1 00:00:01,120 --> 00:00:04,560 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff you Should Know from how Stuff Works 2 00:00:04,600 --> 00:00:13,920 Speaker 1: dot com. Hey, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Josh Clark, 3 00:00:13,960 --> 00:00:17,239 Speaker 1: and there's Star Child Chuck Bryant, and there's Moon Rock 4 00:00:17,400 --> 00:00:20,720 Speaker 1: Jerry Roland over there, and I'm just playing all Josh Clark. 5 00:00:20,800 --> 00:00:25,040 Speaker 1: Like I said, but this is the Galactic Federation of 6 00:00:25,079 --> 00:00:29,400 Speaker 1: Stuff you Should Know Episode of all Time. There was 7 00:00:29,440 --> 00:00:32,720 Speaker 1: my all boy. Yeah, there you go. Chucklates to get 8 00:00:32,880 --> 00:00:36,400 Speaker 1: nice and loaded when he talks about space stuff. Uh, 9 00:00:37,520 --> 00:00:40,280 Speaker 1: here's something that I found helpful for me that I 10 00:00:40,280 --> 00:00:44,360 Speaker 1: think it might help other dumb dumps, Like you're not 11 00:00:44,440 --> 00:00:46,879 Speaker 1: a dumb dump. I like that trip. By the way, 12 00:00:46,920 --> 00:00:50,680 Speaker 1: you click a circus peanut. It is circus peanut colored. 13 00:00:50,720 --> 00:00:53,920 Speaker 1: Oh my god, that is circus peanut orange pent. Dude. 14 00:00:54,200 --> 00:00:57,279 Speaker 1: I want to squeeze you do not um? All right, 15 00:00:57,360 --> 00:01:00,440 Speaker 1: all right, you can squeeze you Ready for this? So 16 00:01:01,240 --> 00:01:05,679 Speaker 1: if our solar system, which is the Sun and its 17 00:01:05,760 --> 00:01:11,399 Speaker 1: orbiting planets, moons, dust, gas, a lot of dust and gas, 18 00:01:11,600 --> 00:01:16,320 Speaker 1: solar system. Yeah, uh, if that was Let's say, if 19 00:01:16,360 --> 00:01:18,480 Speaker 1: the Sun was the size of a grain of sand, 20 00:01:19,480 --> 00:01:22,560 Speaker 1: then relatively our solar system would be like the size 21 00:01:22,600 --> 00:01:25,840 Speaker 1: of our hand. With that at the center. And then 22 00:01:26,520 --> 00:01:32,640 Speaker 1: if you extrapolate that, then our hand in relation to 23 00:01:32,680 --> 00:01:37,080 Speaker 1: the Milky Way galaxy would stretch the length width of 24 00:01:37,080 --> 00:01:42,720 Speaker 1: the United States and then keep going. Well, that's just 25 00:01:42,800 --> 00:01:45,600 Speaker 1: one of you know, billions of galaxies in the universe 26 00:01:46,040 --> 00:01:49,520 Speaker 1: if you go Solar system, galaxy, universe, and then so 27 00:01:49,680 --> 00:01:54,720 Speaker 1: the universe would be like our the United States and Canada. Well, 28 00:01:54,800 --> 00:01:56,880 Speaker 1: and I'm I am a dummy because I was like, 29 00:01:57,000 --> 00:02:00,320 Speaker 1: and so let's stand in Lebanon, Kansas. Is as the 30 00:02:00,400 --> 00:02:04,880 Speaker 1: geographic center not not as far as I recognize, But 31 00:02:04,920 --> 00:02:08,320 Speaker 1: we're not at the geographic center of our solar system, 32 00:02:08,360 --> 00:02:10,280 Speaker 1: is not the geographic center of the galaxy though, So 33 00:02:10,360 --> 00:02:13,040 Speaker 1: I was wrong. No, there's a long history, by the way, 34 00:02:13,080 --> 00:02:16,440 Speaker 1: it was beautiful. I love that, Thank you. Um, there's 35 00:02:16,480 --> 00:02:20,560 Speaker 1: a long history of assuming that we are at the 36 00:02:20,600 --> 00:02:23,720 Speaker 1: center of the universe, and then there's an equally almost 37 00:02:23,800 --> 00:02:27,400 Speaker 1: equally long history of science proving that now we're absolutely not. 38 00:02:27,919 --> 00:02:31,560 Speaker 1: And um, we finally figured out that we're about a 39 00:02:31,720 --> 00:02:36,040 Speaker 1: quarter of the way between the galactic center and the 40 00:02:36,280 --> 00:02:40,800 Speaker 1: edge of the Milky Way, and that checks out. So 41 00:02:40,840 --> 00:02:43,280 Speaker 1: we're so we're nowhere near the center of the Milky Way. Well, 42 00:02:43,400 --> 00:02:45,760 Speaker 1: because the center of the Milky Way is a supermassive 43 00:02:45,760 --> 00:02:50,519 Speaker 1: black hole. The universe itself is expanding, and it's expanding 44 00:02:50,600 --> 00:02:54,000 Speaker 1: faster than the speed of light, and galaxies are just 45 00:02:54,440 --> 00:02:58,200 Speaker 1: caught up in the in the motion, going through the motions, 46 00:02:59,040 --> 00:03:01,239 Speaker 1: and we're just here in this little rock called Earth 47 00:03:01,280 --> 00:03:04,000 Speaker 1: trying to figure out what what in the age is 48 00:03:04,040 --> 00:03:07,720 Speaker 1: going on? Yeah, during our you know, eighty to ninety 49 00:03:07,760 --> 00:03:11,960 Speaker 1: years here. Yeah, we're so luckily though, we figured out 50 00:03:12,000 --> 00:03:14,919 Speaker 1: how to encapsulate knowledge in the form of writing, so 51 00:03:15,040 --> 00:03:18,480 Speaker 1: earlier generations can or later generations can build on the 52 00:03:18,520 --> 00:03:21,920 Speaker 1: work of earlier generations, because we'd be toast if it 53 00:03:21,960 --> 00:03:26,400 Speaker 1: all just got reset after everybody's lifetime and you couldn't say, oh, 54 00:03:26,440 --> 00:03:29,239 Speaker 1: I've learned all this stuff. You know, people just keep 55 00:03:29,280 --> 00:03:32,320 Speaker 1: discovering the same things, which would be great for that 56 00:03:32,400 --> 00:03:35,400 Speaker 1: sense of discovery, but yeah, it wouldn't really help move 57 00:03:35,600 --> 00:03:39,760 Speaker 1: our species forward now, And that's what we're all about here, right, Yeah, 58 00:03:40,560 --> 00:03:44,040 Speaker 1: us and and the hubs um. So as far as 59 00:03:44,160 --> 00:03:46,960 Speaker 1: what we know about galaxy is now compared to the 60 00:03:47,040 --> 00:03:50,400 Speaker 1: very beginnings of this study. Of course, the Greeks were 61 00:03:50,840 --> 00:03:52,920 Speaker 1: looking up at the sky a long time before we were, 62 00:03:53,240 --> 00:03:57,680 Speaker 1: and they came up with this name galaxy's kuclose and 63 00:03:57,760 --> 00:04:01,520 Speaker 1: it means milky circle. Yeah, and which guess which word 64 00:04:01,600 --> 00:04:06,200 Speaker 1: we kept to describe galaxies, the milky not ku close. 65 00:04:06,400 --> 00:04:08,640 Speaker 1: So when you're saying, like, looking at galaxy up there, 66 00:04:08,640 --> 00:04:11,480 Speaker 1: you're saying, look at that milky up there. Oh right, right, 67 00:04:11,600 --> 00:04:14,560 Speaker 1: ku closes circle. Yeah, I looked it up. I'm like, 68 00:04:14,600 --> 00:04:19,320 Speaker 1: surely KU closes the milky one. But nope, no, surprising that. 69 00:04:19,440 --> 00:04:21,599 Speaker 1: So but the Greeks were like, it looks like a 70 00:04:21,640 --> 00:04:24,320 Speaker 1: milky circle, so we'll just go with that. Yeah. And 71 00:04:24,320 --> 00:04:26,600 Speaker 1: they were onto some like kind of like everything they 72 00:04:26,600 --> 00:04:29,000 Speaker 1: were doing back then, some stuff they got wrong, and 73 00:04:29,000 --> 00:04:31,320 Speaker 1: we're kind of ahead of their time and they're thinking 74 00:04:31,320 --> 00:04:34,880 Speaker 1: and other stuff they weren't quite right about because of technology. 75 00:04:34,920 --> 00:04:38,599 Speaker 1: But Galileo did. He was He looked up and it's like, hey, 76 00:04:38,920 --> 00:04:40,640 Speaker 1: that's a there's a bunch of stars up there. It 77 00:04:40,680 --> 00:04:44,000 Speaker 1: ain't mile congregating for a reason. Yeah, And so we 78 00:04:44,120 --> 00:04:46,840 Speaker 1: do pretty early on that, like we were in the 79 00:04:46,880 --> 00:04:50,480 Speaker 1: midst of some sort of group of stars. But for 80 00:04:50,600 --> 00:04:53,560 Speaker 1: most of the most of the era um where we 81 00:04:53,560 --> 00:04:55,200 Speaker 1: were looking up at the sky, at least in the 82 00:04:55,240 --> 00:04:57,599 Speaker 1: west I'm not sure about like the Muslim world. I 83 00:04:57,640 --> 00:05:00,400 Speaker 1: know that they kind of had their own like track 84 00:05:00,560 --> 00:05:05,400 Speaker 1: of astronomy and mathematics. It was, in many points in history, 85 00:05:05,560 --> 00:05:08,359 Speaker 1: far more advanced than what the West was at. UM. 86 00:05:08,400 --> 00:05:11,160 Speaker 1: But as far as the West is concerned, UM, they 87 00:05:11,160 --> 00:05:17,040 Speaker 1: didn't understand that this group was anything less than the 88 00:05:17,160 --> 00:05:19,720 Speaker 1: universe itself. They just looked out and they're like, well, 89 00:05:19,760 --> 00:05:21,880 Speaker 1: there's the universe. Everything we're seeing is the universe, and 90 00:05:21,880 --> 00:05:25,520 Speaker 1: that's all that there is. Not that Um. We possibly 91 00:05:25,560 --> 00:05:29,560 Speaker 1: lived in what were later called by UM a guy 92 00:05:29,720 --> 00:05:34,120 Speaker 1: named uh, I think Charles Messier who called them island 93 00:05:34,600 --> 00:05:39,520 Speaker 1: island universes. No, I'm sorry, it was Harlow Shapley. In 94 00:05:39,520 --> 00:05:42,280 Speaker 1: the early twentieth century. He started looking at some of 95 00:05:42,320 --> 00:05:44,840 Speaker 1: these things and realized that they they had the same 96 00:05:44,880 --> 00:05:48,560 Speaker 1: structure from that the Milky Way did we had kind 97 00:05:48,560 --> 00:05:51,560 Speaker 1: of identified that we were in our own little galaxy, 98 00:05:51,600 --> 00:05:54,320 Speaker 1: but that other stuff was beyond our own little galaxy, 99 00:05:54,400 --> 00:05:57,279 Speaker 1: and that they were their own galaxies. And so these 100 00:05:57,320 --> 00:06:01,120 Speaker 1: island universes came to be called milkies. Yeah, and so 101 00:06:01,440 --> 00:06:04,520 Speaker 1: did you pronounce some Shapley, Yeah, there's an e that's 102 00:06:04,560 --> 00:06:06,960 Speaker 1: not supposed to be in there because no one wants 103 00:06:07,000 --> 00:06:11,200 Speaker 1: to be called Harlow Shapeley. I'm sure. Uh so he 104 00:06:11,240 --> 00:06:14,960 Speaker 1: was actually right in this argument, right, this long standing 105 00:06:15,640 --> 00:06:20,320 Speaker 1: um sort of disagreement but debate with Messi A no, 106 00:06:20,440 --> 00:06:22,880 Speaker 1: Messi it was a couple hundred years before him. Well, 107 00:06:22,880 --> 00:06:25,000 Speaker 1: but no, the whole argument though. I mean they didn't 108 00:06:25,000 --> 00:06:28,159 Speaker 1: literally argue with each other because Messier was able to 109 00:06:28,240 --> 00:06:30,880 Speaker 1: encapsulate his ideas in the form of writing. Yeah, but 110 00:06:30,960 --> 00:06:34,440 Speaker 1: they had a long standing um again not to personal beef, 111 00:06:34,960 --> 00:06:38,880 Speaker 1: but debate because we didn't have the technology to prove 112 00:06:38,920 --> 00:06:42,000 Speaker 1: one or the other correct until Hubbs came along and 113 00:06:42,080 --> 00:06:46,839 Speaker 1: in uh he basically said that Shapley was correct. Yeah, 114 00:06:46,920 --> 00:06:49,720 Speaker 1: that that these little island universes weren't in the Milky Way. 115 00:06:49,760 --> 00:06:51,920 Speaker 1: They were way far outside of the Milky Way. In 116 00:06:51,960 --> 00:06:55,440 Speaker 1: the universe was astoundingly bigger than we we thought we 117 00:06:55,600 --> 00:06:59,919 Speaker 1: previously imagined. So we mentioned Hubs, the hubs, Dr Hubble 118 00:07:00,760 --> 00:07:06,080 Speaker 1: and it's awesome telescope, which did you know that's being replaced. 119 00:07:06,120 --> 00:07:08,040 Speaker 1: I mean, I don't think they're gonna like destroy it, 120 00:07:08,080 --> 00:07:11,520 Speaker 1: but surely not. It's being uh well, I guess sort 121 00:07:11,520 --> 00:07:16,480 Speaker 1: of replaced by the James Webb space telescope. How do 122 00:07:16,520 --> 00:07:19,080 Speaker 1: you mean being replaced, Like they're just gonna shoot it 123 00:07:19,080 --> 00:07:21,640 Speaker 1: out of the sky with a space what I was saying, 124 00:07:21,640 --> 00:07:24,160 Speaker 1: it out of field, destroy it. But it's being there's 125 00:07:24,160 --> 00:07:27,440 Speaker 1: a new a new guy on the block, and everybody's 126 00:07:27,440 --> 00:07:30,040 Speaker 1: hot and heavy, and his name is the James Webb Telescope, 127 00:07:30,360 --> 00:07:32,440 Speaker 1: which will be I think now it's been pushed back 128 00:07:32,440 --> 00:07:35,920 Speaker 1: to but this thing will supposed to be able to 129 00:07:35,960 --> 00:07:39,400 Speaker 1: observe like the formation of galaxies pretty pretty much. The 130 00:07:39,840 --> 00:07:42,720 Speaker 1: Hubble Telescope as it stands right now shows us I 131 00:07:42,720 --> 00:07:46,080 Speaker 1: think back to like four million years after the Big Bang, 132 00:07:46,640 --> 00:07:51,680 Speaker 1: which is astoundingly early in the universe's development. And the 133 00:07:51,720 --> 00:07:55,160 Speaker 1: whole point of astronomy is what they're doing is looking 134 00:07:55,200 --> 00:07:58,160 Speaker 1: back in time right the further away some object in 135 00:07:58,160 --> 00:08:01,160 Speaker 1: the sky. Is what you're seeing then is what that 136 00:08:01,200 --> 00:08:03,680 Speaker 1: object look like, say a billion or two billion, or 137 00:08:03,720 --> 00:08:06,240 Speaker 1: ten billion years ago. And so you can take the 138 00:08:06,280 --> 00:08:08,840 Speaker 1: structure of the object and compare it to objects that 139 00:08:08,880 --> 00:08:11,320 Speaker 1: are much younger that we know of today. They're closer, 140 00:08:11,640 --> 00:08:13,840 Speaker 1: and you can see how the universe has evolved, and 141 00:08:13,880 --> 00:08:15,760 Speaker 1: we can learn, you know, figure out some of the 142 00:08:15,800 --> 00:08:17,880 Speaker 1: mysteries of the universe, like where it came from, what 143 00:08:17,960 --> 00:08:22,280 Speaker 1: its structure is like. Right, So if Hubble can if Hubble, 144 00:08:22,520 --> 00:08:26,040 Speaker 1: that's great, great end of the world reference. But um, 145 00:08:26,080 --> 00:08:28,520 Speaker 1: if Hubble can see back to four million years after 146 00:08:28,560 --> 00:08:31,560 Speaker 1: the Big Bank, supposedly James Webb telescope can see back 147 00:08:31,560 --> 00:08:35,000 Speaker 1: to like two hundred million years, that is a hair's 148 00:08:35,240 --> 00:08:39,960 Speaker 1: breadth from the origin of the universe. Yeah, so it is. 149 00:08:40,120 --> 00:08:42,760 Speaker 1: It's the big guy in town, the new sheriff. Yeah. 150 00:08:42,760 --> 00:08:44,720 Speaker 1: I just don't want Hubs to get kicked to the curve. 151 00:08:45,080 --> 00:08:48,240 Speaker 1: The James Wood telescope is gonna mush his face out 152 00:08:48,240 --> 00:08:51,200 Speaker 1: of the way. Wait, you didn't say that James Wood's telescope. 153 00:08:51,600 --> 00:08:54,720 Speaker 1: You would, You'd be like Trump forever the telescope full 154 00:08:54,720 --> 00:08:59,720 Speaker 1: of right wing rage. Yeah, and very smart. I think 155 00:08:59,800 --> 00:09:02,839 Speaker 1: he is the highest i Q of anyone in Hollywood. Really, 156 00:09:03,600 --> 00:09:07,120 Speaker 1: he's like one sixthing. What he uh? Did you know 157 00:09:07,200 --> 00:09:13,400 Speaker 1: that he supposedly tried to thwart the nine eleven hijacking? No? What, 158 00:09:13,640 --> 00:09:16,319 Speaker 1: I think I need to look this up. Speaking from 159 00:09:16,360 --> 00:09:18,760 Speaker 1: the top of my head, but I'm pretty sure that 160 00:09:18,880 --> 00:09:22,080 Speaker 1: it is fact that he was on a flight with 161 00:09:22,840 --> 00:09:26,480 Speaker 1: one of the ringleaders and was like this guy is 162 00:09:26,480 --> 00:09:29,760 Speaker 1: on my flight and he's taken notes and something's fishy 163 00:09:29,800 --> 00:09:32,040 Speaker 1: here and I'm going to report it. And that ended 164 00:09:32,120 --> 00:09:34,960 Speaker 1: up being, you know, like Mohammed Atta or something. I 165 00:09:35,000 --> 00:09:38,800 Speaker 1: gotta look that up because I'm truly like flying by 166 00:09:38,800 --> 00:09:40,040 Speaker 1: the seat of my pants. But I think that's the 167 00:09:40,080 --> 00:09:43,080 Speaker 1: true thing. He also made an appearance on The Simpsons. 168 00:09:44,240 --> 00:09:47,160 Speaker 1: He was also the best part of the Stephen King 169 00:09:47,360 --> 00:09:50,640 Speaker 1: anthology film Cat's Eye. I don't remember his is the 170 00:09:50,640 --> 00:09:53,960 Speaker 1: man who tried to quit smoking? Is that what it 171 00:09:54,000 --> 00:09:57,000 Speaker 1: was called? Yeah, you remember that? That was him. I 172 00:09:57,040 --> 00:09:59,360 Speaker 1: don't remember James Witsby man. I think he was the 173 00:09:59,400 --> 00:10:01,680 Speaker 1: guy that is trying to quit smoking under threat of 174 00:10:02,200 --> 00:10:05,679 Speaker 1: violence to his family. Remember that. I haven't seen that 175 00:10:05,679 --> 00:10:08,200 Speaker 1: in a while. I have to check that out. Sure 176 00:10:08,200 --> 00:10:13,320 Speaker 1: it's being rebooted, all right, that's because it's space, alright. 177 00:10:13,360 --> 00:10:19,400 Speaker 1: So the various shapes edwin the hubs. Hubble classified these 178 00:10:20,120 --> 00:10:25,840 Speaker 1: uh and his Hubble sequence as elliptical, spiral, and irregular elliptical. 179 00:10:26,520 --> 00:10:28,760 Speaker 1: I mean, we'll go into detail in these, but about 180 00:10:28,800 --> 00:10:34,320 Speaker 1: six of all galaxies are elliptical roughly or so or spiral, 181 00:10:34,640 --> 00:10:39,600 Speaker 1: which is us and then anywhere from one irregular. Yes, 182 00:10:40,760 --> 00:10:46,040 Speaker 1: but elliptical, are there. There's a range of shape from circular, 183 00:10:46,120 --> 00:10:48,559 Speaker 1: which is E zero, all the way up to EAT seven, 184 00:10:48,559 --> 00:10:54,199 Speaker 1: which is the most elliptical, pretty much. Yeah, and you're like, okay, great, 185 00:10:54,280 --> 00:10:56,560 Speaker 1: so all you need is elliptical, it's all galaxies are. 186 00:10:57,080 --> 00:11:00,360 Speaker 1: But no, there's also something called spiral. And even though 187 00:11:00,679 --> 00:11:04,840 Speaker 1: Hubble classified them by their shape, it's really they're more 188 00:11:05,200 --> 00:11:10,960 Speaker 1: differentiated by their features and how bright right, right, they're bright. 189 00:11:11,000 --> 00:11:13,920 Speaker 1: They have stars, bright stars, lots of hot gas. They 190 00:11:13,960 --> 00:11:17,480 Speaker 1: tend to have arms that stretch out from them. Yeah. Like, 191 00:11:17,559 --> 00:11:19,880 Speaker 1: if you looked at pictures of the Milky Way galaxy, 192 00:11:19,920 --> 00:11:23,679 Speaker 1: it looks like a what does it look like like 193 00:11:24,200 --> 00:11:27,920 Speaker 1: someone spinning an octopus? A bit of a whirlpool? Sure, 194 00:11:28,400 --> 00:11:32,280 Speaker 1: it's spinning an octopus. I love that. Yeah, that was perfect. 