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Speaker 1: Hey, Daniel, do you know the concept of absolute zero?

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Speaker 1: I don't mean the vodka. I mean, like, you know,

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Speaker 1: the concept that there is the coldest possible temperature in

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Speaker 1: the universe. Yeah, And I think that's super awesome. I

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Speaker 1: love when there's something in physics that has an extreme

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Speaker 1: to it, like beyond this point is impossible to go

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Speaker 1: extreme physics. I feel like we should have a heavy

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Speaker 1: metal guitar sound there. Yeah. This podcast brought to you

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Speaker 1: by Mountain dew Rush, the physics dude. But you know,

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Speaker 1: I was asking because I was thinking about what is

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Speaker 1: the opposite of absolute zero temperature? Like is there a

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Speaker 1: maximum temperature in the universe the hottest thing ever or possible? Well,

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Speaker 1: if there's the hottest thing ever, it's probably somewhere here

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Speaker 1: in southern California. But it's a fascinating concept, Like is

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Speaker 1: there a point where after you pump in more energy,

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Speaker 1: it just doesn't get any hotter. It's it's an incredible idea.

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Speaker 1: It's too hot to handle, or two for the universe

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Speaker 1: to be handled, that's right, Yeah, or maybe, uh, you know,

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Speaker 1: after you pumping too much energy, like it just blows

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Speaker 1: up or it crosses a singularity or restarts the universe

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Speaker 1: and makes a glitch in the matrix or something. Well,

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Speaker 1: at some point when you hit some sort of um,

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Speaker 1: you know lights, be kind of maximum limit to the

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Speaker 1: in universe. Yeah, I think the physics police would pull

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Speaker 1: you over and be like, what are you doing? Explained

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Speaker 1: to us how this makes any sense? Um, your your

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Speaker 1: way too, You got it. You gotta cool it down

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Speaker 1: a little bit, leave a little room for the rest

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Speaker 1: of us to be attractive. That's right. Yeah, too much

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Speaker 1: sizzle exactly. Hi, I'm for Hey. I'm a cartoonists and

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Speaker 1: the creator of PhD comics. I'm Daniel. I'm a particle physicist,

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Speaker 1: a part time podcast host, and I've never created an

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Speaker 1: online comic. But I did once write a book about

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Speaker 1: all the things we don't know in the universe together

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Speaker 1: with Jorge, and it's filled with his hilarious comics. It's

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Speaker 1: called We Have No Idea. So you only podcast part time, Daniel,

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Speaker 1: that's right, only ninety hours a week. That's a part

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Speaker 1: time schedule. I have this podcast, I'm going to have

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Speaker 1: eighty nine other podcasts I also do. I thought you

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Speaker 1: were gonna say that's how much editing this podcast needs

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Speaker 1: to get it down to about how much research is

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Speaker 1: required to boil down all these incredible insights into just

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Speaker 1: one hour of time. Well, welcome to our podcast Daniel

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Speaker 1: and Jorge Explain the Universe, a production of I Heart Radio.

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Speaker 1: That's right, and into our podcast. We try to take

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Speaker 1: some topic of general interest, a question people ask every

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Speaker 1: that's something that everybody wants to know about the universe,

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Speaker 1: and break it down in a way that actually makes

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Speaker 1: sense to you and along the way maybe get you

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Speaker 1: to laugh. Yeah, so to be on the podcast, we're

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Speaker 1: doing part two in our unofficial informal series of Universal Extremes.

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Speaker 1: That's right. We thought it'd be fun to take you

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Speaker 1: out of your situation, to pull you out of your ordinary,

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Speaker 1: everyday life, or maybe you have a very exciting life

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Speaker 1: and think about the biggest, fastest, nastiest, hottest, wettest, craziest

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Speaker 1: things in the universe. Sorry, there's probably some skateboarders out there,

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Speaker 1: or some X Game athletes. They are like, you know,

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Speaker 1: my life is pretty extreme already. Man. They have no

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Speaker 1: idea there's somebody out there in the universe surfing on

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Speaker 1: black holes and riding the shock waves of supernova is

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Speaker 1: doing crazy tricks that nobody could have ever imagine. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: so a few weeks ago we did what is the

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Speaker 1: biggest thing in the universe? Then today we are tackling

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Speaker 1: the subject of what is the hottest thing in the universe?

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Speaker 1: Answer you, You are the hottest thing in the universe. Ye,

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Speaker 1: that's right. No, no, no, no, no, not me the

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Speaker 1: person listening to this. Right, that's right, you, our listener,

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Speaker 1: you are the hottest thing. You look great today. Uh yeah,

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Speaker 1: I don't need any flattery, but you know, it would

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Speaker 1: be nice to um pride the audience a little bit,

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Speaker 1: that's right. Not that we're spying on you, not that

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Speaker 1: we're stalking you on social media, but have you been

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Speaker 1: losing weight? You look great? Yeah, totally super hot. But

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Speaker 1: you know, the universe is filled with all sorts of

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Speaker 1: crazy stuff. Here on Earth we have some temperature variations,

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Speaker 1: but you know, even inside our Earth, the temperatures get

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Speaker 1: crazy hot, crazy high numbers that are sort of hard

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Speaker 1: to understand. And so we thought it'd be fun to

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Speaker 1: take a tour of the universe and to think about

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Speaker 1: all the hot places, like where in the universe does

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Speaker 1: it get hot? Where in the universe is the craziest,

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Speaker 1: hottest nastiest furnace that you can imagine. That's right. And

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Speaker 1: it's pretty cool to think. I think about these extreme

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Speaker 1: examples because it really kind of pushes your mind, right,

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Speaker 1: it sort of expands your understanding and your awareness of

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Speaker 1: how crazy thinks and get yeah, and I think you'll

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Speaker 1: be pretty surprised by the answer. I don't think that

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Speaker 1: what physicists think is a hot place in the universe

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Speaker 1: is the kind of thing that anybody would imagine. I

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Speaker 1: was kind of surprised when I doing some reading about this.

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Speaker 1: Oh wow, really, so the hottest thing in the years

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Speaker 1: is maybe the most unexpected it's unexpectedly hot. Yeah, that's right.

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Speaker 1: And when I was thinking about this topic, I was

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Speaker 1: thinking about how often in physics we have a term

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Speaker 1: that we use to describe something, which is also a

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Speaker 1: term in English. You know, like temperature is definitely something

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Speaker 1: we're aware of, right, you know what hot and cold means.

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Speaker 1: You touch things they burn you or they or they

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Speaker 1: freeze you or something. But sometimes in physics we create

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Speaker 1: technical definitions for things like temperature because we want to

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Speaker 1: understand it right. We want to describe it, like where

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Speaker 1: does temperature come from, how does it work? What makes

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Speaker 1: something hot? What makes something cold? But then this thing

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Speaker 1: happens where the technical definition we use in the scientific

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Speaker 1: community deviates a little bit from like the familiar term

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Speaker 1: that people use in their everyday life, and sometimes they

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Speaker 1: can even come into conflict. Is this one of these

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Speaker 1: terms where physicists, Um, so who what? Who came first? Really?

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Speaker 1: The popular conception probably came first, right, Yeah, The concept

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Speaker 1: of temperature is age old, right. People have been talking

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Speaker 1: about people have been dropping hot coals in their toes

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Speaker 1: and screaming curse words and thousands of languages for thousands

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Speaker 1: of years, that's for sure. Um. And then people were

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Speaker 1: studying heat and thinking about like, you know, what is

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Speaker 1: heat and how does it transfer between things? And I

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Speaker 1: had no idea like is it a flow? Is it

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Speaker 1: a liquid? Is in this invisible this thing or that thing?

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Speaker 1: So the study of temperature is just a few hundred

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Speaker 1: years old, but the experience of it, right, the knowledge

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Speaker 1: of hot things and cold things, that's age old. Right. Yeah, Well,

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Speaker 1: let's get into the definition of temperature in in the episode,

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Speaker 1: but fort we were wondering what people thought out there,

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Speaker 1: all of you listening to this. What you guys thought

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Speaker 1: was is the hottest thing in the universe. Yeah, I

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Speaker 1: thought this would be interesting to see what people think

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Speaker 1: about it, and and I give them some a little bit

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Speaker 1: of extra time on this question. I prodded them to

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Speaker 1: think about it a little more deeply if they didn't

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Speaker 1: seem like they gave me an insightful answer right off.

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Speaker 1: So I walked around the campus of UC Irvine, and

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Speaker 1: I asked people, what's the hottest thing in the universe?

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Speaker 1: And you know, here I was obviously digging for compliments,

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Speaker 1: but nobody said me right, Nobody said you, Nobody, nobody.

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Speaker 1: Nobody gave me a compliment on how I look that day.

