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Speaker 1: Jorgey, you're a fan of oatmeal, aren't you. Yeah, I've

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Speaker 1: been done too eatable every once in a while. So

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Speaker 1: how hot do you like your oatmeal? Well, you know,

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Speaker 1: not too hot, not too cold, you know, maybe in

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Speaker 1: the Goldilocks zone. So then, in physics terms, does that

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Speaker 1: mean like hotter than the surface of Pluto, maybe colder

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Speaker 1: than the surface of the Sun. Yes, somewhere in there.

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Speaker 1: That's kind of a big range. All right, let's narrow

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Speaker 1: it down. Maybe hotter than room temperature on Earth, colder

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Speaker 1: than room temperature on Venus. Yeah, I'm not sure which

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Speaker 1: one's hotter or colder, but that that sounds about right. Well,

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Speaker 1: maybe we should use chemistry instead, like hotter than a

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Speaker 1: frozen cube of oatmeal, colder than oatmeal plasma. I'm not

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Speaker 1: sure I should leave you in charge of my breakfast.

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Speaker 1: I'm just trying to come up with creative menus for

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Speaker 1: the Daniel and Jorge restaurant. I'm not sure I should

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Speaker 1: leave in charge by lunch either. H I am Poor

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Speaker 1: hammy cartoonists and the co author of Frequently Asked Questions

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Speaker 1: about the Universe. Hi. I'm Daniel. I'm a particle physicist

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Speaker 1: and a professor at UC Irvine, and I'm not a

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Speaker 1: fan of menu writing. Oh have you had to do

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Speaker 1: it several times? No, I mean that I'm a critic

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Speaker 1: of menu writing, and I'm not often impressed. You know,

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Speaker 1: those menus to have things like wild Mountain raspberry sauce

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Speaker 1: or you know, they just keep adding adjective to everything

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Speaker 1: to make it sound more impressive. I see you just

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Speaker 1: want like what food like you know, menu options, food

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Speaker 1: and dessert. That sounds pretty good. Yeah, make it direct,

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Speaker 1: like surprised me, none of this flower language. Yes, I'll

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Speaker 1: order dinner please. Why even have a menu, Daniel, Just

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Speaker 1: go to a restaurant and just haven't bring you food

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Speaker 1: that sounds great. Actually, I would love to be at

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Speaker 1: the chef's whim. You don't have to make any decisions

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Speaker 1: fight it could just put a tube down your throat

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Speaker 1: and then you'd be out of there in five minutes.

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Speaker 1: Eating is a hassle anyway, But anyways, Welcome to a

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Speaker 1: podcast Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe, a production of

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Speaker 1: I Heart Radio in which we serve up the entire

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Speaker 1: menu of all of the mysteries of modern physics and

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Speaker 1: the questions about the nature of reality and our universe.

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Speaker 1: We serve up the delicious dish of all of our

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Speaker 1: curiosity about the way things work, how everything came together

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Speaker 1: to form the universe that we know and love, and

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Speaker 1: how it may all fall apart in the future. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: because we try to nurse you with amazing facts about

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Speaker 1: the universe and fill you up with nutritious and sometimes

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Speaker 1: hot titbits about our amazing cosmos. The universe is quite

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Speaker 1: a meal, after all. It's more than an appetizer, that's

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Speaker 1: for sure. It's more like a litter or brunch. What

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Speaker 1: do you think. I think it's an all you can

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Speaker 1: eat buffet. I mean I could just keep going back

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Speaker 1: and back and back until I blow up with physics knowledge.

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Speaker 1: Doesn't that violate the love of energy conservation and endless fae? Well,

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Speaker 1: as long as the universe keeps expanding and my waistline

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Speaker 1: keeps expanding, then we're all in harmony. Oh man, Wait,

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Speaker 1: wouldn't you turn into a black hole eventually? My plan

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Speaker 1: is to just red shift my way down to weight loss.

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Speaker 1: I see red. It's a slimming color. Is that what

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Speaker 1: you're saying? If I'm moving away at high speeds, then

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Speaker 1: technically I have less energy absolutely. Oh yeah, And there's

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Speaker 1: also like left contraction right as you're moving faster, you

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Speaker 1: seem smaller, but only in one direction. So just make

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Speaker 1: sure they get your good side. I'll rely on that

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Speaker 1: when I whizz by the photographer. Wit, how do they

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Speaker 1: take your picture if you're going faster than the speed

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Speaker 1: of light? And do you actually post before the pictures taken?

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Speaker 1: You know, the whole sequence of events here gets all

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Speaker 1: you know, relativity confusing. Yeah, I think we're confusing ourselves

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Speaker 1: with physics and pr I don't think they're a good combination.

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Speaker 1: But it is a pretty wonderful universe, full of many

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Speaker 1: options for us to dive into and explore and taste.

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Speaker 1: I guess it's sort of like there's a tasting menu

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Speaker 1: and and this is what this podcast is. And the

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Speaker 1: universe offers so many stories that so many different temperatures.

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Speaker 1: You can study the frozen interior of crazy ice planets,

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Speaker 1: you can study the hot, intense environment at the center

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Speaker 1: of our sun. There are mysteries at all temperatures. Oh,

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Speaker 1: that's an interesting question. What is the range of possible

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Speaker 1: temperatures in the universe? Right, Like you could have zero

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Speaker 1: degrease kelvin. That's one extreme. Could you have infinite temperature?

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Speaker 1: On the other side, We did a whole podcast episode

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Speaker 1: about the hottest things in the universe and another one

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Speaker 1: about the coldest things in the universe, so check those

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Speaker 1: out if you're interested. But briefly, we know that things

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Speaker 1: can't actually get down to zero degrees kelvin because quantum

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Speaker 1: and certainty requires things to always be vibrating a tiny

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Speaker 1: little bit. Quantum fields can never relaxed actual zero, but

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Speaker 1: you can get pretty close. On the other side, there

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Speaker 1: is a temperature above which we don't think temperature really

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Speaker 1: makes any sense. It's called absolute hot, and it's sort

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Speaker 1: of the maximum temperature you can have in which things

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Speaker 1: sort of stay. Things above that quantum gravity has to

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Speaker 1: take over them. We don't even really know how who

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Speaker 1: describe the universe at that crazy high energy density, Well,

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Speaker 1: it sounds like a vodka brand. Absolute hot, So what

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Speaker 1: does that mean. It's like when the matter particles are

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Speaker 1: moving it close to the speed of light. It's more

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Speaker 1: than just the particles moving near the speed of light

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Speaker 1: because velocity is relative. It's about energy density. It's about

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Speaker 1: having things being really compact and also having high speeds

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Speaker 1: when things get really really crazy compact, then gravity takes over.

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Speaker 1: But if you have really small distances, then quantum mechanics

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Speaker 1: is important. And so it's sort of like asking the question,

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Speaker 1: what is the state of matter at the heart of

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Speaker 1: a black hole? We just don't really know, and extrapolating

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Speaker 1: to those conditions from our knowledge of the universe doesn't

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Speaker 1: really even make sense. So absolute hot is sort of

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Speaker 1: like a statement about we can't really say anything above

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Speaker 1: this temperature because we're pretty sure our theory would be wrong. Well,

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Speaker 1: that's absolutely interesting, it is, and thermodynamics is very complicated.

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Speaker 1: These connections between density and temperature, some of them break

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Speaker 1: down our ideas of like what temperature is. And if

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Speaker 1: you're interested in those questions and the subtle connects between

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Speaker 1: energy and density and velocity, check out our episode on

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Speaker 1: what is the hottest thing in the universe. Yeah, so

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Speaker 1: there's how hot things can get in the universe, and

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Speaker 1: then there's how hot are the things that we've seen

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Speaker 1: in this universe. And things can get pretty hot as

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Speaker 1: far as we've seen in this universe, right, that's right.

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Speaker 1: The buffet of our universe offers a lot of different

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Speaker 1: things to explore from the temperature that we are used to,

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Speaker 1: sort of like between zero and a hundred degrees celsius.

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Speaker 1: Two hotter things inside stars or inside neutron stars, or

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Speaker 1: sometimes even hotter temperatures whoa hotter than a star is

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Speaker 1: in a star sort of like the hottest anything can get,

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Speaker 1: right like at the center of the Sun or the

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Speaker 1: center of neutron star. No, it actually it turns out

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Speaker 1: that some of the plasma in between galaxies and in

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Speaker 1: between stars can be even hotter because the particles are

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Speaker 1: moving very very high speeds. But again, those guys are

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Speaker 1: not very dense, so if you put yourself in the

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Speaker 1: interstellar plasma or in the intergalactic medium, then you would

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Speaker 1: freeze really quickly because there isn't a lot of heat there.

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Speaker 1: But the particles are moving really really fast. So technically

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Speaker 1: there are super high temperatures. But the hottest things in

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Speaker 1: the universe are actually things created here on Earth by

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Speaker 1: particle physicists. Well, they are pretty hot. We are the

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Speaker 1: hottest people in the universe creating the hottest things in

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Speaker 1: the universe. We are too hot to handle. Yeah, I

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Speaker 1: think that's what I mean. It's like if you have

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Speaker 1: a particle out there in space and it's moving it

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Speaker 1: close to the speed of light. Wouldn't technically the space

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Speaker 1: around it be super duper hot, right, because temperature is

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Speaker 1: sort of like about the average like per particle kinetic energy. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: well we talked about in that episode. The definition of

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Speaker 1: temperature is a statistical property, so it's something you can

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Speaker 1: talk about for a set of particles. And most theorists

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Speaker 1: say the temperature isn't defined for a single particle, like

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Speaker 1: it just doesn't have a meaning. It's something, as you say,

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Speaker 1: it's about the average motion of these particles, not the

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Speaker 1: specific velocity of one. So what's the temperature of a

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Speaker 1: single particle flying through the universe? It's not defined. Temperature

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Speaker 1: is some thing you can only really talk about for

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Speaker 1: a set of particles. What about the temperature for a

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Speaker 1: dred particles moving at the speed of light. I feel

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Speaker 1: like we're gonna have this negotiation and you're gonna ask

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Speaker 1: me what's the smallest number of particles for which you

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Speaker 1: can talk about temperature? At one point? Can you say

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Speaker 1: something is hot? Daniel? So this is thermal physics, and

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Speaker 1: temperature is a macroscopic quantity. It's something which emerges from

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Speaker 1: the motion of microscopic quantities. It's sort of like the

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Speaker 1: concept of value in economics. You know, what is the

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Speaker 1: value of a certain painting. If there's only one person

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Speaker 1: in the world, and they can say the value is

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Speaker 1: whatever they want, they have to be able to sell it.

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Speaker 1: They have to be able to transfer to somebody else.

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Speaker 1: So value in the market depends on there being like

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Speaker 1: a bunch of people buying and selling something, so you

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Speaker 1: can get a sense for the value. It's sort of

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Speaker 1: the same with temperature. You can't have the temperature of

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Speaker 1: an individual particle. You have to the temperature of a

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Speaker 1: set of objects. There's no like fixed threshold where you

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Speaker 1: can define temperature, and the concept of temperature sort of

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Speaker 1: loses meaning as the number of particles gets smaller and smaller.

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Speaker 1: So what's the threshold? I don't know. A hundred is

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Speaker 1: probably safe, but you're on the edge. It sounds like

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Speaker 1: we need to write a new best selling book called

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Speaker 1: physics economics. Sounds pretty freaky. But anyways, we are talking

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Speaker 1: today here about something that is maybe even hotter than

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Speaker 1: the inside of stars, something that is actually made here

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Speaker 1: on Earth by physicists. So today on the podcast will

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Speaker 1: be tackling the question what is a quark gluon plasma.

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Speaker 1: But that's kind of a worth mouthful to say it is.

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Speaker 1: But it's super fascinating because it lets us explore how

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Speaker 1: the universe looks different at different temperatures. You know, the

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Speaker 1: universe at its smaller scale of made of something we

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Speaker 1: don't know. But as you crank up the temperature, all

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Speaker 1: sorts of really fascinating and interesting properties emerge. You know,

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Speaker 1: normal matter or gases or plasmas. All these properties sort

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Speaker 1: of arise from how these lower level bits come together.

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Speaker 1: It's really cool to make the universe show you like

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Speaker 1: a new thing that it can do. Mmmm. I think

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Speaker 1: you guys just sit around and pair up different interesting

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Speaker 1: words together and then then and then that sets your

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Speaker 1: research agenda. You should just like cork gluon plasma. Sure,

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Speaker 1: let's go with that. Yeah, next we're gonna look for

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Speaker 1: like the cork tiger plasma. That sounds pretty cool. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: and maybe a hit Netflix show as well. But this

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Speaker 1: is an interesting state of matter, something that's maybe hotter

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Speaker 1: than the insights of neutron stars, which is a little

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Speaker 1: mind blowing. But as usually, we were wondering how many

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Speaker 1: people out there chart to her of these three words

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Speaker 1: put together cork glue on plasma. So Daniel went out

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Speaker 1: there into the internet to ask people what the cork

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Speaker 1: gluon plasma. So thank you very much to those who

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Speaker 1: volunteered to speculate on this question without the chance to

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Speaker 1: google it. We're very happy to know your thoughts, and

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Speaker 1: if you out there listening right now, would like to

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Speaker 1: hear your voice on the podcast for everyone else to appreciate.

