1 00:00:01,320 --> 00:00:04,280 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,400 --> 00:00:14,640 Speaker 1: of iHeartRadio. Hello and welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy 3 00:00:14,760 --> 00:00:18,040 Speaker 1: Vee Wilson and I'm Holly Fry. It's time for our 4 00:00:18,120 --> 00:00:20,200 Speaker 1: latest installment of Unearthed. 5 00:00:20,880 --> 00:00:22,279 Speaker 2: You're brand new to the show. 6 00:00:22,400 --> 00:00:24,440 Speaker 1: This is when a few times a year we talk 7 00:00:24,480 --> 00:00:29,200 Speaker 1: about things that have been literally or figuratively unearthed over 8 00:00:29,200 --> 00:00:33,559 Speaker 1: the last few months. Today's installment of Unearthed is going 9 00:00:33,640 --> 00:00:38,640 Speaker 1: to include some updates, edibles and potables, a number of shipwrecks, 10 00:00:38,680 --> 00:00:42,120 Speaker 1: and some other stuff. If you have favorites that you're like, 11 00:00:42,159 --> 00:00:43,920 Speaker 1: I didn't hear that in that list, that may be 12 00:00:44,080 --> 00:00:47,400 Speaker 1: on Wednesday, or maybe we don't have any It changes 13 00:00:47,800 --> 00:00:51,279 Speaker 1: from one installment to the next, so hang on and 14 00:00:51,320 --> 00:00:55,920 Speaker 1: see what happens. We have had several updates about the 15 00:00:55,960 --> 00:00:59,200 Speaker 1: search for victims of the nineteen twenty one Tulsa massacre, 16 00:00:59,320 --> 00:01:02,680 Speaker 1: which we first on the show in July of twenty fourteen, 17 00:01:02,800 --> 00:01:05,360 Speaker 1: and then ran that as a Saturday Classic in November 18 00:01:05,400 --> 00:01:09,679 Speaker 1: of twenty nineteen. This search has included exhumation of some 19 00:01:09,760 --> 00:01:12,600 Speaker 1: of the bodies from burial sites that may be connected 20 00:01:12,600 --> 00:01:16,560 Speaker 1: to the massacre. In April, researchers working with the City 21 00:01:16,600 --> 00:01:20,000 Speaker 1: of Tulsa announced that they had connected DNA from some 22 00:01:20,120 --> 00:01:23,080 Speaker 1: of those bodies to surnames of people they may be 23 00:01:23,240 --> 00:01:27,160 Speaker 1: related to. In some cases, they have found some potential 24 00:01:27,240 --> 00:01:32,080 Speaker 1: genetic relatives. The city is working with forensic scientists and 25 00:01:32,200 --> 00:01:35,560 Speaker 1: genealogists from Inner Mountain Forensics, which has set up a 26 00:01:35,600 --> 00:01:40,320 Speaker 1: website with this information and so people can provide information 27 00:01:40,760 --> 00:01:44,640 Speaker 1: they may have about relatives who may have been victims 28 00:01:44,680 --> 00:01:49,120 Speaker 1: of the massacre. This website is that www dot Tulsa 29 00:01:49,240 --> 00:01:53,160 Speaker 1: nineteen twenty one, DNA dot org. Near the top of 30 00:01:53,200 --> 00:01:55,920 Speaker 1: the page, there's a button that says learn more and 31 00:01:55,960 --> 00:01:58,280 Speaker 1: that'll take you over to the list of surnames at 32 00:01:58,320 --> 00:02:02,040 Speaker 1: the City of Tulsa website. As of when we're recording 33 00:02:02,080 --> 00:02:06,120 Speaker 1: this episode, this has not led to conclusive identification of 34 00:02:06,200 --> 00:02:10,320 Speaker 1: any of the bodies, but researchers are actively working together 35 00:02:10,440 --> 00:02:14,040 Speaker 1: more information and again there is more about this at 36 00:02:14,200 --> 00:02:20,560 Speaker 1: www dot Tulsa, nineteen twenty one DNA dot org. Next 37 00:02:20,639 --> 00:02:23,600 Speaker 1: in twenty fourteen, we did a two part episode on 38 00:02:23,720 --> 00:02:26,640 Speaker 1: the sixteen twenty nine wreck of the Dutch East India 39 00:02:26,720 --> 00:02:31,720 Speaker 1: Company Batavia and the mutiny and massacre that followed that 40 00:02:32,720 --> 00:02:35,000 Speaker 1: we are going to have this as a Saturday Classic soon. 41 00:02:35,919 --> 00:02:38,960 Speaker 1: New research on the Batavia was published in the journal 42 00:02:39,080 --> 00:02:43,880 Speaker 1: Historical Archaeology in May, detailing archaeological work that had been 43 00:02:43,919 --> 00:02:48,240 Speaker 1: conducted between twenty fourteen and twenty nineteen. During this work, 44 00:02:48,320 --> 00:02:52,320 Speaker 1: researchers found the remains of twelve people who were buried 45 00:02:52,400 --> 00:02:55,840 Speaker 1: in both single and mass graves, as well as the 46 00:02:55,919 --> 00:03:00,000 Speaker 1: possible site of the gallows where seven mutineers were executed. 47 00:03:00,880 --> 00:03:05,200 Speaker 1: This builds on some other previous research at multiple sites 48 00:03:05,240 --> 00:03:08,400 Speaker 1: associated with the Batavia, some of which we talked about 49 00:03:08,440 --> 00:03:12,320 Speaker 1: in that earlier episode. Future work related to this new 50 00:03:12,360 --> 00:03:15,960 Speaker 1: research is likely to focus on some forensic analysis of 51 00:03:16,000 --> 00:03:20,040 Speaker 1: those human remains. Back in twenty fifteen, we did an 52 00:03:20,040 --> 00:03:22,600 Speaker 1: episode on the history of carousels, and that ran as 53 00:03:22,600 --> 00:03:25,720 Speaker 1: a Saturday Classic. About a year ago. One of the 54 00:03:25,760 --> 00:03:29,040 Speaker 1: carousels we talked about had been in Gwynn oak Amusement 55 00:03:29,120 --> 00:03:33,480 Speaker 1: Park outside of Baltimore. This was originally a whites only 56 00:03:33,600 --> 00:03:36,960 Speaker 1: amusement park, but began to also admit black visitors. On 57 00:03:37,000 --> 00:03:40,520 Speaker 1: August twenty eighth, nineteen sixty three, the same day as 58 00:03:40,520 --> 00:03:44,160 Speaker 1: the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, The first 59 00:03:44,240 --> 00:03:47,680 Speaker 1: black child allowed to ride the carousel was Sharon Langley, 60 00:03:47,720 --> 00:03:51,320 Speaker 1: who at the time was eleven months old. Later, the 61 00:03:51,360 --> 00:03:54,160 Speaker 1: carousel was moved to the National Mall in Washington, d C. 62 00:03:54,760 --> 00:03:58,200 Speaker 1: And Langley visited and wrote on it. In twenty twenty, 63 00:03:58,240 --> 00:04:01,640 Speaker 1: she also published a children's book called A Ride to Remember, 64 00:04:01,760 --> 00:04:05,560 Speaker 1: a Civil Rights Story. So the update here is that 65 00:04:05,720 --> 00:04:10,360 Speaker 1: this carousel is currently undergoing a major conservation and restoration 66 00:04:10,480 --> 00:04:13,839 Speaker 1: effort that is planned to be completed by twenty twenty five. 67 00:04:14,520 --> 00:04:17,480 Speaker 1: So this spring, the carousel and its horses were all 68 00:04:17,480 --> 00:04:21,599 Speaker 1: disassembled and they were sent to Carousels and Carvings in Marion, Ohio, 69 00:04:21,760 --> 00:04:26,680 Speaker 1: which specializes in restoring carousels. Now, I remember at some 70 00:04:26,760 --> 00:04:30,400 Speaker 1: point in the past reading listener mail from someone whose 71 00:04:30,640 --> 00:04:36,280 Speaker 1: job was restoring carousels. I could not find that old 72 00:04:36,360 --> 00:04:38,840 Speaker 1: message to see if that was the place where this 73 00:04:39,000 --> 00:04:42,000 Speaker 1: person worked as well. It is one of the only 74 00:04:42,080 --> 00:04:45,600 Speaker 1: places that does this kind of carousel restoration in North America. 75 00:04:45,680 --> 00:04:48,880 Speaker 1: Though that would be exciting. Maybe we could get an 76 00:04:48,920 --> 00:04:53,760 Speaker 1: insider update. Moving on, in October of twenty sixteen, we 77 00:04:53,839 --> 00:04:56,320 Speaker 1: did an episode about an unsolved murder in which a 78 00:04:56,360 --> 00:04:59,159 Speaker 1: woman's remains were found in a tree in Hagley Wood 79 00:04:59,240 --> 00:05:02,960 Speaker 1: in Worcestershire, England, that also ran as a Saturday Classic 80 00:05:02,960 --> 00:05:07,760 Speaker 1: in October of twenty twenty two. This spring, BBC Sounds 81 00:05:07,839 --> 00:05:11,560 Speaker 1: released an eight part podcast on this still unsolved case 82 00:05:11,920 --> 00:05:14,479 Speaker 1: that's called the Body in the Tree. And as we 83 00:05:14,560 --> 00:05:17,240 Speaker 1: mentioned in that episode, the remains that were recovered from 84 00:05:17,279 --> 00:05:21,520 Speaker 1: the tree later disappeared, and this spring officials also put 85 00:05:21,520 --> 00:05:25,479 Speaker 1: out a call for museums whose collections include human remains 86 00:05:25,640 --> 00:05:29,080 Speaker 1: to see whether they have these missing remains. Also, a 87 00:05:29,120 --> 00:05:31,320 Speaker 1: new book has just come out related to this case. 88 00:05:31,360 --> 00:05:35,120 Speaker 1: It is The Hagleywood Murder, Nazi Spies and Witchcraft in Wartime, 89 00:05:35,160 --> 00:05:36,039 Speaker 1: written by MJ. 90 00:05:36,200 --> 00:05:36,400 Speaker 2: Trow. 91 00:05:36,560 --> 00:05:40,560 Speaker 1: I have not read it, but it does not appear 92 00:05:40,839 --> 00:05:43,560 Speaker 1: at least as of this moment, that this publicity has 93 00:05:43,640 --> 00:05:46,640 Speaker 1: led to new developments in the case. Maybe they will eventually, 94 00:05:47,839 --> 00:05:52,160 Speaker 1: then more Unearthed appearances. In twenty fifteen, we did an 95 00:05:52,160 --> 00:05:54,960 Speaker 1: episode on the Nome Serum run, which was also a 96 00:05:55,040 --> 00:05:59,120 Speaker 1: Saturday Classic in January of twenty twenty two. Balto was 97 00:05:59,240 --> 00:06:01,359 Speaker 1: one of the many sled dogs who were part of 98 00:06:01,400 --> 00:06:04,919 Speaker 1: this life saving mission and ultimately became the most famous. 