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Speaker 1: M Maybe it's just what you were wearing. If you

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Speaker 1: had worn something else. It's sandals and shorts every day

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Speaker 1: around here. So you So you walked around and asked

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Speaker 1: people what is the hottest thing in the universe? And

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Speaker 1: generally what what did people say? Right? Well, listen to

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Speaker 1: their responses and you can tell that's the hottest thing

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Speaker 1: in the universe our sun, like the center of it

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Speaker 1: or the surface or say all of it. Okay, Um,

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Speaker 1: probably like one of those big the big stars that

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Speaker 1: you see on the Twitter videos where it's like they

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Speaker 1: get bigger and they get bigger, and I don't know

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Speaker 1: what they're called, scary names, super super giant stars. Yeah, alright,

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Speaker 1: cool in the middle of some really dense star somewhere. Okay,

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Speaker 1: so you think the center of a star is hotter

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Speaker 1: than like it's surface, Yeah, okay, cool. I'd assume it's

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Speaker 1: not the Sun since you're asking me this, but I'll

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Speaker 1: say the sun since I can't think of anything else

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Speaker 1: in the whole universe. Um, I don't know, probably like

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Speaker 1: a planet. Okay, No, I don't know. Um, we'll call

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Speaker 1: it the I don't know, the center of a son. Center.

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Speaker 1: The sounds cool, called it. I don't think that's right,

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Speaker 1: because don't think that's right, because because some of the

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Speaker 1: plasmas they're saying are actually hotter than the sun that

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Speaker 1: we have here, so that can't be right. Uh. Okay,

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Speaker 1: the center the center of the university. Where is the

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Speaker 1: son of the universe? Okay, the Sun, our son? Cool,

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Speaker 1: like at the center of it, or on the surface

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Speaker 1: or somewhere in the middle, somewhere in the middle from okay, cool?

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Speaker 1: All right, So pretty much people said the sun. A

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Speaker 1: lot of people thought it was the sun. Yeah, yeah,

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Speaker 1: people thought it was the sun, and like that's pretty good,

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Speaker 1: Like the sun definitely a big hot thing, so not

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Speaker 1: a terrible answer, right, But I wanted people to think

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Speaker 1: a little more broadly, and sometimes I needled people. I

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Speaker 1: was like, you know, how about the whole universe? But

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Speaker 1: still people like, okay, maybe a different sun, like another star,

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Speaker 1: hotter sun. You know, I don't think we should be

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Speaker 1: insulting our son. I think our son looks great. I

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Speaker 1: don't want to do anything to disturb it. You know,

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Speaker 1: it's I've been operating billions of years beautiful, you know,

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Speaker 1: and it is sort of losing weight every day, isn't it. Yeah? Yeah,

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Speaker 1: exactly despite its brilliance, and people, I guess generally feel

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Speaker 1: like that must be so hot that any nothing could

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Speaker 1: be hotter, right. I see, So you were prodding them

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Speaker 1: to think bigger like the most people said the sun,

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Speaker 1: but then you would ask him like no, I mean

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Speaker 1: like the entire universe. Like I think for a minute,

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Speaker 1: like is the sound really the hottest thing? Isn't there

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Speaker 1: something else? Crazy? I like to think that if it

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Speaker 1: was me and somebody came and asked me about it,

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Speaker 1: and I've done no thinking or no research or whatever,

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Speaker 1: that I would say something like, I don't know, but

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Speaker 1: it must be something hotter than the sun, because I

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Speaker 1: have this feeling like there's always something crazy out there.

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Speaker 1: There's always something out there that blows our minds or

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Speaker 1: surprises us, or it's different or bigger or denser or nastier,

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Speaker 1: you know, or faster than we could ever imagine. You mean,

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Speaker 1: if so many appression on the street, do you imagine

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Speaker 1: that you will just say the most correct and clever,

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Speaker 1: cleverest thing possible. No, No, I don't imagine I would

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Speaker 1: have the answer. I think I would say, I don't know,

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Speaker 1: but it must be hotter than the sun, right, because

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Speaker 1: I can't imagine that the thing that's in our neighborhood

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Speaker 1: happens to be the hottest thing in the whole universe,

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Speaker 1: which is just so crazy. Big. Oh, I see you

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Speaker 1: think that. I see you think that maybe they weren't

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Speaker 1: thinking that there could be something harder than the sun. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: that seems to be what people have. That seems to

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Speaker 1: be the impression people have that the sun is basically

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Speaker 1: peak hotness. Well, maybe they didn't, just they weren't. They

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Speaker 1: weren't just thinking that our sun is the hottest. But

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Speaker 1: I think maybe they were thinking like the inside of

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Speaker 1: the sun that it can't possibly get any hotter than that. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: and you know they're not too far off. The sun

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Speaker 1: is pretty dang hot. But it's like orders of magnitude

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Speaker 1: colder than what we're gonna talk about. Well great, So

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Speaker 1: maybe first before we talk about like temperature and numbers

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Speaker 1: and how hot things are, let's talk about what those

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Speaker 1: numbers mean, so that when you hear like a really

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Speaker 1: big number, you can understand, like, what does that really

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Speaker 1: mean about what's going on in the side that thing,

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Speaker 1: Like what really is temperature? Like, let me ask you, Jorge,

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Speaker 1: how would you define temperature? How would I define um?

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Speaker 1: You know, I mean, I know the scientific answer, which

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Speaker 1: is related to like kinetic energy, but you know, I

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Speaker 1: think on an everyday basis, it's just sort of like

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Speaker 1: it's a feeling, you know. To me, I think it's

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Speaker 1: a feeling whether I feel hot or whether I feel

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Speaker 1: that something is hot, you know what I mean. Like,

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Speaker 1: it's to me, it's not an abstract number. It's more

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Speaker 1: like a feeling, and it could maybe be relative like

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Speaker 1: something if I feel hot and the person next to

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Speaker 1: me doesn't feel hot, then that's the difference of opinion. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: and our experience of temperature, You're right, it's definitely relative. Right,

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Speaker 1: what you feel is actually is the air or water

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Speaker 1: around me hotter or cold earth than I am right.

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Speaker 1: We don't have an absolute sense of temperature. You can

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Speaker 1: do that experiment where you put like, what, one finger

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Speaker 1: in a hot cup of water and another finger in

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Speaker 1: a cold cup of water, and then put them both

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Speaker 1: in a lukewarm cup of water, and then your two

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Speaker 1: fingers will send you two different messages when we'll say

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Speaker 1: this lukewarm water is actually hot, and the other one

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Speaker 1: will say, no, it's actually cold. Because what you're measuring

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Speaker 1: is the relative temperature to your finger, right, right, and

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Speaker 1: also the sense that you've adapted to it as well, right,

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Speaker 1: Like you get used to certain temperatures and so and

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Speaker 1: then they don't feel hot or they don't feel cold,

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Speaker 1: that's right. Yeah, Like you jump in the pool, it

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Speaker 1: feels cold for a moment, and then you're you know,

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Speaker 1: your skin temperature change is a little bit, and you

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Speaker 1: get used to it and then it doesn't feel cold anymore.

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Speaker 1: So our experience of cold is mostly about relative temperatures, right,

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Speaker 1: It's it's actually about is heat being transferred to us

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Speaker 1: or is heat leaving our body? Right, And so it's

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Speaker 1: a very kind of feeling based kind of definition. But

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Speaker 1: I know that there's an official physics definition of it, right,

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Speaker 1: There is an official physics definition, but you know, it's

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Speaker 1: not really super well defined. It's it's a bit surprised,

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Speaker 1: but it's not something that exactly nail down. Like you

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Speaker 1: can define temperature for an infinite number of particles that

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Speaker 1: have been sitting in a box for an infinite amount

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Speaker 1: of time, and that's about it. Like everything else is

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Speaker 1: like sort of rough and hand wavy. What do you mean, Well, temperature,

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Speaker 1: way they define it is a measure basically of how

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Speaker 1: much energy is being stored in a system of particles,

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Speaker 1: but that those particles have to be an equilibrium. I mean,

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Speaker 1: you can't like have hot spots and cold spots and

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Speaker 1: needs to have all washed down, all the all the

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Speaker 1: edges and unevenness needs to have smoothed out. Because temperature,

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Speaker 1: in the physics point of view, is the description of

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Speaker 1: a distribution of the energy of particles in equilibrium after

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Speaker 1: everything has sort of calmed down. Um, you said a

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Speaker 1: lot of words there, Daniel said, I think what you're

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Speaker 1: trying to say, is it's it's like an average temperature.

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Speaker 1: The thing about temperature is that there's sort of two

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Speaker 1: different ideas at play here, right. One is the quality

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Speaker 1: of temperature. This is the feeling that you were talking about,

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Speaker 1: the experience we have, right, which is really more about

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Speaker 1: like the transfer of heat between hotter things and colder things.

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Speaker 1: That's what we're experiencing, and that's also what thermometers are measuring. Right.

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Speaker 1: A thermometer gets into equilibrium with the thing it's measuring,

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Speaker 1: the heat transfers from it to the thermometer. But then

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Speaker 1: scientists spend a lot of time trying to understand, like

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Speaker 1: how does that arise? What is the microscopic property of something?

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Speaker 1: How does that property change when things get hot or cold? Right?

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Speaker 1: What is going on inside this stuff when it gets

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Speaker 1: hot and cold? How can we define temperature theoretically and

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Speaker 1: understand it rather than just measuring it? Right, That's what

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Speaker 1: physicists want to do. So they came up with a

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Speaker 1: way to define temperature, actually two different ways. At least.

