lot of ai kind 140 00:07:06,839 --> 00:07:09,200 Speaker 1: of stuff in comic books, like the villain is some 141 00:07:09,520 --> 00:07:12,440 Speaker 1: computer that's taking over the world or something. And so 142 00:07:12,720 --> 00:07:15,160 Speaker 1: maybe radiation has had its day as the as the 143 00:07:15,200 --> 00:07:16,119 Speaker 1: scientific villain. 144 00:07:16,400 --> 00:07:18,760 Speaker 3: But like you were saying, in society, we still think 145 00:07:18,800 --> 00:07:22,160 Speaker 3: of it as bad, right, Like nobody wants to get 146 00:07:22,200 --> 00:07:23,400 Speaker 3: any of that radiation. 147 00:07:23,200 --> 00:07:26,080 Speaker 1: That's right. I think if you say radiation, people think cancer, 148 00:07:26,560 --> 00:07:30,840 Speaker 1: or they think nuclear bombs, or you know, evil scientists 149 00:07:30,880 --> 00:07:33,400 Speaker 1: and lab coats cackling maniacally. 150 00:07:33,120 --> 00:07:35,920 Speaker 3: Right, not good things. But we're wondering, do you think 151 00:07:36,200 --> 00:07:40,560 Speaker 3: people really understand radiation? Like do they know what it is, 152 00:07:40,720 --> 00:07:42,920 Speaker 3: what it means, and is it all that bad? 153 00:07:43,320 --> 00:07:45,520 Speaker 1: All right? Where it comes from? Right, how to make it, 154 00:07:45,560 --> 00:07:49,160 Speaker 1: how to avoid it? Are you getting some right now? Yeah, 155 00:07:49,200 --> 00:07:52,800 Speaker 1: so we were wondering do people have an Yes, The 156 00:07:52,840 --> 00:07:58,160 Speaker 1: answer is yes, you are being radiated right now. You 157 00:07:58,240 --> 00:08:00,640 Speaker 1: listen to this podcast, right, and so you're you're getting 158 00:08:00,680 --> 00:08:02,080 Speaker 1: sonic radiation right now. 159 00:08:02,600 --> 00:08:05,080 Speaker 3: But I'm not just from our the brilliance of our 160 00:08:05,120 --> 00:08:09,280 Speaker 3: thoughts and words. But you are literally right now, Bavid 161 00:08:09,360 --> 00:08:13,040 Speaker 3: in radiation probably unless you're in a lead box somewhere, 162 00:08:13,040 --> 00:08:15,720 Speaker 3: in which case you probably have other problems. 163 00:08:17,160 --> 00:08:19,200 Speaker 1: Then we have to ask, yeah, what are you doing 164 00:08:19,200 --> 00:08:21,800 Speaker 1: in that lead box? What did you to deserve it? Right? 165 00:08:22,000 --> 00:08:23,200 Speaker 1: It's probably your fault. 166 00:08:23,440 --> 00:08:26,400 Speaker 3: Yeah, Well, as usual, we got curious, and so Daniel 167 00:08:26,440 --> 00:08:29,000 Speaker 3: went out into the street to ask people, random people 168 00:08:29,000 --> 00:08:31,080 Speaker 3: on the street, what is radiation? 169 00:08:31,520 --> 00:08:33,800 Speaker 1: That's right, And here's what people had to say. How 170 00:08:33,800 --> 00:08:37,200 Speaker 1: would you define or describe radiation? What is radiation? The 171 00:08:37,240 --> 00:08:39,480 Speaker 1: one form of radiation I know is like X ray 172 00:08:39,920 --> 00:08:43,800 Speaker 1: they emit radiation and other other forms also, yeah, there's 173 00:08:43,840 --> 00:08:47,520 Speaker 1: like you we and other types. All right, cool, thanks 174 00:08:47,600 --> 00:08:48,720 Speaker 1: very much. What is radiation? 175 00:08:49,480 --> 00:08:52,719 Speaker 5: It's some kind of like some kind of force or 176 00:08:52,920 --> 00:08:56,480 Speaker 5: like chemical kind of that can like go through things 177 00:08:56,520 --> 00:08:59,600 Speaker 5: like in X rays, Like there's radiation, MRIs, there's radiations. 178 00:09:00,120 --> 00:09:01,760 Speaker 1: It goes through things. 179 00:09:02,240 --> 00:09:06,120 Speaker 6: Well, radiation is bad, I think if you absorb it. 180 00:09:06,200 --> 00:09:09,320 Speaker 6: But isn't radiation just like the splitting off of or 181 00:09:09,360 --> 00:09:12,200 Speaker 6: like the breaking apart of like particles and atoms, and 182 00:09:12,280 --> 00:09:16,840 Speaker 6: so they become like like isn't that kind of like 183 00:09:16,920 --> 00:09:18,160 Speaker 6: related to free radicals or. 184 00:09:18,160 --> 00:09:19,600 Speaker 1: Something, and what is radiation? 185 00:09:19,679 --> 00:09:22,040 Speaker 4: A little bit about it UV radio about radiation, but 186 00:09:22,080 --> 00:09:25,880 Speaker 4: specifically UV radiation, which causes diamontinge dimers, which is obviously 187 00:09:26,200 --> 00:09:29,520 Speaker 4: cause of skin cancer. So that's a major concern. But 188 00:09:29,520 --> 00:09:31,520 Speaker 4: then you have the ozone layer, which can block. 189 00:09:31,360 --> 00:09:34,880 Speaker 3: Some harmful radio radiation. Radiation is photon. 190 00:09:35,000 --> 00:09:39,240 Speaker 5: So no, well, I don't know, like it like gives 191 00:09:39,240 --> 00:09:40,960 Speaker 5: off like I don't know it comes from somewhere, but 192 00:09:41,000 --> 00:09:42,920 Speaker 5: I can give you cancer and stuff. 193 00:09:42,679 --> 00:09:44,240 Speaker 1: Like I don't know. Do you know what it's made 194 00:09:44,240 --> 00:09:46,320 Speaker 1: out of? Like, what is No, I don't know what 195 00:09:46,360 --> 00:09:46,839 Speaker 1: it's made out of? 196 00:09:47,280 --> 00:09:47,520 Speaker 5: Cool? 197 00:09:48,280 --> 00:09:49,200 Speaker 1: What is radiation? 198 00:09:49,440 --> 00:09:49,800 Speaker 6: I don't know. 199 00:09:50,080 --> 00:09:51,720 Speaker 3: I think that makes superheroes or something. 200 00:09:53,240 --> 00:09:53,520 Speaker 1: I don't know. 201 00:09:54,080 --> 00:09:54,559 Speaker 3: I don't know. 202 00:09:54,800 --> 00:09:57,880 Speaker 1: Is it good or it's bad? It's bad? Okay, all right, great, 203 00:09:58,360 --> 00:09:58,760 Speaker 1: all right? 204 00:09:58,840 --> 00:10:00,959 Speaker 3: So I like the person said that it's the thing 205 00:10:01,000 --> 00:10:05,240 Speaker 3: that makes superheroes. I was like, yes, there is something. 206 00:10:05,440 --> 00:10:08,680 Speaker 1: There's something good about radiation. It gives you superheroes exactly. 207 00:10:09,000 --> 00:10:10,199 Speaker 1: I mean that's what you should do. We should just 208 00:10:10,240 --> 00:10:12,120 Speaker 1: like take a bunch of our soldiers and radiate them 209 00:10:12,120 --> 00:10:12,959 Speaker 1: and see what happens. 210 00:10:13,800 --> 00:10:15,160 Speaker 3: Yet, no, let's not do that. 211 00:10:17,280 --> 00:10:19,559 Speaker 1: What could what could go wrong, right. 212 00:10:19,840 --> 00:10:21,920 Speaker 3: Yeah, what could go wrong? But a lot of people 213 00:10:22,080 --> 00:10:24,360 Speaker 3: just kind of immediately went with it that it's something bad. 214 00:10:24,760 --> 00:10:29,400 Speaker 1: Yeah, it's not good, definitely bad. Right, Radiation, Big Radiations 215 00:10:29,480 --> 00:10:31,840 Speaker 1: lobbying firm has a lot of work to do on 216 00:10:32,000 --> 00:10:33,720 Speaker 1: changing the public perception of radiation. 217 00:10:34,240 --> 00:10:37,439 Speaker 3: Oh, man, I wouldn't want that job. I work for 218 00:10:37,559 --> 00:10:38,280 Speaker 3: Big Radiation. 219 00:10:39,400 --> 00:10:40,520 Speaker 1: You know what they need to do is come up 220 00:10:40,520 --> 00:10:44,520 Speaker 1: with like a cute anthropomorphic character for radiation and have it, 221 00:10:44,640 --> 00:10:46,800 Speaker 1: you know, smile and bounce around the scream with a 222 00:10:46,800 --> 00:10:48,760 Speaker 1: little ditty playing in the background. 223 00:10:49,000 --> 00:10:51,160 Speaker 3: Like a cute little cancer cell or something. 224 00:10:51,600 --> 00:10:55,960 Speaker 1: Exactly cute, a cute little wave or a cute little particle. Maybe, Hi, 225 00:10:56,600 --> 00:10:58,880 Speaker 1: I'm a proton. I'm here to help to give you 226 00:10:58,960 --> 00:11:00,000 Speaker 1: cancer treatments. Right. 227 00:11:01,480 --> 00:11:03,679 Speaker 3: I don't know, but a lot of people just kind 228 00:11:03,679 --> 00:11:05,480 Speaker 3: of had the idea that it's some sort of energy, 229 00:11:05,679 --> 00:11:09,480 Speaker 3: some something that moves, the propagates, it goes through things. Right, 230 00:11:09,640 --> 00:11:10,840 Speaker 3: that's accurate. 231 00:11:10,960 --> 00:11:12,400 Speaker 1: Yeah, a lot of people were on the right track. 232 00:11:12,400 --> 00:11:13,600 Speaker 1: A lot of people were on the right track. They 233 00:11:13,600 --> 00:11:15,520 Speaker 1: thought it was bad. Some people didn't really know. Some 234 00:11:15,559 --> 00:11:18,440 Speaker 1: people listed an example of radiation, right, which is good, 235 00:11:18,720 --> 00:11:21,680 Speaker 1: totally solid I'd give them a solid it'd be on 236 00:11:21,720 --> 00:11:26,360 Speaker 1: that answer. And one of the guys who I asked 237 00:11:26,480 --> 00:11:30,079 Speaker 1: is actually a physics professor in my department. I cast 238 00:11:30,120 --> 00:11:32,560 Speaker 1: it on the street to ask them this question, and 239 00:11:32,679 --> 00:11:34,280 Speaker 1: I give a pretty good answer on the spot. So 240 00:11:35,120 --> 00:11:37,280 Speaker 1: I think we can break it down for people. What 241 00:11:37,520 --> 00:11:38,240 Speaker 1: is radiation? 242 00:11:38,800 --> 00:11:40,960 Speaker 3: Yeah, break it down for a stand and what is radiation? 243 00:11:45,120 --> 00:11:48,439 Speaker 1: Radiation most generally can either be a particle or a wave, 244 00:11:48,480 --> 00:11:52,000 Speaker 1: but it's basically just energy moving through space, right, So 245 00:11:52,559 --> 00:11:55,920 Speaker 1: it can be like photons, right, Like light is radiation. 