99 00:06:05,640 --> 00:06:09,520 Speaker 1: In April, research published in the journal Science compared Balto's 100 00:06:09,600 --> 00:06:12,320 Speaker 1: DNA to that of more than six hundred and fifty 101 00:06:12,360 --> 00:06:16,840 Speaker 1: other dogs. Balto's DNA was collected from his preserved remains, 102 00:06:17,040 --> 00:06:20,279 Speaker 1: which are on display at the Cleveland Museum of Natural History. 103 00:06:21,279 --> 00:06:25,440 Speaker 1: The team was examining Balto's DNA to explore his ancestry 104 00:06:25,520 --> 00:06:29,359 Speaker 1: and to see how his genes compared to dogs living today. 105 00:06:29,960 --> 00:06:33,120 Speaker 1: Among other things, they concluded that Balto and other working 106 00:06:33,240 --> 00:06:37,160 Speaker 1: sled dogs of his era were more genetically diverse than 107 00:06:37,320 --> 00:06:41,359 Speaker 1: working dogs are today. We have a couple of updates 108 00:06:41,440 --> 00:06:45,400 Speaker 1: about the Beneaen bronzes. That is a broad term encompassing 109 00:06:45,440 --> 00:06:49,239 Speaker 1: cultural objects and works of art that British forces looted 110 00:06:49,560 --> 00:06:53,679 Speaker 1: during a punitive expedition in eighteen ninety seven. We covered 111 00:06:53,720 --> 00:06:57,480 Speaker 1: that expedition in its aftermath in January of twenty twenty two, 112 00:06:58,040 --> 00:07:00,360 Speaker 1: and we have talked about the bronzes on a earthed 113 00:07:00,400 --> 00:07:05,200 Speaker 1: in episodes both before and after that. One research published 114 00:07:05,200 --> 00:07:08,920 Speaker 1: in Plus one in April looked at where the metal 115 00:07:09,240 --> 00:07:11,880 Speaker 1: used to create some of these pieces may have come from. 116 00:07:12,440 --> 00:07:17,720 Speaker 1: Geochemical analysis identified one source as brass mined in Germany. 117 00:07:18,480 --> 00:07:22,600 Speaker 1: This was likely introduced to West Africa as brass rings 118 00:07:22,640 --> 00:07:25,440 Speaker 1: that were known as manilas, which were used as a 119 00:07:25,520 --> 00:07:29,840 Speaker 1: currency during the Transatlantic slave trade. There had already been 120 00:07:29,880 --> 00:07:34,200 Speaker 1: some speculation that brass manilas had later been melted down 121 00:07:34,320 --> 00:07:37,360 Speaker 1: and used to make these objects, but a definite id 122 00:07:37,760 --> 00:07:41,920 Speaker 1: wasn't really possible until researchers actually compared some of the 123 00:07:41,960 --> 00:07:45,800 Speaker 1: Benin bronzes to manilas that had been recovered from shipwrecks. 124 00:07:46,440 --> 00:07:48,480 Speaker 1: One of the things that we talked about in that 125 00:07:48,520 --> 00:07:51,720 Speaker 1: twenty twenty two episode was the question of who exactly 126 00:07:52,080 --> 00:07:55,760 Speaker 1: these objects should be returned to. The Kingdom of Benin 127 00:07:55,920 --> 00:07:59,280 Speaker 1: still exists, but not in the same social and political 128 00:07:59,320 --> 00:08:02,960 Speaker 1: way that it did In eighteen ninety seven, Britain took 129 00:08:03,000 --> 00:08:05,800 Speaker 1: control of what's now the nation of Nigeria during the 130 00:08:05,840 --> 00:08:10,640 Speaker 1: Scramble for Africa, in which multiple European nations essentially divided 131 00:08:10,680 --> 00:08:14,200 Speaker 1: the continent of Africa among themselves without any regard to 132 00:08:14,240 --> 00:08:18,800 Speaker 1: the continents existing tribes, kingdoms, nations, and other entities. So 133 00:08:19,520 --> 00:08:23,440 Speaker 1: Nigeria as it exists today includes territory that had belonged 134 00:08:23,480 --> 00:08:28,000 Speaker 1: to numerous other kingdoms, including the Kingdom of Benin. So 135 00:08:28,600 --> 00:08:32,040 Speaker 1: should the looted objects be returned to Nigeria, to the 136 00:08:32,120 --> 00:08:35,520 Speaker 1: Kingdom of Benin, to the Oba of Benin, since most 137 00:08:35,520 --> 00:08:39,040 Speaker 1: of the items were looted from the Oba's palace. There's 138 00:08:39,240 --> 00:08:42,560 Speaker 1: also a planned museum intended to house these objects, but 139 00:08:42,679 --> 00:08:46,800 Speaker 1: it is not built yet. So most of the returned 140 00:08:46,960 --> 00:08:49,800 Speaker 1: Benin bronzes that we have talked about on the show 141 00:08:49,880 --> 00:08:53,680 Speaker 1: so far have gone to Nigeria and then some of 142 00:08:53,720 --> 00:08:57,400 Speaker 1: them have been passed from Nigerian authorities to the Kingdom 143 00:08:57,440 --> 00:09:02,720 Speaker 1: of Benin. But in March, going Nigerian President Muhammadu Buhari 144 00:09:02,880 --> 00:09:06,480 Speaker 1: announced that these objects would go to Oba Aware the 145 00:09:06,600 --> 00:09:09,880 Speaker 1: Second who would be responsible for housing them in the 146 00:09:09,920 --> 00:09:13,080 Speaker 1: Oba's palace or any other location that he in the 147 00:09:13,080 --> 00:09:17,600 Speaker 1: Federal Government of Nigeria considered to be secure. This decision, 148 00:09:17,679 --> 00:09:20,240 Speaker 1: while it was announced in March, became more widely known 149 00:09:20,320 --> 00:09:23,200 Speaker 1: outside of Nigeria a little bit later in the spring. 150 00:09:23,880 --> 00:09:27,640 Speaker 1: Reactions to this have been mixed, especially outside of Nigeria. 151 00:09:28,280 --> 00:09:31,240 Speaker 1: Some legal experts have said that it will make repatriations 152 00:09:31,280 --> 00:09:35,920 Speaker 1: easier since the former president's announcement resolved those questions around 153 00:09:35,920 --> 00:09:39,840 Speaker 1: who the objects should be returned to. Others have expressed 154 00:09:39,840 --> 00:09:44,400 Speaker 1: concerns about giving one person essentially considered by outsiders to 155 00:09:44,440 --> 00:09:47,840 Speaker 1: be a private citizen at this point total control over 156 00:09:47,880 --> 00:09:52,240 Speaker 1: these objects. Some institutions that had already returned objects have 157 00:09:52,360 --> 00:09:55,960 Speaker 1: issued statements saying that their return was unconditional, so it 158 00:09:56,120 --> 00:09:59,320 Speaker 1: really doesn't change anything for them, But that hasn't been 159 00:09:59,360 --> 00:10:02,040 Speaker 1: the case for so organizations that were in the process 160 00:10:02,120 --> 00:10:06,000 Speaker 1: of returning these items. For example, in May, the University 161 00:10:06,000 --> 00:10:09,800 Speaker 1: of Cambridge postponed its return of more than one hundred objects. 