195 00:11:32,360 --> 00:11:35,160 Speaker 1: That's what I wish. That's what the Greeks had come 196 00:11:35,240 --> 00:11:38,760 Speaker 1: up with instead of a Milky wayn't although they all 197 00:11:38,800 --> 00:11:40,480 Speaker 1: they saw was like a strip of white light, and 198 00:11:40,679 --> 00:11:42,560 Speaker 1: no one had any idea what the Milky Way looked 199 00:11:42,559 --> 00:11:45,880 Speaker 1: like until the twentieth century, so they all, right, all 200 00:11:45,920 --> 00:11:49,160 Speaker 1: these off the Greeks, everybody, I'm sorry, so, but spiral 201 00:11:49,200 --> 00:11:52,240 Speaker 1: are the brightest, right, they're the brightest because they have 202 00:11:52,280 --> 00:11:56,440 Speaker 1: the most bright stars um. Elliptical tend to sometimes not 203 00:11:56,520 --> 00:12:00,240 Speaker 1: have any bright stars at all. UM. And then the 204 00:12:00,280 --> 00:12:04,400 Speaker 1: other big difference between them is that elliptical are um 205 00:12:05,520 --> 00:12:10,000 Speaker 1: are disordered and chaotic, whereas spiral are much more orderly. 206 00:12:10,040 --> 00:12:14,120 Speaker 1: Where everything in the galaxy rotates in orbit around the 207 00:12:14,120 --> 00:12:16,640 Speaker 1: galaxy center in the exact same way and for the 208 00:12:16,679 --> 00:12:20,800 Speaker 1: exact same reasons that Earth rotates around the Sun, except 209 00:12:20,840 --> 00:12:24,079 Speaker 1: in this rotation, our solar system takes about two d 210 00:12:24,240 --> 00:12:26,160 Speaker 1: and thirty million years to make it all the way 211 00:12:26,160 --> 00:12:29,760 Speaker 1: around the Milky Way, rather than one year around the Sun. Yeah, 212 00:12:29,800 --> 00:12:32,120 Speaker 1: that's a big death. Yeah it is. And again with 213 00:12:32,160 --> 00:12:35,720 Speaker 1: the size as illustrated at the onset, that might make 214 00:12:35,720 --> 00:12:38,160 Speaker 1: a little more sense. Sure, the grain of sand in 215 00:12:38,200 --> 00:12:40,440 Speaker 1: the palm palm in the middle of the United States, 216 00:12:40,559 --> 00:12:43,600 Speaker 1: it's actually let's say the United States was that would 217 00:12:43,600 --> 00:12:48,960 Speaker 1: place us like, I don't know what, Kentucky? What the 218 00:12:49,000 --> 00:12:50,960 Speaker 1: center of the US? No, no, no, If the center 219 00:12:50,960 --> 00:12:56,680 Speaker 1: of the U s is leban On, Kansas, what is 220 00:12:56,720 --> 00:13:01,079 Speaker 1: in your book? I'll tell you. Got my own opinions 221 00:13:01,120 --> 00:13:03,520 Speaker 1: on that. Just no credit to leban On, Kansas, I 222 00:13:03,600 --> 00:13:06,000 Speaker 1: get it. Um I think it's actually a couple of 223 00:13:06,000 --> 00:13:08,400 Speaker 1: miles from there, but I don't know where that would 224 00:13:08,440 --> 00:13:10,080 Speaker 1: put us if we're in the like the what the 225 00:13:10,480 --> 00:13:12,400 Speaker 1: a third of the way between the edge and I 226 00:13:12,400 --> 00:13:14,680 Speaker 1: see what you're saying. If leban On, Kansas is the 227 00:13:14,679 --> 00:13:17,440 Speaker 1: middle and you not though, but let's just for the 228 00:13:17,480 --> 00:13:21,240 Speaker 1: sake of our in the east coast edge would the 229 00:13:21,240 --> 00:13:23,200 Speaker 1: outer edge? What would that put us? Yeah, I think 230 00:13:23,280 --> 00:13:26,040 Speaker 1: Kentucky is probably a pretty good roughly Kentucky or maybe 231 00:13:26,080 --> 00:13:32,440 Speaker 1: East Tennessee or Middle Tennessee something like that. Yeah, somewhere between, 232 00:13:32,840 --> 00:13:38,120 Speaker 1: just not in Memphis. Uh. Then the spirals are broken 233 00:13:38,160 --> 00:13:45,120 Speaker 1: down and subdivided into other categories. Um normal spiral. That's 234 00:13:45,160 --> 00:13:48,520 Speaker 1: where you have. That's sort of the classic disc shape 235 00:13:48,559 --> 00:13:50,960 Speaker 1: that we're thinking of, right, Yeah, that's the other feature 236 00:13:51,000 --> 00:13:53,120 Speaker 1: that they have is like a hump. They look like 237 00:13:53,120 --> 00:13:58,000 Speaker 1: a ufolge if you looked at a spiral galaxy from 238 00:13:58,040 --> 00:14:02,000 Speaker 1: the side especially, I guess in all right s A, 239 00:14:02,679 --> 00:14:06,439 Speaker 1: I think in A. Yeah, that's the largest nuclear pulge. 240 00:14:06,920 --> 00:14:10,480 Speaker 1: Nuclear bulges. So it's like great band name, it really is. 241 00:14:11,040 --> 00:14:12,840 Speaker 1: But the bulge is like it's got a hump on 242 00:14:12,880 --> 00:14:14,600 Speaker 1: the top and a hump on the bottom and then 243 00:14:14,600 --> 00:14:17,800 Speaker 1: a disc of stuff in the middle like a UFO. 244 00:14:17,960 --> 00:14:20,880 Speaker 1: That's what it looks like. Um, that's a that's a 245 00:14:20,920 --> 00:14:26,200 Speaker 1: classic spiral galaxy, right, which would be the normal. Then 246 00:14:26,240 --> 00:14:29,600 Speaker 1: they're the barred spiral that is has a disc shape 247 00:14:29,640 --> 00:14:32,440 Speaker 1: as well, with a bright center as well. I don't 248 00:14:32,440 --> 00:14:38,160 Speaker 1: get the difference then visually, so I think the difference is, Um, 249 00:14:38,560 --> 00:14:45,760 Speaker 1: the disc shape is with the barred spiral, the center 250 00:14:45,800 --> 00:14:50,080 Speaker 1: of it is drawn out so like in a in 251 00:14:50,120 --> 00:14:53,680 Speaker 1: a normal spiral, it's just a nice circle in the center, 252 00:14:53,720 --> 00:14:56,640 Speaker 1: a nice tidy sphere in the center, whereas in a 253 00:14:56,720 --> 00:14:59,720 Speaker 1: barred spiral that sphere is pulled out into an elliptical 254 00:14:59,760 --> 00:15:03,280 Speaker 1: it's self. So it's like a bar of light going 255 00:15:03,320 --> 00:15:06,040 Speaker 1: through you know, the middle of the galaxy, and that's 256 00:15:06,120 --> 00:15:09,280 Speaker 1: the galactic center and nucleus, all right. Uh. And then 257 00:15:09,280 --> 00:15:13,760 Speaker 1: we have our irregular as the third type of galaxy shape. Uh. 258 00:15:13,760 --> 00:15:18,080 Speaker 1: And these are very faint, very small Um, no bright center, 259 00:15:18,160 --> 00:15:25,640 Speaker 1: no spiral arms, just losers of the loser galaxies. So 260 00:15:26,000 --> 00:15:29,640 Speaker 1: they used to think that this was the evolution of galaxies, 261 00:15:29,680 --> 00:15:33,360 Speaker 1: that the different galaxies was like, yeah, either it started 262 00:15:33,360 --> 00:15:37,160 Speaker 1: as elliptical and then moved to um spiral or most 263 00:15:37,200 --> 00:15:39,760 Speaker 1: likely vice versa. Now we found that's not the case 264 00:15:39,800 --> 00:15:42,760 Speaker 1: at all. Interesting and they think probably you know, um, 265 00:15:42,760 --> 00:15:47,360 Speaker 1: galaxies tend to start out as spiral galaxies, the ordered 266 00:15:47,440 --> 00:15:50,520 Speaker 1: kind where everything's just going around nice and easy. Um, 267 00:15:51,120 --> 00:15:56,720 Speaker 1: and that the reason we have elliptical galaxies, the disordered kind, 268 00:15:57,000 --> 00:15:59,920 Speaker 1: is because a spiral merged with another spiral, which will 269 00:16:00,000 --> 00:16:03,160 Speaker 1: it into later. Yeah, the collisions of galaxies, yeah, which 270 00:16:03,200 --> 00:16:07,080 Speaker 1: I honestly didn't know that much about until this episode. Yeah, 271 00:16:07,120 --> 00:16:09,240 Speaker 1: and it sounds a lot scarier than it is. Certainly 272 00:16:09,280 --> 00:16:11,960 Speaker 1: not that scary, So don't be scared, everybody. You probably 273 00:16:11,960 --> 00:16:15,160 Speaker 1: wouldn't even notice. You just have an extra son five 274 00:16:15,200 --> 00:16:18,600 Speaker 1: billion years from there. I feel like we should take 275 00:16:18,600 --> 00:16:20,520 Speaker 1: a break. I think we should too. We made it 276 00:16:20,520 --> 00:16:22,880 Speaker 1: through page one, all right, we'll come back with page 277 00:16:22,880 --> 00:16:51,080 Speaker 1: to right after this, alright, chuck. So we're talking spiral 278 00:16:51,120 --> 00:16:54,120 Speaker 1: galaxies because that's what we care about, because that's what 279 00:16:54,160 --> 00:16:57,200 Speaker 1: the Milky Way is. That's right. Um, it's a spiral 280 00:16:57,240 --> 00:17:00,960 Speaker 1: bar galaxy to be particular. And so it's got that 281 00:17:01,120 --> 00:17:05,280 Speaker 1: center hump the galactic disc, and the galactic disc is 282 00:17:05,320 --> 00:17:08,120 Speaker 1: actually made up of a few different parts too. You've 283 00:17:08,119 --> 00:17:12,200 Speaker 1: got the nucleus, which is the center. You've got the bulge, 284 00:17:12,720 --> 00:17:16,879 Speaker 1: which you love the nuclear bulge like nine times already, 285 00:17:17,880 --> 00:17:22,240 Speaker 1: and then the spiral arms. These are like um accumulations 286 00:17:22,240 --> 00:17:26,919 Speaker 1: of stars, gas, dust, um, all sorts of stuff, planet, 287 00:17:26,960 --> 00:17:29,560 Speaker 1: solar systems, all that, And that's where we are right. 288 00:17:29,600 --> 00:17:32,000 Speaker 1: We're in a spiral arm. The Milky Way has four 289 00:17:32,040 --> 00:17:34,840 Speaker 1: spiral arms, two major and two minor, and we're in 290 00:17:34,840 --> 00:17:38,120 Speaker 1: a minor one Oriyan, which is still It's fine. We're 291 00:17:38,119 --> 00:17:40,280 Speaker 1: in a minor arm, but it's the orion arm, which 292 00:17:40,280 --> 00:17:42,439 Speaker 1: makes it pretty cool. So I guess it would not 293 00:17:42,520 --> 00:17:45,240 Speaker 1: have been a octopus spinning. That would be eight arms. 294 00:17:45,640 --> 00:17:48,119 Speaker 1: Well maybe we haven't discovered the other four yet, yes, 295 00:17:48,280 --> 00:17:50,919 Speaker 1: or maybe we're just a ceiling fan. Maybe. So I 296 00:17:51,000 --> 00:17:54,440 Speaker 1: like the spinning octopus the most. We need to get 297 00:17:54,480 --> 00:17:56,920 Speaker 1: some more arms. Then, you know, you shouldn't need octopus. 