246 00:11:56,240 --> 00:11:59,360 Speaker 1: You know, all kinds of light, from radio waves to 247 00:11:59,600 --> 00:12:02,920 Speaker 1: visible light, to X rays, to ultraviolet light, to gamma 248 00:12:02,960 --> 00:12:05,360 Speaker 1: rays we talked about in a previous podcast. Those are 249 00:12:05,400 --> 00:12:06,880 Speaker 1: all examples of radiation. 250 00:12:07,600 --> 00:12:10,360 Speaker 3: So basically light, you're saying, But like we covered in 251 00:12:10,360 --> 00:12:14,840 Speaker 3: a previous podcast, light of different frequencies have different names, 252 00:12:14,920 --> 00:12:16,800 Speaker 3: but it's basically all just light. 253 00:12:17,160 --> 00:12:20,079 Speaker 1: It's all light. Yeah, there's lots of different kinds of light, right, 254 00:12:20,080 --> 00:12:23,280 Speaker 1: which comes because they have different they wiggle at different speeds, right, 255 00:12:23,640 --> 00:12:26,040 Speaker 1: wiggle really really fast. The gamma rays that wiggle really 256 00:12:26,040 --> 00:12:28,520 Speaker 1: really slow. They're radio waves that wiggle. In the middle, 257 00:12:28,559 --> 00:12:32,520 Speaker 1: they're visible light and all light is radiation because it's 258 00:12:32,679 --> 00:12:35,160 Speaker 1: energy moving through space. Right, Like when the Sun makes 259 00:12:35,240 --> 00:12:38,480 Speaker 1: light and shines it on the Earth, it's irradiating the earth. 260 00:12:38,840 --> 00:12:41,160 Speaker 1: So next time you go out and like enjoy the 261 00:12:41,200 --> 00:12:45,760 Speaker 1: Sun's warmth, you are like absorbing radiation from the sun. Right, 262 00:12:45,800 --> 00:12:48,520 Speaker 1: And so every photon you absorb, every photon that hits 263 00:12:48,559 --> 00:12:50,800 Speaker 1: your eye technically is radiation. 264 00:12:50,720 --> 00:12:53,640 Speaker 3: But it's not a particular frequency range or it's not 265 00:12:53,679 --> 00:12:56,600 Speaker 3: a particular type of light. Like all light is considered radiation, 266 00:12:56,760 --> 00:12:59,200 Speaker 3: like the light bulb. And here in my house, in 267 00:12:59,240 --> 00:13:03,040 Speaker 3: my room, that that is emitting radiation that I'm receiving 268 00:13:03,080 --> 00:13:05,080 Speaker 3: and I'm using it to see that's right. 269 00:13:05,160 --> 00:13:07,280 Speaker 1: And here again we run into the same problem that 270 00:13:07,280 --> 00:13:09,280 Speaker 1: we run into like all the time in this podcast, 271 00:13:09,320 --> 00:13:13,600 Speaker 1: where we have a name that people use in language, radiation, 272 00:13:14,160 --> 00:13:16,439 Speaker 1: and then we have the physics term, right, which is 273 00:13:16,480 --> 00:13:20,840 Speaker 1: a technical definition. So the technical definition, like in science, 274 00:13:21,360 --> 00:13:24,600 Speaker 1: all light is radiation. Practically, when we you know, colloquially, 275 00:13:24,640 --> 00:13:27,960 Speaker 1: when we talk about radiation, what we mean is damaging radiation, 276 00:13:28,120 --> 00:13:32,959 Speaker 1: radiation that can hurt you, right, But technically light is radiation, right, 277 00:13:33,040 --> 00:13:35,840 Speaker 1: all light, visible light, the life, and the photons in 278 00:13:35,880 --> 00:13:38,800 Speaker 1: your room is also radiation. That's probably not what people 279 00:13:38,880 --> 00:13:42,000 Speaker 1: mean when they say radiation, but it technically it's true. 280 00:13:42,200 --> 00:13:43,960 Speaker 1: And you know, there are other things that are also radiation, 281 00:13:44,080 --> 00:13:48,440 Speaker 1: like sound. Sound waves is radiation. It's acoustic radiation. Right, 282 00:13:48,960 --> 00:13:52,079 Speaker 1: So I am talking to my microphone, I'm irradiating this microphone, 283 00:13:52,400 --> 00:13:54,959 Speaker 1: and then I'm irradiating your ears and you listener are 284 00:13:54,960 --> 00:13:58,520 Speaker 1: being irradiated by our sonic vibrations right now. Wow. 285 00:13:58,600 --> 00:14:01,720 Speaker 3: Okay, so that you're saying to physics technical definition, it's 286 00:14:01,760 --> 00:14:05,000 Speaker 3: really just anything that moves and propagates through space. 287 00:14:05,360 --> 00:14:08,280 Speaker 1: Yeah, anything that transfers energy. It can be particles, it 288 00:14:08,320 --> 00:14:10,880 Speaker 1: can be waves. Some things are particles slash waves slash 289 00:14:11,000 --> 00:14:13,920 Speaker 1: weird quantum mechanical things. We don't really understand. All that 290 00:14:13,960 --> 00:14:17,440 Speaker 1: stuff is radiation. So that includes you know, protons and 291 00:14:17,520 --> 00:14:22,280 Speaker 1: electrons and neutrons and alpha particles which are just helium nuclei. 292 00:14:22,880 --> 00:14:26,840 Speaker 1: It even includes things like gravitational radiation, right, like gravitational 293 00:14:26,880 --> 00:14:30,440 Speaker 1: waves that were detected recently by Lego, that big interfrometer 294 00:14:30,520 --> 00:14:32,920 Speaker 1: that saw the ripples in space and time when black 295 00:14:32,960 --> 00:14:35,120 Speaker 1: holes collided. That's radiation also. 296 00:14:35,400 --> 00:14:38,720 Speaker 3: So basically you're saying that anything that moves is radiation 297 00:14:39,120 --> 00:14:41,000 Speaker 3: if it does matter, if it has energy, if he 298 00:14:41,000 --> 00:14:46,000 Speaker 3: has no mass, Anything that moves through space is radiation. Like, yeah, 299 00:14:46,240 --> 00:14:49,560 Speaker 3: me walking down the hall, I'm radiating down the hall. 300 00:14:52,200 --> 00:14:54,200 Speaker 1: You know, I never thought of that, but yeah, you 301 00:14:54,280 --> 00:14:55,920 Speaker 1: are radiation, that's true. 302 00:14:57,200 --> 00:15:00,160 Speaker 3: I am a Superherodana ie it. 303 00:15:00,200 --> 00:15:02,680 Speaker 1: So radiation can't be all bad, right because it includes 304 00:15:03,000 --> 00:15:03,760 Speaker 1: nice people like you. 305 00:15:03,840 --> 00:15:07,960 Speaker 7: So there you go, there you go, case closed, case closed. 306 00:15:08,040 --> 00:15:09,280 Speaker 7: Radiation is not all bad. 307 00:15:10,080 --> 00:15:12,480 Speaker 1: Yeah. But so from a technical point of view, radiation 308 00:15:12,680 --> 00:15:16,480 Speaker 1: is everywhere, right, It's all around us. And you know, 309 00:15:16,560 --> 00:15:18,960 Speaker 1: sound is radiation, light is radiation, all this kind of stuff. 310 00:15:19,720 --> 00:15:22,400 Speaker 1: One person said, you know, radiation is a chemical or 311 00:15:22,400 --> 00:15:25,520 Speaker 1: it's a force, right, It's not. It's not really a 312 00:15:25,560 --> 00:15:30,320 Speaker 1: chemical or force. People do get treatment for cancer that's 313 00:15:30,360 --> 00:15:33,600 Speaker 1: called chemotherapy, and some people think that involves radiation. It 314 00:15:33,600 --> 00:15:37,680 Speaker 1: doesn't involves chemicals, which is quite it's called chemotherapy. So 315 00:15:37,760 --> 00:15:40,280 Speaker 1: radiation is not like a chemical you inject in your body. 316 00:15:40,800 --> 00:15:43,440 Speaker 1: It's not a force. It's not like gravity or the 317 00:15:43,480 --> 00:15:47,400 Speaker 1: electromagnetism or whatever. But though some of the particles that 318 00:15:47,440 --> 00:15:51,200 Speaker 1: transmit those forces, like photons, are radiation, so it's not 319 00:15:51,240 --> 00:15:52,960 Speaker 1: like its own force or its own. 320 00:15:52,840 --> 00:15:56,479 Speaker 3: Chemical So there are things that are not radiations. 321 00:15:56,840 --> 00:15:58,320 Speaker 1: Everything radiation, Yeah. 322 00:15:58,120 --> 00:15:59,480 Speaker 3: There are things that are not radiation. 323 00:15:59,600 --> 00:16:01,920 Speaker 1: Yeah. And and actually we live in a time in 324 00:16:01,960 --> 00:16:06,520 Speaker 1: the universe when there isn't very much radiation. What. Yeah, 325 00:16:06,840 --> 00:16:08,760 Speaker 1: if you look at the history of the universe, like 326 00:16:08,800 --> 00:16:12,000 Speaker 1: the really long scale history of the universe, the very 327 00:16:12,040 --> 00:16:15,440 Speaker 1: early universe, there was a huge amount of radiation. Like 328 00:16:15,480 --> 00:16:18,880 Speaker 1: if you say, take all the energy in the universe, right, 329 00:16:18,960 --> 00:16:21,320 Speaker 1: what is what's in the universe that has energy? Well, 330 00:16:21,360 --> 00:16:26,280 Speaker 1: there's matter, Matter has energy, there's radiation, radiation has energy, right, 331 00:16:26,320 --> 00:16:29,480 Speaker 1: and there's things like dark energy, mysterious forces that are 332 00:16:29,520 --> 00:16:32,720 Speaker 1: expanding the universe we don't understand. Well, the interesting thing 333 00:16:33,160 --> 00:16:36,120 Speaker 1: is that through the history of the universe, different slices 334 00:16:36,160 --> 00:16:39,120 Speaker 1: of that pie have been dominant. So in the very 335 00:16:39,160 --> 00:16:41,880 Speaker 1: early universe, most of the energy in the universe was 336 00:16:41,920 --> 00:16:45,960 Speaker 1: in radiation, like big bang, huge explosion. Mostly it's just 337 00:16:46,000 --> 00:16:47,240 Speaker 1: a bunch of photons. 