162 00:10:09,920 --> 00:10:15,120 Speaker 1: After learning of that announcement, in May, Philip Ianaco, director 163 00:10:15,240 --> 00:10:18,160 Speaker 1: of the Planned You Know Museum of West African Art 164 00:10:18,240 --> 00:10:22,160 Speaker 1: in Nigeria, pointed out that it has taken more than 165 00:10:22,200 --> 00:10:25,320 Speaker 1: a century for governments and museum officials to really start 166 00:10:25,360 --> 00:10:28,160 Speaker 1: talking about returning the items that were looted from the 167 00:10:28,240 --> 00:10:30,920 Speaker 1: Kingdom of Benen. But then in a lot of cases, 168 00:10:31,520 --> 00:10:35,120 Speaker 1: those same people are basically criticizing Nigeria for not just 169 00:10:35,400 --> 00:10:39,280 Speaker 1: instantaneously resolving complicated issues about the bronzes and how they 170 00:10:39,280 --> 00:10:43,000 Speaker 1: should be handled. We took our time, but you should 171 00:10:43,040 --> 00:10:43,520 Speaker 1: hurry up. 172 00:10:43,960 --> 00:10:46,240 Speaker 2: Uh, that's yeah. 173 00:10:46,800 --> 00:10:49,720 Speaker 1: In our year end Unearthed in twenty twenty one, we 174 00:10:49,840 --> 00:10:52,320 Speaker 1: talked about a collection of objects that had been returned 175 00:10:52,320 --> 00:10:56,199 Speaker 1: to Ethiopia, and we mentioned that Ethiopian officials were also 176 00:10:56,320 --> 00:10:59,920 Speaker 1: calling for the repatriation of the body of Prince Alamayehu, 177 00:11:00,320 --> 00:11:04,360 Speaker 1: son of Emperor tou Woodrus. The second British forces took 178 00:11:04,360 --> 00:11:07,200 Speaker 1: the prince and his mother to England after defeating his 179 00:11:07,240 --> 00:11:11,880 Speaker 1: father's forces in eighteen sixty eight. The prince's mother died 180 00:11:11,960 --> 00:11:14,480 Speaker 1: before reaching Britain, and after the prince died at the 181 00:11:14,480 --> 00:11:18,080 Speaker 1: age of eighteen, Queen Victoria arranged for his body to 182 00:11:18,120 --> 00:11:21,240 Speaker 1: be buried at Windsor Castle. So there have been calls 183 00:11:21,240 --> 00:11:23,440 Speaker 1: for his body to be returned to Ethiopia for a 184 00:11:23,480 --> 00:11:27,400 Speaker 1: long time, and in May, officials at Buckingham Palace announced 185 00:11:27,440 --> 00:11:31,160 Speaker 1: that they would not be returning the prince's body. According 186 00:11:31,160 --> 00:11:33,800 Speaker 1: to a press release quote, it is very unlikely that 187 00:11:33,840 --> 00:11:37,080 Speaker 1: it would be possible to exhume the remains without disturbing 188 00:11:37,120 --> 00:11:40,319 Speaker 1: the resting place of a substantial number of others in 189 00:11:40,360 --> 00:11:45,880 Speaker 1: the vicinity. Obviously, that was not a satisfactory response to 190 00:11:45,960 --> 00:11:48,640 Speaker 1: the people who have been calling for this for so long. 191 00:11:49,960 --> 00:11:53,520 Speaker 1: In twenty eighteen, we did an entire Unearth episode on 192 00:11:53,600 --> 00:11:57,880 Speaker 1: Francisco Franco and the Spanish Civil War. That episode came 193 00:11:57,920 --> 00:12:00,760 Speaker 1: out in the midst of ongoing debates about exhuming his 194 00:12:00,880 --> 00:12:04,439 Speaker 1: remains and moving them to somewhere outside the monument, then 195 00:12:04,559 --> 00:12:08,400 Speaker 1: known as the Valley of the Fallen. That exhumation and 196 00:12:08,440 --> 00:12:13,560 Speaker 1: reburial did ultimately happen in twenty nineteen. The monument is 197 00:12:13,640 --> 00:12:17,880 Speaker 1: now known as the Valley of Cuegamuros. So, as we 198 00:12:18,000 --> 00:12:22,439 Speaker 1: discussed in that earlier episode, after this monument was constructed, 199 00:12:22,679 --> 00:12:25,520 Speaker 1: the bodies of more than thirty thousand people who had 200 00:12:25,559 --> 00:12:28,920 Speaker 1: been killed during the Spanish Civil War were exhumed and 201 00:12:29,120 --> 00:12:32,560 Speaker 1: reburied in the surrounding forest, and a lot of this 202 00:12:32,720 --> 00:12:36,040 Speaker 1: happened without the knowledge or permission of the families, and 203 00:12:36,280 --> 00:12:39,720 Speaker 1: in a way that really didn't clearly document where anyone 204 00:12:39,840 --> 00:12:43,280 Speaker 1: had been buried after their bodies were moved. When we 205 00:12:43,320 --> 00:12:46,640 Speaker 1: released that earlier episode, legal efforts for people to have 206 00:12:46,760 --> 00:12:50,240 Speaker 1: their family members remains returned to them had been going 207 00:12:50,280 --> 00:12:55,160 Speaker 1: on for years. The first of these exhumations is finally underway, 208 00:12:55,200 --> 00:12:58,520 Speaker 1: with exhumation of one hundred and twenty eight victims beginning 209 00:12:58,559 --> 00:13:02,400 Speaker 1: in June. This is where they have to like not 210 00:13:02,480 --> 00:13:06,200 Speaker 1: only exoombcue will but also like identify the remains so 211 00:13:06,240 --> 00:13:09,160 Speaker 1: that they can figure out whose families they can be 212 00:13:09,240 --> 00:13:14,240 Speaker 1: returned to. And lastly, in the ongoing process of renaming 213 00:13:14,360 --> 00:13:17,720 Speaker 1: US military bases that had been named for Confederate leaders. 214 00:13:18,200 --> 00:13:22,040 Speaker 1: Fort Polk in Louisiana was renamed Fort Johnson after New 215 00:13:22,120 --> 00:13:26,200 Speaker 1: York National Guard Sergeant Henry Johnson. We talked about Johnson 216 00:13:26,240 --> 00:13:28,360 Speaker 1: and the Harlem hell Fighters, which was the unit he 217 00:13:28,440 --> 00:13:30,960 Speaker 1: was part of in World War One in November of 218 00:13:31,000 --> 00:13:34,480 Speaker 1: twenty fifteen that ran as a Saturday Classic in June 219 00:13:34,520 --> 00:13:38,440 Speaker 1: of twenty twenty, we'll talk about some food and drink 220 00:13:38,640 --> 00:13:51,320 Speaker 1: after a quick sponsor break. Next, we have a whole 221 00:13:51,360 --> 00:13:55,800 Speaker 1: lot of fines that are related to food and drink. First, 222 00:13:55,920 --> 00:13:59,080 Speaker 1: reports came out in April about an Etruscan tomb that 223 00:13:59,240 --> 00:14:03,200 Speaker 1: was unearthed in the ancient city of Vulcei in central Italy. 224 00:14:03,720 --> 00:14:07,199 Speaker 1: This is a rock cut tomb in the Casale Delasteria 225 00:14:07,280 --> 00:14:10,760 Speaker 1: necropolis and it dates back to about the sixth century BCE. 226 00:14:11,840 --> 00:14:15,080 Speaker 1: What makes it really unique is that it contains a 227 00:14:15,200 --> 00:14:19,600 Speaker 1: brazier with coals and meat skewers from the last meal 228 00:14:19,960 --> 00:14:24,160 Speaker 1: for the deceased that was part of the funerary rites. Next, 229 00:14:24,280 --> 00:14:28,320 Speaker 1: researchers in southern Africa may have found the oldest evidence 230 00:14:28,440 --> 00:14:32,760 Speaker 1: of humans eating snails. These are not little snails like 231 00:14:32,840 --> 00:14:35,840 Speaker 1: you might think of with something like escargo today, but 232 00:14:36,200 --> 00:14:39,600 Speaker 1: large land snails that could contain at least a couple 233 00:14:39,680 --> 00:14:43,080 Speaker 1: of pounds of meat apiece. This is thanks to shell 234 00:14:43,120 --> 00:14:46,720 Speaker 1: fragments in a rock shelter known as Border Cave, and 235 00:14:46,760 --> 00:14:49,720 Speaker 1: those fragments date back to between seventy thousand and one 236 00:14:49,800 --> 00:14:53,520 Speaker 1: hundred and seventy thousand years ago. The shells had been 237 00:14:53,560 --> 00:14:57,320 Speaker 1: heated by fire, possibly in the process of cooking the snails, 238 00:14:58,040 --> 00:15:00,600 Speaker 1: while it's also possible that the shell could have been 239 00:15:00,680 --> 00:15:03,440 Speaker 1: dropped in a fire by accident or burned for some 240 00:15:03,560 --> 00:15:06,720 Speaker 1: other reason. There was also evidence of other items that 241 00:15:06,760 --> 00:15:10,840 Speaker 1: were more conclusively food in the same area. There was 242 00:15:10,880 --> 00:15:14,760 Speaker 1: also some evidence of edible plants in the same rock shelter. 243 00:15:15,080 --> 00:15:17,760 Speaker 1: It might have been a place that people prepared food 244 00:15:17,800 --> 00:15:21,960 Speaker 1: and ate it together. If this is really evidence of 245 00:15:21,960 --> 00:15:26,480 Speaker 1: cooking snails, that pushes back the earliest known snail consumption 246 00:15:26,800 --> 00:15:30,360 Speaker 1: by a lot. Previously, humans were known to have started 247 00:15:30,400 --> 00:15:33,760 Speaker 1: eating snails about forty nine thousand years ago in Africa 248 00:15:34,400 --> 00:15:36,000 Speaker 1: thirty six thousand years. 249 00:15:35,760 --> 00:15:36,560 Speaker 2: Ago in Europe. 