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Speaker 1: One way is related to like the mean energy of

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Speaker 1: the particles, right, and the other is the relationship between

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Speaker 1: the energy of the system and its entropy. Okay, so

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Speaker 1: it gets kind of technical. But the thing to understand

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Speaker 1: about these definitions are you can't actually measure these theoretical

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Speaker 1: quantities directly and exactly right. You can't go in and

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Speaker 1: measure the energy of particles individually. What you can do

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Speaker 1: is measure the heat flow using thermometers. Right, So these

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Speaker 1: theoretical things are connected to what we measure, but they're

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Speaker 1: not exactly the same thing. And the other thing is

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Speaker 1: that these theoretical concepts, they only really make sense for

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Speaker 1: a system of particles in equilibrium because their statistical concepts.

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Speaker 1: So what that means is that the theoretical definition can

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Speaker 1: deviate from our intuitive experience of temperature. Some things, if

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Speaker 1: they're like if they're not an equilibrium or they don't

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Speaker 1: have enough particles to be called like a system, they

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Speaker 1: don't even really have a well defined temperature or one

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Speaker 1: that can be actually measured or practically measured. What do

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Speaker 1: you mean what doesn't have a temperature? Well, for example,

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Speaker 1: one particle, like a single particle, doesn't have a temperature,

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Speaker 1: Like what's the temperature a single particle? It's not defined

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Speaker 1: from for a for physics temperature, right, there's like, well,

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Speaker 1: you know person temperature, the kind of temperature you and

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Speaker 1: I talk about when we get into a pool. But

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Speaker 1: when we're talking about temperature from like a physics point

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Speaker 1: of view, a single particle doesn't have a temperature because

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Speaker 1: it's the property of a system. Right, But what if

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Speaker 1: your system only has one particle, then it doesn't have

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Speaker 1: a well defined temperature. What do you mean, what if

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Speaker 1: there's this cuban space that only has one particle. You

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Speaker 1: can't say that that cube as a temperature. You can't.

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Speaker 1: That's right, And it's even weirder systum situations that you

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Speaker 1: can't say have a temperature, like say you have wait,

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Speaker 1: what about two particles? How many particles you need to

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Speaker 1: have a temperature? That's not even well defined technically, you

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Speaker 1: need infinite number because you need to be in total

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Speaker 1: thermal equilibrium. That's the thing. Temperature is only well defined

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Speaker 1: for things in thermal equilibrium, which means there's no hot

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Speaker 1: spots and no cold spots. Everything is sort of even down, right,

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Speaker 1: You had an infinite amount of time for all the

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Speaker 1: hot and the cold to wash out, right, So you're

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Speaker 1: saying nothing. Technically, nothing can have a temperature because nothing

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Speaker 1: can be have infinite particles. Yeah, but you know, like

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Speaker 1: a drop of water has tended the twenty three or

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Speaker 1: so particles and it tended to one particles in it.

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Speaker 1: That's a good approximation of infinity. And so yes, you

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Speaker 1: can talk about the temperature of a drop of water.

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Speaker 1: You know, it's an excellent approximation of infinity. One particle, No,

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Speaker 1: two particles, no, five particles, no. How many particles do

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Speaker 1: you need before you can call a temperature that's not

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Speaker 1: even well defined? And then also how much do you

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Speaker 1: have to wait until you can claim that there's it's

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Speaker 1: an equilibrium? Right? That's right. So for people to who

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Speaker 1: don't know what I mean when I say equilibrium, take

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Speaker 1: for example, so you have like a bag of gas,

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Speaker 1: and that gas is that like ten degrees. You have

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Speaker 1: another bag of gas that's like, I don't know, ninety

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Speaker 1: degrees or something. Now those are both in equilibrium. They

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Speaker 1: have temperatures, right, so you put them together into another bag. Right,

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Speaker 1: what's the temperature of that new gas? What you might say,

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Speaker 1: I don't know the average of ten and ninety, Well

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Speaker 1: that's fifty, right, But until those wash shout and all

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Speaker 1: of smushes around, physicists say there is no temperature, like

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Speaker 1: you just can't define it. So that's frustrating, right, because

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Speaker 1: it can. It's like gets in your mind, like that

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Speaker 1: doesn't make any sense. And you're right because you're using

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Speaker 1: like the temperature that you think about in English, right,

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Speaker 1: temperature is a word in English. We have defined this

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Speaker 1: other thing, you know, call it physics temperature, which is

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Speaker 1: very closely related to English temperature. Right, but it's not

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Speaker 1: exactly the same thing. And later on I'll give you

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Speaker 1: an example of something which physics says is super duper hot.

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Speaker 1: It has a huge high temperature value. But if we

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Speaker 1: drop doing it, you would freeze. Hm. There is no

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Speaker 1: true temperature technically, but you know, we can't work with ideals,

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Speaker 1: so we kind of approximate it. That's right, exactly, And

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Speaker 1: anything more than you know, a billion particles, it's not

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Speaker 1: a big deal. It works fine, um, But for if

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Speaker 1: you want to talk about one particle, two particles, three particles,

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Speaker 1: there isn't really a definition of temperature. And I feel

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Speaker 1: like the whole this whole episode could have just been like, hey,

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Speaker 1: what is temperature? And we could I could spend an

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Speaker 1: hour talking about this. I know that's a pretty hot

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Speaker 1: rabbit hole. Yeah, it's a hot topic. But um so,

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Speaker 1: so you're saying it's the mean energy, but I've heard

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Speaker 1: it's the mean kinetic energy. What's the difference. Well, kinetic

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Speaker 1: energy applies to speed, right, how fast are these particles

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Speaker 1: dipping around? And it makes a lot of sense intuitively

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Speaker 1: when you think about an object, like in a solid,

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Speaker 1: things are colder and things and they're not moving around

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Speaker 1: as much, maybe they're even trapped in a lattice, and

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Speaker 1: a liquid things are moving around more, which allows a

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Speaker 1: liquid to flow. In the gas, things are zipping around

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Speaker 1: really fast. Right, it's related to the speed. But particles

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Speaker 1: can store energy in other ways. It just don't. They

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Speaker 1: don't just have to move quickly. They can also like

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Speaker 1: spin or you know, they can vibrate if they have

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Speaker 1: complex chemical bonds, etcetera. So they can store energy in

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Speaker 1: other ways. So really, temperature is related to all the

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Speaker 1: ways a particle can store energy. The speed is a

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Speaker 1: great one, okay, Yeah, And it makes perfect and tutive sense.

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Speaker 1: And so as you're thinking about these things being hot

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Speaker 1: or cold, you know, think about them wiggling more right,

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Speaker 1: like the way temperature arises. The reason things are hot

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Speaker 1: is that the particles in them are wiggling more. And

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Speaker 1: that's also like why you get burned. You know, you

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Speaker 1: get burned because you touch something hot. Those particles are

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Speaker 1: wiggling a lot, so they're bouncing off your finger and

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Speaker 1: depositing a lot of energy, which is why your temperature

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Speaker 1: heats up. Right, it wiggles the particles in your finger.

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Speaker 1: That's how heat is transferred, right, Okay, cool, All right,

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Speaker 1: So that's a that's a definition of temperature. It only

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Speaker 1: took us twenty minutes to get here. I know these

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Speaker 1: things sometimes are surprisingly subtle. Yeah, but so let's get

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Speaker 1: into then, now the universe, and let's talk about like

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Speaker 1: the coldest thing and the hottest thing. But first let's

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Speaker 1: take a quick break. All right, we're talking about the

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Speaker 1: hottest thing in the universe, and so let's take a

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Speaker 1: tour of hotness in the universe. I feel like we're

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Speaker 1: back in the nineties. Remember that website Are You Hot

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Speaker 1: or Not? I think that website. Even mentioning that website

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Speaker 1: is sexual harassment for all of our listeners. Oh boy, Yeah,

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Speaker 1: the nineties were pretty frog with people made some bad

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Speaker 1: choices in the nineties. Yeah exactly, But no, I do

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Speaker 1: remember that website, not that I ever participated, And I

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Speaker 1: didn't objective by anybody in the internet. But I did

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Speaker 1: hear about that website from people. Oh I see, you

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Speaker 1: only heard about it, got it absolutely? All right, Well,

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Speaker 1: let's let's start with that in in on Earth. What

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Speaker 1: some of the hottest things on Earth? Right? Well, first

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Speaker 1: of all, let's clarify what we're talking about. Let's do

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Speaker 1: everything in celsius. Right, So for those listeners in the US,

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Speaker 1: you have to get calibrated. Remember zero twenty minutes talking

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Speaker 1: about celsius versus fahrenheits. We're not going to debate it.

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Speaker 1: We're just going for celsius um for the for the

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Speaker 1: world listeners, um. Zero degrees celsius is the temperature at

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Speaker 1: which water freezes, right, and a hundred degrees, of course

423
00:21:25,000 --> 00:21:27,439
Speaker 1: is where water boils. And you know, somewhere in the

424
00:21:27,440 --> 00:21:29,680
Speaker 1: middle is you and me, like our body is about

425
00:21:29,720 --> 00:21:33,320
Speaker 1: thirty seven degrees celsius, right, And you can have things

426
00:21:33,560 --> 00:21:36,879
Speaker 1: colder than zero celsius, right, that's right. Absolutely, you can

427
00:21:36,920 --> 00:21:40,480
Speaker 1: get down to like negative two hundred and seventy three degrees.

428
00:21:40,480 --> 00:21:44,520
Speaker 1: That's absolute zero, right, And that's where they're the particles

429
00:21:44,520 --> 00:21:48,320
Speaker 1: of molecules, the things in your thing have no kinetic energy.