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Speaker 1: Please don't be shy right to us two questions at

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Speaker 1: Daniel and Jorge dot com. So think about it for

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Speaker 1: a second. What do you think a cork glue on

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Speaker 1: plasma is? Here's what blood to say. I don't know.

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Speaker 1: I would guess that it has something to do with,

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Speaker 1: for example, pressure or temperature. Being at such an extreme

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Speaker 1: point that matter, but the state of matter changes drastically

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Speaker 1: and becomes something similar to well plasma or both Einstein condensate. Well,

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Speaker 1: the plasma has probably obtained when you have really high temperatures,

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Speaker 1: so I guess this probably existed in the early state

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Speaker 1: of the universe. I don't know, just guess. A quark

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Speaker 1: gluon plasma is a small unit of blood glued onto

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Speaker 1: an organ to increase the absorption of oxygen. Well, I

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Speaker 1: know the quirks are what make up the lutron and proton,

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Speaker 1: and the gluons are what buying them together using the

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Speaker 1: strong nuclear force. Since they can't exist on their own

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Speaker 1: without being closely bound. I would assume it's high energy

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Speaker 1: state that the gluons are in the kind of bind

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Speaker 1: them together, almost like a liquid adhesive. I mean, I

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Speaker 1: guess that a quark gluon plasmas when you have a

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Speaker 1: high enough energy state so that the quarks can actually

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Speaker 1: break out of their groups of three and roam around

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Speaker 1: freely with gluons passing back and forth between these quirks.

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Speaker 1: I don't know if this level of energy is possible

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Speaker 1: in our current universe, but maybe it could have been

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Speaker 1: in the very early stages of the Big Bang. This

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Speaker 1: is something that hardy might be inside a netron star

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Speaker 1: as far as I know. That's when you have a

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Speaker 1: lot of energy and matter. Basically, uh, the separation between

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Speaker 1: protons breaks down and all these quirks just sort of

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Speaker 1: mingle in like a soup of quirky goodness. Oh, I

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Speaker 1: know that it's a plasma of quirks and gluons really hot,

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Speaker 1: all right? It sounds like someone confused blood plasma with

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Speaker 1: physics plus. Right, that's something in your blood, right, Yeah,

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Speaker 1: plasma is something in your blood, but that's totally different.

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Speaker 1: That's just the same letters. That means something completely different

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Speaker 1: than sort of physics plasma. So don't get a physics

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Speaker 1: plasma injection next time you go to the doctor. And

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Speaker 1: that's for the vampire physicists to do rasor truck exactly.

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Speaker 1: Quark gluon vampires. That's the next crossover event. But some

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Speaker 1: pretty good answers here. I think most people sort of

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Speaker 1: associate plasma with something really hot, I guess, and then

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Speaker 1: it did a lot of people here seem to know

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Speaker 1: it's a state of matter, and so I guess you

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Speaker 1: just kind of put two and two together, and so

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Speaker 1: it's a plasma of quarks and gluons. They're on the

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Speaker 1: right track in thinking that it's a new state of matter,

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Speaker 1: like another thing that matter can do, another way the

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Speaker 1: universe can operate. It's one that really lets us explore

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Speaker 1: deep and fundamental questions about the nature of the universe

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Speaker 1: and the early universe and why we are all here. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: but most people seem to also know that it's associated

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Speaker 1: with temperature and so that that it's something really hot,

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Speaker 1: and so let's dive into it, Daniel, Let's maybe take

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Speaker 1: it back to the basics. What is the basic definition

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Speaker 1: of a cork blue on plasma? So cork gluon plasma

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Speaker 1: is an extension of our idea of states of matter.

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Speaker 1: So you're probably familiar with solids and liquids and gases

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Speaker 1: as different states of matter. You take the same basic

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Speaker 1: objects in this case atoms, right, helium, hydrogen, neon, whatever,

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Speaker 1: and it's just a question of how hot they are,

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Speaker 1: and the temperature they are determines how they move. So

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Speaker 1: that's what the states of matter are. In a solid,

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Speaker 1: the atoms are bound together in a lattice, right, it's

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Speaker 1: like a crystal where they're like not moving and they're

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Speaker 1: squeezed together. As that melts becomes a liquid and the

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Speaker 1: particles are free to slide around, but you're sort of

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Speaker 1: constant volume. And then if he heats up even more,

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Speaker 1: the particles loosen up even more and they fly around

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Speaker 1: freely and they're going everywhere. Beyond that, there's another state

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Speaker 1: of matter, plasma that people are probably heard of, where

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Speaker 1: you break things up even further. So you take the atom,

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Speaker 1: and now you crack it open. Instead of just having

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Speaker 1: atoms flying around, you have the constituents of the atom

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Speaker 1: separating from each other. So the electrons leave the nucleus

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Speaker 1: and go off on their own because there's enough temperature

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Speaker 1: for them to like escape from the energy bonds of

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Speaker 1: the nucleus. So now you have charged particles. So plasma

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Speaker 1: is like a gas, but with charged particles instead of

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Speaker 1: neutral particles, which makes it much more complex and intense. Right,

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Speaker 1: I think you sort of hit when you said that

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Speaker 1: it's something escapes the bonds of something, and so I

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Speaker 1: think that's a big thing in these this idea of

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Speaker 1: states of matter, right, because you know, at the at

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Speaker 1: the end of it, insologist particles put together in different ways,

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Speaker 1: but there seems to be some sort of like transcision

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Speaker 1: points or things that either like stuck together in a

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Speaker 1: certain way or not stuck together or not stuck together

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Speaker 1: at all. Yeah, exactly. So the whole universe is just

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Speaker 1: like particles put together in different ways, and in the

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Speaker 1: end you should be able to describe any configuration using

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Speaker 1: like the most fundamental rules of how those particles work.

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Speaker 1: We don't have those most fundum mental rules. We don't

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Speaker 1: really understand the basic rules of the universe. But what

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Speaker 1: we do have are these effective rules. Like we say,

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Speaker 1: in this configuration, when things are stuck together, the most

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Speaker 1: important thing are these bonds between the atoms, and they

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Speaker 1: can be described roughly using this kind of mathematics. Fascinating

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Speaker 1: things as you say that there are these transitions when

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Speaker 1: like things get loosened up, and now you can use

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Speaker 1: a different kind of mathematics to describe it, Like the

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Speaker 1: math of crystals is totally different from the math of fluids,

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Speaker 1: from the math of gases, right, And it's fascinating that

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Speaker 1: there are these transitions. That's why we even say that

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Speaker 1: we have states of matter instead of just saying, hey,

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Speaker 1: look we've got particles and here are the rules. It's

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Speaker 1: because these phenomena emerged, just like we were saying earlier,

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Speaker 1: the temperature is an emergent phenomena, the property of many objects.

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Speaker 1: The whole idea of states of matter, of solids and

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Speaker 1: liquids and gases emerges from what's going on underneath, right,

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Speaker 1: I guess what I mean. It's like, it's not something

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Speaker 1: we're imagining, right, It's not like the universe is actually

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Speaker 1: sort of like a continuous grade in between things are

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Speaker 1: pact really close together and things that are just out

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Speaker 1: there loose. It's like the universe really does sort of

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Speaker 1: like click into certain ways of arranging matter. That's a

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Speaker 1: really subtle philosophical point. Whether this is our interpretation or

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Speaker 1: whether this is inherent to the universe, it really depends

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Speaker 1: on what you think about, like the primacy of mathematics,

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Speaker 1: whether it's part of the universe or just part of

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Speaker 1: our thought. You know, we might, for example, meet alien

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Speaker 1: physicists who think that, like our definition of phases are

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Speaker 1: a nonsense, and they have a different way of looking

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Speaker 1: at it because different quantities are important to them. And

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Speaker 1: so I think it's not clear whether this is like

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Speaker 1: part of the universe or just our description of it.

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Speaker 1: But either way, it's something that's very useful for us, right,

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Speaker 1: because it's a way for us to simplify things and

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Speaker 1: have like simple mathematical stories that work without having to

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Speaker 1: every time go down to string theory and new calculations

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Speaker 1: from there. Right, It's not like the universe like actually

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Speaker 1: changes or like the rules of the universe change, Like

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Speaker 1: the universe is continuous, you know, things don't like suddenly change,

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Speaker 1: but there does seem to be sort of this interesting

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Speaker 1: thing where like when I'm sort of sort of closing

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Speaker 1: up to each other, then certain forces become more dominant,

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Speaker 1: and so then things, for example, click into place as

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Speaker 1: a crystal. But if you sort of exceed some sort

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Speaker 1: of energy level, then other forces are more important, and

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Speaker 1: then the particles the items don't arrange and crystal as

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Speaker 1: they sort of arrange as a liquid. You're exactly right,

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Speaker 1: and that's the most important thing. That the universe is

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Speaker 1: following the same basic laws the whole time, whatever those

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Speaker 1: basic laws are, and we notice these patterns. It's sort

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Speaker 1: of like if you wanted to categorize books in the library.

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Speaker 1: You know, all the books in the library follow the

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Speaker 1: same rules, are like sequences of words that follow each other,

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Speaker 1: and you're like, oh, these are dramas, these are comedies,

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Speaker 1: this one on the edge. I'm not really even sure

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Speaker 1: or somebody invented a whole new genre, right, Where is

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Speaker 1: a genre? After all? It's just a way for us

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Speaker 1: to like categorize things that we see, patterns that emerge

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Speaker 1: in writing, things that work, and so in the same way,

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Speaker 1: like phases of matter are ways for us to simplify

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Speaker 1: a whole set of phenomena in terms of simplistic mathematical descriptions.

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Speaker 1: And you might think, well, why can't we just use

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Speaker 1: the most fundamental theory every time? And you know the

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Speaker 1: answer is that we just can't do those calculations. It's

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Speaker 1: really complicated, the same reason that you can't like predict

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Speaker 1: hurricanes even if you understand how drops work, because chaos

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Speaker 1: prevents you from extrapolating from the very small scale to

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Speaker 1: the very high scale. And also we don't even know

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Speaker 1: if there is a fundamental theory, like maybe all of

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Speaker 1: our theories, even like the ones about corks and leptons

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Speaker 1: and the standard model, maybe that's just an effective theory,

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Speaker 1: the same way like fluid dynamics is and the ideal

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Speaker 1: gas law, you could all just be like ignoring what's

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Speaker 1: going on underneath because we can't see those details. Right. So,

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Speaker 1: so far we have sort of four basic states of matter.

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Speaker 1: You said, solid when which is when the atoms are

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Speaker 1: stuck together kind of in a grid. Liquid when the

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Speaker 1: atoms are moving about but sliding around with each other.

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Speaker 1: And then there's gas, which is when the atoms are

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Speaker 1: flying around freely. But then there's the fourth type of matter,

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Speaker 1: which is when the atoms start to break apart, right,

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Speaker 1: and then you sort of have a gas of free

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Speaker 1: flying um protons and electrons. Yeah, protons and new trons

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Speaker 1: and electrons. So you have atomic nuclei. You know. For example,

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Speaker 1: if you have hydrogen plasma, then it's just protons and electrons.

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Speaker 1: There are no atoms there. There isn't really hydrogen anymore.

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Speaker 1: That if every proton having an electron pair. Now the

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Speaker 1: protons and electrons are just all flying around on their own,

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Speaker 1: so they're not like confined to each other anymore. They

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Speaker 1: can move freely throughout. And so that's what a plasma

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Speaker 1: is relative to a gas. Plasma is sort of like

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Speaker 1: a gas of charged particles, right, but the nucleus still

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Speaker 1: stays together, or the nucleus breaks apart. In these atoms

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Speaker 1: that are in the plasma, the nucleus still stays together,

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Speaker 1: like the protons and neutrons are still bound together to

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Speaker 1: each other. I see. It's just that the in the

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Speaker 1: regular plasma, the electrons separate from the nucleus, and so

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Speaker 1: you have nuclei and electrons flying around like a gas exactly,

402
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Speaker 1: and that is a gas of charged particles. That's what

403
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Speaker 1: a plasma is. And it makes sense that a plasma

404
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Speaker 1: is hotter because in order for that to happen, you

405
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Speaker 1: have to pump a lot of energy into those electrons

406
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Speaker 1: so they can climb all the way of that energy

407
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Speaker 1: better and eventually basically be free. It's like you've given

408
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Speaker 1: the electrons enough energy to reach their escape velocity from

409
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Speaker 1: the nuclei. Right. It's like when you give too much

410
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Speaker 1: sugar to a kid. They started to, you know, separate

411
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Speaker 1: from their family at the park exactly, they go into

412
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Speaker 1: really fast orbits and then they were gone. We but

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Speaker 1: we see plasma and everyday life. It's not just like

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Speaker 1: a weird idea. You know. The Sun, of course, is

415
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Speaker 1: a huge ball of plasma, so you see it every day.