250 00:15:36,960 --> 00:15:40,240 Speaker 1: Again, this was somewhere between seventy and one hundred and 251 00:15:40,320 --> 00:15:43,800 Speaker 1: seventy thousand years ago. For this find, this is also 252 00:15:43,840 --> 00:15:46,600 Speaker 1: similar to other finds that we've talked about in recent 253 00:15:46,680 --> 00:15:50,320 Speaker 1: installments of Unearthed discoveries that people may have been eating 254 00:15:50,360 --> 00:15:53,240 Speaker 1: meat from small animals at a time when it was 255 00:15:53,280 --> 00:15:55,600 Speaker 1: believed for a long while that most meat came from 256 00:15:55,720 --> 00:15:59,320 Speaker 1: hunting very large animals like mammoths. Yeah, there's been kind 257 00:15:59,320 --> 00:16:01,440 Speaker 1: of a sense that it wouldn't be worth it in 258 00:16:01,560 --> 00:16:06,680 Speaker 1: terms of the energy expenditure to hunt or trap or 259 00:16:06,680 --> 00:16:09,720 Speaker 1: whatever a smaller animal and prepare it versus like a 260 00:16:09,920 --> 00:16:12,760 Speaker 1: big mammoth that you could live off of with a 261 00:16:12,760 --> 00:16:16,040 Speaker 1: lot of people for several days. I feel like snails 262 00:16:16,160 --> 00:16:22,800 Speaker 1: may be easy to hunt, one would think. Next, archaeologists 263 00:16:22,880 --> 00:16:26,240 Speaker 1: working in the ruins of POMPEII have found a fresco 264 00:16:26,400 --> 00:16:29,800 Speaker 1: containing what looks like a picture of a pizza. 265 00:16:29,920 --> 00:16:31,720 Speaker 2: One thing that's unusual. 266 00:16:31,200 --> 00:16:33,480 Speaker 1: About this fresco is that there's something as part of 267 00:16:33,480 --> 00:16:36,680 Speaker 1: it that looks kind of like a pineapple. But pineapple 268 00:16:36,760 --> 00:16:40,000 Speaker 1: was not introduced to Europe until almost fifteen hundred years 269 00:16:40,120 --> 00:16:44,080 Speaker 1: after the destruction of POMPEII. A lot of the news 270 00:16:44,120 --> 00:16:46,880 Speaker 1: coverage around this made it sound like the idea of 271 00:16:46,960 --> 00:16:50,560 Speaker 1: pizza in Pompeii was surprising. But we did an episode 272 00:16:50,560 --> 00:16:52,880 Speaker 1: on the history of pizza way back in twenty sixteen, 273 00:16:53,240 --> 00:16:56,360 Speaker 1: in which we talked about the very, very long history 274 00:16:56,400 --> 00:17:00,760 Speaker 1: of topped flatbreads stretching back long before the destruction of Pompeii. 275 00:17:01,400 --> 00:17:04,760 Speaker 1: We even mentioned there being evidence of pizza in POMPEII 276 00:17:04,840 --> 00:17:08,480 Speaker 1: in that episode, and it's definitely true that one thing 277 00:17:08,560 --> 00:17:12,560 Speaker 1: widely associated with pizza today did not exist in Pompeii 278 00:17:12,640 --> 00:17:15,520 Speaker 1: at that point, and that is tomatoes, which we have 279 00:17:15,560 --> 00:17:18,280 Speaker 1: talked about on the show recently, and those were not 280 00:17:18,359 --> 00:17:22,640 Speaker 1: introduced to Europe for centuries after this. Also, although there 281 00:17:22,680 --> 00:17:26,400 Speaker 1: were various cheeses in POMPEII, the pizza like food that's 282 00:17:26,440 --> 00:17:30,879 Speaker 1: shown in this Fresco alas is not covered with it. No, 283 00:17:31,800 --> 00:17:34,520 Speaker 1: that old episode on pizza does still exist in the archive. 284 00:17:34,720 --> 00:17:38,600 Speaker 1: We're not running it as a Saturday Classic because of 285 00:17:38,640 --> 00:17:41,679 Speaker 1: all of our live shows that have come out as episodes, 286 00:17:41,760 --> 00:17:45,720 Speaker 1: that one was a little fiddly, particularly fiddly in terms 287 00:17:45,760 --> 00:17:47,960 Speaker 1: of quality, like it always sounds different when we're in 288 00:17:48,000 --> 00:17:53,280 Speaker 1: a live environment, but that one in particular had some challenges. 289 00:17:54,960 --> 00:17:56,639 Speaker 2: So it's there. Folks want it, but we're not going 290 00:17:56,720 --> 00:17:57,640 Speaker 2: to send it to everybody. 291 00:17:59,080 --> 00:18:03,800 Speaker 1: In other news, Archaeologists working at the temple of Isis 292 00:18:03,840 --> 00:18:06,880 Speaker 1: have found the remains of dozens of birds, which they 293 00:18:06,920 --> 00:18:12,360 Speaker 1: believe were eaten, possibly for ceremonial reasons. According to archaeologists 294 00:18:12,480 --> 00:18:16,160 Speaker 1: Kierra Corbino, there had been renovations to the temple after 295 00:18:16,240 --> 00:18:19,119 Speaker 1: an earthquake, and those renovations caused the temple to be 296 00:18:19,200 --> 00:18:23,040 Speaker 1: slightly smaller, so priests may have conducted kind of a 297 00:18:23,160 --> 00:18:26,600 Speaker 1: ritual in which they ate and also left food as 298 00:18:26,600 --> 00:18:29,399 Speaker 1: an offering to Isis, kind of as an apology for 299 00:18:29,480 --> 00:18:32,520 Speaker 1: the reduction in the size of the temple. The team 300 00:18:32,560 --> 00:18:35,960 Speaker 1: found evidence of at least eight charred chickens, as well 301 00:18:36,000 --> 00:18:37,840 Speaker 1: as a goose and a turtle dove, and there was 302 00:18:37,880 --> 00:18:41,600 Speaker 1: also some meat from a pig and some clams. Okay, 303 00:18:41,640 --> 00:18:44,240 Speaker 1: this next food might strike people as a little gross, 304 00:18:44,240 --> 00:18:47,600 Speaker 1: so fair warning here. I guess you could jump ahead 305 00:18:47,640 --> 00:18:48,240 Speaker 1: thirty seconds. 306 00:18:48,280 --> 00:18:49,040 Speaker 2: It's not too bad. 307 00:18:49,720 --> 00:18:53,560 Speaker 1: According to researchers from the University of Michigan, early human 308 00:18:53,600 --> 00:18:57,680 Speaker 1: foragers may have used digesta as a food source. So 309 00:18:57,760 --> 00:19:01,600 Speaker 1: in this context, digesta is the partially broken down vegetable 310 00:19:01,640 --> 00:19:05,919 Speaker 1: matter found in the digestive tracts of various large herbivores, 311 00:19:05,960 --> 00:19:09,040 Speaker 1: so that would include things like bison. So the team 312 00:19:09,080 --> 00:19:13,679 Speaker 1: looked at the nutrient contents of bison digesta, and researcher 313 00:19:13,920 --> 00:19:17,560 Speaker 1: Raven Garvey concluded that with digesta as part of the mix, 314 00:19:17,920 --> 00:19:21,159 Speaker 1: a thousand pound bison could sustain twenty five adults for 315 00:19:21,240 --> 00:19:24,440 Speaker 1: three days without having to supplement their carbohydrates and things 316 00:19:24,440 --> 00:19:26,720 Speaker 1: by other means. So this could have been a really 317 00:19:26,760 --> 00:19:30,920 Speaker 1: critical food source where the available plant matter wasn't readily 318 00:19:31,000 --> 00:19:36,040 Speaker 1: digestible to humans, or during times of food scarcity. Garvey 319 00:19:36,080 --> 00:19:39,359 Speaker 1: also noted that this could raise questions about gender roles 320 00:19:39,400 --> 00:19:43,680 Speaker 1: in hunter gatherer societies. There's a widespread assumption that men 321 00:19:43,800 --> 00:19:46,679 Speaker 1: hunted and women gathered, But if people were getting a 322 00:19:46,680 --> 00:19:50,960 Speaker 1: lot of their carbohydrates from digesta rather than from gathered plants, 323 00:19:51,000 --> 00:19:54,040 Speaker 1: then that whole women were gatherers saying doesn't hold up 324 00:19:54,040 --> 00:19:57,600 Speaker 1: as well. Also, as a note, there's a ton of 325 00:19:57,680 --> 00:20:00,800 Speaker 1: research that calls the idea that men were hunters and 326 00:20:00,880 --> 00:20:04,919 Speaker 1: women were gatherers into question. This includes a paper that 327 00:20:05,040 --> 00:20:07,960 Speaker 1: was published and plus one in June titled The Myth 328 00:20:08,000 --> 00:20:11,200 Speaker 1: of Man, The Hunter Women's Contribution to the Hunt across 329 00:20:11,200 --> 00:20:15,400 Speaker 1: ethnographic contexts. This paper got a lot of news coverage 330 00:20:15,560 --> 00:20:17,920 Speaker 1: and a lot of the reporting made it sound as 331 00:20:17,920 --> 00:20:21,520 Speaker 1: though the idea that women may have hunted was like 332 00:20:21,560 --> 00:20:26,040 Speaker 1: a brand new discovery. It really wasn't, though. This research 333 00:20:26,080 --> 00:20:30,920 Speaker 1: actually involved going back through decades of already existing ethnographic 334 00:20:31,000 --> 00:20:35,080 Speaker 1: studies finding that almost eighty percent of them included women 335 00:20:35,520 --> 00:20:37,960 Speaker 1: as hunters, like evidence of that in the study. 