338 00:16:47,480 --> 00:16:51,200 Speaker 3: Oh, I see. But then something changed, yeah, exactly, some 339 00:16:51,280 --> 00:16:54,000 Speaker 3: of that energy to transformed into something else. 340 00:16:54,160 --> 00:16:56,080 Speaker 1: Yeah, it's right. A lot of that energy is transformed 341 00:16:56,080 --> 00:17:00,000 Speaker 1: into matter, right, And the universe spread out and cooled, right, 342 00:17:00,000 --> 00:17:02,240 Speaker 1: and a lot of those photons were absorbed, right, they 343 00:17:02,280 --> 00:17:05,720 Speaker 1: were sucked up by matter which was no longer ionized 344 00:17:05,760 --> 00:17:09,080 Speaker 1: like formed atoms, and those atoms could absorb photons. So 345 00:17:09,200 --> 00:17:11,600 Speaker 1: for in the very first period of the universe, or 346 00:17:11,720 --> 00:17:14,639 Speaker 1: like the first sixty thousand years or so, the universe 347 00:17:14,720 --> 00:17:17,320 Speaker 1: was radiation dominated. Most of the energy in the universe 348 00:17:17,400 --> 00:17:21,520 Speaker 1: was radiation. Then for billions of years it was matter dominated, 349 00:17:21,640 --> 00:17:23,520 Speaker 1: like most of the energy in the universe was stored 350 00:17:23,560 --> 00:17:27,000 Speaker 1: in matter, and radiation was a smaller piece of the pie. 351 00:17:27,400 --> 00:17:29,680 Speaker 1: And then for the last five billion years or so, 352 00:17:30,160 --> 00:17:34,040 Speaker 1: those got outstripped by dark energy, this new mysterious thing 353 00:17:34,480 --> 00:17:37,560 Speaker 1: which is expanding the universe, and now eachs seventy two 354 00:17:37,560 --> 00:17:39,879 Speaker 1: percent of the whole pie, the energy budget of the universe. 355 00:17:40,280 --> 00:17:42,640 Speaker 1: Now we live in a dark energy dominated universe. 356 00:17:43,040 --> 00:17:46,479 Speaker 3: Wow, it's weird to think the universe is changing, you know, 357 00:17:46,600 --> 00:17:49,280 Speaker 3: like it's it's a composition, what it's made out of 358 00:17:49,920 --> 00:17:51,000 Speaker 3: is not constant. 359 00:17:51,200 --> 00:17:53,160 Speaker 1: You sound like somebody talking about your niece or nephew. 360 00:17:53,200 --> 00:17:55,280 Speaker 1: You're like, you got so big, I can't. 361 00:17:55,040 --> 00:17:58,359 Speaker 3: Believe I got Like, whoa, how did you get those? 362 00:17:58,480 --> 00:17:58,880 Speaker 3: So Harry? 363 00:17:59,080 --> 00:18:02,720 Speaker 1: What exactly he used to be all radiation? And now 364 00:18:02,720 --> 00:18:05,000 Speaker 1: you got these. Now you got so much dark energy. 365 00:18:05,280 --> 00:18:07,760 Speaker 3: Now you're this email team. I don't get it. 366 00:18:09,160 --> 00:18:11,320 Speaker 1: Yeah, the universe is evolving and we don't know, like 367 00:18:11,359 --> 00:18:14,120 Speaker 1: what's the next hipoch of the universe? Right? Is dark 368 00:18:14,240 --> 00:18:16,720 Speaker 1: energy gonna go away? Is something else gonna turn on 369 00:18:16,880 --> 00:18:20,320 Speaker 1: and swamp dark energy? Radiation are gonna come roaring back? 370 00:18:20,400 --> 00:18:21,520 Speaker 1: Or you know who knows? Right? 371 00:18:21,720 --> 00:18:23,560 Speaker 3: But I like, I like sort of how you said that. 372 00:18:23,680 --> 00:18:26,600 Speaker 3: There's sort of the official physics definition of radiation, and 373 00:18:26,640 --> 00:18:31,240 Speaker 3: then there's the kind of cultural societal definition of radiation, yeah, 374 00:18:31,280 --> 00:18:36,320 Speaker 3: which is kind of specifically which specifically means something that 375 00:18:37,080 --> 00:18:44,359 Speaker 3: energy that somehow causes damage or affects your bodily functions 376 00:18:44,480 --> 00:18:47,679 Speaker 3: or your your cellular the things in your body. 377 00:18:47,840 --> 00:18:50,880 Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. You can think of damaging radiation as sort 378 00:18:50,880 --> 00:18:55,040 Speaker 1: of like really fast, super tiny little bullets. Each one 379 00:18:55,080 --> 00:18:57,760 Speaker 1: can cause a tiny little bit of damage, And I 380 00:18:57,800 --> 00:18:59,639 Speaker 1: think that's the kind of radiation people are most interested in. 381 00:18:59,680 --> 00:19:01,800 Speaker 1: So let's focus on that for a minute, right, And 382 00:19:02,240 --> 00:19:05,320 Speaker 1: there's kind there's different kinds of radiation that can damage you, right. 383 00:19:05,400 --> 00:19:08,760 Speaker 1: For for example, gamma rays, these are just high energy photons, 384 00:19:09,119 --> 00:19:11,880 Speaker 1: but they have enough energy that they can penetrate through 385 00:19:11,880 --> 00:19:15,639 Speaker 1: your skin, and they can ionize. Ionizing means that it 386 00:19:15,720 --> 00:19:18,560 Speaker 1: deposits enough energy on the electron in an atom that 387 00:19:18,640 --> 00:19:23,000 Speaker 1: the electron it like escapes, right, It's like gets escape velocity, 388 00:19:23,000 --> 00:19:25,439 Speaker 1: and so it can fly off and the atom then 389 00:19:25,440 --> 00:19:28,680 Speaker 1: becomes an ion and that's bad. It changes the chemistry 390 00:19:28,920 --> 00:19:31,239 Speaker 1: that's happening inside your body, and they can change your 391 00:19:31,320 --> 00:19:34,320 Speaker 1: DNA and can cause mutations and all sorts of stuff. 392 00:19:34,560 --> 00:19:37,480 Speaker 3: But wait, what about regular light like chromin light bulb. 393 00:19:37,640 --> 00:19:41,200 Speaker 3: Why isn't that Why doesn't that one cause any damage? 394 00:19:41,359 --> 00:19:43,320 Speaker 1: Because it's absorbed by your skin. It doesn't have enough 395 00:19:43,400 --> 00:19:46,760 Speaker 1: energy to penetrate your skin. The higher the frequency, the 396 00:19:46,840 --> 00:19:50,120 Speaker 1: higher the energy. So gamma rays have more energy than 397 00:19:50,440 --> 00:19:53,919 Speaker 1: normal visible light. Normal visible light, you know, stop by 398 00:19:53,960 --> 00:19:56,000 Speaker 1: your skin. That's why your skin. That's why your body 399 00:19:56,040 --> 00:19:58,439 Speaker 1: is not transparent, right, because like can't pass through it. 400 00:19:58,440 --> 00:20:01,000 Speaker 1: That's why you're not invisible. If light could pass through 401 00:20:01,040 --> 00:20:02,200 Speaker 1: you, you would be invisible. 402 00:20:02,359 --> 00:20:07,199 Speaker 3: That you know of. But what do you mean that 403 00:20:07,280 --> 00:20:10,520 Speaker 3: doesn't have enough energy? Like it it gets to the 404 00:20:10,560 --> 00:20:14,200 Speaker 3: cells in my skin and it doesn't have enough energy 405 00:20:14,240 --> 00:20:17,160 Speaker 3: to puncture through to wiggle around. What does that mean? 406 00:20:17,320 --> 00:20:20,920 Speaker 1: Yeah, it's absorbed by the energy by the very outer 407 00:20:21,000 --> 00:20:23,640 Speaker 1: layer of your skin, which is basically dead cells, right, 408 00:20:23,680 --> 00:20:28,640 Speaker 1: and so it doesn't penetrate into anything important. Whereas ultraviolet 409 00:20:28,720 --> 00:20:31,120 Speaker 1: light and gamma rays, those are the things that give 410 00:20:31,119 --> 00:20:33,000 Speaker 1: you cancer, and the reason they give you cancer is 411 00:20:33,000 --> 00:20:35,679 Speaker 1: because they go deeper into your skin. And so the 412 00:20:35,720 --> 00:20:38,960 Speaker 1: way to protect yourself is like be inside, because then 413 00:20:38,960 --> 00:20:41,320 Speaker 1: the house absorbs the energy of the gamma rays or 414 00:20:41,359 --> 00:20:45,040 Speaker 1: the UV light or wear sunscreen, right, because that has 415 00:20:45,080 --> 00:20:47,960 Speaker 1: things in it that are good at absorbing those kind 416 00:20:47,960 --> 00:20:49,080 Speaker 1: of that frequency photon. 417 00:20:50,640 --> 00:20:53,479 Speaker 3: So it's not a is it an energy thing or 418 00:20:53,520 --> 00:20:55,520 Speaker 3: like a frequency thing, you know, Like we had an 419 00:20:55,520 --> 00:20:58,840 Speaker 3: episode about why is the sky blue and you said 420 00:20:58,880 --> 00:21:02,840 Speaker 3: that the light it's because blue light is at the 421 00:21:02,920 --> 00:21:06,600 Speaker 3: right sort of wavelength of the size of the molecules 422 00:21:06,800 --> 00:21:09,760 Speaker 3: in the atmosphere. Is it something like that or is 423 00:21:09,800 --> 00:21:10,840 Speaker 3: it just just energy? 424 00:21:11,000 --> 00:21:13,879 Speaker 1: Just it just barrels through It's just energy. Yeah. You 425 00:21:13,920 --> 00:21:16,760 Speaker 1: just think of the body as like a bag of water, right, 426 00:21:16,840 --> 00:21:21,600 Speaker 1: and it eventually gets slowed down and absorbed, and it's 427 00:21:21,600 --> 00:21:23,960 Speaker 1: just a question of how deep into the body it gets. 428 00:21:24,040 --> 00:21:26,680 Speaker 1: And so if it stops at the outermost layer where 429 00:21:26,680 --> 00:21:28,840 Speaker 1: it's all just dead skin. Then it doesn't really do 430 00:21:28,920 --> 00:21:31,960 Speaker 1: any damage. Or you know, it gets stopped by your clothing, right, 431 00:21:32,000 --> 00:21:35,119 Speaker 1: like visible like gets stopped by your clothing. But if 432 00:21:35,160 --> 00:21:37,080 Speaker 1: it gets into that bag of water and penetrates and 433 00:21:37,200 --> 00:21:39,480 Speaker 1: you know, can ionize something important, then yeah, it can 434 00:21:39,520 --> 00:21:40,119 Speaker 1: cause cancer. 435 00:21:40,400 --> 00:21:43,359 Speaker 3: Well, it's interesting to me that it's not just light 436 00:21:43,560 --> 00:21:47,200 Speaker 3: like gamma rays and X rays. It's also like radiation, harmful. 