298 00:17:57,000 --> 00:18:03,520 Speaker 1: They're extraordinarily intelligent. Just y. I think we we've sung 299 00:18:03,520 --> 00:18:07,040 Speaker 1: our octopus praises over the years. But do you you're 300 00:18:07,080 --> 00:18:09,080 Speaker 1: you eating them those still, is what I'm saying. No, 301 00:18:09,240 --> 00:18:13,560 Speaker 1: I don't need octopus. Yeah, did you give them up 302 00:18:13,600 --> 00:18:15,879 Speaker 1: after our episode on it? Or yeah, we're on that 303 00:18:15,920 --> 00:18:18,480 Speaker 1: time is it okay to eat squid inc pasta? Though 304 00:18:19,920 --> 00:18:22,719 Speaker 1: squid they're stupid. Who cares about squid? I'll eat them 305 00:18:22,760 --> 00:18:25,359 Speaker 1: all day long. Luckily, that's what most calamaria is, a 306 00:18:25,440 --> 00:18:30,080 Speaker 1: squid or not even right? What is it? Then? In't 307 00:18:30,080 --> 00:18:32,400 Speaker 1: there like a big calamari hoax going on? I can 308 00:18:32,440 --> 00:18:34,840 Speaker 1: believe it's Some of that stuff is awfully rubbery. Yeah, 309 00:18:35,119 --> 00:18:37,239 Speaker 1: I think that's the deal, all right. So back to 310 00:18:37,320 --> 00:18:42,080 Speaker 1: the back to the shape of the galactic disc. There's 311 00:18:42,119 --> 00:18:45,840 Speaker 1: also the globular cluster um these are above and below 312 00:18:45,880 --> 00:18:49,960 Speaker 1: that disk, and then the halo, which is um hot 313 00:18:50,000 --> 00:18:53,520 Speaker 1: gas we think, and that is that that sort of 314 00:18:53,600 --> 00:18:56,560 Speaker 1: dim region that you see around the galaxy right when 315 00:18:56,560 --> 00:18:58,320 Speaker 1: you think of like the Milky Way from all the 316 00:18:58,320 --> 00:19:01,480 Speaker 1: pictures you've ever seen. What you're mostly thinking about is 317 00:19:01,520 --> 00:19:06,080 Speaker 1: the galactic disc. Popular clusters nobody really thinks much about. 318 00:19:06,200 --> 00:19:12,880 Speaker 1: But they're actually old super um, super burned out ancient 319 00:19:13,000 --> 00:19:17,040 Speaker 1: clumps of stars that formed in like the early galaxy, 320 00:19:17,200 --> 00:19:19,000 Speaker 1: that used up a bunch of stars, used up their 321 00:19:19,040 --> 00:19:21,320 Speaker 1: fuel really quickly, and now they're just kind of like 322 00:19:21,359 --> 00:19:26,399 Speaker 1: these dead balls that are in orbit around our galaxy 323 00:19:26,640 --> 00:19:28,879 Speaker 1: and we actually can use them and the effect that 324 00:19:28,920 --> 00:19:32,919 Speaker 1: our galaxy has on them. The title effects of gravity 325 00:19:32,960 --> 00:19:36,320 Speaker 1: to figure out how much mass our galaxy has. Yeah, 326 00:19:36,359 --> 00:19:39,440 Speaker 1: and you know gravity is what's holding all of this together. 327 00:19:39,640 --> 00:19:41,399 Speaker 1: And you would think when you see it's something like 328 00:19:41,400 --> 00:19:45,600 Speaker 1: the Milky Way galaxy. Uh, and you know gravity is 329 00:19:45,720 --> 00:19:48,800 Speaker 1: dependent upon mass, that that center would be where all 330 00:19:48,840 --> 00:19:51,480 Speaker 1: the masses. But that's not the case. It's a little 331 00:19:51,480 --> 00:19:53,760 Speaker 1: bit opposite of what you might think. Yeah, that that 332 00:19:53,880 --> 00:19:57,560 Speaker 1: um outer halo has about as much mass as the 333 00:19:57,640 --> 00:20:02,720 Speaker 1: intergalactic disc um the counterintuitive. Yeah, and because that halo 334 00:20:02,800 --> 00:20:06,520 Speaker 1: is made up mostly of gas and some dust um, 335 00:20:06,600 --> 00:20:10,240 Speaker 1: it's actually orbiting or rotating at a different rate or 336 00:20:10,280 --> 00:20:13,640 Speaker 1: different velocity I guess than the galactic disc. So there's 337 00:20:13,640 --> 00:20:16,760 Speaker 1: actually torque that gets produced because the galactic disc is 338 00:20:16,760 --> 00:20:21,120 Speaker 1: like dragging it along the arms. No, we found out recently, 339 00:20:21,119 --> 00:20:23,280 Speaker 1: like within the last month or two. I believe that 340 00:20:23,320 --> 00:20:28,119 Speaker 1: the actual the actual Milky Way galaxy is bent on 341 00:20:28,280 --> 00:20:30,960 Speaker 1: the ants. Like so it looks like an s from 342 00:20:30,960 --> 00:20:33,840 Speaker 1: the site, kind of like a sombrero with like the 343 00:20:33,880 --> 00:20:38,120 Speaker 1: front up and the back down. That's what the milky is. 344 00:20:38,280 --> 00:20:41,800 Speaker 1: Not an octopus, not the only fan. It's a crumpled sombrero, 345 00:20:42,240 --> 00:20:47,280 Speaker 1: maybe a nacho sombrero like the one Homer Simpson war. Right, 346 00:20:47,280 --> 00:20:49,680 Speaker 1: are the guys that make just wear the cowboy hat 347 00:20:49,720 --> 00:20:52,080 Speaker 1: with a front brim turned up like the cook at 348 00:20:52,119 --> 00:20:57,119 Speaker 1: the at the Cowboy camp. Sure, cookie cookie cook. Yeah. 349 00:20:57,160 --> 00:21:00,720 Speaker 1: And galaxies are very very far apart from one another. 350 00:21:01,480 --> 00:21:05,040 Speaker 1: The closest one to us, Uh, Andromeda is two point 351 00:21:05,080 --> 00:21:08,640 Speaker 1: two million light years away from us. And uh that's 352 00:21:08,640 --> 00:21:11,760 Speaker 1: a I mean, that's relatively close in the grand scheme, 353 00:21:12,320 --> 00:21:15,240 Speaker 1: but that's also pretty far apart. So I want to 354 00:21:15,280 --> 00:21:19,280 Speaker 1: there's this professor Barbara Ryden from Ohio State whose lecture 355 00:21:19,320 --> 00:21:22,520 Speaker 1: we came across, and she like just nails this right. 356 00:21:22,960 --> 00:21:27,720 Speaker 1: Two point two million light years is an astoundingly large distance, Right, 357 00:21:28,280 --> 00:21:32,320 Speaker 1: but it's actually really close for a galaxy because galaxies 358 00:21:32,359 --> 00:21:34,840 Speaker 1: are so huge. And the way that she put it, 359 00:21:34,920 --> 00:21:38,520 Speaker 1: like if you took a pair of ping pongs and 360 00:21:38,560 --> 00:21:42,760 Speaker 1: said one was balls ping pong balls, Yes, games of 361 00:21:42,800 --> 00:21:45,200 Speaker 1: ping pong, and he took two games. If you took 362 00:21:45,280 --> 00:21:48,919 Speaker 1: two ping pong balls and one was the Sun and 363 00:21:49,040 --> 00:21:54,040 Speaker 1: one was a neighboring star to the Sun, Alpha Centauri, okay, uh, 364 00:21:54,040 --> 00:21:58,639 Speaker 1: and you you put them relative to one another. Uh, 365 00:21:58,760 --> 00:22:02,080 Speaker 1: the ping pong balls would be as far apart as Columbus, 366 00:22:02,119 --> 00:22:06,120 Speaker 1: Ohio and Jacksonville, Florida. Okay, if you use ping pong 367 00:22:06,160 --> 00:22:09,959 Speaker 1: balls to be Andromeda and the Milky Way, here we go. 368 00:22:10,040 --> 00:22:15,120 Speaker 1: The distance would be three ft relative to one another. Interesting, 369 00:22:15,359 --> 00:22:17,800 Speaker 1: it is interesting. Yeah, yeah, it's at least as interesting 370 00:22:17,800 --> 00:22:20,560 Speaker 1: as your grain of singing in the palmyre this less 371 00:22:20,600 --> 00:22:22,639 Speaker 1: than one big mac. Maybe I didn't get it across. 372 00:22:22,720 --> 00:22:24,760 Speaker 1: Let me try another take. Okay, No, I thought it 373 00:22:24,760 --> 00:22:29,560 Speaker 1: was great. Um they use Uh, well, we should talk 374 00:22:29,600 --> 00:22:31,760 Speaker 1: about parsecs a little bit, just because of the Star 375 00:22:31,760 --> 00:22:36,800 Speaker 1: Wars thing, because a parsk is a unit of distance 376 00:22:37,359 --> 00:22:40,080 Speaker 1: that is three point to six light years. And you 377 00:22:40,160 --> 00:22:44,240 Speaker 1: remember in Star Wars the famous line from Han Solo. 378 00:22:45,240 --> 00:22:49,160 Speaker 1: Remember that he made the Kessel run in twelve parsecs. So, 379 00:22:50,160 --> 00:22:52,399 Speaker 1: as a young dumb kid, I thought that meant, you know, 380 00:22:52,680 --> 00:22:56,359 Speaker 1: like a parsak was like whatever, thirty seconds. So he 381 00:22:56,400 --> 00:22:59,280 Speaker 1: did this thing in a matter of minutes. Uh. And 382 00:22:59,320 --> 00:23:01,240 Speaker 1: then when I learned that it was a unit of 383 00:23:01,280 --> 00:23:03,919 Speaker 1: distance in that time, I think a lot of people's 384 00:23:03,920 --> 00:23:06,720 Speaker 1: inclination would be that that would be a mistake on 385 00:23:06,800 --> 00:23:10,440 Speaker 1: the part of the writer of Star Wars. But Star 386 00:23:10,480 --> 00:23:13,199 Speaker 1: Wars nerds are quick to point out that did no, no, no, 387 00:23:14,040 --> 00:23:16,960 Speaker 1: he he did mean a unit of distance, but he 388 00:23:17,000 --> 00:23:20,080 Speaker 1: actually skirted very close to a black hole on his 389 00:23:20,280 --> 00:23:24,119 Speaker 1: Kessel run and he actually shortened the normally eighteen par 390 00:23:24,240 --> 00:23:27,760 Speaker 1: sect route to twelve par secs. Wow, that's a big, 391 00:23:27,880 --> 00:23:30,160 Speaker 1: big short cut. So he cut out. He basically took 392 00:23:30,160 --> 00:23:34,040 