336 00:20:38,080 --> 00:20:39,600 Speaker 2: So in a lot of. 337 00:20:39,560 --> 00:20:43,640 Speaker 1: Ways, this paper was more about re examining existing research 338 00:20:43,760 --> 00:20:47,119 Speaker 1: and interpreting it without starting from the assumption that the 339 00:20:47,160 --> 00:20:49,800 Speaker 1: men were the ones doing the hunting. They've also been 340 00:20:49,840 --> 00:20:51,399 Speaker 1: I mean, there've been a number of other papers in 341 00:20:51,440 --> 00:20:56,160 Speaker 1: recent decades that have talked about women hunting or everyone 342 00:20:56,280 --> 00:20:58,639 Speaker 1: doing all of the jobs because that was the only 343 00:20:58,680 --> 00:21:01,520 Speaker 1: way that these societies could function, not that they're being 344 00:21:01,560 --> 00:21:06,679 Speaker 1: this like clear binary gender role. Next, archaeologists working in 345 00:21:06,720 --> 00:21:10,520 Speaker 1: the ancient city of Metsamor, Armenia have been excavating a 346 00:21:10,720 --> 00:21:14,840 Speaker 1: large three thousand year old structure on columns that collapse 347 00:21:15,000 --> 00:21:18,480 Speaker 1: during a fire. What they originally believed to be ash 348 00:21:18,560 --> 00:21:21,640 Speaker 1: has turned out to be a thick layer of wheat flour, 349 00:21:21,960 --> 00:21:24,680 Speaker 1: suggesting that more than three tons of flour had been 350 00:21:24,720 --> 00:21:27,840 Speaker 1: stored in this building. So it seems like this may 351 00:21:27,880 --> 00:21:31,920 Speaker 1: have been a huge bakery, but there's also evidence of 352 00:21:32,040 --> 00:21:35,000 Speaker 1: ritual uses for flower in the region, so a little 353 00:21:35,000 --> 00:21:39,199 Speaker 1: bit more study is definitely needed here. Next, archaeologists in 354 00:21:39,280 --> 00:21:43,200 Speaker 1: China's Hainan Province have found two thousand year old rice 355 00:21:43,400 --> 00:21:46,359 Speaker 1: dumplings wrapped in plant leaves in the tombs of what 356 00:21:46,480 --> 00:21:49,919 Speaker 1: were likely members of the nobility during the Warring States period. 357 00:21:50,840 --> 00:21:54,600 Speaker 1: These dumplings are a traditional part of the dragon boat festival, 358 00:21:54,720 --> 00:21:57,960 Speaker 1: and these are believed to be the oldest ones ever 359 00:21:58,080 --> 00:22:01,919 Speaker 1: unearthed in China. Moving on to the potable part of 360 00:22:02,040 --> 00:22:05,879 Speaker 1: Edibles and Potables, excavations at the second century villa of 361 00:22:05,880 --> 00:22:10,160 Speaker 1: the Quintili near Rome have uncovered evidence of a lavish winery. 362 00:22:10,920 --> 00:22:13,439 Speaker 1: This find was something of an accident. The team was 363 00:22:13,480 --> 00:22:15,720 Speaker 1: actually looking for one of the starting points for the 364 00:22:15,800 --> 00:22:19,800 Speaker 1: chariot racing track at the villa's arena. Uh. We should 365 00:22:19,840 --> 00:22:22,919 Speaker 1: take a moment here to remind people that villa was 366 00:22:22,960 --> 00:22:25,200 Speaker 1: not a country house out in a vineyard like you 367 00:22:25,240 --> 00:22:28,439 Speaker 1: may be imagining. While it was surrounded by orchards and 368 00:22:28,520 --> 00:22:32,280 Speaker 1: vineyards and farmland, this was more like a miniature city. Okay, 369 00:22:32,320 --> 00:22:35,280 Speaker 1: I think the word villa has come to mean a 370 00:22:35,400 --> 00:22:40,879 Speaker 1: number of different contradictory things. Uh. It turned out that 371 00:22:40,960 --> 00:22:44,159 Speaker 1: this winery was a later addition that had been built 372 00:22:44,240 --> 00:22:47,960 Speaker 1: over part of the arena. It has areas for treading 373 00:22:48,000 --> 00:22:51,240 Speaker 1: on grapes and the remains of mechanical presses that would 374 00:22:51,280 --> 00:22:54,080 Speaker 1: also have been used to make wine. There are at 375 00:22:54,200 --> 00:22:59,159 Speaker 1: least three wine fountains, as well as two fountains that 376 00:22:59,160 --> 00:23:02,520 Speaker 1: would have dispensed water. This winery also had its own 377 00:23:02,560 --> 00:23:05,760 Speaker 1: dining rooms, and all of it was lavishly decorated with 378 00:23:05,800 --> 00:23:08,240 Speaker 1: a lot of marble and intricate tilework. 379 00:23:08,800 --> 00:23:11,800 Speaker 2: I bet it was amazing. It sounds great to me. 380 00:23:11,920 --> 00:23:15,320 Speaker 1: I'd spent an afternoon there having tastings and so. 381 00:23:17,000 --> 00:23:17,400 Speaker 2: Next. 382 00:23:17,640 --> 00:23:20,679 Speaker 1: Research published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of 383 00:23:20,720 --> 00:23:25,040 Speaker 1: Sciences in April has examined DNA from wine grapes grown 384 00:23:25,040 --> 00:23:28,880 Speaker 1: in then Negive Highlands in what's now Israel. They analyzed 385 00:23:28,960 --> 00:23:32,600 Speaker 1: grape pips from three different sites. One of the pips 386 00:23:32,680 --> 00:23:35,119 Speaker 1: dates back to the eighth century and seems to be 387 00:23:35,240 --> 00:23:38,600 Speaker 1: from a white grape and maybe the earliest example of 388 00:23:38,680 --> 00:23:42,800 Speaker 1: that type of grape found so far. Researchers believe this 389 00:23:42,960 --> 00:23:45,240 Speaker 1: grape may have been used to make a sweet wine 390 00:23:45,280 --> 00:23:49,000 Speaker 1: known as Gaza wine, which is mentioned in historical records, 391 00:23:49,119 --> 00:23:52,000 Speaker 1: but we don't really know if there's a modern equivalent. 392 00:23:52,600 --> 00:23:54,879 Speaker 2: I'm not sure exactly what it might have tasted like. 393 00:23:55,600 --> 00:23:59,399 Speaker 1: Other pips analyzed in this study are extremely similar to 394 00:23:59,480 --> 00:24:02,800 Speaker 1: grapes that are still grown today, including the Siriki variety 395 00:24:02,960 --> 00:24:05,680 Speaker 1: used to make a red wine in Greece and Lebanon, 396 00:24:06,240 --> 00:24:09,800 Speaker 1: and a white grape that still grows in central Israel. 397 00:24:10,920 --> 00:24:14,080 Speaker 1: Moving on from wine to beer, according to a paper 398 00:24:14,119 --> 00:24:18,600 Speaker 1: published in the journal FAMS Yeast Research in April, researchers 399 00:24:18,600 --> 00:24:22,840 Speaker 1: in Germany may have pinpointed the origins of lager. It's 400 00:24:22,880 --> 00:24:26,159 Speaker 1: the court brewery of Maximilian, the Great, Elector of Bavaria 401 00:24:26,280 --> 00:24:30,320 Speaker 1: in Munich in sixteen oh two. Although ale brewing has 402 00:24:30,359 --> 00:24:34,280 Speaker 1: been around for millennia, lager is fermented differently and requires 403 00:24:34,280 --> 00:24:38,560 Speaker 1: a different type of yeast, Sakaramces pastorianis, which is a 404 00:24:38,640 --> 00:24:42,720 Speaker 1: hybrid of two other yeast species. So for a long time, 405 00:24:42,840 --> 00:24:47,560 Speaker 1: the general idea has been that Sacramics pastorianis came about 406 00:24:47,640 --> 00:24:51,680 Speaker 1: when wild yeasts contaminated the yeast that was typically used 407 00:24:51,680 --> 00:24:56,199 Speaker 1: for making ale. But these researchers had a different hypothesis, 408 00:24:56,240 --> 00:25:00,000 Speaker 1: and that's that people were using a cold tolerant stretch 409 00:25:00,400 --> 00:25:04,760 Speaker 1: of sacramices Ubianis to brew a sort of proto lagger, 410 00:25:05,280 --> 00:25:09,680 Speaker 1: and that that was the yeast that became contaminated. The 411 00:25:09,720 --> 00:25:13,000 Speaker 1: source of the contamination may have been a wheat brewery. 412 00:25:13,520 --> 00:25:16,159 Speaker 1: At this point, Bavaria had a brewing ordnance known as 413 00:25:16,200 --> 00:25:20,760 Speaker 1: the rein Heidskbot, which mandated that beer could only contain water, barley, 414 00:25:20,840 --> 00:25:24,280 Speaker 1: and hops, but wheat beers were being made in neighboring 415 00:25:24,320 --> 00:25:29,680 Speaker 1: Bohemia and imported into Bavaria. This wheat beer was really popular, 416 00:25:29,800 --> 00:25:33,199 Speaker 1: particularly in the region's closest to Bohemia, which meant that 417 00:25:33,240 --> 00:25:36,600 Speaker 1: Bavaria was losing out on potential revenue as people drank 418 00:25:36,720 --> 00:25:40,879 Speaker 1: imported beer. So one baron was given a special permission 419 00:25:40,960 --> 00:25:44,280 Speaker 1: to brew wheat beers near the Bohemian border to try 420 00:25:44,280 --> 00:25:48,000 Speaker 1: to cut down on those imports. When Maximilian came to power, 421 00:25:48,119 --> 00:25:51,520 Speaker 1: he took over those wheat breweries and started making wheat beer, 422 00:25:52,000 --> 00:25:56,480 Speaker 1: possibly setting the stage for Sacramic's Pastorianis yeast to develop 423 00:25:56,560 --> 00:25:59,720 Speaker 1: in his own breweries. Yeah, he was brewing more stuff 424 00:25:59,760 --> 00:26:02,440 Speaker 1: with more types of yeast in the same place, as 425 00:26:02,480 --> 00:26:07,560 Speaker 1: I understand it, and as our last beer find Researchers 426 00:26:07,600 --> 00:26:11,000 Speaker 1: have found yeast and grain in the canvases of seven 427 00:26:11,200 --> 00:26:13,639 Speaker 1: Danish paintings dating back to the first half of the 428 00:26:13,760 --> 00:26:17,120 Speaker 1: nineteenth century. That's a period known as the Danish Golden 429 00:26:17,160 --> 00:26:20,679 Speaker 1: Age in particular. They all date to between eighteen twenty 430 00:26:20,720 --> 00:26:23,240 Speaker 1: six and eighteen thirty three, and they were all painted 431 00:26:23,240 --> 00:26:28,440 Speaker 1: by one of two artists, Christopher Wilhelm Eckersburg and Kristin Kubka. 