430
00:21:48,520 --> 00:21:50,359
Speaker 1: The things in your thing? Is that a Dr Seu's

431
00:21:50,400 --> 00:21:55,720
Speaker 1: book about physics? The things in your things, the universal

432
00:21:55,800 --> 00:21:58,679
Speaker 1: things in your universe. Oh, the things that will wiggle

433
00:21:58,800 --> 00:22:02,680
Speaker 1: in your things. Um, exactly. Absolute zero is when things

434
00:22:02,720 --> 00:22:05,280
Speaker 1: are doing no more wiggling, right, They're just to rest.

435
00:22:05,280 --> 00:22:08,280
Speaker 1: There's no kinnetic energy. Yeah, no, Connecticut, you have masks.

436
00:22:08,320 --> 00:22:11,040
Speaker 1: You can have energy stored in the particles and atoms,

437
00:22:11,119 --> 00:22:13,840
Speaker 1: but it's just not moving. That's right, exactly, it's an

438
00:22:13,840 --> 00:22:17,639
Speaker 1: absolute zero. So that's a negative three degrees c. And

439
00:22:17,680 --> 00:22:21,359
Speaker 1: then zero is ice seven degree C is the human body.

440
00:22:21,800 --> 00:22:26,480
Speaker 1: And then the hottest person ever is point five degree c.

441
00:22:26,680 --> 00:22:30,320
Speaker 1: That's like the hottest anybody ever got? Um with a fever? Wait,

442
00:22:30,440 --> 00:22:34,480
Speaker 1: that's recorded in the history books. Yeah, exactly what happens

443
00:22:34,480 --> 00:22:36,800
Speaker 1: when you get hotter than forty six point five? Well,

444
00:22:36,840 --> 00:22:40,280
Speaker 1: I think your brain cooks and you turn into somebody's meal,

445
00:22:40,359 --> 00:22:42,480
Speaker 1: you know, Like, I don't think your brain can really

446
00:22:42,480 --> 00:22:44,399
Speaker 1: survive much more than that. But this is not a

447
00:22:44,440 --> 00:22:48,760
Speaker 1: biology podcast or a cannibalism podcast, right, um soum. So

448
00:22:48,840 --> 00:22:53,080
Speaker 1: that's the hottest fever and one has ever gotten and survived.

449
00:22:53,080 --> 00:22:57,760
Speaker 1: I think is the and survived exactly, yes, um, And

450
00:22:57,760 --> 00:23:00,399
Speaker 1: then the hottest place on Earth. You know, I think

451
00:23:00,440 --> 00:23:02,840
Speaker 1: there's a a tight race here because Death Valley. I

452
00:23:02,880 --> 00:23:05,200
Speaker 1: gotta give my props to Southern Califorment and Death Valley

453
00:23:05,240 --> 00:23:07,160
Speaker 1: is one of the hottest places on Earth, but it's

454
00:23:07,320 --> 00:23:10,080
Speaker 1: just edged out by this desert in Iran called the

455
00:23:10,160 --> 00:23:14,359
Speaker 1: Lute Desert, and it reached seventy one degree celsius, which

456
00:23:14,400 --> 00:23:18,600
Speaker 1: is really smoking hot. That's the temperature you would feel

457
00:23:18,640 --> 00:23:20,960
Speaker 1: if you were standing in this desert, exactly. And that

458
00:23:21,080 --> 00:23:23,600
Speaker 1: is the hottest temperature ever recorded on the surface of

459
00:23:23,640 --> 00:23:26,840
Speaker 1: the Earth. Is that the hottest air temperature? Do you

460
00:23:26,880 --> 00:23:29,280
Speaker 1: know what I mean? Because there's definitely hotter things on Earth,

461
00:23:29,720 --> 00:23:32,919
Speaker 1: Like my frying pan is hotter than that. But you're saying, like,

462
00:23:33,160 --> 00:23:35,080
Speaker 1: if I just put a thermometer and hold it up

463
00:23:35,080 --> 00:23:39,399
Speaker 1: in the air, not touching anything or you know, not

464
00:23:39,480 --> 00:23:42,439
Speaker 1: touching any stoves, that's the hottest place you would feel

465
00:23:42,840 --> 00:23:45,480
Speaker 1: on Earth. Yeah. No, I think I'm composing an email

466
00:23:45,560 --> 00:23:47,920
Speaker 1: right now to the Guinstpoker World Records to consider your

467
00:23:47,920 --> 00:23:51,399
Speaker 1: frying pan to be the hottest place on Earth. Yeah. No,

468
00:23:51,520 --> 00:23:54,040
Speaker 1: you're right. We do create things on Earth that are hotter,

469
00:23:54,160 --> 00:23:58,119
Speaker 1: but the hottest naturally occurring air temperature. Man in the

470
00:23:58,160 --> 00:24:00,560
Speaker 1: caveats just to like, how did defy in the hottest

471
00:24:00,560 --> 00:24:04,240
Speaker 1: place on Earth. So it's air temperature, hottest air temperature

472
00:24:04,240 --> 00:24:07,399
Speaker 1: on Earth, barring any sort of like standing next to wildfire.

473
00:24:07,920 --> 00:24:12,359
Speaker 1: That's right exactly. UM is seventy one degreased C. And

474
00:24:12,440 --> 00:24:14,960
Speaker 1: you might think, well, that's pretty hot, right, but you

475
00:24:14,960 --> 00:24:17,960
Speaker 1: know it gets hotter, like even on the Moon. The

476
00:24:18,119 --> 00:24:21,240
Speaker 1: on the Moon, the the average the average daytime temperature

477
00:24:21,240 --> 00:24:23,119
Speaker 1: on the Moon is a hundred and one degreas C.

478
00:24:24,720 --> 00:24:26,880
Speaker 1: I'm just nodding along because that I'm used to fahrenheit.

479
00:24:26,920 --> 00:24:28,760
Speaker 1: So I'm gonna take your word that that's pretty hot.

480
00:24:29,680 --> 00:24:32,480
Speaker 1: That's the boiling point of water, dude, Like you put

481
00:24:32,600 --> 00:24:37,359
Speaker 1: water on the Moon, like it just boils. It's crazy, right, Well,

482
00:24:37,400 --> 00:24:40,280
Speaker 1: it just it would boil. Um, it would boil anyway

483
00:24:40,280 --> 00:24:44,119
Speaker 1: because there's no atmosphere. Yeah, that's not surprising. Um on

484
00:24:44,240 --> 00:24:47,800
Speaker 1: Earth at our regular air pressure, a hundred is when

485
00:24:48,040 --> 00:24:52,120
Speaker 1: water would boil, yes, exactly. So you know two degrees

486
00:24:52,160 --> 00:24:54,960
Speaker 1: fahrenheit that's a pretty hot temperature for the surface of

487
00:24:55,000 --> 00:24:57,439
Speaker 1: the Moon. Um. And then here's this is one of

488
00:24:57,440 --> 00:25:01,240
Speaker 1: my favorite ones. The hottest temperature ever revived by a

489
00:25:01,320 --> 00:25:05,679
Speaker 1: living thing. That's a hundred and fifty one degrees celsius, right,

490
00:25:06,119 --> 00:25:09,600
Speaker 1: that's why. Yeah, that's like much hotter than the boiling

491
00:25:09,640 --> 00:25:11,560
Speaker 1: point of water. That means that whatever this thing is like,

492
00:25:12,560 --> 00:25:15,280
Speaker 1: it's uh, it really got fried. And that's of course

493
00:25:15,359 --> 00:25:18,800
Speaker 1: our friend the Tartar grade. These crazy little water bears

494
00:25:18,800 --> 00:25:21,520
Speaker 1: that can survive like outer space and being frozen. They're

495
00:25:21,520 --> 00:25:24,080
Speaker 1: like the hardiest thing on Earth right through tiny little

496
00:25:24,119 --> 00:25:28,360
Speaker 1: microscopic bugs. Right, yeah, exactly, And you should if you've

497
00:25:28,359 --> 00:25:30,080
Speaker 1: never heard of a Tartar grade, you should google them.

498
00:25:30,080 --> 00:25:34,720
Speaker 1: They're incredible. Yeah, scary looking though, I think they look friendly.

499
00:25:34,920 --> 00:25:36,879
Speaker 1: I'd like to have dinner with the targe. Really, have

500
00:25:36,960 --> 00:25:38,960
Speaker 1: you been a life size Tartar grade, you would have

501
00:25:39,200 --> 00:25:43,600
Speaker 1: run the other way immediately. They look like a big snuggle.

502
00:25:43,800 --> 00:25:46,120
Speaker 1: I mean they're look at the big pillow. I would

503
00:25:46,160 --> 00:25:48,119
Speaker 1: jump onto a Tartar grade and treat like a bean bag,

504
00:25:48,320 --> 00:25:50,480
Speaker 1: all right, So that that can to that's the heart

505
00:25:50,480 --> 00:25:53,240
Speaker 1: that they can survive a hundred and fifty degrees celsis. Yeah,

506
00:25:53,359 --> 00:25:55,800
Speaker 1: that's the hottest temperature ever survived by a living thing.