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Speaker 1: There's also a plasma down here on Earth. Like lightning

417
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Speaker 1: has plasma in it, light bulbs have plasma in them.

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Speaker 1: We create plasma all the time to do fusion research

419
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Speaker 1: like a tocomax and stuff like that. So plasma is weird.

420
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Speaker 1: It's not something you can touch, but it is a

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Speaker 1: part of our everyday life. Yeah, It's what makes a

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Speaker 1: fluorescent lights. Right, Like if you're work in an office

423
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Speaker 1: or any time you go to any kind of commercial space,

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Speaker 1: there are fluorescent lights, and that's plasma, right, that's plasma,

425
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Speaker 1: and plasma is a different kind of state of matter

426
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Speaker 1: because it doesn't follow the rules of gases. You need

427
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Speaker 1: different kinds of mathematics to describe plasma. It's called magneto

428
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Speaker 1: hydro dynamics, and it combines electrodynamics, you know, the laws

429
00:22:03,520 --> 00:22:07,240
Speaker 1: of how electrically charged objects feel each other and push

430
00:22:07,240 --> 00:22:11,120
Speaker 1: on each other, with fluid dynamics hydro dynamics. So it's

431
00:22:11,240 --> 00:22:14,000
Speaker 1: massively complicated, and it's one of the reasons that fusion

432
00:22:14,040 --> 00:22:18,040
Speaker 1: research is really complicated because charge gases are very unstable

433
00:22:18,240 --> 00:22:20,159
Speaker 1: and very hard to confine and very hard to do

434
00:22:20,200 --> 00:22:22,919
Speaker 1: any calculations with as well. Yeah, they're very nasty. They

435
00:22:22,920 --> 00:22:25,959
Speaker 1: even sound like a marble supervillain with those names together,

436
00:22:26,119 --> 00:22:28,600
Speaker 1: and so so then that's when the atom starts to

437
00:22:28,600 --> 00:22:31,480
Speaker 1: break apart. So, but you can go even further maybe

438
00:22:31,520 --> 00:22:34,240
Speaker 1: and break apart the nucleus if you keep I guess,

439
00:22:34,320 --> 00:22:37,480
Speaker 1: pushing the temperature, pushing the energy of the system exactly,

440
00:22:37,560 --> 00:22:39,320
Speaker 1: And so you can get to the next stage of

441
00:22:39,359 --> 00:22:42,480
Speaker 1: matter by cranking up the energy even hotter so that

442
00:22:42,560 --> 00:22:45,080
Speaker 1: you break even more bonds. As you're saying, states of

443
00:22:45,119 --> 00:22:47,479
Speaker 1: matter a sort of defined by the transitions where you're

444
00:22:47,520 --> 00:22:51,280
Speaker 1: breaking bonds and different things become dominant. So the next frontier, then,

445
00:22:51,320 --> 00:22:54,160
Speaker 1: beyond plasma, is to break open the nucleus and break

446
00:22:54,240 --> 00:22:57,120
Speaker 1: open the protons and neutrons inside of it. All right, well,

447
00:22:57,160 --> 00:22:59,720
Speaker 1: let's get to the next frontier of the states of matter,

448
00:23:00,119 --> 00:23:03,200
Speaker 1: quark gluon plasmas. We'll dive into that, but first let's

449
00:23:03,240 --> 00:23:19,960
Speaker 1: take a quick break. All Right, we're talking about Marvel supervillains, right, Daniel,

450
00:23:20,400 --> 00:23:24,479
Speaker 1: We're always talking about Marvels. Marvel should be paying us,

451
00:23:24,560 --> 00:23:26,880
Speaker 1: or at least um funding a good part of our podcast.

452
00:23:27,040 --> 00:23:30,920
Speaker 1: I guess they pay us in movies somehow, entertainment. I

453
00:23:30,960 --> 00:23:32,960
Speaker 1: suppose so. But everybody else out there who's not making

454
00:23:33,000 --> 00:23:35,840
Speaker 1: a podcast is also getting those movies. But we, I

455
00:23:35,880 --> 00:23:40,280
Speaker 1: guess we get to talk about it. We can hopefully

456
00:23:41,560 --> 00:23:43,399
Speaker 1: fair use man fair use, we get to make good

457
00:23:43,480 --> 00:23:45,680
Speaker 1: jokes about it. Well, but the latest superhero here we're

458
00:23:45,720 --> 00:23:49,159
Speaker 1: talking about is called the core gluon plasma. And we

459
00:23:49,240 --> 00:23:51,400
Speaker 1: talked a little bit about states of matter and how

460
00:23:51,400 --> 00:23:54,000
Speaker 1: you can go from solid to liquid to gas too. Plasma,

461
00:23:54,160 --> 00:23:55,879
Speaker 1: this kind of plasma is sort of like the next

462
00:23:56,000 --> 00:23:58,280
Speaker 1: level of a state of matter. Like if you take

463
00:23:58,359 --> 00:24:01,040
Speaker 1: plasma and what you heat it up even more, if

464
00:24:01,040 --> 00:24:03,480
Speaker 1: you take gas and you heat it up even more,

465
00:24:03,880 --> 00:24:06,600
Speaker 1: then you can break up the next level of confinement,

466
00:24:06,600 --> 00:24:09,119
Speaker 1: the next thing that's sort of making this up. And

467
00:24:09,119 --> 00:24:11,159
Speaker 1: so if you take the simplest sort of thing like

468
00:24:11,200 --> 00:24:14,159
Speaker 1: protons and electrons, and you take those protons and you

469
00:24:14,200 --> 00:24:16,760
Speaker 1: heat them up, then you can break them open into

470
00:24:16,880 --> 00:24:20,080
Speaker 1: what's inside them. Right, And remember that protons are not

471
00:24:20,160 --> 00:24:23,919
Speaker 1: fundamental objects and not point particles. They're actually made of

472
00:24:24,119 --> 00:24:26,960
Speaker 1: smaller pieces that are inside them, the same way in

473
00:24:27,080 --> 00:24:30,840
Speaker 1: atom is made of a nucleus and electrons. Proton is

474
00:24:30,880 --> 00:24:33,720
Speaker 1: made of smaller bits and those bits are quirks held

475
00:24:33,720 --> 00:24:36,840
Speaker 1: together by gluons. But I feel like you skip the

476
00:24:36,840 --> 00:24:39,159
Speaker 1: step though, right, Like we've heard plasma, and that was

477
00:24:39,280 --> 00:24:42,280
Speaker 1: nuclei and electrons flying around, and if you heat it up,

478
00:24:42,320 --> 00:24:44,679
Speaker 1: at some point, the nuclear i break up into protons

479
00:24:44,720 --> 00:24:47,280
Speaker 1: and neutrons. Is that called anything or do we just

480
00:24:47,480 --> 00:24:50,400
Speaker 1: totally ignore that? Or is that also just a regular plasma?

481
00:24:50,480 --> 00:24:52,560
Speaker 1: That would also be a regular plasma that's sort of

482
00:24:52,560 --> 00:24:54,720
Speaker 1: like fission. Right, You take a big nucleus and break

483
00:24:54,760 --> 00:24:57,399
Speaker 1: it up into smaller pieces that's fission. That's something we

484
00:24:57,400 --> 00:24:59,680
Speaker 1: can do. Breaking open the proton and breaking open the

485
00:24:59,760 --> 00:25:03,160
Speaker 1: nuke leaves are related because breaking open a proton means

486
00:25:03,240 --> 00:25:06,920
Speaker 1: cracking the bonds between the quarks inside the proton. Well,

487
00:25:06,920 --> 00:25:10,399
Speaker 1: what's holding the nucleus together anyway? Like why does the

488
00:25:10,480 --> 00:25:12,639
Speaker 1: nucleus stick together If it's a bunch of protons and

489
00:25:12,640 --> 00:25:15,640
Speaker 1: a bunch of neutrons that's only just charged particles plus

490
00:25:15,760 --> 00:25:18,439
Speaker 1: charges and zero charges, Why does that anyway stick together?

491
00:25:18,840 --> 00:25:21,919
Speaker 1: It sticks together because of the bonds between the quarks

492
00:25:22,000 --> 00:25:24,520
Speaker 1: inside them, And so anyway, you can sort of think

493
00:25:24,560 --> 00:25:26,840
Speaker 1: of a nucleus is sort of like a really big

494
00:25:26,960 --> 00:25:29,919
Speaker 1: quirky particle where all the corks are held together not

495
00:25:29,960 --> 00:25:32,680
Speaker 1: just into protons and neutrons, but also those quirks are

496
00:25:32,680 --> 00:25:35,520
Speaker 1: holding onto the other quarks inside the other protons and

497
00:25:35,520 --> 00:25:37,760
Speaker 1: neutrons to keep it together. So really, what you want

498
00:25:37,760 --> 00:25:39,800
Speaker 1: to do to get to quark glow and plasma is

499
00:25:39,840 --> 00:25:43,280
Speaker 1: just crack open all those quirky bonds, right, But I

500
00:25:43,280 --> 00:25:45,760
Speaker 1: guess there is sort of an intermediate step, is what

501
00:25:45,800 --> 00:25:47,679
Speaker 1: I mean. It's like, you know, you have plasma with

502
00:25:47,800 --> 00:25:50,040
Speaker 1: nuclei and electrons, and at some point you break open

503
00:25:50,080 --> 00:25:53,120
Speaker 1: the nuclei into protons and neutrons. Is there a state

504
00:25:53,119 --> 00:25:56,800
Speaker 1: of matter where it's like protons still held together, neutrons

505
00:25:56,920 --> 00:25:59,480
Speaker 1: and electrons flying around. Yeah, that would just be a

506
00:25:59,520 --> 00:26:02,320
Speaker 1: plasma there. You've taken heavier nuclei and you've broken it

507
00:26:02,359 --> 00:26:05,600
Speaker 1: down into hydrogen, because hydrogen is protons. Okay, So then

508
00:26:05,640 --> 00:26:07,399
Speaker 1: at some point you heat it up so much that

509
00:26:07,440 --> 00:26:09,879
Speaker 1: the protons stands start to break apart. Yeah, then you

510
00:26:09,960 --> 00:26:12,560
Speaker 1: can break open those protons. And so protons have three

511
00:26:12,600 --> 00:26:15,720
Speaker 1: quarks inside held together by gluons, but these are held

512
00:26:15,720 --> 00:26:19,000
Speaker 1: together really tightly. The energy of the bonds holding the

513
00:26:19,040 --> 00:26:21,639
Speaker 1: proton together is much greater than the energy of the

514
00:26:21,680 --> 00:26:25,200
Speaker 1: bonds holding the electron to the proton, so it takes

515
00:26:25,480 --> 00:26:28,880
Speaker 1: much higher temperatures to crack open that proton. Yeah, it's

516
00:26:28,880 --> 00:26:31,600
Speaker 1: a lot of energy. I mean, even just to break

517
00:26:31,680 --> 00:26:34,280
Speaker 1: up the nucleus is a lot, right, Like an atomic

518
00:26:34,320 --> 00:26:37,320
Speaker 1: bomb is basically what happens when you start breaking up

519
00:26:37,400 --> 00:26:40,879
Speaker 1: nuclei in in atoms exactly. And so in order to

520
00:26:41,000 --> 00:26:43,960
Speaker 1: break up the proton into its bits, you need to

521
00:26:44,000 --> 00:26:48,879
Speaker 1: get up to trillions of degrees kelvin. So five and

522
00:26:48,880 --> 00:26:52,879
Speaker 1: a half trillion kelvin is an estimate for the temperature

523
00:26:53,320 --> 00:26:55,440
Speaker 1: of the next stage of matter. And that's what a

524
00:26:55,520 --> 00:26:58,680
Speaker 1: cork gluon plasma is is to break open the proton

525
00:26:59,040 --> 00:27:02,120
Speaker 1: so the quarks and then luans inside can now run free.

526
00:27:02,520 --> 00:27:04,919
Speaker 1: So just in the same way that a plasma is

527
00:27:05,040 --> 00:27:08,440
Speaker 1: breaking open and atom, so the electron and then proton

528
00:27:08,520 --> 00:27:11,199
Speaker 1: can fly free. Now you're breaking open what's inside the

529
00:27:11,200 --> 00:27:14,240
Speaker 1: proton so that it can run free. You're saying, like,

530
00:27:14,280 --> 00:27:16,600
Speaker 1: do you heat things up and things are moving and

531
00:27:16,680 --> 00:27:20,359
Speaker 1: crashing into each other so crazily that it actually like

532
00:27:20,720 --> 00:27:24,040
Speaker 1: breaks open the protons. Yeah, that's basically like the melting

533
00:27:24,119 --> 00:27:26,600
Speaker 1: point of a proton. You heat it up to five

534
00:27:26,640 --> 00:27:30,439
Speaker 1: and a half trillion kelvin and there's enough energy for

535
00:27:30,520 --> 00:27:33,560
Speaker 1: the quarks to break the bonds of those gluons and

536
00:27:33,600 --> 00:27:35,760
Speaker 1: to fly around free. You have a bunch of them

537
00:27:35,800 --> 00:27:38,080
Speaker 1: all together, and you basically get a soup. You get

538
00:27:38,119 --> 00:27:42,040
Speaker 1: a super particles that are not neutral in the strong force. Right.