437 00:21:47,280 --> 00:21:51,919 Speaker 3: Radiation can be also like protons, right, and which is 438 00:21:51,960 --> 00:21:53,960 Speaker 3: what I'm made out of and you're made out of, 439 00:21:54,080 --> 00:21:56,199 Speaker 3: Like the things we're made out of can also be 440 00:21:56,440 --> 00:21:58,440 Speaker 3: radioactive and not good. 441 00:21:58,240 --> 00:22:00,879 Speaker 1: For you, that's right. And so like as we said before, 442 00:22:00,880 --> 00:22:02,560 Speaker 1: like a proton can be good or bad. It can 443 00:22:02,600 --> 00:22:04,960 Speaker 1: be part of a tasty snack, or it can come 444 00:22:05,040 --> 00:22:08,600 Speaker 1: bringing cancer. And the only difference is that is whether 445 00:22:08,640 --> 00:22:11,160 Speaker 1: it has energy. Like if I shoot a proton at you, 446 00:22:11,520 --> 00:22:13,359 Speaker 1: and I could deposit a lot of energy in a 447 00:22:13,400 --> 00:22:15,240 Speaker 1: part of your body, that's bad, right. I think of 448 00:22:15,240 --> 00:22:17,240 Speaker 1: a proton as like a tiny bullet. I mean, I 449 00:22:17,240 --> 00:22:19,280 Speaker 1: could hand you a bullet. It's not going to kill you, right, 450 00:22:19,280 --> 00:22:21,679 Speaker 1: A bullet by itself doesn't kill you. If I shoot 451 00:22:21,680 --> 00:22:24,400 Speaker 1: a bullet at you, really, really fast, right, then it's 452 00:22:24,400 --> 00:22:26,199 Speaker 1: going to hurt you. Right, It's going to deposit all 453 00:22:26,240 --> 00:22:28,440 Speaker 1: of its energy in your body. It's going to tear 454 00:22:28,480 --> 00:22:30,959 Speaker 1: a hole in you. So it's the energy that that 455 00:22:31,000 --> 00:22:34,479 Speaker 1: particle has that's the problem, right, not the proditicle itself. 456 00:22:34,520 --> 00:22:39,440 Speaker 7: You're saying, bullets don't kill people. It's the bullets. Does 457 00:22:42,680 --> 00:22:45,480 Speaker 7: kinetic energy kills people? Bullets done don't kill people? 458 00:22:46,160 --> 00:22:48,800 Speaker 3: Physics technically that's true. 459 00:22:49,040 --> 00:22:51,880 Speaker 1: Oh man, oh man, I'm going to be in trouble 460 00:22:52,040 --> 00:22:58,880 Speaker 1: with the physics community after that comes out. You can 461 00:22:58,960 --> 00:23:01,480 Speaker 1: deposit kinetic energy somebody with lots of things, right. You 462 00:23:01,480 --> 00:23:03,240 Speaker 1: could use a brick, you can use a bullet, you 463 00:23:03,280 --> 00:23:05,760 Speaker 1: could use a rock like, you could even use a banana. 464 00:23:05,800 --> 00:23:08,200 Speaker 1: I guess I don't know. But the thing that kills 465 00:23:08,200 --> 00:23:10,400 Speaker 1: somebody is the kinetic energy transfer. Right, you hit somebody 466 00:23:10,440 --> 00:23:13,000 Speaker 1: with a car, right, doesn't have to be a small thing. 467 00:23:13,440 --> 00:23:15,440 Speaker 1: You deposit a lot of kinetic energy on somebody, you're 468 00:23:15,440 --> 00:23:18,359 Speaker 1: gonna hurt them. Now, proton is basically just a super 469 00:23:18,400 --> 00:23:21,719 Speaker 1: tiny bullet. And so if a uranium atom shoots out 470 00:23:21,720 --> 00:23:23,679 Speaker 1: a proton at really high speed and it hits you, 471 00:23:24,240 --> 00:23:26,639 Speaker 1: then you know it doesn't cause make you bleed, but 472 00:23:26,720 --> 00:23:29,400 Speaker 1: it can knock out some atoms and do some damage internally, 473 00:23:29,440 --> 00:23:31,600 Speaker 1: which screws up the chemistry, and then it can give 474 00:23:31,600 --> 00:23:32,119 Speaker 1: you cancer. 475 00:23:32,440 --> 00:23:35,359 Speaker 3: Right, And I think specifically the problem is when it 476 00:23:35,440 --> 00:23:38,320 Speaker 3: hits like a DNA molecule inside of you. That's when 477 00:23:38,440 --> 00:23:41,399 Speaker 3: the mutations happen, and that's what really kills the cells. 478 00:23:41,480 --> 00:23:44,240 Speaker 1: Right, that's right. And again though it's not always bad. 479 00:23:44,359 --> 00:23:47,720 Speaker 1: Right if one of your you know, sperm or eggs 480 00:23:47,760 --> 00:23:50,600 Speaker 1: gets hit by a proton and it changes the DNA 481 00:23:50,640 --> 00:23:52,760 Speaker 1: that you're passing on to your kids, maybe that's what 482 00:23:52,840 --> 00:23:55,960 Speaker 1: makes your kid like the next Michael Phelps or Albert Einstein. Right, 483 00:23:56,040 --> 00:23:59,600 Speaker 1: mutations can be good. It's a critical part of evolution 484 00:24:00,040 --> 00:24:03,520 Speaker 1: that we have mutations to explore the evolutionary space. Radiation 485 00:24:03,640 --> 00:24:06,800 Speaker 1: is an important part of how evolution works. So you know, 486 00:24:06,920 --> 00:24:09,440 Speaker 1: a lot of times it's bad, but also sometimes it's good. 487 00:24:09,720 --> 00:24:12,240 Speaker 3: And I think we touched it. We talked about this 488 00:24:12,280 --> 00:24:14,359 Speaker 3: a little bit in a previous podcast, which is that 489 00:24:14,440 --> 00:24:17,400 Speaker 3: it's kind of a sweet spot, right, Like if our 490 00:24:17,400 --> 00:24:19,840 Speaker 3: planet had been in an area of the galaxy where 491 00:24:19,840 --> 00:24:22,800 Speaker 3: there was a ton of radiation, then you probably couldn't 492 00:24:22,840 --> 00:24:26,360 Speaker 3: develop living things. But at the same time, you need 493 00:24:26,359 --> 00:24:29,479 Speaker 3: a little bit of radiation to kind of stimulate all 494 00:24:29,520 --> 00:24:34,080 Speaker 3: that evolution and mutation to that animals and species can evolve. 495 00:24:34,400 --> 00:24:36,680 Speaker 1: Yeah, I think it's a difficult thing to study, right. 496 00:24:36,920 --> 00:24:40,520 Speaker 1: It'd be fantastically interesting to get to like simulate the 497 00:24:40,560 --> 00:24:43,400 Speaker 1: Earth with more or less radiation and say, like would 498 00:24:43,440 --> 00:24:46,320 Speaker 1: life evolve more rapidly with more radiation because things would 499 00:24:46,359 --> 00:24:48,719 Speaker 1: mutate faster, or to everything just get cancer and die 500 00:24:48,760 --> 00:24:52,119 Speaker 1: off more quickly. I think it's a huge complex question 501 00:24:52,200 --> 00:24:55,400 Speaker 1: because it's so interconnected with you know, ecosystems and how 502 00:24:55,400 --> 00:24:57,359 Speaker 1: things live and die and eat each other. So I 503 00:24:57,359 --> 00:25:00,000 Speaker 1: think it's a really complex thing that I think physicists 504 00:25:00,080 --> 00:25:04,639 Speaker 1: at a tempted to simplify superheroes. But you touched on 505 00:25:04,680 --> 00:25:07,439 Speaker 1: something interesting, which is that you know where the radiation 506 00:25:07,520 --> 00:25:10,680 Speaker 1: comes from, right, Like a lot of the radiation that 507 00:25:10,760 --> 00:25:13,360 Speaker 1: we worry about comes from space. It comes from our sun. 508 00:25:13,400 --> 00:25:17,720 Speaker 1: Our sun is a huge, huge factory of radiation. I mean, 509 00:25:17,840 --> 00:25:19,639 Speaker 1: some of that radiation is good, like the light that 510 00:25:19,920 --> 00:25:21,719 Speaker 1: you soak up when you're enjoying a nice day here 511 00:25:21,760 --> 00:25:24,879 Speaker 1: in southern California, or the protons that make up the 512 00:25:24,880 --> 00:25:28,680 Speaker 1: solar wind right that are really dangerous for astronauts. 513 00:25:28,760 --> 00:25:31,159 Speaker 3: So what's more dangerous to be nice to like a 514 00:25:31,320 --> 00:25:35,080 Speaker 3: uranium stone or mine or to be out in space? 515 00:25:35,200 --> 00:25:38,120 Speaker 1: Floating around out in space is really dangerous. Yeah, there's 516 00:25:38,119 --> 00:25:40,639 Speaker 1: a huge amount of radiation out there, and the reason 517 00:25:40,680 --> 00:25:42,760 Speaker 1: that we are protected from that radiation is because of 518 00:25:42,800 --> 00:25:45,760 Speaker 1: our atmosphere. Our atmosphere absorbs most of it, like the 519 00:25:45,800 --> 00:25:49,000 Speaker 1: protons and the gamma rays and the UV light. Most 520 00:25:49,000 --> 00:25:51,439 Speaker 1: of that is absorbed by either the ozone or other 521 00:25:51,520 --> 00:25:53,439 Speaker 1: parts of our atmosphere and protects us. It's like a 522 00:25:53,520 --> 00:25:56,320 Speaker 1: huge shield. But of course it doesn't protect you from 523 00:25:56,320 --> 00:25:57,840 Speaker 1: all of it. Right. A lot of UV light makes 524 00:25:57,880 --> 00:25:59,880 Speaker 1: it to the surface and can give you a sun 525 00:26:00,160 --> 00:26:04,000 Speaker 1: and maybe even skin cancer. Right, But definitely out in space. 526 00:26:04,040 --> 00:26:06,360 Speaker 1: Out in space is a very high radiation environment. 527 00:26:06,480 --> 00:26:08,720 Speaker 3: All right, let's get into a bit more. 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So now you 563 00:27:57,000 --> 00:27:59,359 Speaker 8: can train your AI models at twice the speed and 564 00:27:59,480 --> 00:28:01,760 Speaker 8: less than half the cost of other clouds. If you 565 00:28:01,800 --> 00:28:04,240 Speaker 8: want to do more and spend less, like Uber eight 566 00:28:04,240 --> 00:28:06,920 Speaker 8: by eight and Data Bricks Mosaic, take a free test 567 00:28:06,960 --> 00:28:11,160 Speaker 8: drive of OCI at Oracle dot com slash strategic. That's 568 00:28:11,200 --> 00:28:16,200 Speaker 8: Oracle dot com slash Strategic Oracle dot com slash Strategic. 569 00:28:16,480 --> 00:28:19,359 Speaker 1: If you love iPhone, you'll love Apple Card. It's the 570 00:28:19,440 --> 00:28:23,320 Speaker 1: credit card designed for iPhone. 