Speaker 1: a shortcut. Yeah, not bad. Yeah, I'm just kind of 393 00:23:34,080 --> 00:23:37,240 Speaker 1: wondering this is, you know, all after the fact, and 394 00:23:37,320 --> 00:23:41,479 Speaker 1: they were like, oh, yeah, I think so. I got 395 00:23:41,480 --> 00:23:44,600 Speaker 1: a lot going for them. So as far as formation 396 00:23:44,640 --> 00:23:48,840 Speaker 1: and the galaxy, again, we're talking about going back further 397 00:23:48,880 --> 00:23:52,480 Speaker 1: than we can see with our current telescopes, even even 398 00:23:52,560 --> 00:23:55,399 Speaker 1: the web one upcoming. But we do have some pretty 399 00:23:55,440 --> 00:23:59,159 Speaker 1: good guesses, um that after the Big Bang about fourteen 400 00:23:59,200 --> 00:24:03,919 Speaker 1: billion years ago is when these galaxies formed from again 401 00:24:04,080 --> 00:24:08,600 Speaker 1: just dust and gas, lots of hydrogen gas in the 402 00:24:08,640 --> 00:24:15,200 Speaker 1: early universe. And yes, and the so from this expansion 403 00:24:15,440 --> 00:24:19,600 Speaker 1: that took place, Um, there were parts of the universe 404 00:24:19,640 --> 00:24:22,119 Speaker 1: that were less dense than other parts, and the denser 405 00:24:22,200 --> 00:24:26,320 Speaker 1: parts slowed down the expansion enough to for some of 406 00:24:26,320 --> 00:24:31,120 Speaker 1: this dust and gas to accumulate into balls, which uh, 407 00:24:31,280 --> 00:24:35,240 Speaker 1: one of two ways. Either those balls formed the earliest stars, 408 00:24:35,359 --> 00:24:39,640 Speaker 1: and then those stars started to to accumulate into a galaxy, 409 00:24:39,680 --> 00:24:41,800 Speaker 1: which to me doesn't make sense because if stars are 410 00:24:41,840 --> 00:24:44,600 Speaker 1: so far apart, how would they how would they have 411 00:24:44,640 --> 00:24:47,520 Speaker 1: any effect on one another to form a galaxy? Probably 412 00:24:47,560 --> 00:24:51,800 Speaker 1: not that. Instead, they think that the the clouds of 413 00:24:51,880 --> 00:24:56,600 Speaker 1: dust and gas um formed like what's called the proto galaxy, 414 00:24:56,720 --> 00:25:00,359 Speaker 1: and then from that more and more density was created, 415 00:25:00,440 --> 00:25:03,040 Speaker 1: more and more gravity pushed more and more dust and 416 00:25:03,040 --> 00:25:07,120 Speaker 1: gas together to form stars within this accumulation, which would 417 00:25:07,160 --> 00:25:10,040 Speaker 1: be kind of like that um that uh disc, the 418 00:25:10,080 --> 00:25:13,040 Speaker 1: gas disc that's flowing around the Milky Way. Yeah, and 419 00:25:13,080 --> 00:25:15,760 Speaker 1: it's interesting. It just seems like so much happened because 420 00:25:15,800 --> 00:25:23,640 Speaker 1: of um collapsing, things collapsing and on themselves. Yeah, yep, 421 00:25:23,920 --> 00:25:26,680 Speaker 1: really interesting, it really is. I mean because and this 422 00:25:26,760 --> 00:25:29,119 Speaker 1: is the whole reason why people study this stuff, is like, 423 00:25:29,160 --> 00:25:31,480 Speaker 1: when you start to understand this, you can start to 424 00:25:32,640 --> 00:25:35,720 Speaker 1: understand the very structure of the universe. And they've actually 425 00:25:35,840 --> 00:25:39,600 Speaker 1: started to map this to where they can they can 426 00:25:39,640 --> 00:25:42,400 Speaker 1: see where the dark matter is. Remember in that episode 427 00:25:42,480 --> 00:25:45,240 Speaker 1: that we they started to map dark matter in the universe, 428 00:25:45,720 --> 00:25:50,040 Speaker 1: and then also physical matter um and the map that 429 00:25:50,080 --> 00:25:55,040 Speaker 1: they're created, it's it's it looks like a cobweb. There's 430 00:25:55,119 --> 00:25:59,560 Speaker 1: lots of like um like spindle parts and thick clumps, 431 00:25:59,640 --> 00:26:03,119 Speaker 1: and then parts where there's voids, and it looks unsettlingly 432 00:26:03,240 --> 00:26:06,280 Speaker 1: like a close up of brain tissue of like neurons 433 00:26:06,280 --> 00:26:11,080 Speaker 1: in a brain, like voids in between areas of matter. 434 00:26:11,920 --> 00:26:19,719 Speaker 1: Really interesting. Um. So, we were talking about the the 435 00:26:19,800 --> 00:26:24,840 Speaker 1: distance between galaxies being really large, and that is true, 436 00:26:24,840 --> 00:26:27,040 Speaker 1: but also, like you said at the same time, galaxies 437 00:26:27,080 --> 00:26:31,520 Speaker 1: himself are so large that they they do collide. I mean, 438 00:26:31,520 --> 00:26:33,400 Speaker 1: should we go ahead and talk about that. I think 439 00:26:33,400 --> 00:26:38,240 Speaker 1: it's inevitable. But when they do collide, it's not like, uh, 440 00:26:38,359 --> 00:26:41,439 Speaker 1: everything within that galaxy so far apart. It's not like 441 00:26:41,520 --> 00:26:44,280 Speaker 1: what you might picture in your head, which is planets 442 00:26:44,280 --> 00:26:47,119 Speaker 1: and stars just smashing into each other all over the place. Right, 443 00:26:47,119 --> 00:26:50,040 Speaker 1: But you would think so. But the distances between stars 444 00:26:50,200 --> 00:26:55,199 Speaker 1: are so colossal that entire galaxies can just merge with 445 00:26:55,240 --> 00:26:58,840 Speaker 1: one another without any Star collisions are virtually none. Now 446 00:26:58,840 --> 00:27:01,280 Speaker 1: do they always merge or do sometimes they just kind 447 00:27:01,280 --> 00:27:03,320 Speaker 1: of passed through one another and come out the other side. 448 00:27:03,440 --> 00:27:05,560 Speaker 1: I think they can get both a little different there's 449 00:27:05,680 --> 00:27:12,960 Speaker 1: definitely types of universes that passed within. Yes, yeah, that's 450 00:27:12,960 --> 00:27:16,159 Speaker 1: all we're talking about right here, right now. Um, the 451 00:27:16,760 --> 00:27:20,280 Speaker 1: galaxies passed close enough to one another but don't necessarily merge, 452 00:27:20,720 --> 00:27:23,280 Speaker 1: but there their gravity still has an effect on one another. 453 00:27:23,760 --> 00:27:26,800 Speaker 1: There's a pair of galaxies called the Mice where they've 454 00:27:26,840 --> 00:27:30,080 Speaker 1: gotten close enough together that they've pulled stars toward one 455 00:27:30,080 --> 00:27:33,320 Speaker 1: another and they each have tails. Now, um, there's a 456 00:27:33,359 --> 00:27:38,040 Speaker 1: galaxy called the Cartwheel galaxy that a smaller galaxy passed 457 00:27:38,080 --> 00:27:42,720 Speaker 1: through and apparently created ripples. So just like um, as 458 00:27:42,880 --> 00:27:45,120 Speaker 1: as Professor Ryde and put it, just like you drop 459 00:27:45,160 --> 00:27:47,600 Speaker 1: a stone into a pond, it creates ripples in the water. 460 00:27:48,080 --> 00:27:52,320 Speaker 1: Those that other galaxy created ripples in this larger host universe. 461 00:27:52,600 --> 00:27:54,399 Speaker 1: So there's other things that can happen besides just a 462 00:27:54,480 --> 00:27:57,560 Speaker 1: straight up merger. But I think even in a merger, 463 00:27:58,000 --> 00:28:00,600 Speaker 1: sometimes some of the stars shake loup and end up 464 00:28:00,640 --> 00:28:06,920 Speaker 1: just they're they're out in space. Yeah that makes sense. Yeah, uh, 465 00:28:07,160 --> 00:28:10,520 Speaker 1: and when they do uh come together or collide. They 466 00:28:11,240 --> 00:28:14,720 Speaker 1: spiral galaxies generally, like the shape can change and they 467 00:28:14,760 --> 00:28:18,040 Speaker 1: generally go to the elliptical side. So if you see 468 00:28:18,040 --> 00:28:21,600 Speaker 1: a spiral galaxy like our own Milky Way, then chances 469 00:28:21,600 --> 00:28:25,119 Speaker 1: are it has never been in such a collision. Yeah. 470 00:28:25,280 --> 00:28:28,159 Speaker 1: They think that the spiral galaxies used to dominate. I 471 00:28:28,160 --> 00:28:31,320 Speaker 1: think you said, like sixty of galaxies today are the 472 00:28:31,400 --> 00:28:35,240 Speaker 1: elliptical ones, right, the disordered ones, And they think that 473 00:28:35,400 --> 00:28:38,520 Speaker 1: spiral galaxies used to be the majority, but so many 474 00:28:38,560 --> 00:28:43,800 Speaker 1: of them merged to become elliptical galaxy galaxies. That's what 475 00:28:43,840 --> 00:28:46,120 Speaker 1: we see the most of now. Yeah. About what do 476 00:28:46,160 --> 00:28:48,720 Speaker 1: they say about fifty of all galaxies at some point 477 00:28:48,800 --> 00:28:51,240 Speaker 1: have been involved in a collision. Yeah, I saw as 478 00:28:51,320 --> 00:28:54,160 Speaker 1: high as ninety in one place, and the Milky Way 479 00:28:54,200 --> 00:28:56,920 Speaker 1: will at some point, right, Yeah, I mean there, it's 480 00:28:56,960 --> 00:28:58,880 Speaker 1: kind of inevitable, isn't it. We're going to emerge with 481 00:28:58,920 --> 00:29:02,760 Speaker 1: Andromeda and about five billion years. In about three billion years, 482 00:29:02,760 --> 00:29:05,640 Speaker 1: we'll are We'll start affecting one another at the edges, 483 00:29:05,720 --> 00:29:09,080 Speaker 1: will start pulling one another into each other, and then 484 00:29:09,960 --> 00:29:14,560 Speaker 1: we'll eventually merge and become one called the milk Ameda Galaxy. 