539
00:27:42,080 --> 00:27:44,800
Speaker 1: A plasma is interesting because it's like a gas, but

540
00:27:44,840 --> 00:27:48,720
Speaker 1: it's not neutral electrically. A quark gluon plasma is like

541
00:27:48,800 --> 00:27:51,560
Speaker 1: a gas, but it's not neutral in the strong force

542
00:27:51,760 --> 00:27:54,479
Speaker 1: what we call color charge. So you have a gas

543
00:27:54,560 --> 00:27:59,000
Speaker 1: of colored particles. Whoa interesting, Well you you've got a

544
00:27:59,040 --> 00:28:02,320
Speaker 1: soup before, but now you're saying, like the bits of

545
00:28:02,320 --> 00:28:06,000
Speaker 1: the super Now they're charged not just with electromagnetism but

546
00:28:06,119 --> 00:28:10,240
Speaker 1: also the strong force color charge. Yeah, exactly, they're charged

547
00:28:10,280 --> 00:28:12,960
Speaker 1: in every possible way. They're charged in the weak force,

548
00:28:13,000 --> 00:28:16,440
Speaker 1: they're charged and electromagnetism because they have electric charge and

549
00:28:16,560 --> 00:28:19,560
Speaker 1: they have color. So they can now move freely. You know,

550
00:28:19,640 --> 00:28:23,000
Speaker 1: corks are usually confined. They're like stuck inside a particle

551
00:28:23,040 --> 00:28:25,760
Speaker 1: that we've ever seen. An individual cork usually just like

552
00:28:25,800 --> 00:28:28,080
Speaker 1: trapped inside a proton or a neutron or some other

553
00:28:28,160 --> 00:28:31,679
Speaker 1: kind of particle like a pion or you know other masons.

554
00:28:32,240 --> 00:28:34,520
Speaker 1: But here, now the corks can like fly free in

555
00:28:34,560 --> 00:28:36,720
Speaker 1: the same way like electrons and a plasma are now

556
00:28:36,800 --> 00:28:39,640
Speaker 1: flying freely. They're not trapped to an individual nucleus. The

557
00:28:39,760 --> 00:28:41,720
Speaker 1: quarks and a cork glue in a plasma can now

558
00:28:41,760 --> 00:28:45,200
Speaker 1: move freely all the way around anywhere inside the plasma

559
00:28:45,480 --> 00:28:47,800
Speaker 1: like all by themselves. Right, that's the idea that they're

560
00:28:47,800 --> 00:28:50,280
Speaker 1: not stuck to anything else. They're not stuck to anything else,

561
00:28:50,280 --> 00:28:53,480
Speaker 1: but they're also not all by themselves. A cork by

562
00:28:53,520 --> 00:28:56,280
Speaker 1: itself in space, wouldn't be a cork glue on plasma,

563
00:28:56,520 --> 00:28:58,880
Speaker 1: it would just be a cork and corks can't really

564
00:28:58,880 --> 00:29:00,920
Speaker 1: be by themselves and base it would have so much

565
00:29:01,000 --> 00:29:02,920
Speaker 1: energy you would just pop all these other particles out

566
00:29:02,920 --> 00:29:05,600
Speaker 1: of the vacuum. A quark, glu and plasma is when

567
00:29:05,600 --> 00:29:08,640
Speaker 1: you have all huge density of particles, also all at

568
00:29:08,680 --> 00:29:11,480
Speaker 1: high temperatures, and so they're sort of like happily living

569
00:29:11,760 --> 00:29:15,200
Speaker 1: in this frothing vacuum. Mm hmm. I see, well, I

570
00:29:15,200 --> 00:29:19,040
Speaker 1: guess maybe before we go further, just an naming question,

571
00:29:19,120 --> 00:29:21,320
Speaker 1: like why still call it a plasma. It seems like,

572
00:29:21,440 --> 00:29:23,760
Speaker 1: you know, this should maybe get its own category of

573
00:29:23,880 --> 00:29:27,760
Speaker 1: state of matter. What you call it, like a quirklue

574
00:29:27,760 --> 00:29:31,000
Speaker 1: and banana? Yeah, why not? I mean, if you're giving

575
00:29:31,000 --> 00:29:35,520
Speaker 1: me the naming rights, sure, let's go with the bananas

576
00:29:35,560 --> 00:29:38,040
Speaker 1: state of matter, because it is pretty bananas, right, like

577
00:29:38,160 --> 00:29:41,480
Speaker 1: the trillions of degrees um sells. That's that's pretty crazy.

578
00:29:41,640 --> 00:29:43,720
Speaker 1: It is pretty crazy. I like the name plasma because

579
00:29:43,720 --> 00:29:46,280
Speaker 1: it borrows the concept of the plasma we're familiar with

580
00:29:46,600 --> 00:29:49,760
Speaker 1: that you're breaking things open and now you have charged objects,

581
00:29:49,920 --> 00:29:52,720
Speaker 1: but they're just charged in another way. So it's sort

582
00:29:52,720 --> 00:29:55,480
Speaker 1: of like generalizes the concept of plasma, and the plasma

583
00:29:55,560 --> 00:29:59,120
Speaker 1: we're familiar with should be called like electric plasma um,

584
00:29:59,200 --> 00:30:01,360
Speaker 1: and so this could be called like a color plasma

585
00:30:01,520 --> 00:30:03,680
Speaker 1: or something like that. But you know, there's a relationship

586
00:30:03,720 --> 00:30:06,480
Speaker 1: between the plasma we're familiar with and this kind of plasma.

587
00:30:06,560 --> 00:30:09,240
Speaker 1: So I think it works. But you know, whatever, I

588
00:30:09,240 --> 00:30:12,240
Speaker 1: have a name. How about calling it coasma because you

589
00:30:12,240 --> 00:30:15,960
Speaker 1: know it's a quantum cork plasma coasma? Yeah, what do

590
00:30:15,960 --> 00:30:18,760
Speaker 1: you think? Quasma? That sounds like something that leaks from

591
00:30:18,800 --> 00:30:22,440
Speaker 1: your wounds when they haven't been treated well. But that

592
00:30:22,640 --> 00:30:27,320
Speaker 1: that's good, right. It brings up interesting associations. I mean,

593
00:30:27,320 --> 00:30:31,479
Speaker 1: it's better than coming up with a blood that's true.

594
00:30:32,080 --> 00:30:34,280
Speaker 1: That's true. That is pretty weird. But this stuff is

595
00:30:34,320 --> 00:30:37,640
Speaker 1: also super weird and super fascinating to study. You know,

596
00:30:37,720 --> 00:30:40,400
Speaker 1: not only would it be really really hot, it's also

597
00:30:40,760 --> 00:30:43,840
Speaker 1: is super duper dense. Like a cubic centimeter of this

598
00:30:43,840 --> 00:30:46,000
Speaker 1: stuff like a tea spoon, you know, with weigh about

599
00:30:46,080 --> 00:30:51,520
Speaker 1: forty billion tons here on Earth. It's incredibly strange stuff. Wait,

600
00:30:51,560 --> 00:30:54,000
Speaker 1: I guess you're confusing me here bringing in density. Now,

601
00:30:54,280 --> 00:30:56,560
Speaker 1: I guess I think what you're saying is that this

602
00:30:56,720 --> 00:31:00,920
Speaker 1: weird state of plasma which we're going to called kasman now,

603
00:31:01,040 --> 00:31:03,720
Speaker 1: maybe only happens if you have that much density, right,

604
00:31:03,760 --> 00:31:06,160
Speaker 1: Like you, The only way to break open a proton

605
00:31:06,440 --> 00:31:10,120
Speaker 1: is if things are like super dense, right, because as

606
00:31:10,120 --> 00:31:12,560
Speaker 1: you said, if you just have a proton out in space,

607
00:31:12,600 --> 00:31:14,360
Speaker 1: it's not going to split open. Or if it is

608
00:31:14,360 --> 00:31:17,200
Speaker 1: split open into corks, the courts are just gonna you know,

609
00:31:17,360 --> 00:31:21,080
Speaker 1: explode or disappear. So you sort of need this super

610
00:31:21,120 --> 00:31:23,920
Speaker 1: dense state in order to have a cosma. Yeah, and

611
00:31:23,960 --> 00:31:27,000
Speaker 1: remember that there's a tight connection between temperature and density.

612
00:31:27,280 --> 00:31:29,800
Speaker 1: You can object to a certain temperature and you squeeze it,

613
00:31:29,800 --> 00:31:33,640
Speaker 1: it gets hotter, right, And so increasing the density also

614
00:31:33,720 --> 00:31:36,440
Speaker 1: increases the temperature. And so the conditions under which we

615
00:31:36,480 --> 00:31:39,160
Speaker 1: have created cork gloom on plasmas are this temperature and

616
00:31:39,200 --> 00:31:41,400
Speaker 1: this density. And also think in your mind of like

617
00:31:41,720 --> 00:31:44,520
Speaker 1: that phase diagram maybe you learned about in school. The

618
00:31:44,560 --> 00:31:48,840
Speaker 1: transitions between phases are not just temperature dependent, they're also

619
00:31:48,960 --> 00:31:52,720
Speaker 1: density dependent right there, depending on the pressure. So for example,

620
00:31:52,800 --> 00:31:55,360
Speaker 1: where water freezes or where it turns into gas, it

621
00:31:55,400 --> 00:31:57,800
Speaker 1: doesn't just depend on the temperature. It also depends on

622
00:31:57,840 --> 00:32:01,320
Speaker 1: the pressure the effectively the density of the material. I see.

623
00:32:01,360 --> 00:32:03,000
Speaker 1: So when you're saying like this is the state of

624
00:32:03,040 --> 00:32:06,160
Speaker 1: matter that happens when things get really hot, that's not

625
00:32:06,440 --> 00:32:09,280
Speaker 1: quite the whole truth, right, Like you have to get

626
00:32:09,320 --> 00:32:12,840
Speaker 1: it both hot and dance in order to get a quasma. Exactly,

627
00:32:12,880 --> 00:32:15,320
Speaker 1: A single proton flying through the universe at very high speeds,

628
00:32:15,360 --> 00:32:17,040
Speaker 1: or even a hundred of them flying at very high

629
00:32:17,080 --> 00:32:20,920
Speaker 1: speeds don't get you a quasma. Yeah, that keeps saying it.

630
00:32:20,960 --> 00:32:22,960
Speaker 1: If you keep saying it, it's gonna happen. It's gonna happen.

631
00:32:23,000 --> 00:32:25,880
Speaker 1: It's kind of growing on me. It's fun to say quasma. Yeah,

632
00:32:26,080 --> 00:32:30,240
Speaker 1: it doesn't make you cleans. And you're right. You need

633
00:32:30,280 --> 00:32:33,520
Speaker 1: density and temperature, and so all of these phase transitions

634
00:32:33,560 --> 00:32:36,520
Speaker 1: are temperature and density dependent. Mostly we think about them

635
00:32:36,560 --> 00:32:39,040
Speaker 1: as temperature because that's the dominant effect. But there really

636
00:32:39,080 --> 00:32:41,800
Speaker 1: is a two dimensional diagram you have to keep in mind, right,

637
00:32:42,000 --> 00:32:45,000
Speaker 1: or just one dial, which is the bananas dial, right,

638
00:32:45,040 --> 00:32:48,400
Speaker 1: Like if things get more bananas, you know, if you

639
00:32:48,480 --> 00:32:52,000
Speaker 1: take a solid and put it under bananas conditions, it's

640
00:32:52,040 --> 00:32:54,840
Speaker 1: gonna melt right, right, Well, then the question is, because

641
00:32:54,880 --> 00:32:58,480
Speaker 1: there's a maximum temperature absolute hot Is there a maximum bananas?

642
00:32:58,560 --> 00:33:00,800
Speaker 1: Can you get to absolute banana? Is in the universe?