507
00:25:55,840 --> 00:25:57,960
Speaker 1: That's a pretty impressive record. Right, So you could put

508
00:25:57,960 --> 00:26:01,520
Speaker 1: this in boiling water and put it in boiling water

509
00:26:01,640 --> 00:26:05,960
Speaker 1: under pressure and it would still survive. That's right exactly. Um.

510
00:26:06,000 --> 00:26:08,280
Speaker 1: But then leaving the surface of the Earth, the hottest

511
00:26:08,320 --> 00:26:11,119
Speaker 1: spot of the hottest naturally occurring spot in the Solar

512
00:26:11,160 --> 00:26:14,320
Speaker 1: System is the surface of Venus, which is four hundred

513
00:26:14,320 --> 00:26:17,400
Speaker 1: and sixty degrees celsius. And that's because Venus is such

514
00:26:17,400 --> 00:26:21,159
Speaker 1: a thick cloud layer. It's basically basically climate change gone crazy.

515
00:26:21,400 --> 00:26:23,840
Speaker 1: All the carbodox in the atmosphere means it's a huge

516
00:26:23,840 --> 00:26:26,479
Speaker 1: blanket and just soaks up the sun. That's why Venus

517
00:26:26,640 --> 00:26:30,159
Speaker 1: is hotter than mercury, because it just holds onto the

518
00:26:30,200 --> 00:26:32,600
Speaker 1: onto the Sun's energy and cooks and cooks and cooks

519
00:26:34,240 --> 00:26:37,479
Speaker 1: cool And that's in our space. So um, well it's

520
00:26:37,520 --> 00:26:39,640
Speaker 1: on the surface of Venus, right, That's like the air

521
00:26:39,720 --> 00:26:42,199
Speaker 1: temperature if you were standing on Venus, that's right, if

522
00:26:42,240 --> 00:26:44,000
Speaker 1: you weren't cooking eggs, but you were just holding up

523
00:26:44,000 --> 00:26:46,200
Speaker 1: the thermometer in the surface of Venus, that's what you

524
00:26:46,280 --> 00:26:49,520
Speaker 1: ad measure, right, Okay, God, But then if you you know,

525
00:26:49,560 --> 00:26:51,520
Speaker 1: went to the Sun, like a lot of people said, Okay,

526
00:26:51,520 --> 00:26:53,560
Speaker 1: the sun is the hottest thing. Right. Well, it's true,

527
00:26:53,600 --> 00:26:55,040
Speaker 1: the Sun is really hot. If you jump to the

528
00:26:55,040 --> 00:26:57,960
Speaker 1: surface of the Sun, then it gets to like five thousand,

529
00:26:58,040 --> 00:27:02,280
Speaker 1: five hundred degrees celsius. Wow, that's a that's a lot.

530
00:27:02,600 --> 00:27:04,760
Speaker 1: Yeah it is. It's really hot. But you know, there

531
00:27:04,760 --> 00:27:07,879
Speaker 1: are places here in the Earth that are even hotter

532
00:27:07,920 --> 00:27:10,119
Speaker 1: than the surface of the Sun. Like we talked once

533
00:27:10,200 --> 00:27:12,679
Speaker 1: in the podcast episode about how the center of the

534
00:27:12,680 --> 00:27:15,760
Speaker 1: Earth is this crazy liquid iron. Right, Well, the center

535
00:27:15,760 --> 00:27:19,320
Speaker 1: of the Earth is six thousand degrees um celsius. So

536
00:27:19,359 --> 00:27:21,960
Speaker 1: that's hotter than the surface of the Sun. So the

537
00:27:22,200 --> 00:27:25,439
Speaker 1: molecules at the center of the Earth are moving faster

538
00:27:25,600 --> 00:27:29,200
Speaker 1: than the molecules in the on the surface of the Sun. Yeah,

539
00:27:29,280 --> 00:27:33,080
Speaker 1: that's right exactly. But the Sun is a huge variation.

540
00:27:33,119 --> 00:27:35,399
Speaker 1: Like the surface of the Sun is pretty hot, but

541
00:27:35,520 --> 00:27:39,719
Speaker 1: the corona, like the atmosphere around the Sun is even hotter,

542
00:27:40,000 --> 00:27:43,240
Speaker 1: hotter than the surface. Yeah, it's weird hot. On the surface,

543
00:27:43,240 --> 00:27:46,320
Speaker 1: it's five thousand, five hundred degrees celsius, but the atmosphere

544
00:27:46,320 --> 00:27:49,720
Speaker 1: of the Sun, the corona, is a million degrees celsius.

545
00:27:49,760 --> 00:27:52,239
Speaker 1: Just because things are moving faster, you know, they're just

546
00:27:52,359 --> 00:27:54,520
Speaker 1: more chaotic, you know, I don't even think it's that

547
00:27:54,600 --> 00:27:57,159
Speaker 1: well understood. Like the dynamics of the Sun, how that

548
00:27:57,200 --> 00:27:59,600
Speaker 1: all works is something that we're still really studying. In fact,

549
00:27:59,680 --> 00:28:02,800
Speaker 1: there's ending a probe right now to go like orbit

550
00:28:02,840 --> 00:28:05,000
Speaker 1: the Sun and try to make a bunch of measurements

551
00:28:05,000 --> 00:28:06,640
Speaker 1: because the Sun is a pretty big mystery. It has

552
00:28:06,640 --> 00:28:09,919
Speaker 1: this crazy magnetic field we don't understand, and uh, you know,

553
00:28:09,960 --> 00:28:12,439
Speaker 1: these crazy flares and it's a pretty big deal. So

554
00:28:12,560 --> 00:28:14,280
Speaker 1: people are trying to understand the Sun. We should do

555
00:28:14,280 --> 00:28:17,280
Speaker 1: a whole podcast episode about mysteries of the Sun. Wow.

556
00:28:17,400 --> 00:28:19,639
Speaker 1: So if you grew up in the Earth core and

557
00:28:19,680 --> 00:28:21,520
Speaker 1: then went to visit the surface of the Sun, you'd

558
00:28:21,520 --> 00:28:23,919
Speaker 1: be like, oh man, this is like minus five hundred

559
00:28:23,920 --> 00:28:26,480
Speaker 1: degrees celsius. That's right, you have to pack a jacket.

560
00:28:27,280 --> 00:28:29,240
Speaker 1: But first you have to get through the Sun's atmosphere

561
00:28:29,240 --> 00:28:31,520
Speaker 1: in a million degrees celsius. So that'd be pretty tough.

562
00:28:31,800 --> 00:28:34,959
Speaker 1: Oh I see, really it goes from a million degrees

563
00:28:35,000 --> 00:28:37,720
Speaker 1: to five thousand degrees. Yeah, it's crazy, right, Like, how

564
00:28:37,760 --> 00:28:40,080
Speaker 1: can those two things co exist anywhere near each other?

565
00:28:40,080 --> 00:28:41,960
Speaker 1: And it doesn't really make sense. But I think a

566
00:28:41,960 --> 00:28:44,040
Speaker 1: lot of that is because the Sun is expelling all

567
00:28:44,080 --> 00:28:47,320
Speaker 1: this energy, right, and so the the gas the correct

568
00:28:47,360 --> 00:28:50,120
Speaker 1: in the corona gets heated up. But also I think

569
00:28:50,120 --> 00:28:53,760
Speaker 1: there's there's something going on here about the definition of temperature. Right.

570
00:28:53,880 --> 00:28:56,760
Speaker 1: The Sun's corona is not as dense as the surface

571
00:28:56,800 --> 00:28:58,880
Speaker 1: of the Sun, and some of these things that are

572
00:28:58,960 --> 00:29:02,200
Speaker 1: really hot are not actually very dense. Yeah, that's kind

573
00:29:02,200 --> 00:29:05,320
Speaker 1: of what I was alluding to earlier. Right, Like you

574
00:29:05,360 --> 00:29:08,640
Speaker 1: can if you take the temperature of something that doesn't

575
00:29:08,640 --> 00:29:11,040
Speaker 1: have a lot of particles or molecules in it, it

576
00:29:11,080 --> 00:29:13,080
Speaker 1: can still have a temperature, it just wouldn't have a

577
00:29:13,080 --> 00:29:14,800
Speaker 1: lot of things in it. Yeah, So we can have

578
00:29:14,840 --> 00:29:17,720
Speaker 1: a high temperature without having a lot of heat, right, Like,

579
00:29:17,760 --> 00:29:19,360
Speaker 1: there's not a lot of heat to deposit on you.

580
00:29:19,400 --> 00:29:21,720
Speaker 1: If you put yourself in a box with a very

581
00:29:21,800 --> 00:29:24,840
Speaker 1: dilute gas that's really really hot, but there's not that

582
00:29:24,920 --> 00:29:27,440
Speaker 1: much gas in there, right, then it's not going to

583
00:29:27,520 --> 00:29:30,560
Speaker 1: cook you because it's not that much energy being deposited

584
00:29:30,560 --> 00:29:32,880
Speaker 1: on your body. For the energy deposit in your body,

585
00:29:32,880 --> 00:29:34,800
Speaker 1: the particles have to hit you and transfer their energy.