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Apple Card and Savings by Goldman Sachs 576 00:28:39,880 --> 00:28:43,280 Speaker 1: Bank USA, Salt Lake City Branch Member FDIC, terms and 577 00:28:43,400 --> 00:28:52,920 Speaker 1: more at applecard dot com. 578 00:28:53,000 --> 00:28:55,880 Speaker 3: All right, we're talking about radiation, and we know that 579 00:28:56,000 --> 00:28:59,800 Speaker 3: it's it's basically anything that moves around with energy kind 580 00:28:59,840 --> 00:29:02,280 Speaker 3: of right, Like it can be protons, or it can 581 00:29:02,320 --> 00:29:05,080 Speaker 3: be electrons, or it could just be light that hits 582 00:29:05,120 --> 00:29:06,720 Speaker 3: you and imparts energy on you. 583 00:29:07,160 --> 00:29:09,280 Speaker 1: That's right, And a lot of it comes from space. 584 00:29:09,320 --> 00:29:11,720 Speaker 1: We were saying the atmosphere protects us, but you know, the 585 00:29:11,720 --> 00:29:14,720 Speaker 1: atmosphere is not super thick, and the higher up you 586 00:29:14,760 --> 00:29:17,160 Speaker 1: go in the atmosphere, the less atmosphere you have to 587 00:29:17,200 --> 00:29:20,200 Speaker 1: protect yourself, which is why every time you take, for example, 588 00:29:20,440 --> 00:29:23,080 Speaker 1: a flight across the country or around the world, you're 589 00:29:23,080 --> 00:29:25,400 Speaker 1: actually getting a pretty serious dose of radiation. 590 00:29:25,840 --> 00:29:28,520 Speaker 3: Really yeah, So the plane doesn't protect you like the 591 00:29:28,520 --> 00:29:29,479 Speaker 3: shell of the plane. 592 00:29:29,680 --> 00:29:31,240 Speaker 1: No, the shell of the plane is not enough to 593 00:29:31,280 --> 00:29:35,400 Speaker 1: stop protons and really high energy photons from penetrating. You 594 00:29:35,480 --> 00:29:37,560 Speaker 1: need to be like really thick lead. And I remember 595 00:29:37,560 --> 00:29:39,840 Speaker 1: airplanes are designed to be light so that they can 596 00:29:39,840 --> 00:29:42,480 Speaker 1: fly right and be fuel efficient and so for example, 597 00:29:42,520 --> 00:29:46,400 Speaker 1: this is why flight attendants and pilots are limited in 598 00:29:46,440 --> 00:29:48,560 Speaker 1: how many flights they can take because otherwise they'd all 599 00:29:48,560 --> 00:29:49,120 Speaker 1: get cancer. 600 00:29:49,360 --> 00:29:50,760 Speaker 3: Wow, because of the radiation. 601 00:29:52,320 --> 00:29:55,720 Speaker 1: The radiation. Yeah, and you know those folks are exposed 602 00:29:55,760 --> 00:29:58,440 Speaker 1: to more radiation than people who work at like nuclear 603 00:29:58,520 --> 00:30:02,160 Speaker 1: power plants. Really yeah, no, it's a serious amount. And 604 00:30:02,320 --> 00:30:04,520 Speaker 1: actually know this because you know, I work on this 605 00:30:04,560 --> 00:30:07,280 Speaker 1: app that detects particles using your phone. And some of 606 00:30:07,280 --> 00:30:09,760 Speaker 1: the best data we get is when we fly around 607 00:30:09,800 --> 00:30:12,080 Speaker 1: the world, like we fly to Discern all the time 608 00:30:12,120 --> 00:30:14,440 Speaker 1: in Switzerland and back. We take these long flights, we 609 00:30:14,560 --> 00:30:15,000 Speaker 1: run the app. 610 00:30:15,040 --> 00:30:17,120 Speaker 3: You don't put it on airplane mode like you're supposed to. 611 00:30:17,520 --> 00:30:19,520 Speaker 1: No, we put it on airplane mode. But then we 612 00:30:19,600 --> 00:30:22,280 Speaker 1: turn on our app and we can see those particles, 613 00:30:22,320 --> 00:30:25,000 Speaker 1: like we can see them zooming through the through the device. 614 00:30:25,040 --> 00:30:27,200 Speaker 1: So it's there's definitely a lot of radiation up there. 615 00:30:27,960 --> 00:30:30,320 Speaker 3: I mean, you have you put on sunblock whenever you 616 00:30:30,360 --> 00:30:31,440 Speaker 3: get on an airplane. 617 00:30:32,040 --> 00:30:34,840 Speaker 1: Sun block won't help you from protons man or from 618 00:30:34,920 --> 00:30:38,080 Speaker 1: gama rays. No, we'll tet you from UV light, but 619 00:30:38,160 --> 00:30:41,120 Speaker 1: not from gamma rays and not from protons. And there's 620 00:30:41,160 --> 00:30:43,200 Speaker 1: a lot of those up there. So you know, if 621 00:30:43,240 --> 00:30:45,040 Speaker 1: you're the kind of person who's like, you know, not 622 00:30:45,080 --> 00:30:47,320 Speaker 1: sure you want to take a dental X ray because 623 00:30:47,360 --> 00:30:49,720 Speaker 1: of the radiation, but you're happy to take a flight 624 00:30:49,760 --> 00:30:52,280 Speaker 1: to Thailand. Remember there's a lot of radiation on those flights. 625 00:30:52,640 --> 00:30:55,560 Speaker 3: WHOA, does that mean that people who fly a lot 626 00:30:55,720 --> 00:30:58,400 Speaker 3: age faster, possibly. 627 00:30:58,000 --> 00:31:02,800 Speaker 1: They're definitely an increased risk for cancer. Yeah? Absolutely, yikes, Yeah, 628 00:31:02,880 --> 00:31:05,800 Speaker 1: exactly that. I think that's something a lot of people 629 00:31:05,840 --> 00:31:09,360 Speaker 1: don't realize that there's radiation sources in our everyday lives, right, 630 00:31:09,400 --> 00:31:12,120 Speaker 1: you don't just have to avoid nuclear plant meltdowns or 631 00:31:12,200 --> 00:31:15,160 Speaker 1: nuclear weapons or evil scientists. Like, there's sources of radiation 632 00:31:15,240 --> 00:31:17,800 Speaker 1: in our everyday lives, not just in airplanes though, also 633 00:31:18,120 --> 00:31:20,000 Speaker 1: a lot of things that we eat have radiation. 634 00:31:20,720 --> 00:31:23,680 Speaker 3: Yeah. I heard something near and dear to me and 635 00:31:23,720 --> 00:31:27,480 Speaker 3: that our listeners are probably tired of hearing about, which 636 00:31:27,520 --> 00:31:30,840 Speaker 3: is bananas. Bananas are very radioactive. 637 00:31:31,040 --> 00:31:33,320 Speaker 1: Yeah, I would say very radioactive, but they are. They 638 00:31:33,360 --> 00:31:35,720 Speaker 1: have potassium in them, and the potassium is of a 639 00:31:35,800 --> 00:31:39,400 Speaker 1: kind that radiates it it decays and it shoots off radiation. 640 00:31:39,920 --> 00:31:42,480 Speaker 3: And so what do you mean of a kind is it? 641 00:31:42,560 --> 00:31:45,320 Speaker 3: So there's different kinds of potassium. 642 00:31:45,760 --> 00:31:48,400 Speaker 1: Yeah, there's more and less stable versions of potassium. You know, 643 00:31:48,400 --> 00:31:51,680 Speaker 1: potassium has isotopes just like every other element, which means 644 00:31:51,680 --> 00:31:53,760 Speaker 1: it can have like more or less neutrons, And the 645 00:31:53,800 --> 00:31:57,120 Speaker 1: exact configuration of protons and neutrons in the nucleus determines 646 00:31:57,280 --> 00:31:59,840 Speaker 1: how stable something is and whether or not it decays. 647 00:31:59,880 --> 00:32:02,120 Speaker 1: But shooting off a proton or a neutron. 648 00:32:03,160 --> 00:32:06,600 Speaker 3: And so somehow bananas, when banana plants make bananas, they 649 00:32:06,640 --> 00:32:10,200 Speaker 3: somehow gather a lot of this kind of radioactive potassium. 650 00:32:10,320 --> 00:32:12,520 Speaker 1: Yeah, and you know, I don't want to get a 651 00:32:12,520 --> 00:32:15,560 Speaker 1: lot of angry emails from big Banana supporters, so let's 652 00:32:15,600 --> 00:32:18,520 Speaker 1: be specific about it. The radiation the. 653 00:32:18,440 --> 00:32:20,400 Speaker 3: Loss of that lobby's called because he called the Big 654 00:32:20,440 --> 00:32:21,680 Speaker 3: Banana of Big Banana. 655 00:32:22,400 --> 00:32:24,840 Speaker 1: I think I've seen that movie, actually Big Banana. But 656 00:32:24,960 --> 00:32:29,320 Speaker 1: the radiation exposure from consuming a banana is approximately one 657 00:32:29,360 --> 00:32:32,640 Speaker 1: percent of the average daily exposure to radiation. So you're 658 00:32:32,640 --> 00:32:35,120 Speaker 1: getting radiation from the sun and just from you know, 659 00:32:35,240 --> 00:32:38,200 Speaker 1: natural radioactive elements in the earth and stuff, and so 660 00:32:38,440 --> 00:32:41,640 Speaker 1: eating banana does increase your amount of radiation, but really 661 00:32:41,640 --> 00:32:44,080 Speaker 1: by a tiny amount. So go out there and eat 662 00:32:44,120 --> 00:32:45,680 Speaker 1: one hundred banas and don't worry about it. 663 00:32:45,960 --> 00:32:48,120 Speaker 3: But you told me something cool earlier, which is that 664 00:32:48,200 --> 00:32:50,720 Speaker 3: a truckload of bananas, like if I have a truck 665 00:32:50,760 --> 00:32:54,760 Speaker 3: full of bananas will actually cause a false alarm when 666 00:32:54,760 --> 00:32:56,800 Speaker 3: going through a radiation detector. 667 00:32:57,240 --> 00:32:59,520 Speaker 1: Yeah, they have these things at ports because they want 668 00:32:59,560 --> 00:33:01,120 Speaker 1: to see if like terrorists are going to try to 669 00:33:01,160 --> 00:33:03,880 Speaker 1: smuggle in uranium to make a dirty bomb or something. 670 00:33:03,920 --> 00:33:06,640 Speaker 1: So they have these scanners that look for radiation inside 671 00:33:06,680 --> 00:33:09,000 Speaker 1: shipping containers. If you have like a truckload or a 672 00:33:09,040 --> 00:33:11,160 Speaker 1: shipping container full of bananas, it'll set one of those 673 00:33:11,240 --> 00:33:14,480 Speaker 1: things off. Like this is real, people. Bananas really are radioactive. 674 00:33:14,920 --> 00:33:17,080 Speaker 3: So if the agent is like, are you carrying a 675 00:33:17,120 --> 00:33:19,280 Speaker 3: dirty bomb with you, you can be just like nope, 676 00:33:19,880 --> 00:33:20,960 Speaker 3: just the banana bomb. 677 00:33:21,520 --> 00:33:23,240 Speaker 1: That sounds pretty dirty to me too. 678 00:33:25,000 --> 00:33:27,400 Speaker 3: It's slippery but not dirty, that's right. 