643
00:33:00,920 --> 00:33:03,240
Speaker 1: I don't know, you tell me. Is that basically what

644
00:33:03,280 --> 00:33:08,120
Speaker 1: this podcast is about, the search for absolute bananas, the

645
00:33:08,200 --> 00:33:11,920
Speaker 1: absolute state of bananas. That's the you know, most major

646
00:33:11,960 --> 00:33:16,640
Speaker 1: religions are after that state of enlightenment. We'll get there

647
00:33:16,680 --> 00:33:19,880
Speaker 1: one day, another hundred episodes or so. Yeah, yeah, yeah,

648
00:33:19,920 --> 00:33:22,440
Speaker 1: it's a journey. But yeah, so a quasma danas when

649
00:33:22,480 --> 00:33:26,240
Speaker 1: things get so bananas that even protons break apart. And

650
00:33:26,280 --> 00:33:28,880
Speaker 1: so you have this soup and you're saying that it's

651
00:33:28,880 --> 00:33:30,920
Speaker 1: so intense that actually if you try to like grow

652
00:33:31,080 --> 00:33:34,040
Speaker 1: this or have like a whole sun full of quasma,

653
00:33:34,200 --> 00:33:36,280
Speaker 1: it would be crazy, would be like super duper you

654
00:33:36,360 --> 00:33:38,600
Speaker 1: basically maybe even get a black hole. Yeah. I haven't

655
00:33:38,640 --> 00:33:41,760
Speaker 1: done the calculations, but it would be incredibly intense, and

656
00:33:41,840 --> 00:33:45,240
Speaker 1: the amount of energy to make a sun sized blob

657
00:33:45,400 --> 00:33:50,480
Speaker 1: of quasma would be astronomical. Absolutely, We've only ever made

658
00:33:50,680 --> 00:33:54,640
Speaker 1: super tiny amounts of it here on our colliders on Earth.

659
00:33:55,080 --> 00:33:58,160
Speaker 1: M M. All right, we'll get into whether we've seen

660
00:33:58,200 --> 00:34:00,600
Speaker 1: it and what it all means, but I guess, but

661
00:34:00,680 --> 00:34:02,440
Speaker 1: the main picture you're trying to paint is that it's

662
00:34:02,480 --> 00:34:04,600
Speaker 1: sort of like a quantum It's not so much as

663
00:34:04,600 --> 00:34:08,480
Speaker 1: super like a quantum mechanical soup, right, like, because quarks

664
00:34:08,560 --> 00:34:11,879
Speaker 1: can really be by themselves, so they need to sort

665
00:34:11,880 --> 00:34:14,920
Speaker 1: of be around gluons kind of for them to stick around, right,

666
00:34:14,960 --> 00:34:18,239
Speaker 1: And so it's very sort of quantum mechanical dependent. I

667
00:34:18,239 --> 00:34:20,879
Speaker 1: guess what I mean. It's like it's a quantum mechanical thing.

668
00:34:21,239 --> 00:34:23,600
Speaker 1: Is definitely a quantum mechanical thing. And one of the

669
00:34:23,600 --> 00:34:26,000
Speaker 1: reasons it's super fascinating is that we are forcing the

670
00:34:26,080 --> 00:34:29,360
Speaker 1: universe to reveal a different kind of thing that it

671
00:34:29,480 --> 00:34:33,080
Speaker 1: can do. You know, solids and liquids and gases. These

672
00:34:33,120 --> 00:34:35,280
Speaker 1: are all just like the dances of lots of tiny

673
00:34:35,320 --> 00:34:39,480
Speaker 1: particles operating together, and it's incredible what emerges, you know.

674
00:34:39,520 --> 00:34:41,719
Speaker 1: And so here we have forced the universe to show

675
00:34:41,800 --> 00:34:44,000
Speaker 1: us another trick that it can pull off. How many

676
00:34:44,000 --> 00:34:46,600
Speaker 1: phases are there? We don't know, right this is like

677
00:34:46,640 --> 00:34:48,840
Speaker 1: an idea that came about a few decades ago, and

678
00:34:48,920 --> 00:34:50,920
Speaker 1: we achieved it and improved it and are studying it.

679
00:34:51,239 --> 00:34:53,680
Speaker 1: We don't know how many different phases of matter there

680
00:34:53,760 --> 00:34:55,640
Speaker 1: might be and what each of them might tell us

681
00:34:55,680 --> 00:34:59,239
Speaker 1: about the most fundamental picture in the early universe. Yeah,

682
00:34:59,480 --> 00:35:01,440
Speaker 1: and I guess why. What I mean is that in

683
00:35:01,480 --> 00:35:04,280
Speaker 1: a quasma you can't really keep track of one court,

684
00:35:04,360 --> 00:35:07,160
Speaker 1: can you. It's like it's all sort of like bound

685
00:35:07,160 --> 00:35:10,279
Speaker 1: together in weird plant of mechanical ways, but not as

686
00:35:10,280 --> 00:35:12,799
Speaker 1: bound as in the inside of a proton, but it's

687
00:35:12,800 --> 00:35:15,240
Speaker 1: still sort of like, you know, it's all sort of entangled,

688
00:35:15,280 --> 00:35:17,200
Speaker 1: I guess, is what I mean. They're all bound together

689
00:35:17,280 --> 00:35:19,560
Speaker 1: and slashing about, and there's a huge amount of energy,

690
00:35:19,760 --> 00:35:23,080
Speaker 1: so you're constantly creating new corks and anti quarks and

691
00:35:23,120 --> 00:35:25,719
Speaker 1: then destroying them as well. So in that sense, he

692
00:35:25,760 --> 00:35:29,120
Speaker 1: has like a frothing pile of these particles. Yeah, and

693
00:35:29,280 --> 00:35:32,040
Speaker 1: it's hotter than anything that we've seen, right, even like

694
00:35:32,080 --> 00:35:34,359
Speaker 1: the inside of a neutron star is not as hot.

695
00:35:34,440 --> 00:35:36,480
Speaker 1: That's right. It was the champion in our what is

696
00:35:36,520 --> 00:35:39,640
Speaker 1: the Hottest Thing in the Universe? Episode? The neutron star

697
00:35:39,760 --> 00:35:43,320
Speaker 1: interior might get up to like a hundred billion degrees kelvin,

698
00:35:43,800 --> 00:35:47,600
Speaker 1: but cork glue on plasmas, we think, reach into the trillions,

699
00:35:47,640 --> 00:35:50,080
Speaker 1: and so it might actually be the hottest thing in

700
00:35:50,120 --> 00:35:54,520
Speaker 1: the universe, unless, of course, alien particle physicists are even

701
00:35:54,600 --> 00:35:58,520
Speaker 1: hotter than we are, and they've reached absolute banana. Maybe

702
00:35:58,520 --> 00:36:02,320
Speaker 1: they are bananas, which automatically makes them hot, I guess,

703
00:36:02,400 --> 00:36:04,800
Speaker 1: depending on how hungry you are hold on. If aliens

704
00:36:04,800 --> 00:36:07,680
Speaker 1: are bananas, then what's their favorite snack? Is it podcasters?

705
00:36:08,560 --> 00:36:13,319
Speaker 1: Let's hope not. Maybe they have a whole podcast where

706
00:36:14,000 --> 00:36:19,719
Speaker 1: they joke around about eating or what ortunists or physicists. Well,

707
00:36:19,760 --> 00:36:22,040
Speaker 1: I guess. Then the question is, can you have a

708
00:36:22,160 --> 00:36:26,560
Speaker 1: quasma cork gluon plasma naturally out in nature, Like can

709
00:36:26,600 --> 00:36:29,239
Speaker 1: you imagine anything having that like? Or would you have

710
00:36:29,280 --> 00:36:31,360
Speaker 1: to like maybe go inside of a black hole for that.

711
00:36:31,800 --> 00:36:33,640
Speaker 1: We don't know what's going on inside a black hole.

712
00:36:33,640 --> 00:36:35,799
Speaker 1: It's possible that you get that kind of thing there.

713
00:36:35,920 --> 00:36:38,399
Speaker 1: We also don't know what's going on at the heart

714
00:36:38,440 --> 00:36:41,960
Speaker 1: of neutron stars. It's also very hot and very dense.

715
00:36:42,239 --> 00:36:45,440
Speaker 1: Probably not hot and dense enough to make cork gluon plasmas,

716
00:36:45,560 --> 00:36:48,880
Speaker 1: but still uncertain. However, we do think that there was

717
00:36:48,920 --> 00:36:52,080
Speaker 1: a moment in the history of the universe when everything

718
00:36:52,239 --> 00:36:55,239
Speaker 1: was a cork gluon plasma, when that's all there was.

719
00:36:55,800 --> 00:36:59,200
Speaker 1: The whole universe was nothing but quasma. You mean, I

720
00:36:59,200 --> 00:37:02,120
Speaker 1: get the big Bank yes, very early on. Before there

721
00:37:02,120 --> 00:37:04,719
Speaker 1: were particles, before there were protons, before there were bananas,

722
00:37:04,960 --> 00:37:08,480
Speaker 1: there was quasma. All right, well let's get into more

723
00:37:08,640 --> 00:37:11,640
Speaker 1: of the Big Bang and whether, if not, we've recreated

724
00:37:11,800 --> 00:37:14,959
Speaker 1: this Coasma or corn blue on plasma here on Earth.

725
00:37:15,120 --> 00:37:29,839
Speaker 1: But first let's take another quick break. All right, we're

726
00:37:29,840 --> 00:37:33,800
Speaker 1: talking about Coasma, the latest um Marvel supervillain that we

727
00:37:33,920 --> 00:37:37,600
Speaker 1: just made up. All rights reserve. I think I think

728
00:37:37,600 --> 00:37:42,120
Speaker 1: it was one of the Infinity Stones, maybe the Quamas Stone.

729
00:37:42,440 --> 00:37:45,280
Speaker 1: You know. We got a question on Twitter yesterday about

730
00:37:45,360 --> 00:37:47,960
Speaker 1: how I laugh at your jokes and whether I'm actually

731
00:37:48,040 --> 00:37:49,799
Speaker 1: laughing every time or if I have a button eye

732
00:37:49,840 --> 00:37:52,280
Speaker 1: press over here to just like generate the same chuckle

733
00:37:52,400 --> 00:37:57,120
Speaker 1: over because my jokes are so bad? Is that the idea?

734
00:37:58,800 --> 00:38:00,879
Speaker 1: I don't know, Or maybe I just laughed the same

735
00:38:00,880 --> 00:38:03,840
Speaker 1: exact way every time and it sounds suspicious like a laughter.

736
00:38:04,960 --> 00:38:07,600
Speaker 1: I see. Well, I have a button right here, It's

737
00:38:07,640 --> 00:38:10,960
Speaker 1: my whoa button. Whenever you say something mind blowing, I

738
00:38:11,080 --> 00:38:14,840
Speaker 1: just go whoa. The same something should sample about to

739
00:38:14,840 --> 00:38:16,839
Speaker 1: make a song just based on my laughing and your

740
00:38:17,000 --> 00:38:21,160
Speaker 1: what yeah? Yeah, I will not be listening to that.

741
00:38:22,160 --> 00:38:24,960
Speaker 1: It makes me very queasy in klasmic. Alright, we're talking

742
00:38:24,960 --> 00:38:27,520
Speaker 1: about couark glue on plasma, which is I guess sort

743
00:38:27,520 --> 00:38:29,759
Speaker 1: of like a fifth state of matter or would you

744
00:38:29,760 --> 00:38:31,600
Speaker 1: say it's still part of the fourth state of matter.

745
00:38:31,800 --> 00:38:34,800
Speaker 1: It's definitely its own state of matter. How many states

746
00:38:34,800 --> 00:38:36,880
Speaker 1: of matter there are is another question, you know, like

747
00:38:37,080 --> 00:38:40,359
Speaker 1: does a Bose Einstein condensate count as a state of matter?

748
00:38:40,600 --> 00:38:43,440
Speaker 1: Some people would say yes, So the number of states

749
00:38:43,440 --> 00:38:45,719
Speaker 1: of matter is a little bit fuzzy. But this is

750
00:38:45,760 --> 00:38:48,440
Speaker 1: definitely its own thing, right, And you said that it

751
00:38:48,520 --> 00:38:51,600
Speaker 1: doesn't happen or maybe it probably doesn't happen at the

752
00:38:51,640 --> 00:38:54,279
Speaker 1: center of neutron stars, which get up to you know,

753
00:38:54,360 --> 00:38:56,960
Speaker 1: hundreds of billions of kelvin, which is kind of crazy

754
00:38:57,000 --> 00:38:59,239
Speaker 1: to me because a neutron star is basically the like

755
00:38:59,280 --> 00:39:01,600
Speaker 1: the hottest thing in the universe right now, and it's

756
00:39:01,640 --> 00:39:05,399
Speaker 1: like one step removed from a black hole. So you're saying,

757
00:39:05,440 --> 00:39:08,520
Speaker 1: like a quark glow and plasma basically sort of can't

758
00:39:08,520 --> 00:39:11,279
Speaker 1: really happen naturally in the universe. Yeah, if you think

759
00:39:11,360 --> 00:39:14,799
Speaker 1: humans aren't natural, then it can't really happen naturally. We

760
00:39:14,920 --> 00:39:16,960
Speaker 1: think that at the heart of neutron stars there are

761
00:39:17,000 --> 00:39:20,520
Speaker 1: still neutrons right that the protons and electrons have been

762
00:39:20,560 --> 00:39:24,160
Speaker 1: squeezed together, so the electron is forced inside the proton

763
00:39:24,239 --> 00:39:26,799
Speaker 1: and basically converts it into a neutron, and that what

764
00:39:26,880 --> 00:39:30,040
Speaker 1: you have is a very powerful soup of neutrons with

765
00:39:30,360 --> 00:39:33,560
Speaker 1: very strong forces that we struggled to calculate and to

766
00:39:33,680 --> 00:39:36,400
Speaker 1: understand the pressure and the density and all that stuff.