586
00:29:34,800 --> 00:29:37,000
Speaker 1: But if there's not that many particles, there's not that

587
00:29:37,080 --> 00:29:39,680
Speaker 1: much to do the cooking. Oh, I see both. Wait

588
00:29:39,720 --> 00:29:43,400
Speaker 1: when you say, temperature is the average kinetic energy. What

589
00:29:43,480 --> 00:29:46,280
Speaker 1: do you take the average of like particles? Do you

590
00:29:46,600 --> 00:29:48,880
Speaker 1: You know, you take the total energy and you divide

591
00:29:48,880 --> 00:29:50,560
Speaker 1: by the number of particles. What does it mean to

592
00:29:50,560 --> 00:29:54,080
Speaker 1: take the average? Yeah, it's act the property of the distribution. Actually,

593
00:29:54,400 --> 00:29:56,160
Speaker 1: so yeah, what we're looking for is the mean of

594
00:29:56,200 --> 00:29:59,280
Speaker 1: that distribution. Yeah, but you know that's a dangerous we

595
00:29:59,280 --> 00:30:01,320
Speaker 1: could we could go down that rabbit hole the definition

596
00:30:01,360 --> 00:30:05,320
Speaker 1: of temperature for another twenty minutes. Be careful. Well, I'm

597
00:30:05,360 --> 00:30:13,520
Speaker 1: still confused. I know it's tricky. It's tricky. Um, but

598
00:30:13,600 --> 00:30:16,800
Speaker 1: let's keep going. Um. Then you come back to on Earth, right,

599
00:30:16,840 --> 00:30:18,840
Speaker 1: and it turns out that we can generate things on

600
00:30:18,920 --> 00:30:21,560
Speaker 1: Earth that are even hotter than the corona of the

601
00:30:21,560 --> 00:30:24,480
Speaker 1: Sun for example. Um, when we still used to test

602
00:30:24,600 --> 00:30:26,960
Speaker 1: nuclear bombs, like on the surface of the Earth. At

603
00:30:27,000 --> 00:30:29,080
Speaker 1: the core of a nuclear explosion, you get up to

604
00:30:29,160 --> 00:30:33,320
Speaker 1: like ten to fifty million degrees celsius. Right, These are

605
00:30:33,360 --> 00:30:36,080
Speaker 1: crazy high numbers that are hard to even think about. Okay,

606
00:30:36,120 --> 00:30:38,440
Speaker 1: so that means that the molecules at the center of

607
00:30:38,440 --> 00:30:42,680
Speaker 1: the nuclear exupportion are moving super duper, duper, duper fast. Yeah, exactly,

608
00:30:42,720 --> 00:30:46,320
Speaker 1: super duper duper fast. And that number fifty million degrees celsius.

609
00:30:46,600 --> 00:30:49,960
Speaker 1: You know, that's comparable to like really hot astronomical stuff.

610
00:30:50,000 --> 00:30:53,120
Speaker 1: You know, like for example, when a supernova happens, right,

611
00:30:53,160 --> 00:30:56,760
Speaker 1: a star goes goes, no, it explodes. Well, that's a

612
00:30:56,800 --> 00:31:00,480
Speaker 1: similar temperature. Like it's fifty million degrees celsius um in

613
00:31:00,520 --> 00:31:04,320
Speaker 1: the gas that's expelled by the supernova. Right, that's when

614
00:31:04,320 --> 00:31:07,080
Speaker 1: I start collapses. Right, That's right, the star collapses and

615
00:31:07,120 --> 00:31:09,520
Speaker 1: then explodes um. And you know what's left is like

616
00:31:09,560 --> 00:31:11,680
Speaker 1: a little neutron star or a black hole in the center,

617
00:31:12,040 --> 00:31:14,760
Speaker 1: and the rest is all this gas that's that's spelled out.

618
00:31:15,000 --> 00:31:19,040
Speaker 1: That's a spewed out and that's a fifty million degrees celsius. Okay, cool.

619
00:31:20,040 --> 00:31:21,840
Speaker 1: This surprised me a little bit. It turns out that

620
00:31:21,880 --> 00:31:24,280
Speaker 1: like supernovas are not even the hottest thing out there

621
00:31:24,280 --> 00:31:26,720
Speaker 1: in space, even though they're hotter, you know than our sun,

622
00:31:26,800 --> 00:31:29,800
Speaker 1: and they're hotter than nuclear nuclear bombs going off. The

623
00:31:29,840 --> 00:31:32,880
Speaker 1: hottest thing that's out there in space is stuff like

624
00:31:33,240 --> 00:31:37,520
Speaker 1: the intercluster medium that's just like all this gas that's

625
00:31:37,560 --> 00:31:40,800
Speaker 1: between galaxies. You know how galaxies have a huge amount

626
00:31:40,840 --> 00:31:43,400
Speaker 1: of gas in the mixed stars, etcetera. But between the

627
00:31:43,400 --> 00:31:46,040
Speaker 1: galaxies is not totally empty. We did a whole podcast

628
00:31:46,080 --> 00:31:48,920
Speaker 1: episode about like how empty is space? And then there's

629
00:31:48,960 --> 00:31:52,440
Speaker 1: these tendrils of gas that connect the galaxies together, and

630
00:31:52,600 --> 00:31:54,560
Speaker 1: they're pretty thin. That's like not a whole lot of

631
00:31:54,600 --> 00:31:59,160
Speaker 1: stuff out there. You need like a thousand cubic meters

632
00:31:59,200 --> 00:32:02,920
Speaker 1: of space just to have one particle. But they are

633
00:32:03,000 --> 00:32:06,920
Speaker 1: really really hot, Like those particles are really moving and

634
00:32:06,960 --> 00:32:10,720
Speaker 1: the temperature never number you get is a hundred million

635
00:32:10,880 --> 00:32:14,960
Speaker 1: degrees celsius. Are they all moving in one direction, you know,

636
00:32:15,040 --> 00:32:18,600
Speaker 1: like wind? Or are they just sitting in place vibrating

637
00:32:18,640 --> 00:32:22,160
Speaker 1: really fast? I think there are currents because the reason

638
00:32:22,240 --> 00:32:24,640
Speaker 1: that this stuff is hot is that they're getting heated, right,

639
00:32:24,680 --> 00:32:27,640
Speaker 1: They're getting heated by like the black holes at the

640
00:32:27,680 --> 00:32:30,040
Speaker 1: centers of these galaxies that are pushing on them and

641
00:32:30,040 --> 00:32:33,520
Speaker 1: the crazy like you know, rubbing of of huge clouds

642
00:32:33,560 --> 00:32:36,720
Speaker 1: of gas that's spewing stuff out. So I think they're

643
00:32:36,720 --> 00:32:39,840
Speaker 1: getting the sources the galaxies that probably they're all spewing

644
00:32:39,880 --> 00:32:42,479
Speaker 1: away from the galaxies, but they're probably our currents. As

645
00:32:42,520 --> 00:32:45,280
Speaker 1: these galaxies spin and things hit each other, it's probably

646
00:32:45,280 --> 00:32:49,080
Speaker 1: really complicated. So it's actually kind of in the empty

647
00:32:49,080 --> 00:32:51,680
Speaker 1: spaces between galaxies that we see some of the hottest

648
00:32:51,680 --> 00:32:54,040
Speaker 1: stuff in the universe. Yeah, and that's the weird thing.

649
00:32:54,080 --> 00:32:56,200
Speaker 1: It's it seems empty, and if you went out there

650
00:32:56,200 --> 00:32:58,800
Speaker 1: and like look for particles, you wouldn't find very many.

651
00:32:58,840 --> 00:33:01,400
Speaker 1: But if you have, you would get burned to a crisp.

652
00:33:02,040 --> 00:33:04,640
Speaker 1: You would not get burned to a crisp because there

653
00:33:04,640 --> 00:33:06,400
Speaker 1: are hardly any particles out there, And you can ask

654
00:33:06,440 --> 00:33:08,200
Speaker 1: a physicists like, hey, what's the temperature out here, and

655
00:33:08,200 --> 00:33:10,760
Speaker 1: they'd be like, m, it's a hundred million degrees celsius.

656
00:33:11,200 --> 00:33:13,600
Speaker 1: But if you got dropped there without a space suit,

657
00:33:13,760 --> 00:33:17,320
Speaker 1: you would not get burned. You would freeze. I see

658
00:33:17,360 --> 00:33:19,480
Speaker 1: there there are a lot of hot pins out there

659
00:33:20,120 --> 00:33:23,480
Speaker 1: in that space, but if you stood there, you wouldn't.

660
00:33:23,560 --> 00:33:25,880
Speaker 1: You would hardly feel them exactly. They're there, and they're

661
00:33:25,920 --> 00:33:28,000
Speaker 1: really hot, Yeah, they wouldn't. You wouldn't get hit by

662
00:33:28,080 --> 00:33:29,920
Speaker 1: enough of them to keep you warm, right, you would lose.