485 00:29:14,680 --> 00:29:16,920 Speaker 1: Is that really what it's going to be called? Yeah, 486 00:29:17,080 --> 00:29:19,479 Speaker 1: hopefully within five billion years will come up with a 487 00:29:19,480 --> 00:29:26,880 Speaker 1: better name. Interesting um and drama see yeah, drama way 488 00:29:27,040 --> 00:29:30,560 Speaker 1: the the and drama way and drama way good, yea, 489 00:29:31,160 --> 00:29:35,080 Speaker 1: the androw way. It's definitely better than the milk Omeda. Yeah, 490 00:29:35,640 --> 00:29:38,560 Speaker 1: but I mean we're not gonna be around our show 491 00:29:38,560 --> 00:29:40,720 Speaker 1: will be I don't know, it's possible. What if this 492 00:29:40,840 --> 00:29:43,800 Speaker 1: lived on billions of years from now. That's I mean, 493 00:29:43,800 --> 00:29:45,719 Speaker 1: that's what we're doing, right, that's what we're hoping for. 494 00:29:46,360 --> 00:29:51,120 Speaker 1: So uh. These galaxies um throughout the universe do exist 495 00:29:51,240 --> 00:29:55,640 Speaker 1: in galactic clusters. They um they are drawn to one 496 00:29:55,680 --> 00:30:00,240 Speaker 1: another by gravity. And we are in um what called 497 00:30:00,240 --> 00:30:02,800 Speaker 1: a poor cluster, which is less than a thousand like 498 00:30:02,880 --> 00:30:05,600 Speaker 1: way less Yeah, called the local group, and there's only 499 00:30:05,680 --> 00:30:08,440 Speaker 1: fifty of us. That's a good local band name, too, 500 00:30:08,680 --> 00:30:11,800 Speaker 1: I think. So it sounds like sort of a union group, yeah, 501 00:30:11,960 --> 00:30:14,400 Speaker 1: or like the local forty one or whatever. If you're 502 00:30:14,400 --> 00:30:17,240 Speaker 1: just playing for free beer, that's that's what you're doing 503 00:30:17,280 --> 00:30:20,160 Speaker 1: with your band. Local groups should be the name of 504 00:30:20,200 --> 00:30:23,120 Speaker 1: your band. That's great, that's pretty good. Uh. And then 505 00:30:23,120 --> 00:30:25,600 Speaker 1: there are rich clusters, and there are more than a 506 00:30:25,640 --> 00:30:29,560 Speaker 1: thousand in the rich clusters, right, and some some have 507 00:30:29,640 --> 00:30:31,840 Speaker 1: way more than a thousand. There's one called the Virgo 508 00:30:31,920 --> 00:30:37,600 Speaker 1: supercluster that has of these of galaxies all clustered together. 509 00:30:37,920 --> 00:30:42,160 Speaker 1: So think about you've got a planets orbiting a star, 510 00:30:42,800 --> 00:30:47,880 Speaker 1: solar system. Solar system is orbiting the center of the galaxy. 511 00:30:48,280 --> 00:30:52,800 Speaker 1: Galaxies can orbit one another or at least have effects 512 00:30:52,840 --> 00:30:56,600 Speaker 1: on one another's orbits. Everything clusters together in larger and 513 00:30:56,680 --> 00:30:59,520 Speaker 1: larger amounts thanks to gravity. Once you pass a certain 514 00:30:59,560 --> 00:31:03,800 Speaker 1: threshold old and electromagnetism and the strong and weak nuclear 515 00:31:03,840 --> 00:31:07,000 Speaker 1: force or not like the dominant forces, gravity takes over 516 00:31:07,360 --> 00:31:09,880 Speaker 1: and it does some interesting stuff to the structure, and 517 00:31:09,920 --> 00:31:13,600 Speaker 1: it's driving astronomers batty. They're like, surely there is some 518 00:31:13,800 --> 00:31:16,720 Speaker 1: rhyme or reason to this. There's some pattern to the 519 00:31:16,720 --> 00:31:18,880 Speaker 1: there's gotta be there, like Jim Carrey in the number 520 00:31:18,880 --> 00:31:23,360 Speaker 1: twenty three or something, you know. Um, And they think 521 00:31:23,400 --> 00:31:26,120 Speaker 1: that if they can study the evolution of galaxies, they 522 00:31:26,160 --> 00:31:28,520 Speaker 1: will be able to figure out the process that happens 523 00:31:29,480 --> 00:31:33,880 Speaker 1: or what the ultimate point will be. Let's do let's 524 00:31:33,880 --> 00:32:01,040 Speaker 1: take a break. We got more things, all right. So 525 00:32:01,080 --> 00:32:05,080 Speaker 1: we've talked a lot about the distance between galaxies, but 526 00:32:05,120 --> 00:32:08,280 Speaker 1: there's actually a name for that space in between galaxies 527 00:32:08,320 --> 00:32:12,680 Speaker 1: and these clusters that we talked about, called the intergalactic medium. 528 00:32:12,800 --> 00:32:17,000 Speaker 1: And uh, it is not empty. It's not just some void. Uh, 529 00:32:17,040 --> 00:32:19,000 Speaker 1: And we don't know exactly what's going on in there, 530 00:32:19,000 --> 00:32:21,480 Speaker 1: but we're studying it a lot. Um. They think that 531 00:32:21,520 --> 00:32:25,480 Speaker 1: there's probably some gas, because I think that's the fault 532 00:32:25,520 --> 00:32:28,360 Speaker 1: for everything in space, Like there's got to be some 533 00:32:28,400 --> 00:32:30,360 Speaker 1: gas in there, and probably some dust, and a lot 534 00:32:30,400 --> 00:32:33,239 Speaker 1: of it's super cold like you would expect. Yeah, this 535 00:32:33,320 --> 00:32:34,840 Speaker 1: is what the strange thing is though, but some of 536 00:32:34,920 --> 00:32:38,320 Speaker 1: it is really really hot. And did have they explained 537 00:32:38,360 --> 00:32:41,200 Speaker 1: that yet? Now? No, they're just taking a step. It's 538 00:32:41,240 --> 00:32:44,640 Speaker 1: a really neat age of discovery for astronomy, Like we're 539 00:32:44,680 --> 00:32:47,160 Speaker 1: getting better and better at looking out into the universe, 540 00:32:47,640 --> 00:32:50,200 Speaker 1: so we're finding out more and more. But just just 541 00:32:50,360 --> 00:32:52,720 Speaker 1: because we get data back doesn't mean we can necessarily 542 00:32:52,760 --> 00:32:55,400 Speaker 1: make heads or tails of it. Yeah, but yeah, there's 543 00:32:55,480 --> 00:33:00,600 Speaker 1: there's hot sections of the inner interstellar void what's it 544 00:33:00,640 --> 00:33:05,920 Speaker 1: called intergalactic medium and the intergalactic medium, and um which 545 00:33:05,960 --> 00:33:09,280 Speaker 1: has kind of an interstilleroid. Sure, and but I can't 546 00:33:09,320 --> 00:33:11,640 Speaker 1: start making up astronomy terms. I need to use the 547 00:33:11,640 --> 00:33:15,960 Speaker 1: real one. Um. But there's also like in these hot pockets, right, 548 00:33:17,040 --> 00:33:19,560 Speaker 1: there's some pepperoni and cheese in there that will take 549 00:33:19,600 --> 00:33:23,160 Speaker 1: the roof clean off of your mouth. Um, there's hot 550 00:33:23,200 --> 00:33:25,800 Speaker 1: metals which would also burn the roof of your mouth 551 00:33:25,880 --> 00:33:28,680 Speaker 1: to a million degrees kelvin. Yeah, and I mean that 552 00:33:28,840 --> 00:33:32,920 Speaker 1: is the difference to um from the cold um intergalactic 553 00:33:32,960 --> 00:33:35,480 Speaker 1: medium about two degrees kelvin all the way to millions 554 00:33:35,480 --> 00:33:40,040 Speaker 1: of degrees. Yeah, that's quite a span. And no idea 555 00:33:40,080 --> 00:33:42,360 Speaker 1: why or what it's doing there, what's going to become 556 00:33:42,360 --> 00:33:44,280 Speaker 1: of it or if it used to be something else. 557 00:33:44,760 --> 00:33:47,720 Speaker 1: We just don't understand if it follows a pattern, and 558 00:33:47,800 --> 00:33:51,480 Speaker 1: it seems to yeah for sure. Um. And thanks to 559 00:33:51,560 --> 00:33:55,000 Speaker 1: Hubble too, we also have Hubble's law, which and it's 560 00:33:55,040 --> 00:33:56,400 Speaker 1: so hard to believe he was doing all this in 561 00:33:56,400 --> 00:34:01,400 Speaker 1: THEOD I know he was a boss. Yeah, like really really, Uh, 562 00:34:01,520 --> 00:34:04,120 Speaker 1: that's that's amazing. He also wants beat up James Webb 563 00:34:04,120 --> 00:34:06,640 Speaker 1: in a bar fight, which makes this whole telescope thing 564 00:34:06,720 --> 00:34:11,440 Speaker 1: really ironic. But Helpal's law states this observation that he 565 00:34:11,520 --> 00:34:14,400 Speaker 1: made way back when where and this is an actual 566 00:34:14,440 --> 00:34:17,360 Speaker 1: graph of this relationship. But he basically was like, you 567 00:34:17,360 --> 00:34:21,080 Speaker 1: know what, everything is moving away from us. Like every 568 00:34:21,080 --> 00:34:25,600 Speaker 1: time I look at something through this telescope, it's everything 569 00:34:25,680 --> 00:34:27,600 Speaker 1: is moving away and not only that, but the further 570 00:34:27,640 --> 00:34:29,840 Speaker 1: way it is, the faster it's moving away, which is 571 00:34:29,840 --> 00:34:33,040 Speaker 1: mind boggling. Yeah, because you can think, like, all right, 572 00:34:33,080 --> 00:34:37,040 Speaker 1: the universe is expanding, so that's fine, everything's moving away 573 00:34:37,080 --> 00:34:39,759 Speaker 1: from us. It also suggests that there's no center to 574 00:34:39,760 --> 00:34:43,120 Speaker 1: the universe. This is where that comes from, because everything, 575 00:34:43,280 --> 00:34:45,800 Speaker 1: no matter what direction you look in, it's moving away 576 00:34:45,840 --> 00:34:47,680 Speaker 1: from us. You would think that, but doesn't that mean 577 00:34:47,719 --> 00:34:53,319 Speaker 1: we're the center? Bite your tongue, um, But that's the 578 00:34:53,360 --> 00:34:57,520 Speaker 1: cosmological principle that everything is expanding the entire universe, not 579 00:34:57,600 --> 00:35:00,680 Speaker 1: everything in the universe is expanding within the uni the 580 00:35:01,000 --> 00:35:06,000 Speaker 1: very universe itself is expanded, right, And since some things 581 00:35:06,360 --> 00:35:09,360 Speaker 1: are moving away the further the further they are away, 582 00:35:09,760 --> 00:35:13,200 Speaker 1: the faster they're moving away from us, that means that 583 00:35:13,239 --> 00:35:15,600 Speaker 1: there's plenty of the universe