679 00:33:27,960 --> 00:33:30,440 Speaker 1: And there are other natural sources of radiation, you know, 680 00:33:30,560 --> 00:33:33,080 Speaker 1: just in the Earth and the rocks around us, there 681 00:33:33,120 --> 00:33:36,400 Speaker 1: are radioactive elements, not in huge quantities, but you do 682 00:33:36,480 --> 00:33:38,760 Speaker 1: get some radiation from them, you know, trace amounts of 683 00:33:39,320 --> 00:33:42,480 Speaker 1: uranium for example, in the earth crust. You do get 684 00:33:42,560 --> 00:33:46,440 Speaker 1: radiation from just radioactive elements that are decaying slowly over time. 685 00:33:48,280 --> 00:33:51,720 Speaker 3: But none of these is dangerous, right, Like potatoes, kidney beans, sunflower, 686 00:33:51,800 --> 00:33:55,840 Speaker 3: seas nuts, they all radiate kind of like bananas, but 687 00:33:55,880 --> 00:33:58,680 Speaker 3: it's you know, maybe not that bad for you. 688 00:33:58,840 --> 00:34:00,760 Speaker 1: That's right. You should not change your diet based on 689 00:34:00,760 --> 00:34:03,160 Speaker 1: this podcast. I mean that's a general rule, since we'd 690 00:34:03,200 --> 00:34:07,280 Speaker 1: have no expertise in nutrition or dietary science. But specifically 691 00:34:07,280 --> 00:34:11,960 Speaker 1: you should not be worried about the radiation from food. Right. Also, 692 00:34:12,280 --> 00:34:14,600 Speaker 1: your body is pretty good at regulating this stuff, and 693 00:34:14,640 --> 00:34:16,880 Speaker 1: so like you'll take in that radioactive potassium and then 694 00:34:16,920 --> 00:34:19,279 Speaker 1: you'll pass out some more. So your body maintains like 695 00:34:19,719 --> 00:34:23,400 Speaker 1: a steady state amount of these chemicals because it needs some. 696 00:34:23,880 --> 00:34:26,000 Speaker 3: Right, So you're saying I can keep eating French fries 697 00:34:27,200 --> 00:34:27,879 Speaker 3: as much as I. 698 00:34:27,960 --> 00:34:30,800 Speaker 1: I'm saying French fries won't give you cancer due to 699 00:34:30,840 --> 00:34:32,720 Speaker 1: the radiation. That's all I'm gonna say. 700 00:34:33,560 --> 00:34:36,520 Speaker 3: Don't kill you. They'll kill you in other ways. 701 00:34:36,520 --> 00:34:39,719 Speaker 1: What you're saying, that's right. You could definitely think of 702 00:34:39,760 --> 00:34:41,680 Speaker 1: creative ways to die from French fries that are not 703 00:34:41,760 --> 00:34:43,120 Speaker 1: getting cancer. All right. 704 00:34:43,120 --> 00:34:46,040 Speaker 3: Well, let's get into this idea of whether radiation is 705 00:34:46,120 --> 00:34:48,919 Speaker 3: good for you or bad for you. But first let's 706 00:34:48,960 --> 00:34:49,760 Speaker 3: take a quick break. 707 00:34:54,520 --> 00:34:56,279 Speaker 1: When you pop a piece of cheese into your mouth 708 00:34:56,400 --> 00:34:59,520 Speaker 1: or enjoy a rich spoonful of Greek yogurt, you're probably 709 00:34:59,600 --> 00:35:03,640 Speaker 1: nothing about the environmental impact of each and every bite. 710 00:35:03,680 --> 00:35:06,280 Speaker 1: But the people in the dairy industry are. US Dairy 711 00:35:06,320 --> 00:35:10,600 Speaker 1: has set themselves some ambitious sustainability goals, including being greenhouse 712 00:35:10,640 --> 00:35:13,239 Speaker 1: gas neutral by twenty to fifty That's why they're working 713 00:35:13,239 --> 00:35:15,600 Speaker 1: hard every day to find new ways to reduce waste, 714 00:35:15,680 --> 00:35:19,879 Speaker 1: conserve natural resources, and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. Take water, 715 00:35:19,920 --> 00:35:23,000 Speaker 1: for example, most dairy farms reuse water up to four 716 00:35:23,080 --> 00:35:26,520 Speaker 1: times the same water cools the milk, cleans equipment, washes 717 00:35:26,560 --> 00:35:29,360 Speaker 1: the barn, and irrigates the crops. How is US dairy 718 00:35:29,400 --> 00:35:33,160 Speaker 1: tackling greenhouse gases? Many farms use anaerobic digestors that turn 719 00:35:33,200 --> 00:35:37,120 Speaker 1: the methane from maneure into renewable energy that can power farms, towns, 720 00:35:37,120 --> 00:35:39,200 Speaker 1: and electric cars. So the next time you grab a 721 00:35:39,239 --> 00:35:41,279 Speaker 1: slice of pizza or lick an ice cream cone, know 722 00:35:41,320 --> 00:35:43,960 Speaker 1: that dairy farmers and processors around the country are using 723 00:35:44,040 --> 00:35:47,560 Speaker 1: the latest practices and innovations to provide the nutrient dense 724 00:35:47,640 --> 00:35:50,359 Speaker 1: dairy products we love with less of an impact. Visit 725 00:35:50,480 --> 00:35:53,280 Speaker 1: Usdairy dot com slash sustainability to learn more. 726 00:35:54,280 --> 00:35:57,800 Speaker 2: There are children, friends, and families walking, riding on passing 727 00:35:57,800 --> 00:36:00,239 Speaker 2: the roads every day. Remember their real people with loved 728 00:36:00,280 --> 00:36:02,440 Speaker 2: ones who need them to get home safely. Protect our 729 00:36:02,480 --> 00:36:06,000 Speaker 2: cyclists and pedestrians because they're people too. Go Safely California 730 00:36:06,040 --> 00:36:08,320 Speaker 2: from the California Office of Traffic Safety and Caltrans. 731 00:36:08,360 --> 00:36:11,000 Speaker 9: When it comes to business, the people who succeed tend 732 00:36:11,000 --> 00:36:13,360 Speaker 9: to be the people who seek out partners with skills 733 00:36:13,440 --> 00:36:16,080 Speaker 9: or knowledge that they don't have. And that's what Lenovo's 734 00:36:16,080 --> 00:36:19,840 Speaker 9: free online membership program Lenovo Pro can do for small businesses. 735 00:36:19,920 --> 00:36:22,719 Speaker 9: If you're not a tech expert, that's where Lenovo can help. 736 00:36:22,800 --> 00:36:25,160 Speaker 9: So you can add Lenovo's team to yours and then 737 00:36:25,239 --> 00:36:27,720 Speaker 9: lean on them for all your tech questions. For free. 738 00:36:27,920 --> 00:36:30,719 Speaker 9: Visit Lenovo dot com slash Lenovo Pro to sign up 739 00:36:30,760 --> 00:36:36,400 Speaker 9: for free. That's Lenovo dot com slash Lenovo Pro, Lenalo Leo. 740 00:36:45,480 --> 00:36:48,000 Speaker 3: All right, Daniel, break it down for us. Is radiation 741 00:36:48,440 --> 00:36:50,319 Speaker 3: good for us or bad for risk? 742 00:36:50,600 --> 00:36:54,400 Speaker 1: Well? You know, I think both right. The classic answer 743 00:36:54,440 --> 00:36:57,120 Speaker 1: is yes and no. So radiation is good for you 744 00:36:57,160 --> 00:36:59,280 Speaker 1: in some ways and it's bad for you in other ways. 745 00:36:59,320 --> 00:37:02,520 Speaker 1: You know, remember what radiation can do, right. Radiation can 746 00:37:02,719 --> 00:37:05,520 Speaker 1: break the bonds in your atoms. It can ionize, right 747 00:37:06,440 --> 00:37:09,440 Speaker 1: if it has enough energy, and if it has less energy, right, 748 00:37:09,480 --> 00:37:11,520 Speaker 1: then it can just sort of deposit some or just 749 00:37:11,600 --> 00:37:15,200 Speaker 1: have to ionize the electron to deposit some energy in 750 00:37:15,239 --> 00:37:17,480 Speaker 1: your system. And this can be good or it can 751 00:37:17,520 --> 00:37:19,680 Speaker 1: be bad. Like you know, what's an example of how 752 00:37:19,760 --> 00:37:23,640 Speaker 1: radiation can be good. Well, at particle accelerators. We use 753 00:37:23,760 --> 00:37:27,560 Speaker 1: the accelerator sometimes to treat people who have cancer because 754 00:37:27,600 --> 00:37:30,360 Speaker 1: you can use it like you can you can shoot 755 00:37:30,360 --> 00:37:33,520 Speaker 1: protons at people and shoot it just exactly at their 756 00:37:33,560 --> 00:37:37,560 Speaker 1: cancer and basically just like target the cancer itself. Right, 757 00:37:37,640 --> 00:37:40,399 Speaker 1: it's called proton therapy, and you can try to kill 758 00:37:40,719 --> 00:37:43,000 Speaker 1: just the tumor and that works. Like you can save 759 00:37:43,120 --> 00:37:45,360 Speaker 1: lives by shooting people with radiation. 760 00:37:45,600 --> 00:37:49,960 Speaker 3: It's like you purposely radiate yourself because you're trying to 761 00:37:50,040 --> 00:37:51,120 Speaker 3: kill something inside of you. 762 00:37:51,440 --> 00:37:53,399 Speaker 1: Yeah, I mean that's always the game of cancer, right. 763 00:37:53,400 --> 00:37:55,200 Speaker 1: Cancer is part of you, and if you want to 764 00:37:55,280 --> 00:37:57,919 Speaker 1: kill it, you have to like be willing to hurt 765 00:37:57,960 --> 00:38:00,160 Speaker 1: it more than it hurts. Then it hurts you. You 766 00:38:01,040 --> 00:38:05,120 Speaker 1: it's a like a medical game of chicken, and and 767 00:38:05,239 --> 00:38:06,920 Speaker 1: one way to do that is to, yeah, shoot these 768 00:38:06,960 --> 00:38:09,920 Speaker 1: tiny little proton bullets inside you. And there's a lot 769 00:38:09,920 --> 00:38:12,759 Speaker 1: of physics that goes into that, like how how much 770 00:38:13,239 --> 00:38:15,400 Speaker 1: radiation do you need and how do you angle it 771 00:38:15,480 --> 00:38:17,680 Speaker 1: so that it lands mostly in the tumor and doesn't 772 00:38:17,719 --> 00:38:20,759 Speaker 1: hurt the surrounding tissue. So there's a whole field of 773 00:38:20,800 --> 00:38:23,120 Speaker 1: medical physics to people who are really real experts at that. 774 00:38:23,440 --> 00:38:25,880 Speaker 3: Yeah, but I think it sort of targets cancer cells 775 00:38:25,880 --> 00:38:29,040 Speaker 3: because of the fact that cancer cells are multiplying all 776 00:38:29,080 --> 00:38:32,520 Speaker 3: the time, right, Like just the idea that they're multiplying 777 00:38:32,719 --> 00:38:35,600 Speaker 3: more than your regular cells kind of makes them more 778 00:38:35,760 --> 00:38:40,680 Speaker 3: vulnerable to things like protons and getting their DNA changed. 