663
00:33:29,960 --> 00:33:33,440
Speaker 1: You would radiate all your heat into the pretty empty

664
00:33:33,480 --> 00:33:36,720
Speaker 1: space and freeze into a block a block of ice, right,

665
00:33:36,880 --> 00:33:39,240
Speaker 1: And you wouldn't get warmed up by the hundred million

666
00:33:39,320 --> 00:33:43,120
Speaker 1: degrees celsius plasma that surrounds you because it's hardly any

667
00:33:43,120 --> 00:33:46,320
Speaker 1: part of hitting you, all right, see, but the average

668
00:33:47,160 --> 00:33:50,400
Speaker 1: speed of those few that are there is a lot

669
00:33:50,600 --> 00:33:53,440
Speaker 1: there wouldn't exactly just wouldn't be enough to really burn

670
00:33:53,520 --> 00:33:57,400
Speaker 1: you or feel them exactly. Yeah. Wow. Right, so it's

671
00:33:57,480 --> 00:33:59,400
Speaker 1: zoom back to Earth because it turns out that here

672
00:33:59,440 --> 00:34:02,680
Speaker 1: on Earth we've created some pretty crazy hot stuff. And

673
00:34:02,840 --> 00:34:06,000
Speaker 1: that's not just your frying pan. But when we collide

674
00:34:06,040 --> 00:34:09,640
Speaker 1: particles at the Large Hadron Collider, we very briefly create

675
00:34:09,680 --> 00:34:13,000
Speaker 1: a situation where the particles have a huge amount of energy. Okay,

676
00:34:13,560 --> 00:34:15,839
Speaker 1: but again it's not about energy you're saying. You create

677
00:34:15,880 --> 00:34:19,279
Speaker 1: a situation where the particles are moving really really really fast. Yeah,

678
00:34:19,320 --> 00:34:21,840
Speaker 1: the particles are moving really really really fast. But you

679
00:34:21,920 --> 00:34:24,440
Speaker 1: don't really consider the temperature of a particle, right, So

680
00:34:24,520 --> 00:34:26,320
Speaker 1: if you say, like, well, what's the temperature of a

681
00:34:26,400 --> 00:34:29,480
Speaker 1: proton zooming around the Large Hadron Collider, we can't talk

682
00:34:29,520 --> 00:34:32,400
Speaker 1: about the temperature of one particle. But sometimes in the

683
00:34:32,440 --> 00:34:35,239
Speaker 1: Large Hadron Collider, we don't just collide protons. We take

684
00:34:35,360 --> 00:34:38,680
Speaker 1: big stuff like the nucleus of a gold atom or

685
00:34:38,880 --> 00:34:41,840
Speaker 1: lid atom, and we smash those together, and the reason

686
00:34:42,000 --> 00:34:43,880
Speaker 1: is that they're trying to break up the matter and

687
00:34:44,080 --> 00:34:46,680
Speaker 1: create this this condition that they think existed in the

688
00:34:46,719 --> 00:34:49,719
Speaker 1: early universe. It's called the cork gluon plasma. So when

689
00:34:49,760 --> 00:34:51,880
Speaker 1: you break the proton up and the corks and the

690
00:34:51,960 --> 00:34:55,160
Speaker 1: gluons have so much energy that they're not bound anymore.

691
00:34:55,160 --> 00:34:58,120
Speaker 1: They're just like floating around free. So you smash enough

692
00:34:58,200 --> 00:35:01,800
Speaker 1: particles together so you know, lead and uh and gold

693
00:35:01,840 --> 00:35:04,719
Speaker 1: atoms have hundreds of protons and neutrons in them. Then

694
00:35:04,880 --> 00:35:07,719
Speaker 1: very briefly you create this thing which they think is

695
00:35:07,760 --> 00:35:10,279
Speaker 1: in equilibrium, so you can define the temperature. It's like,

696
00:35:10,640 --> 00:35:13,040
Speaker 1: you know, bounced around for a few you know, bill

697
00:35:13,120 --> 00:35:15,440
Speaker 1: of seconds, and this thing they say, he gets to

698
00:35:15,640 --> 00:35:19,800
Speaker 1: five and a half trillion degrees celsius trillion with the

699
00:35:19,920 --> 00:35:24,120
Speaker 1: T trillion with the T exactly, Like that's a big number. Well,

700
00:35:24,200 --> 00:35:28,000
Speaker 1: let's get into now the hottest the absolute champion most

701
00:35:28,080 --> 00:35:30,920
Speaker 1: hot thing in the universe. But first let's take a

702
00:35:31,000 --> 00:35:46,239
Speaker 1: quick break. All right, Daniel, here we go. Here's the

703
00:35:46,239 --> 00:35:48,200
Speaker 1: answer to the question that we post at the beginning.

704
00:35:48,360 --> 00:35:51,800
Speaker 1: The hottest things in the universe, the absolute extreme most

705
00:35:52,239 --> 00:35:55,759
Speaker 1: hot things in the universe exactly, and here I think

706
00:35:55,800 --> 00:35:58,759
Speaker 1: we got to give some credit to the scientist for

707
00:35:58,840 --> 00:36:00,800
Speaker 1: coming up with names. Is you know, on this podcast

708
00:36:00,880 --> 00:36:03,480
Speaker 1: we're always poking fund of scientists for naming things in

709
00:36:03,520 --> 00:36:05,480
Speaker 1: a silly way. I think they did a great job here.

710
00:36:05,880 --> 00:36:08,840
Speaker 1: Because the maximum the temperature in the universe, the condition

711
00:36:08,920 --> 00:36:11,719
Speaker 1: of something being at the absolute maximum temperature. They call

712
00:36:11,760 --> 00:36:16,359
Speaker 1: it absolute hot, which I think is pretty cool. You mean, wait,

713
00:36:16,400 --> 00:36:19,960
Speaker 1: you're saying that there is a maximum temperature in the universe.

714
00:36:20,120 --> 00:36:23,200
Speaker 1: That's right, there is a maximum temperature, and it's a

715
00:36:23,320 --> 00:36:26,360
Speaker 1: crazy number, and it's kind of a hard thing to

716
00:36:26,400 --> 00:36:28,800
Speaker 1: think about, Like why would there be a maximum temperature?

717
00:36:28,800 --> 00:36:30,960
Speaker 1: You might think you can give an infinite amount of

718
00:36:31,040 --> 00:36:33,120
Speaker 1: energy to a particle, and that's true, right, Like you

719
00:36:33,200 --> 00:36:35,560
Speaker 1: take a single particle, you can dumb as much energy

720
00:36:35,600 --> 00:36:37,279
Speaker 1: as you want into it. You know, there's a state

721
00:36:37,320 --> 00:36:39,319
Speaker 1: of light issue. But we're not talking just about speed.

722
00:36:39,320 --> 00:36:41,279
Speaker 1: We're talking about the energy of the particles. No limit

723
00:36:41,320 --> 00:36:43,600
Speaker 1: to how much energy you can give a particle. But

724
00:36:44,160 --> 00:36:46,239
Speaker 1: now we're talking about a system of particles, so we're

725
00:36:46,239 --> 00:36:49,320
Speaker 1: talking about energy density. What happens when a bunch of

726
00:36:49,360 --> 00:36:54,000
Speaker 1: particles have a huge amount of energy. Well? Gravity, right, gravity?

727
00:36:54,040 --> 00:36:57,080
Speaker 1: Remember bends space, and it bends space when you have

728
00:36:57,200 --> 00:37:00,160
Speaker 1: particles with mass, but also it bends space and you

729
00:37:00,239 --> 00:37:03,360
Speaker 1: have energy density. Alright, gravity is not just something that

730
00:37:03,440 --> 00:37:07,400
Speaker 1: responds to mass, a response to energy. So what happens

731
00:37:07,400 --> 00:37:09,959
Speaker 1: if you pour too much energy into a little blob

732
00:37:10,040 --> 00:37:14,680
Speaker 1: of space? Black hole? What? Yes, black hole? Right, there's

733
00:37:14,719 --> 00:37:16,800
Speaker 1: a maximum amount of energy you can have in a

734
00:37:16,920 --> 00:37:20,040
Speaker 1: certain in a volume of space. More energy than that

735
00:37:20,320 --> 00:37:23,040
Speaker 1: turns into a black hole. So you can't heat something

736
00:37:23,160 --> 00:37:25,560
Speaker 1: up past that. Wait to wait wait wait wait wait wait,

737
00:37:25,800 --> 00:37:27,720
Speaker 1: So the I mean I would think that the maximum

738
00:37:27,800 --> 00:37:31,680
Speaker 1: temperature in the possible theoretically is when you have a

739
00:37:31,760 --> 00:37:35,160
Speaker 1: box of particles and every particle in it is moving

740
00:37:35,320 --> 00:37:37,160
Speaker 1: pretty much at the speed of light. Because you know,

741
00:37:37,320 --> 00:37:39,719
Speaker 1: temperature we said before is related to how fast things

742
00:37:39,760 --> 00:37:42,720
Speaker 1: are moving. So what if every particle was moving close

743
00:37:42,760 --> 00:37:44,600
Speaker 1: to the speed of light. You're saying that's not possible

744
00:37:44,840 --> 00:37:47,320
Speaker 1: or we wouldn't even get there. That's possible, it's just

745
00:37:47,440 --> 00:37:50,360
Speaker 1: not even that very hot because remember the speed speed

746
00:37:50,480 --> 00:37:53,400
Speaker 1: is not the limitation, right, Like, you can get particles

747
00:37:53,520 --> 00:37:55,239
Speaker 1: up to the speed of light without even having that

748
00:37:55,400 --> 00:37:58,080
Speaker 1: much energy. Okay, and not bad to the speed of light,

749
00:37:58,160 --> 00:37:59,880
Speaker 1: just like close to the speed of light. But remember,

750
00:38:00,280 --> 00:38:02,719
Speaker 1: as you dump more energy into these particles, their speed

751
00:38:02,800 --> 00:38:04,880
Speaker 1: doesn't go up very much. That's why temperature is not

752
00:38:05,120 --> 00:38:07,920
Speaker 1: just the speed of the particles, it's their energy. Remember,

753
00:38:08,000 --> 00:38:11,239
Speaker 1: relativity separate speed and energy, and there's no limit to

754
00:38:11,280 --> 00:38:13,600
Speaker 1: how much energy you can put into an individual particles.