that we will we can 584 00:35:15,640 --> 00:35:19,880 Speaker 1: never possibly detect, because if even if we get up 585 00:35:19,920 --> 00:35:23,440 Speaker 1: to the speed of light for travel, some parts of 586 00:35:23,440 --> 00:35:26,640 Speaker 1: the universe, the furthest away parts are actually spreading at 587 00:35:26,840 --> 00:35:30,520 Speaker 1: faster than the speed of light. So it is it 588 00:35:30,640 --> 00:35:35,640 Speaker 1: was cosmically impossible for us to ever detect a large 589 00:35:35,680 --> 00:35:37,719 Speaker 1: part of the universe, which is why when we're talking 590 00:35:37,719 --> 00:35:40,399 Speaker 1: about the universe that we're talking about and observing. That's 591 00:35:40,440 --> 00:35:43,920 Speaker 1: called the visible universe. But that's probably just a relatively 592 00:35:43,960 --> 00:35:47,480 Speaker 1: small chunk of the universe itself, which might be infinite 593 00:35:47,480 --> 00:35:49,759 Speaker 1: for all we know, and we may never know what 594 00:35:49,880 --> 00:35:52,239 Speaker 1: the universe is really shaped, like, what it's made of, 595 00:35:52,320 --> 00:35:55,839 Speaker 1: how big it is um because of this expansion that's 596 00:35:55,840 --> 00:36:01,120 Speaker 1: actually speeding up and accelerating beyond our our ability to detected. Amazing, 597 00:36:01,160 --> 00:36:04,440 Speaker 1: It's kind of sad in a way. Yeah, And eventually 598 00:36:04,880 --> 00:36:07,239 Speaker 1: this is this is the most mind blowing thing I've 599 00:36:07,280 --> 00:36:12,080 Speaker 1: ever heard. You're the expansion will accelerate so much that 600 00:36:12,200 --> 00:36:14,360 Speaker 1: the moon will no longer be visible to us, like 601 00:36:14,680 --> 00:36:17,480 Speaker 1: nothing will be visible to us. And on a long 602 00:36:17,640 --> 00:36:20,919 Speaker 1: enough time scale, I believe you wouldn't even be able 603 00:36:20,960 --> 00:36:22,960 Speaker 1: to detect your hand in front of your face if 604 00:36:23,040 --> 00:36:25,880 Speaker 1: you could, if it was physically possible, because of that 605 00:36:26,040 --> 00:36:31,320 Speaker 1: expansion of light. Right, So, the universe expanding is actually 606 00:36:31,560 --> 00:36:35,600 Speaker 1: pulling light out of its out of the visible spectrum 607 00:36:35,680 --> 00:36:39,479 Speaker 1: into a longer wavelength in what's called red shifting, because 608 00:36:39,560 --> 00:36:43,600 Speaker 1: the red is the longer wavelength end of the visible spectrum. 609 00:36:44,400 --> 00:36:47,879 Speaker 1: And so what Hubble did, what Hubble detected is called 610 00:36:48,160 --> 00:36:51,040 Speaker 1: the red shift. Everything's moving away from us. Yeah, which 611 00:36:51,080 --> 00:36:55,479 Speaker 1: we could observe because of X rays, right uh, because 612 00:36:55,520 --> 00:36:58,960 Speaker 1: the infrared I think, Yeah, man, I know I love 613 00:36:59,080 --> 00:37:05,880 Speaker 1: this stuff. Glad you do. I'm aroused. Oh goodness. Um So, 614 00:37:07,000 --> 00:37:09,040 Speaker 1: I guess if you're aroused, we should talk about active 615 00:37:09,080 --> 00:37:14,200 Speaker 1: galaxies because you know, I'm still waiting on my squeeze 616 00:37:14,200 --> 00:37:18,000 Speaker 1: by the way, Oh you're peanut squeeze all right, just 617 00:37:18,480 --> 00:37:21,640 Speaker 1: hang on. That's your little treat if we finished they 618 00:37:22,719 --> 00:37:27,600 Speaker 1: if we um. So, if you're looking at a normal galaxy, 619 00:37:27,719 --> 00:37:30,960 Speaker 1: let's say like the Milky Way, I guess all this 620 00:37:31,160 --> 00:37:34,719 Speaker 1: light or most of it that you're seeing UM is 621 00:37:34,960 --> 00:37:38,960 Speaker 1: pretty evenly distributed throughout that galaxy. Because it says, you know, 622 00:37:39,239 --> 00:37:41,640 Speaker 1: the same those same galaxies that have the even distribution 623 00:37:41,719 --> 00:37:45,200 Speaker 1: of light UM, they have looked at it through X 624 00:37:45,280 --> 00:37:48,160 Speaker 1: ray and ultra violet and infrared, and it seems like 625 00:37:48,280 --> 00:37:50,800 Speaker 1: they are giving off that energy from the nucleus. And 626 00:37:50,920 --> 00:37:53,560 Speaker 1: that is the active galaxy okay, yeah, which is a 627 00:37:53,680 --> 00:37:56,120 Speaker 1: very small percentage of the overall galaxy. Right. So the 628 00:37:56,280 --> 00:38:00,359 Speaker 1: light and energy in a normal galaxy and non active galley, see, 629 00:38:00,960 --> 00:38:04,480 Speaker 1: it's distributed evenly throughout, whereas in an active galaxy, all 630 00:38:04,520 --> 00:38:07,439 Speaker 1: of that light and energy is coming from the center. Yeah, 631 00:38:07,480 --> 00:38:09,880 Speaker 1: but they're I mean one of those like one how 632 00:38:10,840 --> 00:38:12,200 Speaker 1: I was gonna say one percent. I don't know if 633 00:38:12,239 --> 00:38:14,399 Speaker 1: I'm not you with the percentages, I know they're they're 634 00:38:14,440 --> 00:38:17,600 Speaker 1: fairly rare from what we actually I didn't have a percentage, 635 00:38:17,640 --> 00:38:19,759 Speaker 1: but it just has a very small percentage. Yeah, I 636 00:38:19,880 --> 00:38:22,879 Speaker 1: think they've they've discovered like a couple of thousands so far, 637 00:38:23,000 --> 00:38:25,640 Speaker 1: or less than less than half a million, less than 638 00:38:25,680 --> 00:38:29,040 Speaker 1: a million, which is a very small amount. But the 639 00:38:29,160 --> 00:38:32,359 Speaker 1: distinction between them and a regular galaxy is again, all 640 00:38:32,400 --> 00:38:35,040 Speaker 1: of that light, all of that energy is coming from 641 00:38:35,080 --> 00:38:38,279 Speaker 1: a very small portion of the galaxy rather than the 642 00:38:38,360 --> 00:38:41,040 Speaker 1: galaxy as a whole putting out all this light and energy. 643 00:38:41,680 --> 00:38:45,000 Speaker 1: This it's all concentrated in the middle. It's very weird. 644 00:38:45,480 --> 00:38:49,280 Speaker 1: And upon closer inspection, these things that look as bright 645 00:38:49,600 --> 00:38:52,600 Speaker 1: as you know, galaxies that are relatively close to us, 646 00:38:52,920 --> 00:38:55,640 Speaker 1: we're finding are actually billions and billions and billions of 647 00:38:55,719 --> 00:38:57,960 Speaker 1: miles light year I'm sorry, light years away from us. 648 00:38:58,680 --> 00:39:02,200 Speaker 1: But they seem just as bright. Makes them super energetic. 649 00:39:02,840 --> 00:39:04,840 Speaker 1: So they started to try to figure out what's going on, 650 00:39:05,040 --> 00:39:08,239 Speaker 1: and they think that the culprit are super massive black 651 00:39:08,320 --> 00:39:11,440 Speaker 1: holes at the center of these galaxies. Well, and that's 652 00:39:11,480 --> 00:39:13,880 Speaker 1: what it's at the center of our own. I suspect 653 00:39:13,960 --> 00:39:16,640 Speaker 1: there's a supermassive black hole at the center of every galaxy. 654 00:39:16,760 --> 00:39:20,239 Speaker 1: That's my big prediction for for the second decade, the 655 00:39:20,360 --> 00:39:24,879 Speaker 1: third decade of the century. We're going to figure that out. Okay, Um, 656 00:39:25,320 --> 00:39:28,480 Speaker 1: if you're talking active galaxies, there are four classifications within 657 00:39:28,640 --> 00:39:34,359 Speaker 1: that uh genre and uh they say that if it's 658 00:39:34,800 --> 00:39:38,200 Speaker 1: basically it may not be structural. It might depend more 659 00:39:38,239 --> 00:39:40,239 Speaker 1: on like the angle that we're viewing these things. Yeah, 660 00:39:40,280 --> 00:39:43,320 Speaker 1: like they're all probably the same thing, right, But for 661 00:39:43,480 --> 00:39:49,399 Speaker 1: that classification, it's the Seafort galaxies, radio galaxies, quasars and blazers. Yeah, 662 00:39:49,440 --> 00:39:52,680 Speaker 1: and radio galaxy. I only ran across here. Everybody else 663 00:39:52,760 --> 00:39:57,480 Speaker 1: just says it's Seafort, blazers and quasars. Yeah, radio galaxies 664 00:39:57,760 --> 00:40:00,600 Speaker 1: point oh one percent of all galaxies. So I think 665 00:40:00,680 --> 00:40:03,759 Speaker 1: freud Rinch has made that up. I think stock in 666 00:40:03,960 --> 00:40:09,560 Speaker 1: radio galaxies or something, so he slipped it in. That's funny. Um, 667 00:40:10,000 --> 00:40:15,319 Speaker 1: Carl Seafort coined the obviously in n the Seafort galaxies, 668 00:40:16,960 --> 00:40:19,719 Speaker 1: and um, what's the deal with these. So let's see, 669 00:40:19,760 --> 00:40:23,279 Speaker 1: the Seafort galaxy has no jets. So this is the 670 00:40:23,360 --> 00:40:25,239 Speaker 1: thing about an active galaxy, and this is why they 671 00:40:25,280 --> 00:40:27,640 Speaker 1: think there's a supermassive black hole at the center. They 672 00:40:27,760 --> 00:40:30,520 Speaker 1: think that the accretion disc of gas and dust and 673 00:40:30,560 --> 00:40:33,640 Speaker 1: everything that's just swirling circling the drain of the event 674 00:40:33,719 --> 00:40:37,200 Speaker 1: horizon of the black hole. UM. As this gas and 675 00:40:37,280 --> 00:40:43,320 Speaker 1: dust circles, friction develops, speed develops, and it gets so 676 00:40:43,600 --> 00:40:47,680 Speaker 1: hot that some of that material doesn't get stuck in 677 00:40:47,719 --> 00:40:51,240 Speaker 1: the black hole instead gets shot away above and below 678 00:40:51,320 --> 00:40:55,000 Speaker 1: the black hole into jets that are so tall they're 679 00:40:55,000 --> 00:40:58,680 