432 00:26:28,880 --> 00:26:31,800 Speaker 1: Both of these were working at the Royal Danish Academy 433 00:26:31,840 --> 00:26:36,800 Speaker 1: of Fine Arts in Copenhagen, so beer was expensive. Most 434 00:26:37,000 --> 00:26:40,280 Speaker 1: likely what they were doing was spreading a mixture that 435 00:26:40,400 --> 00:26:42,800 Speaker 1: was made with the spent mash that's used in the 436 00:26:42,800 --> 00:26:46,439 Speaker 1: brewing process over their canvases to make a smoother layer 437 00:26:46,520 --> 00:26:50,320 Speaker 1: to paint on. And with that in mind, let's take 438 00:26:50,320 --> 00:26:52,639 Speaker 1: a quick break before we get to what I know 439 00:26:52,840 --> 00:27:05,280 Speaker 1: is many people's favorite part of on Earthed. Now we're 440 00:27:05,280 --> 00:27:08,960 Speaker 1: going to focus on some nautical discoveries and shipwrecks for 441 00:27:09,040 --> 00:27:11,560 Speaker 1: a bit. So first, a couple of years ago, some 442 00:27:11,680 --> 00:27:14,439 Speaker 1: teenagers found what they thought was just a log at 443 00:27:14,440 --> 00:27:18,000 Speaker 1: the bottom of Lake Wacama in North Carolina. It turned 444 00:27:18,000 --> 00:27:20,760 Speaker 1: out to be a canoe. About twenty eight feet long 445 00:27:20,800 --> 00:27:25,080 Speaker 1: and estimated to be one thousand years old. This April, 446 00:27:25,160 --> 00:27:28,639 Speaker 1: the teens who found it, archaeologists and members of the 447 00:27:28,640 --> 00:27:32,119 Speaker 1: Wakama Suon tribe, and others in the community all helped 448 00:27:32,240 --> 00:27:35,760 Speaker 1: raise this canoe up from the lake bed. This was 449 00:27:35,840 --> 00:27:38,639 Speaker 1: something of a two step process. One of the boys' 450 00:27:38,680 --> 00:27:41,320 Speaker 1: families had reached out to the North Carolina Office of 451 00:27:41,359 --> 00:27:44,719 Speaker 1: State Archaeology back in twenty twenty one when the canoe 452 00:27:44,720 --> 00:27:47,359 Speaker 1: was first found, and at first it had been moved 453 00:27:47,400 --> 00:27:51,119 Speaker 1: closer to the family's peer. Now it has been taken 454 00:27:51,160 --> 00:27:55,240 Speaker 1: to the Queen Anne's Revenge Conservation Laboratory in Greenville, North Carolina, 455 00:27:55,440 --> 00:27:59,760 Speaker 1: for conservation and study. The next few shipwrecks were going 456 00:27:59,800 --> 00:28:03,239 Speaker 1: to talk about, we're all pretty tragic based on what 457 00:28:03,280 --> 00:28:06,200 Speaker 1: we know of them. First, a team in Lake Michigan 458 00:28:06,280 --> 00:28:09,240 Speaker 1: has found two of three vessels that all sank in 459 00:28:09,320 --> 00:28:14,320 Speaker 1: a storm on November eighteenth, nineteen fourteen. The steamship CF. 460 00:28:14,440 --> 00:28:18,480 Speaker 1: Curtis was towing two schooner barges, the Selden E. Marvin 461 00:28:18,520 --> 00:28:22,359 Speaker 1: and the Annie M. Peterson. Those two schooner barges were 462 00:28:22,400 --> 00:28:26,560 Speaker 1: carrying lumber. All together, there were twenty eight people aboard 463 00:28:26,600 --> 00:28:27,960 Speaker 1: these three vessels. 464 00:28:27,560 --> 00:28:29,040 Speaker 2: And all of them were killed. 465 00:28:29,600 --> 00:28:32,080 Speaker 1: The Curtis was found in twenty twenty one and the 466 00:28:32,119 --> 00:28:35,080 Speaker 1: Marvin was found last year, but the fines were announced 467 00:28:35,119 --> 00:28:37,680 Speaker 1: in April of this year after all of the details 468 00:28:37,680 --> 00:28:41,360 Speaker 1: were confirmed. The wrecks are both a bit farther away 469 00:28:41,360 --> 00:28:44,560 Speaker 1: from shore than people generally thought they would be based 470 00:28:44,600 --> 00:28:47,280 Speaker 1: on where they were believed to have sunk. There's also 471 00:28:47,480 --> 00:28:49,920 Speaker 1: damage to the stern of the Curtis and the bow 472 00:28:50,000 --> 00:28:52,680 Speaker 1: of the Marvin, so it is possible that the two 473 00:28:52,760 --> 00:28:56,320 Speaker 1: collided at some point before they sunk or while they 474 00:28:56,320 --> 00:29:01,240 Speaker 1: were sinking. Further studies planned for these racks, including dives 475 00:29:01,280 --> 00:29:04,000 Speaker 1: to the site with the hope of both finding the 476 00:29:04,040 --> 00:29:08,040 Speaker 1: Annie and Peterson and doing additional research on the vessels 477 00:29:08,080 --> 00:29:10,360 Speaker 1: that they've already found and the items that are still 478 00:29:10,400 --> 00:29:14,160 Speaker 1: on board them. Researchers have found the wreckage of the 479 00:29:14,160 --> 00:29:17,640 Speaker 1: Montevideo Marou off the coast of Luzon in the Philippines. 480 00:29:18,280 --> 00:29:21,480 Speaker 1: The Montevideo Maru was a Japanese merchant ship, and it 481 00:29:21,640 --> 00:29:24,920 Speaker 1: sunk after being struck by a torpedo from an American 482 00:29:24,960 --> 00:29:29,120 Speaker 1: submarine on July first, nineteen forty two, but the crew 483 00:29:29,160 --> 00:29:32,320 Speaker 1: aboard the submarine did not know that the Montevideo Maru 484 00:29:32,520 --> 00:29:36,600 Speaker 1: was carrying Allied prisoners of war, most of them Australians 485 00:29:36,600 --> 00:29:40,479 Speaker 1: who had been captured by the Japanese. Family members had 486 00:29:40,520 --> 00:29:43,360 Speaker 1: been calling for Australian authorities to search for the wreck 487 00:29:43,440 --> 00:29:46,760 Speaker 1: for more than a decade. There are people from other 488 00:29:46,960 --> 00:29:50,280 Speaker 1: countries as well, but the sinking of the Montevideo Merou 489 00:29:50,520 --> 00:29:55,120 Speaker 1: has been described as Australia's biggest maritime disaster, and this 490 00:29:55,320 --> 00:29:59,080 Speaker 1: effort to find the wreckage was a collaborative effort involving 491 00:29:59,120 --> 00:30:05,200 Speaker 1: Australian authori and companies that specialize in surveying and underwater archaeology. 492 00:30:06,160 --> 00:30:09,880 Speaker 1: Now that the wreckage has been located, it's essentially a 493 00:30:09,920 --> 00:30:12,560 Speaker 1: grave site, so the plan is for it to be 494 00:30:12,680 --> 00:30:18,040 Speaker 1: left undisturbed. Researchers in Australia have also found the wreckage 495 00:30:18,040 --> 00:30:21,880 Speaker 1: of the MV blythe Star. This ship started taking on 496 00:30:22,000 --> 00:30:25,480 Speaker 1: water off the coast of Tasmania in October of nineteen 497 00:30:25,560 --> 00:30:29,720 Speaker 1: seventy three and its ten crew members abandoned ship, but 498 00:30:29,920 --> 00:30:32,800 Speaker 1: rescuers weren't able to find their raft at sea and 499 00:30:32,920 --> 00:30:36,520 Speaker 1: ultimately called off the search. One of the crew died 500 00:30:36,600 --> 00:30:39,479 Speaker 1: before the raft reached land, and two more died shortly 501 00:30:39,520 --> 00:30:42,880 Speaker 1: after after getting to shore, three went for help while 502 00:30:42,880 --> 00:30:46,280 Speaker 1: the rest waited on the beach. The seven surviving crew 503 00:30:46,280 --> 00:30:49,800 Speaker 1: members were found twelve days after the ship sank, and 504 00:30:49,880 --> 00:30:54,520 Speaker 1: this prompted some changes to Australian maritime law, including requiring 505 00:30:54,600 --> 00:30:57,840 Speaker 1: vessels to report their roots and for life rafts to 506 00:30:57,880 --> 00:31:01,719 Speaker 1: be equipped with beacons. The wreckage of the Blackstar was 507 00:31:01,760 --> 00:31:06,080 Speaker 1: found during a research voyage to study an underwater landslide 508 00:31:06,120 --> 00:31:09,280 Speaker 1: off the coast of Tasmania and some map what was 509 00:31:09,480 --> 00:31:12,480 Speaker 1: at that time an unidentified shipwreck known to be in 510 00:31:12,520 --> 00:31:17,240 Speaker 1: the area. This process included sonar mapping and underwater photography 511 00:31:17,480 --> 00:31:19,640 Speaker 1: and it did confirm that the wreck was the Blackstar. 