767
00:39:36,560 --> 00:39:39,279
Speaker 1: We did an episode recently about Nicer, which is a

768
00:39:39,320 --> 00:39:42,799
Speaker 1: telescope trying to study the interior of neutron stars, specifically

769
00:39:42,840 --> 00:39:45,279
Speaker 1: to answer that question what's going on? And it's so

770
00:39:45,320 --> 00:39:47,480
Speaker 1: hard because the strong force is really tricky to do

771
00:39:47,520 --> 00:39:49,880
Speaker 1: calculations with. But we don't think that the pressure and

772
00:39:50,080 --> 00:39:52,720
Speaker 1: temperature inside a neutron star are hot enough to actually

773
00:39:52,760 --> 00:39:56,080
Speaker 1: break those neutrons up. So you have like essentially one

774
00:39:56,160 --> 00:39:58,440
Speaker 1: big object. You can think of a quark glowing plasma

775
00:39:58,480 --> 00:40:00,520
Speaker 1: sort of like a super particle, where all the quarks

776
00:40:00,680 --> 00:40:03,879
Speaker 1: are all bound together into one big object because they're

777
00:40:03,880 --> 00:40:06,480
Speaker 1: all feeling each other. Or conversely, you could think of

778
00:40:06,520 --> 00:40:08,960
Speaker 1: like a proton is like a tiny little serving of

779
00:40:09,040 --> 00:40:12,360
Speaker 1: quirk gluon plasma. Make a little teaspoon of it. What

780
00:40:12,400 --> 00:40:14,719
Speaker 1: about like in a supernova, like if a star explodes.

781
00:40:14,800 --> 00:40:17,759
Speaker 1: Could you have a little bit of a quasma moment momentarily,

782
00:40:17,800 --> 00:40:20,919
Speaker 1: at least potentially, you could get collisions. Right. The way

783
00:40:20,960 --> 00:40:23,240
Speaker 1: to make a cork glue in plasma is to recreate

784
00:40:23,560 --> 00:40:27,319
Speaker 1: super high energy collisions, and we do that here on Earth,

785
00:40:27,400 --> 00:40:30,320
Speaker 1: and so it's possible that there are cork gluon plasmas

786
00:40:30,320 --> 00:40:33,920
Speaker 1: produced in supernovas. It's also possible that there's tiny amounts

787
00:40:33,920 --> 00:40:38,240
Speaker 1: of corklu and plasma produced when cosmic rays hit the atmosphere. Remember,

788
00:40:38,320 --> 00:40:41,600
Speaker 1: super high energy protons or iron nuclei are hitting the

789
00:40:41,600 --> 00:40:44,520
Speaker 1: atmosphere all the time. So you strike it just right

790
00:40:44,560 --> 00:40:47,640
Speaker 1: and you might get flashes of cork gluon plasma. Whoa,

791
00:40:47,960 --> 00:40:51,920
Speaker 1: we could be like being rained down upon by quasima

792
00:40:52,840 --> 00:40:55,120
Speaker 1: exactly Quasma rain. I think that was a song by

793
00:40:55,120 --> 00:41:00,000
Speaker 1: Prince right. Well, the artists formally know just like quasma

794
00:41:00,239 --> 00:41:03,120
Speaker 1: is the state of matter formally known as the cork

795
00:41:03,120 --> 00:41:08,520
Speaker 1: gluon plasma exactly. We always sounds so hip yeah, so um,

796
00:41:08,560 --> 00:41:11,279
Speaker 1: I guess you're saying it happens in collisions, and so

797
00:41:11,400 --> 00:41:13,920
Speaker 1: you make it basically at the particle collider they're engineering,

798
00:41:14,160 --> 00:41:15,680
Speaker 1: we do make it, but you can't make it by

799
00:41:15,719 --> 00:41:19,200
Speaker 1: just smashing protons together. There aren't like enough quarks and

800
00:41:19,200 --> 00:41:21,520
Speaker 1: gluons in there. What you need is really much more

801
00:41:21,600 --> 00:41:23,640
Speaker 1: like a soup that we make it when we collide

802
00:41:23,719 --> 00:41:27,520
Speaker 1: heavier stuff. Our collider is capable not just of accelerating protons,

803
00:41:27,560 --> 00:41:31,320
Speaker 1: but also of accelerating things like lead or gold nuclei.

804
00:41:31,719 --> 00:41:34,200
Speaker 1: You strip away all the electrons again just by heating

805
00:41:34,200 --> 00:41:36,400
Speaker 1: it up. You have like a gold or lead plasma.

806
00:41:36,600 --> 00:41:38,759
Speaker 1: You take all the positively charged stuff you put into

807
00:41:38,760 --> 00:41:41,680
Speaker 1: the accelerator, you zip that around a really high speed,

808
00:41:41,800 --> 00:41:44,799
Speaker 1: and you smash it together, and you make this crazy

809
00:41:45,000 --> 00:41:48,759
Speaker 1: soup of quarks and gluons all smashed together. And so

810
00:41:48,920 --> 00:41:51,319
Speaker 1: people have been doing that for decades and trying to

811
00:41:51,400 --> 00:41:54,080
Speaker 1: see if we can make a cork gluon plasma. Very

812
00:41:54,120 --> 00:41:57,359
Speaker 1: briefly in the collider. M I guess if you just

813
00:41:57,440 --> 00:42:02,239
Speaker 1: smash protons together, like but proton smashes another proton, you

814
00:42:02,280 --> 00:42:05,480
Speaker 1: will get sort of a soup of courts and fluance. Right.

815
00:42:05,520 --> 00:42:08,160
Speaker 1: It just maybe won't last very long or I'll just

816
00:42:08,239 --> 00:42:10,480
Speaker 1: fly off. Yeah, there's not really enough there to make

817
00:42:10,520 --> 00:42:13,719
Speaker 1: the density you need. You can't break protons open by

818
00:42:13,719 --> 00:42:15,560
Speaker 1: smashing them against each other. That's what we do. When

819
00:42:15,560 --> 00:42:18,759
Speaker 1: you get cork quirk interactions directly, you don't really get

820
00:42:18,800 --> 00:42:21,440
Speaker 1: this new state of matter the same way like you know,

821
00:42:21,520 --> 00:42:24,399
Speaker 1: two particles don't make a gas. To define this state

822
00:42:24,400 --> 00:42:26,359
Speaker 1: of matter, you need the temperature and you also need

823
00:42:26,360 --> 00:42:28,439
Speaker 1: the density, and then it has to follow these new

824
00:42:28,520 --> 00:42:31,319
Speaker 1: rules of this state of matter. They're like equations that

825
00:42:31,400 --> 00:42:33,520
Speaker 1: define what happens in this state of matter. So to

826
00:42:33,600 --> 00:42:36,439
Speaker 1: quirks and sort of like float around freely. That doesn't

827
00:42:36,440 --> 00:42:39,200
Speaker 1: happen when you just have two protons smashing into each other,

828
00:42:39,239 --> 00:42:41,960
Speaker 1: and maybe even like trading quirks. The quirks don't have

829
00:42:41,960 --> 00:42:44,359
Speaker 1: a chance to like muck around and do all sorts

830
00:42:44,360 --> 00:42:47,000
Speaker 1: of interesting things that they couldn't otherwise do. I see,

831
00:42:47,000 --> 00:42:49,960
Speaker 1: because when you're smashing I guess, as you smashed two protons,

832
00:42:50,000 --> 00:42:52,920
Speaker 1: you really only have six corks to play with. And

833
00:42:52,920 --> 00:42:54,839
Speaker 1: I think what you're saying is that, you know, six

834
00:42:54,920 --> 00:42:56,839
Speaker 1: courts still make a quasma. It's sort of like if

835
00:42:56,880 --> 00:42:59,080
Speaker 1: you have two cars, people can swap cars, and that's

836
00:42:59,120 --> 00:43:01,320
Speaker 1: what happens when two pro putons collide, Like two quarks

837
00:43:01,360 --> 00:43:03,279
Speaker 1: go over here, two quarks go over there. What we're

838
00:43:03,280 --> 00:43:05,239
Speaker 1: talking about is more like you got two busses and

839
00:43:05,280 --> 00:43:07,640
Speaker 1: everybody gets off the bus and has a party. And

840
00:43:07,680 --> 00:43:11,279
Speaker 1: that's pretty different than people just like swapping cars. And

841
00:43:11,320 --> 00:43:14,000
Speaker 1: so it's the physics of that party between the quarks.

842
00:43:14,040 --> 00:43:16,760
Speaker 1: When the quarks can really fly around free, that makes

843
00:43:16,760 --> 00:43:19,000
Speaker 1: it a quark glue on plasma, right, And you're saying

844
00:43:19,000 --> 00:43:20,840
Speaker 1: that you can do that in the collider by smashing

845
00:43:20,960 --> 00:43:24,120
Speaker 1: gold nuclei together. And so what's going on, like this

846
00:43:24,320 --> 00:43:27,000
Speaker 1: nuclei smashing to each other and all the protons and

847
00:43:27,080 --> 00:43:30,560
Speaker 1: neutrons inside of those nuclei break apart, and then you

848
00:43:30,600 --> 00:43:32,600
Speaker 1: have that quirk party for a little bit. That's what

849
00:43:32,680 --> 00:43:34,879
Speaker 1: we think happens, but it's really tricky to figure out

850
00:43:34,920 --> 00:43:38,080
Speaker 1: if that's what's actually happening, because even if you don't

851
00:43:38,120 --> 00:43:41,280
Speaker 1: get a quark gluon plasma, when you smash two nuclei together,

852
00:43:41,480 --> 00:43:44,120
Speaker 1: you get a big mess, right, you destroy both nuclei,

853
00:43:44,200 --> 00:43:46,200
Speaker 1: you get protons and neutrons and all sorts of other

854
00:43:46,239 --> 00:43:48,520
Speaker 1: things happening. It's sort of like you have, you know,

855
00:43:48,600 --> 00:43:51,359
Speaker 1: eighty proton collisions on top of each other. All sorts

856
00:43:51,360 --> 00:43:54,080
Speaker 1: of crazy stuff is made. So to figure out whether

857
00:43:54,239 --> 00:43:56,919
Speaker 1: a quark glue on plasma is made or another big

858
00:43:57,000 --> 00:43:59,239
Speaker 1: kind of mess. Was a big challenge and required a

859
00:43:59,280 --> 00:44:02,040
Speaker 1: lot of subtle so of statistical analysis and thinking about

860
00:44:02,080 --> 00:44:04,920
Speaker 1: like what that quarkloo on plasma does for the brief

861
00:44:05,000 --> 00:44:07,879
Speaker 1: nanoseconds that it exists, and how you can tell that

862
00:44:07,920 --> 00:44:10,120
Speaker 1: it was there. Right, that's the other thing about it,

863
00:44:10,120 --> 00:44:11,719
Speaker 1: because it's a little weird that you would call it

864
00:44:11,760 --> 00:44:14,640
Speaker 1: a state of matter because it basically doesn't last, right,

865
00:44:14,680 --> 00:44:16,920
Speaker 1: It's not actually a state. It's more like a like

866
00:44:16,960 --> 00:44:20,319
Speaker 1: an explosion maybe, or like a crash that you you know,

867
00:44:20,520 --> 00:44:23,440
Speaker 1: pause in the middle kind of because you know, you form,

868
00:44:23,719 --> 00:44:27,359
Speaker 1: you smash these gold nuclei together, everything sches together. Then

869
00:44:27,480 --> 00:44:30,480
Speaker 1: the quarks are sort of like floating around briefly, but

870
00:44:30,560 --> 00:44:33,760
Speaker 1: it's so crazy and bananas that it just all flies

871
00:44:33,800 --> 00:44:37,440
Speaker 1: off and explodes immediately, right, almost not quite immediately. We

872
00:44:37,480 --> 00:44:39,680
Speaker 1: think it lasts for long enough to do some sort

873
00:44:39,680 --> 00:44:42,040
Speaker 1: of quirkloow on plasma e kind of stuff, And that's

874
00:44:42,040 --> 00:44:44,040
Speaker 1: why we concluded that it's there. That's a real thing,

875
00:44:44,080 --> 00:44:46,279
Speaker 1: that it actually is a state of matter, because it

876
00:44:46,400 --> 00:44:49,439
Speaker 1: lasts long enough to produce effects that you can't otherwise get.