Speaker 1: as tall as the galaxy is wide. They're just huge, 680 00:40:59,400 --> 00:41:05,840 Speaker 1: huge energetic fountains of of just basically pure energy and 681 00:41:06,160 --> 00:41:08,520 Speaker 1: um that's what causes this brightness that can be seen 682 00:41:08,600 --> 00:41:11,759 Speaker 1: from so far away and depending on the angle of 683 00:41:11,880 --> 00:41:15,719 Speaker 1: it relative to us, we've basically said it's a Seafort galaxy, 684 00:41:16,000 --> 00:41:18,320 Speaker 1: which means that we're probably seeing it from the side, 685 00:41:19,000 --> 00:41:20,880 Speaker 1: and so we can't see the jets because they're not 686 00:41:20,960 --> 00:41:23,480 Speaker 1: pointed to us. And then there's blazars and quasars too, 687 00:41:23,719 --> 00:41:25,439 Speaker 1: and in the case of the blaze, are that's looking 688 00:41:25,560 --> 00:41:28,359 Speaker 1: basically straight on it that jet that you were talking 689 00:41:28,400 --> 00:41:30,879 Speaker 1: about coming right at you, right at your face, looking 690 00:41:30,920 --> 00:41:34,399 Speaker 1: down the barrel of a blazer. And then the quasars. Uh, 691 00:41:34,800 --> 00:41:38,520 Speaker 1: we discovered those in the nineteen sixties. Um, they've discovered 692 00:41:38,560 --> 00:41:40,600 Speaker 1: what like thirteen thousand, but they think there could be 693 00:41:40,760 --> 00:41:43,640 Speaker 1: up to a hundred thousand. And these are billions of 694 00:41:43,719 --> 00:41:46,319 Speaker 1: light years away from us, and these are the ones 695 00:41:46,400 --> 00:41:49,440 Speaker 1: that are the most energetic of them all. Yeah. So 696 00:41:49,760 --> 00:41:52,400 Speaker 1: if you look at a quasar something like that and 697 00:41:52,440 --> 00:41:55,000 Speaker 1: the jets coming out of the quasar, what you're actually 698 00:41:55,040 --> 00:41:59,960 Speaker 1: seeing is basically the most potent particle accelerator in the universe, 699 00:42:00,880 --> 00:42:04,680 Speaker 1: just shooting those energetic particles into space. It's amazing. I 700 00:42:04,800 --> 00:42:07,560 Speaker 1: can't imagine what it would be like to be anywhere 701 00:42:07,640 --> 00:42:10,920 Speaker 1: near something like that. You die, yeah, but it's like 702 00:42:11,040 --> 00:42:13,160 Speaker 1: you were just there in spirit or something, you know. 703 00:42:14,440 --> 00:42:16,560 Speaker 1: Or if you could see it with a space telescope, 704 00:42:16,719 --> 00:42:18,920 Speaker 1: that'd be great too. I'd settle for that for the 705 00:42:19,040 --> 00:42:24,759 Speaker 1: James the James Woods space telecop What else you got? Oh, 706 00:42:26,000 --> 00:42:29,440 Speaker 1: the Starburst galaxy thing at the end was kind of interesting. Yeah. This, Um, 707 00:42:29,800 --> 00:42:32,200 Speaker 1: I just want to go on record is saying Starburst 708 00:42:32,320 --> 00:42:34,759 Speaker 1: is one of the most beautiful words ever. You like that, 709 00:42:34,920 --> 00:42:37,839 Speaker 1: I love it. Yeah, I like that too. Attached star 710 00:42:38,880 --> 00:42:42,200 Speaker 1: or burst onto anything. Well, that's not true, because a 711 00:42:42,280 --> 00:42:48,640 Speaker 1: fecal burst, fecal first star that sounds prettier than fecal burst, 712 00:42:48,880 --> 00:42:51,600 Speaker 1: a fecal star, I sure, I guess. Yeah, it's just 713 00:42:51,680 --> 00:42:57,799 Speaker 1: about everything sounds better than fecal burst. So um galaxy says, 714 00:42:57,800 --> 00:42:59,719 Speaker 1: we know them have a very low rate of new 715 00:42:59,760 --> 00:43:02,840 Speaker 1: star ours being formed, usually about one a year, but 716 00:43:03,280 --> 00:43:05,839 Speaker 1: the star Wars galaxies produce more than a hundred a year, 717 00:43:06,719 --> 00:43:09,719 Speaker 1: which is amazing. Yeah, it is compared to the rest, 718 00:43:09,920 --> 00:43:13,279 Speaker 1: hundred times more amazing than a regular galaxy. That's true. 719 00:43:13,400 --> 00:43:16,080 Speaker 1: They also think that they burn themselves out rather quickly, 720 00:43:16,560 --> 00:43:19,080 Speaker 1: and that those might actually be the globular clusters that 721 00:43:19,280 --> 00:43:23,399 Speaker 1: end up just kind of hanging around a real galaxy. Well, 722 00:43:23,520 --> 00:43:26,560 Speaker 1: they say, the stars that burn the brightest. Yeah, like 723 00:43:26,640 --> 00:43:32,239 Speaker 1: Jimi Hendrix. Yeah, the Seven Club, all globular clusters, starburst. 724 00:43:33,800 --> 00:43:37,640 Speaker 1: That's it. That's it. If you want them more about galaxies, friends, 725 00:43:37,880 --> 00:43:40,279 Speaker 1: there is a whole universe out there for you to 726 00:43:40,360 --> 00:43:42,760 Speaker 1: go check out, and you can start on the internet, 727 00:43:42,880 --> 00:43:45,120 Speaker 1: So go check it out there. Uh. And since I 728 00:43:45,239 --> 00:43:47,719 Speaker 1: said something weird like that, it's time for listener mail. 729 00:43:50,600 --> 00:43:54,960 Speaker 1: So in lieu of listener mail, okay, we uh, we 730 00:43:55,120 --> 00:43:58,919 Speaker 1: got a lot of feedback on our stalker episode, which 731 00:43:59,040 --> 00:44:01,799 Speaker 1: kudos to you, that's your idea, and they ended up 732 00:44:01,800 --> 00:44:03,600 Speaker 1: being a really good episode, I think. Um, but we 733 00:44:03,680 --> 00:44:07,080 Speaker 1: got a lot of emails from um, both men and 734 00:44:07,160 --> 00:44:10,080 Speaker 1: women who had been victims of stalking. Some people who 735 00:44:10,160 --> 00:44:12,279 Speaker 1: didn't even know they've been stocked until they listen to 736 00:44:12,320 --> 00:44:14,680 Speaker 1: the episode you're like, oh, okay, I was stalked. Yeah, 737 00:44:14,719 --> 00:44:19,919 Speaker 1: and some really just heartbreaking, scary, scary, in depth, long 738 00:44:20,040 --> 00:44:22,440 Speaker 1: stories and we heard people who had to move and 739 00:44:22,520 --> 00:44:24,960 Speaker 1: we're still in the midst of it. It's just awful. 740 00:44:25,160 --> 00:44:27,840 Speaker 1: It's tough stuff. So we're not gonna read any of 741 00:44:27,880 --> 00:44:31,399 Speaker 1: those because they are very personal stories and um, they're 742 00:44:31,400 --> 00:44:36,160 Speaker 1: all anonymous, yeah, most most of them were. UM, but 743 00:44:36,280 --> 00:44:38,040 Speaker 1: we just want to say thanks to everyone for being 744 00:44:38,080 --> 00:44:40,320 Speaker 1: brave enough to share your story with us and just 745 00:44:40,400 --> 00:44:43,759 Speaker 1: direct people to get help if you're being stalked. Uh. 746 00:44:43,840 --> 00:44:46,040 Speaker 1: It is serious stuff and I hope that podcast really 747 00:44:46,080 --> 00:44:48,800 Speaker 1: got that across. Yeah, And that was one thing almost 748 00:44:48,920 --> 00:44:51,000 Speaker 1: universally that we heard was that like, thank you for 749 00:44:51,120 --> 00:44:54,640 Speaker 1: saying like go find local help because it's out there, 750 00:44:54,719 --> 00:44:56,960 Speaker 1: and that's a huge first step. Yeah, and a lot 751 00:44:57,000 --> 00:44:59,120 Speaker 1: of these people, like just like we had talked about, 752 00:44:59,200 --> 00:45:02,279 Speaker 1: kind of went through the batim steps of people at 753 00:45:02,320 --> 00:45:05,200 Speaker 1: work thought I was just overreacting, and even my family 754 00:45:05,280 --> 00:45:07,120 Speaker 1: thought I was blowing it out of proportion. Why didn't 755 00:45:07,160 --> 00:45:09,440 Speaker 1: you press charges the first time? Do you wait for? 756 00:45:09,640 --> 00:45:13,759 Speaker 1: You know that? Yeah, blaming the victim, basically all that stuff. So, uh, 757 00:45:14,440 --> 00:45:16,960 Speaker 1: you can reach out to the Stalking Resource Center, the 758 00:45:17,080 --> 00:45:19,640 Speaker 1: National Center for Victims of Crime. It's a good place 759 00:45:19,719 --> 00:45:22,520 Speaker 1: to start. Um. There are plenty of it. Depending on 760 00:45:22,600 --> 00:45:26,120 Speaker 1: what country you're from. There are different organizations to see 761 00:45:26,160 --> 00:45:29,280 Speaker 1: one from the UK where you can report a stalker 762 00:45:29,960 --> 00:45:31,800 Speaker 1: um and in fact, one of our listeners from the 763 00:45:31,880 --> 00:45:35,640 Speaker 1: UK had a really hard time over there being taken seriously. Uh. 764 00:45:35,719 --> 00:45:41,080 Speaker 1: And then there's also rain are AI n N who 765 00:45:41,200 --> 00:45:43,560 Speaker 1: is in their twenty fi year and they have some 766 00:45:43,640 --> 00:45:46,279 Speaker 1: good resources for you as well, So just check it 767 00:45:46,320 --> 00:45:49,879 Speaker 1: out online. Nice work, Chuck, Nice work, Josh. All right, Well, 768 00:45:49,960 --> 00:45:52,200 Speaker 1: thank you everybody who wrote in, And if you want 769 00:45:52,239 --> 00:45:54,080 Speaker 1: to write in for a new reason, you can go 770 00:45:54,200 --> 00:45:56,359 Speaker 1: to our website at stuff you Should Know dot com 771 00:45:57,000 --> 00:46:00,360 Speaker 1: and check out the social links. I have a website 772 00:46:00,400 --> 00:46:03,040 Speaker 1: to d Josh Clarkway dot com and you can send 773 00:46:03,120 --> 00:46:06,800 Speaker 1: us all an email me, Chuck, Jerry, Everybody to Stuff 774 00:46:06,880 --> 00:46:14,000 Speaker 1: podcast at how stuff works dot com. For more on 775 00:46:14,120 --> 00:46:16,839 Speaker 1: this and thousands of other topics, visit how stuff works 776 00:46:16,880 --> 00:46:23,680 Speaker 1: dot com. M