779 00:38:41,080 --> 00:38:44,359 Speaker 1: I don't know. Maybe I think from the physics point 780 00:38:44,360 --> 00:38:45,919 Speaker 1: of view, we just treat them as bags of water. 781 00:38:46,080 --> 00:38:49,160 Speaker 1: Like seriously, we treat everything. Every human, every flesh is 782 00:38:49,200 --> 00:38:51,440 Speaker 1: just like bags of water to a physicist, and we 783 00:38:51,440 --> 00:38:53,600 Speaker 1: think about how much energy we deposit, and I think 784 00:38:53,600 --> 00:38:54,880 Speaker 1: we just try to kill it. 785 00:38:56,160 --> 00:38:59,280 Speaker 3: Right, Well, it can also save your life if you 786 00:38:59,480 --> 00:39:01,400 Speaker 3: dial nine one one on your cell phone, right if 787 00:39:01,400 --> 00:39:04,480 Speaker 3: there's an emergency, Because that's right, radiation is basically how 788 00:39:04,800 --> 00:39:05,560 Speaker 3: cell phones work. 789 00:39:05,640 --> 00:39:09,000 Speaker 1: That's right. All communication relies on radiation, right, You're using 790 00:39:09,480 --> 00:39:14,800 Speaker 1: electromagnetic radiation to communicate wirelessly all the time. You're listening 791 00:39:14,800 --> 00:39:18,480 Speaker 1: to this podcast thanks to radiation, right, And so without 792 00:39:18,560 --> 00:39:22,399 Speaker 1: radiation we would have any sort of wireless communication. So yes, 793 00:39:22,480 --> 00:39:25,920 Speaker 1: thank you radiation for connecting the world and downloading information 794 00:39:26,160 --> 00:39:28,720 Speaker 1: into our brains. And I've heard a lot of scare 795 00:39:28,840 --> 00:39:31,440 Speaker 1: mongering about like the dangers of cell phones and is 796 00:39:31,480 --> 00:39:34,520 Speaker 1: five G safe, et cetera. People worrying about whether their 797 00:39:34,600 --> 00:39:37,120 Speaker 1: cell phone is going to give them cancer. They won't. 798 00:39:37,160 --> 00:39:39,719 Speaker 1: You don't have to worry about it. That radiation is 799 00:39:39,800 --> 00:39:44,400 Speaker 1: not dangerous. It's very very low energy radiation. It's RF frequency, 800 00:39:44,440 --> 00:39:47,279 Speaker 1: which means it's radio wave. So it's very low frequency, 801 00:39:47,480 --> 00:39:50,759 Speaker 1: which means it's very low energy. So it can't ionize 802 00:39:50,760 --> 00:39:53,040 Speaker 1: your atom. So you can just make them wiggle a 803 00:39:53,040 --> 00:39:55,759 Speaker 1: little bit, you know, kind of gently. Bananas are more 804 00:39:55,840 --> 00:39:58,600 Speaker 1: dangerous than cell phones, So don't worry about using your 805 00:39:58,640 --> 00:39:59,240 Speaker 1: cell phones. 806 00:40:00,160 --> 00:40:04,200 Speaker 3: Okay, what if you're like watching a movie on your 807 00:40:04,239 --> 00:40:09,799 Speaker 3: phone about a superhero who got irradiated by radiation, is 808 00:40:09,800 --> 00:40:11,600 Speaker 3: that just just just that just blows your mind? 809 00:40:11,840 --> 00:40:13,560 Speaker 1: Are you about to pitch me banana man. Is that 810 00:40:13,600 --> 00:40:14,040 Speaker 1: what this is? 811 00:40:17,800 --> 00:40:21,200 Speaker 3: Tato? It's the whole team, Potato man, kidney Man, kidney. 812 00:40:20,880 --> 00:40:23,040 Speaker 1: Bees Man, Brazil nut man. 813 00:40:23,200 --> 00:40:26,600 Speaker 3: Brazil's he's just called the Brazilian. 814 00:40:29,160 --> 00:40:32,640 Speaker 1: I'm gonna disavow laughing at that joke. It seems culturally 815 00:40:32,680 --> 00:40:35,920 Speaker 1: insensitive somehow. I'm not sure how, but yeah, radiation plays 816 00:40:36,120 --> 00:40:38,759 Speaker 1: a big role, right, not just in communication also or 817 00:40:38,800 --> 00:40:41,560 Speaker 1: in treatment, but also in diagnosis. Right, you go to 818 00:40:41,600 --> 00:40:43,920 Speaker 1: the hospital and you want to see, like did I 819 00:40:43,960 --> 00:40:46,520 Speaker 1: break my wrist or is it just really hurt? Right? 820 00:40:46,600 --> 00:40:48,880 Speaker 1: What do they do? They take an X ray? You 821 00:40:48,920 --> 00:40:51,400 Speaker 1: want to see, like, hey, what's going on inside my guts? 822 00:40:51,400 --> 00:40:53,440 Speaker 1: Do I have appendicitis or not? Right? They do a 823 00:40:53,480 --> 00:40:57,359 Speaker 1: cat scan. All that uses radiation to image what's going 824 00:40:57,400 --> 00:40:58,480 Speaker 1: on inside your body. 825 00:40:58,840 --> 00:41:01,080 Speaker 3: So, I mean, you work at the large Hadron Collider, 826 00:41:01,239 --> 00:41:04,960 Speaker 3: and so you you know that there's a lot of 827 00:41:05,040 --> 00:41:07,560 Speaker 3: radiation out there. There definitely is, Yet you still go 828 00:41:07,640 --> 00:41:09,080 Speaker 3: to work. Yet people go to work. 829 00:41:09,120 --> 00:41:11,759 Speaker 1: Yeah, you could die every day due to anything, but 830 00:41:11,840 --> 00:41:14,040 Speaker 1: people just seem to get up and go to work anyway. Right, 831 00:41:14,080 --> 00:41:14,880 Speaker 1: That's kind of amazing. 832 00:41:16,440 --> 00:41:18,520 Speaker 3: I see, it's like an acceptable risk. 833 00:41:18,840 --> 00:41:21,319 Speaker 1: Yeah. Well, we don't have much radiation at the Large 834 00:41:21,320 --> 00:41:24,440 Speaker 1: Hadron Collider. The particles do collide and they create a 835 00:41:24,480 --> 00:41:27,480 Speaker 1: lot of radiation, but it's one hundred meters underground, and 836 00:41:27,520 --> 00:41:29,680 Speaker 1: so we're shielded by a lot of earth. So there's 837 00:41:29,680 --> 00:41:32,400 Speaker 1: not a lot of radiation risk at the LHC. 838 00:41:32,800 --> 00:41:34,799 Speaker 3: No, I mean just from staring at your computer so long. 839 00:41:34,960 --> 00:41:38,080 Speaker 1: Oh yes, absolutely no. There's radiation everywhere and it's just 840 00:41:38,120 --> 00:41:40,680 Speaker 1: part of life, right, and so you go about your 841 00:41:40,680 --> 00:41:43,640 Speaker 1: normal day, you get your dose of radiation. You know, 842 00:41:43,719 --> 00:41:46,320 Speaker 1: you can use apps or you can get a disciminer 843 00:41:46,400 --> 00:41:49,719 Speaker 1: to track your radiation dose. There is one thing which 844 00:41:49,760 --> 00:41:51,960 Speaker 1: people should be aware of, which is rate on gas, 845 00:41:52,080 --> 00:41:54,880 Speaker 1: right on gas. If something happens and various places around 846 00:41:54,880 --> 00:41:57,680 Speaker 1: the world and on the East Coast, it's this invisible 847 00:41:57,880 --> 00:42:01,400 Speaker 1: radioactive gas that seeps out from people basements and it 848 00:42:01,440 --> 00:42:04,560 Speaker 1: actually does kill like tens of thousands of people every year. 849 00:42:05,239 --> 00:42:07,759 Speaker 1: So really, yeah, that is actually something you can do 850 00:42:07,840 --> 00:42:10,480 Speaker 1: to potentially save yourself from cancer is just get like 851 00:42:10,480 --> 00:42:11,840 Speaker 1: a cheap radon detector. 852 00:42:12,080 --> 00:42:16,680 Speaker 3: Wow, So this is gas that is radioactive, like it 853 00:42:16,680 --> 00:42:20,000 Speaker 3: it's a gas that's breaking down and emitting all kinds 854 00:42:20,040 --> 00:42:21,320 Speaker 3: of protons and particles. 855 00:42:21,920 --> 00:42:25,480 Speaker 1: Exactly. It's emitting radiation, and it's invisible, and it doesn't 856 00:42:25,480 --> 00:42:28,000 Speaker 1: smell like anything, and it seeps up from underground. It's 857 00:42:28,040 --> 00:42:30,360 Speaker 1: like a naturally occurring thing. So a lot of people 858 00:42:30,400 --> 00:42:33,000 Speaker 1: like if the earth shifts, it'll start to collect in 859 00:42:33,040 --> 00:42:36,439 Speaker 1: your basement, and then people can be getting these high 860 00:42:36,440 --> 00:42:40,640 Speaker 1: doses of radiation without even knowing about it, breathing it in, right, yeah, 861 00:42:40,719 --> 00:42:41,960 Speaker 1: breathing it in exactly. 862 00:42:42,480 --> 00:42:45,200 Speaker 3: So I can't imagine why anyone would think radiation is bad. 863 00:42:46,360 --> 00:42:49,799 Speaker 1: Exactly. No, it can be dangerous, and so if that's 864 00:42:49,800 --> 00:42:51,480 Speaker 1: the kind of thing you worry about, you should, or 865 00:42:51,520 --> 00:42:54,279 Speaker 1: you have the young kids, whatever, you should definitely look 866 00:42:54,360 --> 00:42:55,719 Speaker 1: to see if you live in a kind of place 867 00:42:55,719 --> 00:42:58,480 Speaker 1: where where radon occurs naturally in the sow, you should 868 00:42:58,480 --> 00:43:00,880 Speaker 1: get it checked out because that is really a health hazard. 869 00:43:01,120 --> 00:43:03,120 Speaker 3: Well, this one's interesting. You also write down here that 870 00:43:03,880 --> 00:43:06,640 Speaker 3: we use radiation to make our food safer. 871 00:43:07,000 --> 00:43:10,760 Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. If you take a slab of meat, for example, 872 00:43:10,840 --> 00:43:12,839 Speaker 1: and you zap it with a bunch of radiation, you 873 00:43:12,880 --> 00:43:16,600 Speaker 1: can kill everything that's still alive in it, meaning bacteria. Right, 874 00:43:16,640 --> 00:43:18,919 Speaker 1: So you want to keep your meat safe, you can 875 00:43:19,040 --> 00:43:22,000 Speaker 1: zap it with radiation, it'll kill almost everything in there. 