512 00:31:19,720 --> 00:31:22,080 Speaker 1: Part of the ship's name is actually still visible on 513 00:31:22,160 --> 00:31:25,680 Speaker 1: its bow. A team of divers has found the location 514 00:31:25,800 --> 00:31:29,239 Speaker 1: of the HMS Triumph in the Aege and C. The 515 00:31:29,280 --> 00:31:32,320 Speaker 1: Triumph was a British submarine that disappeared during World War 516 00:31:32,320 --> 00:31:36,280 Speaker 1: II during a secret mission to rescue British escapees from 517 00:31:36,320 --> 00:31:39,680 Speaker 1: an island in Greece. But the Triumph never arrived and 518 00:31:39,720 --> 00:31:42,720 Speaker 1: the Royal Navy declared it missing on January twenty third, 519 00:31:42,800 --> 00:31:46,120 Speaker 1: nineteen forty two. So now that it's been found, it's 520 00:31:46,160 --> 00:31:50,600 Speaker 1: not clear exactly what happens, but the submarine's hatches were 521 00:31:50,640 --> 00:31:54,280 Speaker 1: closed and the periscope was retracted, so that suggests that 522 00:31:54,360 --> 00:31:57,120 Speaker 1: it was diving at the time that it sank. The 523 00:31:57,240 --> 00:32:00,880 Speaker 1: hull was also seriously damaged, but it's not clear what 524 00:32:01,160 --> 00:32:06,160 Speaker 1: caused the damage. Possibilities include the submarine hitting a mine 525 00:32:06,240 --> 00:32:09,320 Speaker 1: or being struck by a torpedo, or even being damaged 526 00:32:09,360 --> 00:32:11,440 Speaker 1: by some kind of explosion from. 527 00:32:11,240 --> 00:32:14,960 Speaker 2: Within the ship. It's possible that some further study will 528 00:32:15,000 --> 00:32:16,200 Speaker 2: help answer that question. 529 00:32:17,200 --> 00:32:21,160 Speaker 1: Next. Two shipwrecks discovered us the coast of Hainan Island 530 00:32:21,200 --> 00:32:24,720 Speaker 1: in southern China date back to the Ming dynasty, making 531 00:32:24,760 --> 00:32:28,040 Speaker 1: them both roughly five hundred years old. One of the 532 00:32:28,080 --> 00:32:32,080 Speaker 1: ships was carrying an immense amount of porcelain, so many 533 00:32:32,120 --> 00:32:35,000 Speaker 1: pieces that the remains of the ship itself are almost 534 00:32:35,000 --> 00:32:39,480 Speaker 1: totally buried under both vessels and sand. It's estimated that 535 00:32:39,520 --> 00:32:42,400 Speaker 1: the ship was carrying as many as one hundred thousand 536 00:32:42,480 --> 00:32:47,960 Speaker 1: porcelain vessels intended as exports. The other wreck was carrying timbers, 537 00:32:48,080 --> 00:32:52,760 Speaker 1: probably being imported into China for use in shipbuilding. This 538 00:32:52,880 --> 00:32:55,880 Speaker 1: is being described as an important find in understanding the 539 00:32:55,920 --> 00:32:58,880 Speaker 1: maritime Silk Road because It's the first time that a 540 00:32:58,960 --> 00:33:02,880 Speaker 1: ship carrying imports and one carrying exports have been found 541 00:33:02,920 --> 00:33:07,200 Speaker 1: in the same area. Further study of this area is planned, 542 00:33:07,200 --> 00:33:10,480 Speaker 1: but it's also challenging due to how deep these wrecks are. 543 00:33:10,520 --> 00:33:14,560 Speaker 1: They are down more than fifteen hundred meters in our 544 00:33:14,680 --> 00:33:18,520 Speaker 1: last shipwreck. A plan to raise a thirty nine foot long, 545 00:33:18,680 --> 00:33:22,480 Speaker 1: three thousand year old hand sown boat from the seafloor 546 00:33:22,640 --> 00:33:25,880 Speaker 1: was announced in June. The vessel was found in the 547 00:33:25,920 --> 00:33:29,520 Speaker 1: Bay of Zombratilla in Croatia, and it dates back to 548 00:33:29,600 --> 00:33:34,000 Speaker 1: between the twelfth and tenth centuries BCE. This may be 549 00:33:34,040 --> 00:33:38,120 Speaker 1: the oldest surviving hand sown boat in the Mediterranean, and 550 00:33:38,160 --> 00:33:41,360 Speaker 1: it's being raised so it can be studied further. So 551 00:33:41,400 --> 00:33:44,680 Speaker 1: this process was scheduled to start on July second, with 552 00:33:44,800 --> 00:33:48,920 Speaker 1: the pieces being desalinated in Croatia and then sent to 553 00:33:49,000 --> 00:33:53,760 Speaker 1: France for restoration, probably sometime in twenty twenty four. The 554 00:33:53,920 --> 00:33:57,640 Speaker 1: long term hope is that after some restoration and study, 555 00:33:57,680 --> 00:34:00,840 Speaker 1: this hand sown vessel can become part of the collection 556 00:34:01,000 --> 00:34:04,560 Speaker 1: at a maritime history museum. And now we've got a 557 00:34:04,560 --> 00:34:08,920 Speaker 1: couple of discoveries related to the Viking era Norse. First 558 00:34:09,040 --> 00:34:11,920 Speaker 1: research published in April suggests that the Norse may have 559 00:34:12,000 --> 00:34:16,120 Speaker 1: abandoned settlements in southwest Greenland due to sea level rise. 560 00:34:16,840 --> 00:34:19,880 Speaker 1: The Norse occupied Greenland from about nine eighty five to 561 00:34:19,960 --> 00:34:23,319 Speaker 1: fourteen fifty, and there have been various theories about why 562 00:34:23,360 --> 00:34:26,799 Speaker 1: that settlement ended, but it happened after the start of 563 00:34:26,840 --> 00:34:29,960 Speaker 1: a period of global cooling known as the Little Ice Age. 564 00:34:30,719 --> 00:34:34,120 Speaker 1: This seems a little bit counterintuitive because you might imagine 565 00:34:34,120 --> 00:34:36,520 Speaker 1: that if the planet was cooler, more of the water 566 00:34:36,600 --> 00:34:39,720 Speaker 1: would be frozen as ice and sea levels would be lower. 567 00:34:40,360 --> 00:34:43,240 Speaker 1: But the weight of all the ice also pressed down 568 00:34:43,320 --> 00:34:46,480 Speaker 1: on the land masses underneath it, and according to researchers, 569 00:34:46,840 --> 00:34:49,799 Speaker 1: the increased mass of the ice also led to a 570 00:34:49,840 --> 00:34:54,440 Speaker 1: greater gravitational effect on the water. So this research suggests 571 00:34:54,480 --> 00:34:58,000 Speaker 1: a variety of effects from this sea level rise, including 572 00:34:58,040 --> 00:35:01,319 Speaker 1: periods of flooding and at change in the foods that 573 00:35:01,360 --> 00:35:03,960 Speaker 1: were available for people to eat, and that might have 574 00:35:04,040 --> 00:35:07,680 Speaker 1: been one of the reasons that the Norse left Greenland. 575 00:35:08,320 --> 00:35:10,720 Speaker 1: Another study has looked at where the Norse were getting 576 00:35:10,760 --> 00:35:15,520 Speaker 1: their lumber during this period. Various Norse sagas describe wood 577 00:35:15,560 --> 00:35:19,680 Speaker 1: being brought from Vinland that's northeastern north America, centered on 578 00:35:19,719 --> 00:35:24,080 Speaker 1: what's now Newfoundland. Wood was also brought from Europe, either 579 00:35:24,120 --> 00:35:28,359 Speaker 1: transported as timber or as wooden items, or repurposed from 580 00:35:28,400 --> 00:35:32,000 Speaker 1: things like ships, hulls and driftwood was an important source 581 00:35:32,040 --> 00:35:35,080 Speaker 1: of lumber in Greenland, possibly making up more than half 582 00:35:35,160 --> 00:35:37,239 Speaker 1: of the wood that was used in the structures that 583 00:35:37,320 --> 00:35:40,719 Speaker 1: were part of this study. These researchers looked at a 584 00:35:40,719 --> 00:35:44,880 Speaker 1: collection of sites that included four farms and an episcopal manner, 585 00:35:45,120 --> 00:35:48,600 Speaker 1: using radiocarbon dating to confirm the ages of the wood 586 00:35:48,960 --> 00:35:52,759 Speaker 1: and microscopic analysis to define which types of trees the 587 00:35:52,760 --> 00:35:56,759 Speaker 1: wood came from. Only a very very tiny percentage was 588 00:35:56,840 --> 00:36:00,960 Speaker 1: conclusively determined to have been imported umber, just about a 589 00:36:01,040 --> 00:36:04,440 Speaker 1: quarter of a percent, but about twenty five percent of 590 00:36:04,480 --> 00:36:07,640 Speaker 1: the wood could have been intentionally imported or could have 591 00:36:07,680 --> 00:36:11,040 Speaker 1: been gathered as driftwood, and some of that wood came 592 00:36:11,080 --> 00:36:14,319 Speaker 1: from hemlocks and jackpines, which are trees that grew in 593 00:36:14,400 --> 00:36:17,200 Speaker 1: North America and not Europe, meaning that's where they have 594 00:36:17,280 --> 00:36:20,880 Speaker 1: to have come from. And closing out part one of 595 00:36:20,920 --> 00:36:24,520 Speaker 1: on Earth, we have a few surprises, starting with objects 596 00:36:24,560 --> 00:36:27,120 Speaker 1: that turned out to be way more notable and valuable 597 00:36:27,360 --> 00:36:32,000 Speaker 1: than people expected. When they bought them first. In twenty seventeen, 598 00:36:32,200 --> 00:36:35,760 Speaker 1: a woman bought four ceramic plates