877
00:44:49,760 --> 00:44:51,920
Speaker 1: You're right, that doesn't last very long and unless it's

878
00:44:51,960 --> 00:44:55,040
Speaker 1: surrounded by other corkloo in plasma, you will definitely just

879
00:44:55,080 --> 00:44:57,359
Speaker 1: expand and cool and then just turn into a bunch

880
00:44:57,400 --> 00:45:00,400
Speaker 1: of particles. So it doesn't last for very long, but

881
00:45:00,440 --> 00:45:03,160
Speaker 1: it does last long enough to do unique things things

882
00:45:03,239 --> 00:45:05,960
Speaker 1: you can't see without a cork gluon plasma. And that

883
00:45:06,040 --> 00:45:08,839
Speaker 1: time is short but not zero, right like maybe for

884
00:45:08,880 --> 00:45:12,600
Speaker 1: a brief you know, Nana. Second, it follows the rules

885
00:45:12,600 --> 00:45:15,000
Speaker 1: of a coasma exactly. And one of the things that

886
00:45:15,080 --> 00:45:17,719
Speaker 1: a quasm that can do that a plasma cannot is

887
00:45:17,760 --> 00:45:19,839
Speaker 1: that it seems to have, for example, a very very

888
00:45:19,920 --> 00:45:24,000
Speaker 1: low viscosity. Like these things act like sort of super fluids.

889
00:45:24,120 --> 00:45:26,600
Speaker 1: Works can move from one side to the other without

890
00:45:26,600 --> 00:45:29,600
Speaker 1: facing sort of any resistance at all, which is very

891
00:45:29,640 --> 00:45:33,719
Speaker 1: confusing because quarks have very strong interactions with each other.

892
00:45:34,200 --> 00:45:36,400
Speaker 1: And so this is like property that just sort of

893
00:45:36,400 --> 00:45:38,520
Speaker 1: like emerges when you have all these quirks in this

894
00:45:38,640 --> 00:45:43,120
Speaker 1: crazy condition, take a party, like everyone becomes more uninhibited.

895
00:45:44,160 --> 00:45:47,400
Speaker 1: They do exactly you're saying, it last like a nanosecond.

896
00:45:47,440 --> 00:45:49,120
Speaker 1: How long does it last? And when you do it

897
00:45:49,160 --> 00:45:51,080
Speaker 1: in the collider, it doesn't last for very long. We're

898
00:45:51,120 --> 00:45:53,759
Speaker 1: definitely talking about times less than a pico second. The

899
00:45:53,840 --> 00:45:56,839
Speaker 1: precise lifetime depends a little bit on the energy and

900
00:45:56,880 --> 00:45:59,560
Speaker 1: on what went in. But we're talking about super duper

901
00:45:59,600 --> 00:46:01,680
Speaker 1: tiny amounts of time, less than tend of the minus

902
00:46:01,680 --> 00:46:03,840
Speaker 1: twelve or ten of the minus fifteen seconds. But I

903
00:46:03,840 --> 00:46:06,120
Speaker 1: guess you could still claim that for that brief amount

904
00:46:06,160 --> 00:46:10,280
Speaker 1: of time, you created a court luan plasma. Yeah, exactly,

905
00:46:10,400 --> 00:46:12,440
Speaker 1: because we've seen evidence of it. Like they can do

906
00:46:12,520 --> 00:46:15,520
Speaker 1: calculations and they predict what a qurkloan plasma can do,

907
00:46:15,600 --> 00:46:18,600
Speaker 1: like this low viscosity condition or the kind of particles

908
00:46:18,600 --> 00:46:21,640
Speaker 1: that shoot out of a cork luon plasma. Corklan plasma

909
00:46:21,680 --> 00:46:24,080
Speaker 1: has its own special density, and so it tends to

910
00:46:24,120 --> 00:46:27,160
Speaker 1: like stifle particles from flying out. If you didn't have

911
00:46:27,160 --> 00:46:29,640
Speaker 1: a quarkloan plasma, you tend to see like more particles

912
00:46:29,640 --> 00:46:32,480
Speaker 1: flying out at weird angles. And if you don't see that,

913
00:46:32,520 --> 00:46:35,400
Speaker 1: it suggests you probably did see a quark luan plasma

914
00:46:35,760 --> 00:46:39,080
Speaker 1: like quenches the emissions of some of these particles, and

915
00:46:39,120 --> 00:46:41,200
Speaker 1: that's one of the signatures that led them to conclude

916
00:46:41,200 --> 00:46:43,640
Speaker 1: that they really had created this thing at the large

917
00:46:43,640 --> 00:46:47,600
Speaker 1: hage On colider m. I see, it's like if if

918
00:46:47,600 --> 00:46:50,440
Speaker 1: you didn't have the quasma, things would just fly off,

919
00:46:50,520 --> 00:46:53,160
Speaker 1: like they would just kind of bounce off of each other,

920
00:46:53,600 --> 00:46:55,879
Speaker 1: all this stuff. But if you sort of do click

921
00:46:55,960 --> 00:46:59,040
Speaker 1: into this new state of matter, at least briefly, it's

922
00:46:59,040 --> 00:47:01,600
Speaker 1: going to change how all the things. The thing actually

923
00:47:01,600 --> 00:47:04,640
Speaker 1: explodes exactly, and it does other really weird stuff like

924
00:47:04,800 --> 00:47:08,080
Speaker 1: changing into a new kind of matter changes also the

925
00:47:08,120 --> 00:47:11,520
Speaker 1: temperature of the thing in a really weird way, because remember,

926
00:47:11,520 --> 00:47:15,200
Speaker 1: temperature depends not just on the velocity of the objects

927
00:47:15,239 --> 00:47:17,880
Speaker 1: inside you, but also in the number of ways that

928
00:47:17,960 --> 00:47:20,960
Speaker 1: they can wiggle. If you've done any statistical physics, you

929
00:47:20,960 --> 00:47:23,239
Speaker 1: know the temperature is related to the number of degrees

930
00:47:23,360 --> 00:47:25,839
Speaker 1: of freedom, which means like can you have vibrations? Can

931
00:47:25,880 --> 00:47:29,320
Speaker 1: you have rotations? And a quark gluon plasma has more

932
00:47:29,360 --> 00:47:32,000
Speaker 1: ways to wiggle because you've broken the particles up into

933
00:47:32,000 --> 00:47:34,480
Speaker 1: their constituents. And so actually what happens when you create

934
00:47:34,480 --> 00:47:36,640
Speaker 1: a quark gluon plasma is that the temperature goes up

935
00:47:36,760 --> 00:47:40,000
Speaker 1: briefly because now you have more degrees of freedom, more

936
00:47:40,040 --> 00:47:42,200
Speaker 1: ways to wiggle. So the temperature is like has a

937
00:47:42,239 --> 00:47:45,200
Speaker 1: new definition and it goes up, and then of course

938
00:47:45,200 --> 00:47:47,960
Speaker 1: it very rapidly cools, and so there are these very

939
00:47:48,040 --> 00:47:51,960
Speaker 1: strange thermal effects of a quark gluon plasma. It gets

940
00:47:51,960 --> 00:47:56,759
Speaker 1: like even more banana exactly, it approaches maximum banana. And

941
00:47:56,800 --> 00:47:58,960
Speaker 1: in the end, it's something that we want to understand

942
00:47:59,000 --> 00:48:02,240
Speaker 1: because we do think that our whole universe came from

943
00:48:02,280 --> 00:48:05,240
Speaker 1: a cork gluon plasma that in the very early days,

944
00:48:05,239 --> 00:48:08,279
Speaker 1: the energy density was so great that before protons and

945
00:48:08,280 --> 00:48:11,560
Speaker 1: neutrons were made, everything was just this big soup of

946
00:48:11,640 --> 00:48:14,240
Speaker 1: quarks and gluons, and you know, how they came together

947
00:48:14,280 --> 00:48:17,240
Speaker 1: to make particles really determines how the universe is shaped.

948
00:48:17,280 --> 00:48:19,800
Speaker 1: Like the reason we have protons and neutrons, the reason

949
00:48:19,840 --> 00:48:22,719
Speaker 1: the protons and neutrons have the mass that they do

950
00:48:23,160 --> 00:48:25,440
Speaker 1: is because the power of the strong force to bind

951
00:48:25,440 --> 00:48:28,279
Speaker 1: them into these particles. So it's something we'd really like

952
00:48:28,440 --> 00:48:31,680
Speaker 1: to understand, something which will really reveal the whole structure

953
00:48:31,719 --> 00:48:34,239
Speaker 1: of the matter of the universe that we enjoy. Right

954
00:48:34,280 --> 00:48:36,040
Speaker 1: Like I think if you sort of like hit the

955
00:48:36,120 --> 00:48:38,879
Speaker 1: rewind button on the universe, you start with now, which

956
00:48:38,920 --> 00:48:41,279
Speaker 1: is that things are solid and liquid and gas and

957
00:48:41,400 --> 00:48:44,040
Speaker 1: some plasma here and there. But as you turn back

958
00:48:44,080 --> 00:48:46,920
Speaker 1: time towards a big bang, closer to the Big Bang

959
00:48:47,080 --> 00:48:49,960
Speaker 1: things sort of, we're all plasma and even closer to

960
00:48:50,040 --> 00:48:53,560
Speaker 1: the origin of the Big Bank than things were quasma. Right,

961
00:48:53,640 --> 00:48:55,720
Speaker 1: that's what I think what you're saying. It's like before

962
00:48:55,800 --> 00:48:58,799
Speaker 1: there was plasma and stuff and planets and things like that,

963
00:48:58,920 --> 00:49:02,520
Speaker 1: everything was just a big quark glue on soup. Yeah,

964
00:49:02,560 --> 00:49:05,200
Speaker 1: and who knows what's beyond that was like what's beyond quasma?

965
00:49:05,239 --> 00:49:10,799
Speaker 1: Maybe banasma? There you go, Can we can we get

966
00:49:10,800 --> 00:49:13,880
Speaker 1: credit for coining it? I don't know it's going to

967
00:49:13,960 --> 00:49:18,120
Speaker 1: create a coin asma, big banasma, big banasma. That's the

968
00:49:18,239 --> 00:49:21,080
Speaker 1: new theory of the origin of the universe. But jokes aside, Yes,

969
00:49:21,160 --> 00:49:24,759
Speaker 1: exactly as you crank back time, you go up in temperature,

970
00:49:25,120 --> 00:49:27,680
Speaker 1: and so you reveal that the universe went through these

971
00:49:27,680 --> 00:49:30,839
Speaker 1: phase transitions, and we think that there are even more

972
00:49:31,000 --> 00:49:35,239
Speaker 1: beyond quasma where the rules of the universe are effectively different. Right,

973
00:49:35,239 --> 00:49:38,120
Speaker 1: in every different temperature regime, the rules of how things

974
00:49:38,200 --> 00:49:40,839
Speaker 1: work tend to change, right, you know, the same way

975
00:49:40,840 --> 00:49:43,120
Speaker 1: that like the rules of solids and gases and liquids

976
00:49:43,160 --> 00:49:47,080
Speaker 1: are different from plasmas and quasmas and Banasma's the effective

977
00:49:47,200 --> 00:49:49,560
Speaker 1: laws of the universe are different. We don't know what

978
00:49:49,640 --> 00:49:52,719
Speaker 1: the fundamental laws are. If there's like the highest temperature,

979
00:49:52,960 --> 00:49:55,600
Speaker 1: there's the deepest level, or it's just like an infinite

980
00:49:55,640 --> 00:49:58,640
Speaker 1: stack of effective laws. But we'd like to learn what

981
00:49:58,680 --> 00:50:01,839
Speaker 1: those laws are and understand as far back as we can, right,

982
00:50:01,880 --> 00:50:04,080
Speaker 1: because I think you do have sort of ideas for

983
00:50:04,160 --> 00:50:06,640
Speaker 1: this banasma, right like closer to the Big Bang is

984
00:50:06,680 --> 00:50:09,160
Speaker 1: kind of when like even the quantum fields start to

985
00:50:09,239 --> 00:50:12,080
Speaker 1: melt together, right, Yeah, exactly, the very rules of quantum

986
00:50:12,120 --> 00:50:14,239
Speaker 1: theory change, and for example, the weak force is no

987
00:50:14,320 --> 00:50:16,600
Speaker 1: longer weak. Like a quasma exists when there's already a

988
00:50:16,680 --> 00:50:19,399
Speaker 1: Higgs field that tells the corks how much mass they have.

989
00:50:19,800 --> 00:50:22,120
Speaker 1: At some time the very early universe, at very very

990
00:50:22,200 --> 00:50:25,440
Speaker 1: high temperatures, the Higgs field hasn't even relaxed to its

991
00:50:25,480 --> 00:50:28,320
Speaker 1: low level, and so particle masses aren't even well defined.