876 00:43:22,960 --> 00:43:25,759 Speaker 1: So that's one way we can use radiation to keep 877 00:43:25,800 --> 00:43:29,279 Speaker 1: ourselves safe. Of course, there's a twist to that, which 878 00:43:29,320 --> 00:43:32,359 Speaker 1: is that you're applying artificial selection, which means you zap 879 00:43:32,480 --> 00:43:35,280 Speaker 1: enough steaks and eventually all that's going to be left 880 00:43:35,320 --> 00:43:39,360 Speaker 1: is bacteria that can survive radiation, and so you're like 881 00:43:39,880 --> 00:43:43,239 Speaker 1: helping breed radiation proof bacteria. 882 00:43:43,360 --> 00:43:45,759 Speaker 3: Well, here's something that I've never quite understood, which is 883 00:43:45,760 --> 00:43:50,280 Speaker 3: that radiation seems to be something that you can pass 884 00:43:50,320 --> 00:43:52,000 Speaker 3: from one thing to the other. Do you know what 885 00:43:52,000 --> 00:43:56,560 Speaker 3: I mean? Like chernobyl happen and all this radioactive stuff 886 00:43:56,560 --> 00:43:59,000 Speaker 3: went out there. But it also you can also sort 887 00:43:59,040 --> 00:44:02,359 Speaker 3: of radiate things make things radioactive. Yes, that's true. 888 00:44:02,440 --> 00:44:05,400 Speaker 1: Yeah, the way that works, it's not like contagion, like 889 00:44:05,440 --> 00:44:08,799 Speaker 1: a disease, though there's something in common. What happens is 890 00:44:08,800 --> 00:44:13,160 Speaker 1: that radiation can cause other things to become radioactive. Right, 891 00:44:13,200 --> 00:44:16,520 Speaker 1: it can make yours, It can make new things unstable. 892 00:44:16,760 --> 00:44:19,640 Speaker 1: So how does that work? Well, radiation like uranium breaks 893 00:44:19,680 --> 00:44:22,680 Speaker 1: down or shoots out protons and neutrons. Those protons and 894 00:44:22,680 --> 00:44:25,680 Speaker 1: neutrons can hit other atoms and make those unstable. It 895 00:44:25,719 --> 00:44:29,239 Speaker 1: can cause like a chain reaction. Right, So radiation can 896 00:44:29,360 --> 00:44:32,359 Speaker 1: definitely spread. It's not just like, oh that radiation hit 897 00:44:32,480 --> 00:44:35,680 Speaker 1: me and I'm done. It can make something inside you radioactive, 898 00:44:35,840 --> 00:44:38,640 Speaker 1: which could then unstable, which means it like breaks up 899 00:44:38,640 --> 00:44:43,080 Speaker 1: and shoots out more particles. Right. Right. So, for example, 900 00:44:43,080 --> 00:44:45,359 Speaker 1: you have like a block of metal that was at 901 00:44:45,400 --> 00:44:49,120 Speaker 1: Chernobyl or block of concrete right that got irradiated a lot, 902 00:44:49,200 --> 00:44:52,520 Speaker 1: then it becomes radioactive. And the reason is that stuff 903 00:44:52,560 --> 00:44:55,160 Speaker 1: inside that concrete or that that brick or that block 904 00:44:55,440 --> 00:44:57,840 Speaker 1: then became unstable because it got hit by a passing 905 00:44:58,120 --> 00:45:02,720 Speaker 1: particle and now it's emitting part Oh wow. 906 00:45:02,880 --> 00:45:05,720 Speaker 3: Yeah, so it's sort of good and bad. 907 00:45:06,000 --> 00:45:06,160 Speaker 1: Right. 908 00:45:06,280 --> 00:45:10,719 Speaker 3: Radiation can be good for all these treatments to communicate, 909 00:45:11,360 --> 00:45:14,440 Speaker 3: to kill bacteria, but it can also you know, if 910 00:45:14,440 --> 00:45:16,920 Speaker 3: you get overexplosive, it can give you cancer. 911 00:45:17,360 --> 00:45:20,560 Speaker 1: Yeah exactly. It's you know, it's like everything else in science. 912 00:45:20,600 --> 00:45:23,560 Speaker 1: It's an awesome power. It shows us that the universe 913 00:45:23,640 --> 00:45:26,120 Speaker 1: is incredible and has so much that we have not 914 00:45:26,200 --> 00:45:29,279 Speaker 1: yet understood, and that power can be used for good 915 00:45:29,360 --> 00:45:31,799 Speaker 1: or for bad. Yeah, exactly. It can hurt you or 916 00:45:31,800 --> 00:45:34,520 Speaker 1: it can help you. I think. One of my favorite 917 00:45:34,560 --> 00:45:37,680 Speaker 1: stories about life and radiation. Came from my wife who 918 00:45:37,680 --> 00:45:40,080 Speaker 1: told me this story about this amazing bacteria they discover 919 00:45:40,160 --> 00:45:44,160 Speaker 1: that can survive like almost any amount of radiation. And 920 00:45:44,200 --> 00:45:46,440 Speaker 1: the way it does it is it has like fifty 921 00:45:46,520 --> 00:45:49,719 Speaker 1: copies of its DNA inside it, So if radiation comes 922 00:45:49,719 --> 00:45:51,759 Speaker 1: in and blasts one open, it's like, no worries. I 923 00:45:51,760 --> 00:45:54,520 Speaker 1: got forty nine backups and it just like repairs. 924 00:45:54,640 --> 00:45:58,239 Speaker 3: Whoa, and it fixes the one that got damaged to right. 925 00:45:58,280 --> 00:46:00,880 Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. It has a bunch of copies and it 926 00:46:00,880 --> 00:46:02,960 Speaker 1: has all these things zooming around all the time to 927 00:46:03,040 --> 00:46:05,680 Speaker 1: fix mistakes. It's like, you know, you gotta drive. You 928 00:46:05,680 --> 00:46:08,160 Speaker 1: got a backup of your hard drive and something goes wrong, 929 00:46:08,200 --> 00:46:11,560 Speaker 1: you recover from the backup. This thing is like fifty 930 00:46:11,600 --> 00:46:15,120 Speaker 1: backups simultaneously at all times, and so it can survive 931 00:46:15,160 --> 00:46:16,080 Speaker 1: a lot of radiation. 932 00:46:16,600 --> 00:46:20,360 Speaker 3: So that's something you can do to prevent radiation poisoning. 933 00:46:20,640 --> 00:46:22,320 Speaker 3: Become yourself fifty times. 934 00:46:22,120 --> 00:46:31,319 Speaker 1: Become a bacteria. Yeah, I wouldn't recommend that, all. 935 00:46:31,280 --> 00:46:33,560 Speaker 3: Right, Daniel, Well, I think I learned that I'm going 936 00:46:33,600 --> 00:46:37,320 Speaker 3: to have to stop eating bananas and going on airplanes. 937 00:46:38,000 --> 00:46:40,160 Speaker 1: Well, I think you should fly less, yes, but I 938 00:46:40,200 --> 00:46:42,719 Speaker 1: think you can eat bananas without worrying about it too much. 939 00:46:42,800 --> 00:46:44,719 Speaker 1: Maybe you should trade. You should take fewer trips and 940 00:46:44,760 --> 00:46:45,520 Speaker 1: eat more bananas. 941 00:46:45,760 --> 00:46:48,719 Speaker 3: Take fewer trips to eat more bananas exactly. 942 00:46:49,920 --> 00:46:52,440 Speaker 1: So there you go, folks, that's what radiation is. A 943 00:46:52,480 --> 00:46:55,000 Speaker 1: lot of people did understand what radiation was. It's you know, 944 00:46:55,320 --> 00:46:58,560 Speaker 1: ultra violet light, it's gamma rays, it's particles shut up 945 00:46:58,560 --> 00:47:01,279 Speaker 1: by radioactive elements, and it can certainly hurt you, and 946 00:47:01,320 --> 00:47:03,279 Speaker 1: you should be on the lookout for radon gas and 947 00:47:03,280 --> 00:47:05,040 Speaker 1: you should think about the flights you take, but it 948 00:47:05,040 --> 00:47:07,759 Speaker 1: can also help you. So like everything in science, it's 949 00:47:08,000 --> 00:47:11,000 Speaker 1: fundamentally neutral and it just depends on how it's applied. 950 00:47:11,160 --> 00:47:14,000 Speaker 3: And in either case, just remember to where you're a 951 00:47:14,040 --> 00:47:16,759 Speaker 3: sunscreen or Lisa hat. 952 00:47:16,600 --> 00:47:18,839 Speaker 1: That's right, And if you're eating a banana, make sure 953 00:47:19,040 --> 00:47:20,160 Speaker 1: to wear a helmet. 954 00:47:20,880 --> 00:47:22,960 Speaker 3: Or make your make a hat out of ben at us. 955 00:47:23,760 --> 00:47:24,719 Speaker 3: Does that cancel out? 956 00:47:25,800 --> 00:47:29,120 Speaker 1: That sounds totally safe to me. Absolutely, I totally recremmend that. 957 00:47:30,239 --> 00:47:32,000 Speaker 1: Please go ahead and send me a picture. 958 00:47:34,360 --> 00:47:36,680 Speaker 3: All right, Thanks for listening, everybody. We hope you enjoyed that. 959 00:47:37,000 --> 00:47:39,239 Speaker 3: Tune in next time, keep on radiating. 960 00:47:47,160 --> 00:47:49,480 Speaker 1: Before you still have a question after listening, to all 961 00:47:49,520 --> 00:47:52,719 Speaker 1: these explanations. Please drop us a line. We'd love to 962 00:47:52,760 --> 00:47:55,200 Speaker 1: hear from you. You can find us on Facebook, Twitter, 963 00:47:55,280 --> 00:47:58,960 Speaker 1: and Instagram at Daniel and Jorge That's one word, or 964 00:47:59,080 --> 00:48:03,800 Speaker 1: email us at Feedback at Danielanhorge dot com. Thanks for listening, 965 00:48:03,800 --> 00:48:06,520 Speaker 1: and remember that Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe is 966 00:48:06,560 --> 00:48:11,160 Speaker 1: a production of iHeartRadio. For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit 967 00:48:11,200 --> 00:48:15,279 Speaker 1: the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to 968 00:48:15,320 --> 00:48:27,200 Speaker 1: your favorite shows. When you pop a piece of cheese 969 00:48:27,200 --> 00:48:30,600 Speaker 1: into your mouth, you're probably not thinking about the environmental impact. 970 00:48:30,800 --> 00:48:33,439 Speaker 1: But the people in the dairy industry are. That's why 971 00:48:33,440 --> 00:48:35,960 Speaker 1: they're working hard every day to find new ways to 972 00:48:36,000 --> 00:48:40,320 Speaker 1: reduce waste, conserve natural resources, and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. 973 00:48:40,640 --> 00:48:44,839 Speaker 1: House US dairy tackling greenhouse gases. 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