at a salvation army 599 00:36:35,880 --> 00:36:39,799 Speaker 1: for eight dollars. It turns out those plates were made 600 00:36:39,840 --> 00:36:42,600 Speaker 1: by Pablo Picasso, and she sold three of them for 601 00:36:42,680 --> 00:36:46,640 Speaker 1: more than forty thousand dollars. The fourth plate is signed 602 00:36:46,680 --> 00:36:50,200 Speaker 1: by Picasso and it is currently in a safe deposit box. 603 00:36:50,920 --> 00:36:51,680 Speaker 2: While all of. 604 00:36:51,560 --> 00:36:54,719 Speaker 1: This happened in twenty seventeen and twenty eighteen, it made 605 00:36:54,760 --> 00:36:57,960 Speaker 1: headlines this year after the buyer told her story on 606 00:36:58,040 --> 00:37:03,880 Speaker 1: TikTok Nat. Last year, an antiquities collector heard that the 607 00:37:03,920 --> 00:37:07,279 Speaker 1: former Saint Paul's Presbyterian Church in Philadelphia was going through 608 00:37:07,280 --> 00:37:11,279 Speaker 1: a conversion after being sold, and that collector offered to 609 00:37:11,360 --> 00:37:15,720 Speaker 1: buy the church's stained glass windows, settled on a price 610 00:37:15,760 --> 00:37:18,959 Speaker 1: of six thousand dollars, but then when the buyer had 611 00:37:19,000 --> 00:37:22,920 Speaker 1: the windows appraised, turned out they had been made by 612 00:37:22,960 --> 00:37:26,520 Speaker 1: Tiffany Studios and they were worth as much as twenty 613 00:37:26,520 --> 00:37:29,680 Speaker 1: five thousand dollars. They wound up selling at auction for 614 00:37:29,760 --> 00:37:34,840 Speaker 1: one hundred thousand dollars each, and an old metal cylinder 615 00:37:34,960 --> 00:37:37,960 Speaker 1: sold at a flea market and Herdfordshire for twenty pounds. 616 00:37:38,000 --> 00:37:40,840 Speaker 1: It's about twenty five dollars turned out to be a 617 00:37:40,920 --> 00:37:44,520 Speaker 1: late medieval hand cannon made of bronze. It was sold 618 00:37:44,560 --> 00:37:49,000 Speaker 1: at auction in June for one thousand pounds and last year, well, 619 00:37:49,080 --> 00:37:50,759 Speaker 1: these are not things that people sold. But we have 620 00:37:50,840 --> 00:37:56,040 Speaker 1: two art surprises. First, an X ray fluorescent scan has 621 00:37:56,080 --> 00:38:01,239 Speaker 1: revealed that Pablo Picasso's nineteen hundred painting Le Moulindt used 622 00:38:01,239 --> 00:38:03,959 Speaker 1: to have a dog in the foreground, a little brown 623 00:38:04,080 --> 00:38:05,239 Speaker 1: Spaniel dog. 624 00:38:05,080 --> 00:38:07,640 Speaker 2: Wearing a red bow. It's very cute. 625 00:38:08,239 --> 00:38:11,520 Speaker 1: Picasso, though ultimately painted over the dog with kind of 626 00:38:11,560 --> 00:38:14,600 Speaker 1: a sort of lumpy drapy thing. It looks a little 627 00:38:14,600 --> 00:38:17,839 Speaker 1: bit like a black coat draped over a chair. It's 628 00:38:17,920 --> 00:38:23,759 Speaker 1: kind of it's not very shaped, very defenditively. In the other, 629 00:38:24,400 --> 00:38:29,400 Speaker 1: chef and visual artist Ernstavitta realized that Vincent van Goes 630 00:38:29,440 --> 00:38:33,160 Speaker 1: eighteen eighty seven painting that was formerly known as Red 631 00:38:33,280 --> 00:38:38,040 Speaker 1: Cabbages and Onions is not of red cabbages and onions. 632 00:38:38,600 --> 00:38:43,120 Speaker 1: Those onions were actually bulbs of garlic, which when you 633 00:38:43,160 --> 00:38:45,600 Speaker 1: look at it with that knowledge, you're like, yes, that's 634 00:38:45,960 --> 00:38:51,040 Speaker 1: that's garlic. That is a fun place to wrap up 635 00:38:51,080 --> 00:38:54,800 Speaker 1: Part one of On Earth. There is more coming next time. Yeah, 636 00:38:54,880 --> 00:38:57,000 Speaker 1: but in the meantime, do you have listener mail? 637 00:38:57,320 --> 00:38:57,640 Speaker 2: I do? 638 00:38:57,719 --> 00:39:00,720 Speaker 1: I have listener mail from Rebecca, who wrote, Hi, Holly 639 00:39:00,760 --> 00:39:03,440 Speaker 1: and Tracy, thanks so much for your recent episodes on 640 00:39:03,520 --> 00:39:04,960 Speaker 1: the Dictionary Wars. 641 00:39:05,160 --> 00:39:07,120 Speaker 2: I'm from West Hartford. 642 00:39:06,719 --> 00:39:09,760 Speaker 1: Connecticut, so I grew up hearing a lot about Noah Webster. 643 00:39:10,440 --> 00:39:13,640 Speaker 1: His house was a frequent destination for school field trips, 644 00:39:13,640 --> 00:39:16,400 Speaker 1: and the main branch of the public library is named 645 00:39:16,480 --> 00:39:19,440 Speaker 1: after him. Obviously, they left out a lot of the 646 00:39:19,520 --> 00:39:22,400 Speaker 1: story for the elementary school version of his life on 647 00:39:22,440 --> 00:39:26,440 Speaker 1: those tours of his house. The biggest Webster centric event 648 00:39:26,560 --> 00:39:30,120 Speaker 1: in West Hartford was the annual Noah Webster Birthday party 649 00:39:30,160 --> 00:39:34,040 Speaker 1: in the fall, which included a spelling bee for kids. Fortunately, 650 00:39:34,080 --> 00:39:37,720 Speaker 1: we did not have to spell according to Webster's particular rules. 651 00:39:37,719 --> 00:39:40,440 Speaker 1: But I can't help thinking he would have sympathized with 652 00:39:40,520 --> 00:39:46,680 Speaker 1: me the year I got eliminated for misspelling morgue. If 653 00:39:46,719 --> 00:39:50,680 Speaker 1: you're like, what did Tracy just say that's the word morgue, 654 00:39:51,520 --> 00:39:54,520 Speaker 1: I'm sure he would not have approved of those extra letters. 655 00:39:54,680 --> 00:39:57,080 Speaker 1: In my defense, I didn't recognize the word from its 656 00:39:57,080 --> 00:39:59,840 Speaker 1: pronunciation because I had only ever read it and had 657 00:40:00,080 --> 00:40:02,200 Speaker 1: never heard it out loud before you know how it 658 00:40:02,280 --> 00:40:06,200 Speaker 1: is another year, though, I won the spelling bee in 659 00:40:06,239 --> 00:40:08,120 Speaker 1: my age division, and the prize was, of course, a 660 00:40:08,200 --> 00:40:11,760 Speaker 1: Miriam Webster dictionary. Finally, a cute animal picture. I don't 661 00:40:11,760 --> 00:40:13,680 Speaker 1: have any pets a last, but there has been a 662 00:40:13,680 --> 00:40:16,680 Speaker 1: bumper crop of baby bunnies in my neighborhood this year. 663 00:40:17,480 --> 00:40:20,000 Speaker 1: I hope this picture conveys just how teeny this little 664 00:40:20,040 --> 00:40:22,920 Speaker 1: bunny is in comparison to the grass and leaves around it. 665 00:40:22,960 --> 00:40:25,600 Speaker 1: Thank you for all of your great podcasts, fun behind 666 00:40:25,600 --> 00:40:28,080 Speaker 1: the scenes commentary, and excellent research. I look forward to 667 00:40:28,120 --> 00:40:30,120 Speaker 1: stuff you missed in history class every weekend. I can't 668 00:40:30,160 --> 00:40:34,239 Speaker 1: wait to see what you'll be working on next. Take care, Rebecca, 669 00:40:34,640 --> 00:40:37,680 Speaker 1: this is a very cute little bunny. We have lots 670 00:40:37,719 --> 00:40:41,839 Speaker 1: of bunnies in our yard, which I just let them 671 00:40:41,880 --> 00:40:44,839 Speaker 1: do what they're doing because we have not tried to 672 00:40:45,480 --> 00:40:51,080 Speaker 1: grow any kind of foods that the bunnies might decide 673 00:40:51,160 --> 00:40:54,840 Speaker 1: are delicious. Even when I had a pretty nice little 674 00:40:54,840 --> 00:40:57,839 Speaker 1: herb garden growing on our deck, the rabbits didn't really 675 00:40:57,840 --> 00:41:00,080 Speaker 1: mess with it. 676 00:41:00,120 --> 00:41:04,200 Speaker 2: So yeah, very cute, funny. I love this story on 677 00:41:06,440 --> 00:41:07,920 Speaker 2: Noah Webster's birthday party. 678 00:41:09,880 --> 00:41:11,880 Speaker 1: If you would like to send us a note about 679 00:41:11,880 --> 00:41:14,600 Speaker 1: this or any other podcast or a history podcasts at 680 00:41:14,600 --> 00:41:17,680 Speaker 1: iHeartRadio dot com and we're all over social media miss 681 00:41:17,719 --> 00:41:20,560 Speaker 1: in History. That's where you'll find our Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest, 682 00:41:20,719 --> 00:41:25,160 Speaker 1: and Instagram. And you can subscribe to our show on 683 00:41:25,239 --> 00:41:29,960 Speaker 1: the iHeartRadio app or wherever you like to get your podcasts. 684 00:41:33,800 --> 00:41:36,920 Speaker 1: Stuff you missed in History Class is a production of iHeartRadio. 685 00:41:37,239 --> 00:41:41,879 Speaker 1: For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, 686 00:41:42,000 --> 00:41:44,279 Speaker 1: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.