992
00:50:28,760 --> 00:50:31,520
Speaker 1: At some point, all particles have zero mass in the

993
00:50:31,680 --> 00:50:34,279
Speaker 1: very very early universe, so the effective laws of how

994
00:50:34,320 --> 00:50:37,040
Speaker 1: things work are completely different. That's not something we can

995
00:50:37,080 --> 00:50:39,839
Speaker 1: achieve in our collider today, of course. Well, but it's

996
00:50:39,840 --> 00:50:42,000
Speaker 1: interesting to think that maybe you know, right now you're

997
00:50:42,000 --> 00:50:44,719
Speaker 1: smashing these things together and you're get into this quart

998
00:50:44,800 --> 00:50:47,960
Speaker 1: gluon quasma. Is it possible you think that one day

999
00:50:47,960 --> 00:50:51,520
Speaker 1: you'll smash things together so much that you'll actually like

1000
00:50:51,640 --> 00:50:54,880
Speaker 1: get to that banasma level where even the quantum fields

1001
00:50:54,880 --> 00:50:58,200
Speaker 1: are getting melted together. It's possible because cork could be

1002
00:50:58,280 --> 00:51:01,120
Speaker 1: made of even smaller particles. They could be bound together

1003
00:51:01,160 --> 00:51:04,080
Speaker 1: by something else. So if one day we can smash

1004
00:51:04,160 --> 00:51:07,440
Speaker 1: open corks and see what's inside them, then eventually maybe

1005
00:51:07,480 --> 00:51:09,799
Speaker 1: we could smash corks together at such high speeds that

1006
00:51:09,840 --> 00:51:12,920
Speaker 1: we can make a plasma of whatever is inside corks.

1007
00:51:13,440 --> 00:51:16,319
Speaker 1: We have no idea if those particles exist, and what

1008
00:51:16,480 --> 00:51:18,960
Speaker 1: energy would be required to make that sort of next

1009
00:51:19,080 --> 00:51:22,560
Speaker 1: level plasma, we don't know, but in theory it's probably possible,

1010
00:51:22,719 --> 00:51:24,760
Speaker 1: And you know the structure of the universe, it seems

1011
00:51:24,760 --> 00:51:27,239
Speaker 1: to be hierarchical. It seems like as you get down

1012
00:51:27,280 --> 00:51:29,279
Speaker 1: to the smaller and smaller pieces, it's always made of

1013
00:51:29,320 --> 00:51:32,560
Speaker 1: something smaller, which is made of something smaller. Very unlikely.

1014
00:51:32,600 --> 00:51:34,960
Speaker 1: We are now at the smallest level, so it's very

1015
00:51:35,040 --> 00:51:37,360
Speaker 1: likely that corks are made of some smaller things. So

1016
00:51:37,440 --> 00:51:40,600
Speaker 1: in principle, that state of matter can't exist and probably

1017
00:51:40,800 --> 00:51:44,680
Speaker 1: did exist in the very early universe. Well, it must have. Right, Yeah,

1018
00:51:44,840 --> 00:51:46,600
Speaker 1: we don't know, but we don't understand, and at some

1019
00:51:46,680 --> 00:51:49,440
Speaker 1: point our whole theory of quantum mechanics breaks down because

1020
00:51:49,560 --> 00:51:52,480
Speaker 1: gravitational effects start to be important because the energy density

1021
00:51:52,520 --> 00:51:55,000
Speaker 1: is so high. At that point, you need a theory

1022
00:51:55,000 --> 00:51:57,640
Speaker 1: of quantum gravity, which we just don't have. And so

1023
00:51:57,760 --> 00:52:00,080
Speaker 1: that's when you get to like absolute hot and beyond that,

1024
00:52:00,239 --> 00:52:02,600
Speaker 1: we just can't even predict what matter or you know,

1025
00:52:02,719 --> 00:52:06,160
Speaker 1: the universe itself would be like right right, you need

1026
00:52:06,239 --> 00:52:10,239
Speaker 1: banessma theory to peel away and the secrets of the

1027
00:52:10,320 --> 00:52:12,960
Speaker 1: universe to slice it up into your very hot oatmeal,

1028
00:52:13,200 --> 00:52:15,960
Speaker 1: slip it through that, you know, moment of truth. And

1029
00:52:16,000 --> 00:52:18,400
Speaker 1: it's really the forefront of particle physics because it's the

1030
00:52:18,440 --> 00:52:20,840
Speaker 1: thing that we understand the least. The strong force is

1031
00:52:20,840 --> 00:52:23,880
Speaker 1: the strongest force, but it's also the hardest to probe

1032
00:52:23,880 --> 00:52:27,080
Speaker 1: because it's so powerful that almost everything around us is

1033
00:52:27,080 --> 00:52:31,120
Speaker 1: already tightly bound by the strong force. For example, electrodynamics

1034
00:52:31,239 --> 00:52:33,840
Speaker 1: has been tested like one part in a billion, the

1035
00:52:33,880 --> 00:52:35,880
Speaker 1: weak force has been tested like one part in a

1036
00:52:35,920 --> 00:52:38,560
Speaker 1: few thousand. The strong force has only been tested to

1037
00:52:38,640 --> 00:52:41,359
Speaker 1: like one or two parts in a hundred. So it's

1038
00:52:41,360 --> 00:52:43,520
Speaker 1: the thing that we understand the least, but it's maybe

1039
00:52:43,560 --> 00:52:46,480
Speaker 1: the most important part of the universe. So corkol and

1040
00:52:46,480 --> 00:52:49,200
Speaker 1: plasma is super awesome because it lets us test our

1041
00:52:49,320 --> 00:52:52,600
Speaker 1: understanding of the strong force. Right, Yeah, it's pretty amazing that, like,

1042
00:52:52,840 --> 00:52:55,480
Speaker 1: as humans who are the product of the universe, we've

1043
00:52:55,480 --> 00:52:57,919
Speaker 1: been able to recoil at least you have been able

1044
00:52:57,960 --> 00:53:01,920
Speaker 1: to recreate, you know, conditions in the universe that are

1045
00:53:01,960 --> 00:53:06,239
Speaker 1: closer to the Big Bank than anything it existing out

1046
00:53:06,239 --> 00:53:09,239
Speaker 1: there basically in the universe, Like the universe itself hasn't

1047
00:53:09,239 --> 00:53:11,400
Speaker 1: been able to go back to that state probably, but

1048
00:53:11,560 --> 00:53:15,120
Speaker 1: like humans playing around with um, some magnets can. Yeah,

1049
00:53:15,200 --> 00:53:17,400
Speaker 1: we think that the cork gluon plasma probably existed like

1050
00:53:17,520 --> 00:53:20,640
Speaker 1: ten to the minus ten seconds after the Big Bang,

1051
00:53:21,160 --> 00:53:23,319
Speaker 1: and very briefly only for like maybe ten to the

1052
00:53:23,320 --> 00:53:26,239
Speaker 1: minus six seconds. So it's been a long time since

1053
00:53:26,280 --> 00:53:28,919
Speaker 1: the universe has been making this stuff. So yeah, maybe

1054
00:53:28,960 --> 00:53:31,080
Speaker 1: it's sort of like nostalgic. It's like, oh, I remember

1055
00:53:31,160 --> 00:53:34,520
Speaker 1: that that was cool or mazed going what are you doing?

1056
00:53:36,400 --> 00:53:39,280
Speaker 1: You're gonna kill us all one of the two maybe,

1057
00:53:39,280 --> 00:53:41,640
Speaker 1: but we'll learn something along the way. All right, Well,

1058
00:53:41,680 --> 00:53:45,160
Speaker 1: that's some cork gluon plasma, which we are calling in

1059
00:53:45,160 --> 00:53:48,960
Speaker 1: this episode coasma. Again, we totally made that up. And

1060
00:53:49,000 --> 00:53:51,360
Speaker 1: don't go to a physics conference with a paper titled

1061
00:53:51,440 --> 00:53:54,200
Speaker 1: quasma unless you, I guess give us credit. Right, Yeah,

1062
00:53:54,680 --> 00:53:56,799
Speaker 1: good luck with that. But it is interesting to think

1063
00:53:56,800 --> 00:53:59,800
Speaker 1: about kind of all the different states of matter that

1064
00:54:00,000 --> 00:54:02,600
Speaker 1: matter and energy in the universe can take, right, It's

1065
00:54:02,600 --> 00:54:06,439
Speaker 1: almost like it likes to um play around at different levels. Yeah,

1066
00:54:06,480 --> 00:54:08,880
Speaker 1: and it's sort of another way to explore the universe.

1067
00:54:08,920 --> 00:54:11,520
Speaker 1: Instead of taking one particle apart and looking inside of it,

1068
00:54:11,560 --> 00:54:13,839
Speaker 1: and then looking inside of that one, It's like, let's

1069
00:54:14,000 --> 00:54:16,440
Speaker 1: make the universe reveal the different kind of dances that

1070
00:54:16,520 --> 00:54:18,480
Speaker 1: it can do. What happens when you take a lot

1071
00:54:18,520 --> 00:54:22,120
Speaker 1: of particles and squeeze them together. What mathematics emerges that

1072
00:54:22,200 --> 00:54:25,080
Speaker 1: can describe that in a simple way. It's mind blowing

1073
00:54:25,080 --> 00:54:27,239
Speaker 1: to me that it's even possible. You know, why are

1074
00:54:27,320 --> 00:54:31,080
Speaker 1: there simple mathematical rules to describe how gases work. It

1075
00:54:31,080 --> 00:54:34,480
Speaker 1: should be incredibly complicated. It should be like chaos that

1076
00:54:34,520 --> 00:54:37,600
Speaker 1: emerges from string theory. It should be impossible. But for

1077
00:54:37,680 --> 00:54:41,480
Speaker 1: some reason, our universe is describable in terms of simple

1078
00:54:41,560 --> 00:54:44,880
Speaker 1: mathematical rules. At lots of different levels, and here we

1079
00:54:44,960 --> 00:54:48,160
Speaker 1: have found another one. Right. Well, it's because these forces

1080
00:54:48,239 --> 00:54:51,360
Speaker 1: have sort of different ranges, right, Like, some forces are

1081
00:54:51,400 --> 00:54:54,560
Speaker 1: important at the microscopic level and some forces are more

1082
00:54:54,600 --> 00:54:57,080
Speaker 1: important at the at the grander level. And so you

1083
00:54:57,080 --> 00:54:59,839
Speaker 1: you can have these sort of rules that describe it, right,

1084
00:55:00,080 --> 00:55:02,439
Speaker 1: you can, But it's not always possible. You know, why

1085
00:55:02,440 --> 00:55:06,200
Speaker 1: are hurricanes hard to describe because it's a chaotic combination

1086
00:55:06,280 --> 00:55:09,040
Speaker 1: of lots of smaller things. Even if there is just

1087
00:55:09,160 --> 00:55:12,960
Speaker 1: one rule describing how drops interact, it's not trivial to

1088
00:55:13,000 --> 00:55:16,840
Speaker 1: describe the motion of billions and trillions of drops altogether.

1089
00:55:17,200 --> 00:55:19,759
Speaker 1: It's chaotic. It's hard to model. But sometimes it's not.

1090
00:55:19,840 --> 00:55:23,080
Speaker 1: Sometimes you can find a simple mathematical story that summarizes

1091
00:55:23,239 --> 00:55:26,239
Speaker 1: the important bits and ignores all the details. Why that

1092
00:55:26,320 --> 00:55:28,719
Speaker 1: happens is a mystery to me, but I'm glad that

1093
00:55:28,719 --> 00:55:31,480
Speaker 1: it does. Yeah, we'll leave it to the hurricane plasma

1094
00:55:31,600 --> 00:55:35,439
Speaker 1: or harasma physicist to figure out. I think we've coined

1095
00:55:35,520 --> 00:55:38,239
Speaker 1: enough terms for today, so we better wrap up. We

1096
00:55:38,320 --> 00:55:41,520
Speaker 1: reach our allowance. Our heart is gonna be like, all right, guys,

1097
00:55:41,760 --> 00:55:43,600
Speaker 1: wrap it up, all right. Well, the next time you

1098
00:55:43,640 --> 00:55:46,080
Speaker 1: look up at the sky, or the night's car, even

1099
00:55:46,080 --> 00:55:48,560
Speaker 1: the day's guy. Think about all the quasimas that's being

1100
00:55:48,600 --> 00:55:50,799
Speaker 1: may be formed out there and raining down upon you,

1101
00:55:50,960 --> 00:55:54,840
Speaker 1: showering you with little bits of matter that hasn't existed

1102
00:55:54,840 --> 00:55:57,200
Speaker 1: since the beginning of the universe. And think about all

1103
00:55:57,200 --> 00:55:59,880
Speaker 1: the amazing and crazy things that our universe can do,

1104
00:56:00,280 --> 00:56:02,319
Speaker 1: and all those things that you can taste on the

1105
00:56:02,360 --> 00:56:06,160
Speaker 1: buffet of the universe's physics. Thanks for joining us, See

1106
00:56:06,160 --> 00:56:16,480
Speaker 1: you next time. Thanks for listening, and remember that Daniel

1107
00:56:16,520 --> 00:56:19,040
Speaker 1: and Jorge explained. The Universe is a production of I

1108
00:56:19,280 --> 00:56:22,680
Speaker 1: Heart Radio. For more podcast from my Heart Radio, visit

1109
00:56:22,719 --> 00:56:26,239
Speaker 1: the i heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you

1110
00:56:26,320 --> 00:56:27,840
Speaker 1: listen to your favorite shows.