755
00:38:13,680 --> 00:38:16,160
Speaker 1: You have your box. You can keep pumping energy into

756
00:38:16,160 --> 00:38:18,279
Speaker 1: those particles. Their speed doesn't go very much, but their

757
00:38:18,400 --> 00:38:21,319
Speaker 1: energy increases. But you keep doing it. Eventually your box

758
00:38:21,360 --> 00:38:24,360
Speaker 1: turns into a black hole. Oh what point does it

759
00:38:24,440 --> 00:38:26,439
Speaker 1: turn into a black hole? Are you ready for the number?

760
00:38:26,520 --> 00:38:31,000
Speaker 1: All right? For here's absolute hot is a billion trillion

761
00:38:31,520 --> 00:38:35,560
Speaker 1: trillion degrees celsius, billion trillion trillion degrees. Is there a

762
00:38:35,719 --> 00:38:39,239
Speaker 1: name for that, or it's called absolute hot, or more

763
00:38:39,320 --> 00:38:42,480
Speaker 1: technically it's called the plunk temperature. But wait, is it

764
00:38:42,560 --> 00:38:44,920
Speaker 1: a billion trillion trillion degrees or is it you know,

765
00:38:45,080 --> 00:38:48,160
Speaker 1: two point seventy three or four? It's just a round number.

766
00:38:48,320 --> 00:38:51,040
Speaker 1: Oh no, it's not exactly a billion trillion trillion degrees.

767
00:38:51,120 --> 00:38:53,960
Speaker 1: But the number, if you want to know the exact value,

768
00:38:54,239 --> 00:38:58,200
Speaker 1: is one point four one six times ten to the

769
00:38:58,440 --> 00:39:02,400
Speaker 1: thirty two kelvin. All right, that's like a hundred and

770
00:39:02,520 --> 00:39:07,160
Speaker 1: forty two million yadda kelvin's or a hundred and forty

771
00:39:07,200 --> 00:39:12,520
Speaker 1: two million quadrillion degrees kelvin. It's pretty hot. It's a

772
00:39:12,560 --> 00:39:17,440
Speaker 1: lot of YadA, it's a it's a lot of And

773
00:39:17,520 --> 00:39:20,320
Speaker 1: then you might ask like, well, you know, is that possible,

774
00:39:20,440 --> 00:39:23,360
Speaker 1: like that ever existed in the universe, And you know,

775
00:39:23,440 --> 00:39:25,440
Speaker 1: we don't think it's happening right now. There's nowhere in

776
00:39:25,480 --> 00:39:30,120
Speaker 1: the universe that's absolute hot right now. Um, but we

777
00:39:30,280 --> 00:39:32,800
Speaker 1: think that just after the Big Bang, like you know,

778
00:39:32,880 --> 00:39:36,560
Speaker 1: this this crazy moment when the universe was inflating, right

779
00:39:36,600 --> 00:39:39,120
Speaker 1: when they expanded really really rapidly. We think that just

780
00:39:39,239 --> 00:39:42,640
Speaker 1: before that that the universe was at the plunk temperature,

781
00:39:42,960 --> 00:39:46,279
Speaker 1: and that uh, you know, that's the absolute hottest moment

782
00:39:46,400 --> 00:39:49,719
Speaker 1: in the history of the universe. But there's a lot

783
00:39:49,840 --> 00:39:52,719
Speaker 1: of handwaving there because we really don't understand what happened

784
00:39:52,800 --> 00:39:55,080
Speaker 1: during the Big Bang and why did it cause inflation

785
00:39:55,160 --> 00:39:57,240
Speaker 1: and not just all collapse into a black hole. Anyway,

786
00:39:57,680 --> 00:40:00,279
Speaker 1: there's a lot of questions about that, Okay, there is.

787
00:40:00,360 --> 00:40:02,240
Speaker 1: So the main point is that there is an absolute

788
00:40:02,320 --> 00:40:04,440
Speaker 1: like if I take a if I heat something in

789
00:40:04,520 --> 00:40:07,560
Speaker 1: my frying pine forever. At some point it's gonna get

790
00:40:07,640 --> 00:40:11,080
Speaker 1: super hot, and at some point it's it's just gonna

791
00:40:11,120 --> 00:40:13,279
Speaker 1: turn into a black hole and it can't get any

792
00:40:13,360 --> 00:40:15,960
Speaker 1: harder or what. You cannot create a black hole on

793
00:40:16,080 --> 00:40:18,680
Speaker 1: your stovetop working, I'm sorry, No matter how long you

794
00:40:18,760 --> 00:40:21,200
Speaker 1: cook that bacon, it'll get black, it'll turn into charcoal,

795
00:40:21,600 --> 00:40:24,400
Speaker 1: not a black hole. But if you had like laser

796
00:40:24,480 --> 00:40:26,200
Speaker 1: beams and all sorts of stuff, and you could like

797
00:40:26,440 --> 00:40:30,080
Speaker 1: pour energy into a tiny area, then in principle, you

798
00:40:30,120 --> 00:40:32,000
Speaker 1: could create a black hole. Yes, well, how to First

799
00:40:32,000 --> 00:40:33,360
Speaker 1: of all, how do you know I don't have lasers

800
00:40:33,440 --> 00:40:37,920
Speaker 1: in my kitchen already? You're an impressive chef, and you're right.

801
00:40:37,920 --> 00:40:42,080
Speaker 1: I shouldn't have ruled anything out. I issue formal apology. Um,

802
00:40:42,160 --> 00:40:44,640
Speaker 1: But I mean basically, if you heat something out long

803
00:40:44,800 --> 00:40:47,120
Speaker 1: enough and you put enough energy into it, at some

804
00:40:47,239 --> 00:40:49,120
Speaker 1: point you're saying it's going to turn into a black

805
00:40:49,160 --> 00:40:51,360
Speaker 1: hole and then it can't get any harder or what happens.

806
00:40:51,440 --> 00:40:53,600
Speaker 1: Then we don't know what happens then, right, because then

807
00:40:53,680 --> 00:40:56,080
Speaker 1: it turns into like quantum gravity questions and we just

808
00:40:56,160 --> 00:40:58,160
Speaker 1: don't even have a theory, so we don't I mean

809
00:40:58,239 --> 00:41:00,560
Speaker 1: we don't know what's happening inside a black hole. If

810
00:41:00,600 --> 00:41:02,440
Speaker 1: you poor energy into a black hole, we don't know

811
00:41:02,520 --> 00:41:05,960
Speaker 1: what happens. Um. Basically, it's a huge question mark. So

812
00:41:06,440 --> 00:41:08,520
Speaker 1: it's sort of a breakdown of the definition of temperature.

813
00:41:08,640 --> 00:41:11,720
Speaker 1: Like stuff definitely happens, things get crazy, or the universe

814
00:41:11,800 --> 00:41:15,680
Speaker 1: gets weirder, but it's not according to our definition of temperature.

815
00:41:15,880 --> 00:41:18,440
Speaker 1: Does that the number we define as temperature doesn't go

816
00:41:18,600 --> 00:41:22,520
Speaker 1: up anymore? So maybe calling it absolute hot is a

817
00:41:22,600 --> 00:41:27,120
Speaker 1: little premature, right because it really you've called it super

818
00:41:27,200 --> 00:41:30,520
Speaker 1: duper crazy hot, yeah, or like super duper I don't

819
00:41:30,560 --> 00:41:33,759
Speaker 1: know what happens after this hot is really sort of

820
00:41:33,840 --> 00:41:36,120
Speaker 1: more accurate, right, But we should have called it Jog's

821
00:41:36,120 --> 00:41:41,600
Speaker 1: frying pan hot. Yeah, there you go. Jore is black

822
00:41:41,680 --> 00:41:47,839
Speaker 1: bacon hot exactly exactly. Okay, So that's a lot um

823
00:41:48,360 --> 00:41:51,279
Speaker 1: And you're saying that happened at the beginning of the universe, right,

824
00:41:51,400 --> 00:41:53,600
Speaker 1: like it. So the hottest thing in the universe ever

825
00:41:53,920 --> 00:41:57,440
Speaker 1: is the Big Band. Just once again, that's the answer

826
00:41:57,520 --> 00:41:59,880
Speaker 1: for everything. The hottest thing in the universe is the

827
00:42:00,000 --> 00:42:02,520
Speaker 1: Big Bang, yes, as far as we know. Okay, but

828
00:42:02,600 --> 00:42:04,880
Speaker 1: that happened a while ago. But if we looked at

829
00:42:04,920 --> 00:42:06,840
Speaker 1: the universe. Now, what what would you say is the

830
00:42:06,880 --> 00:42:09,399
Speaker 1: hottest thing, Well, the hottest thing recently is this cork

831
00:42:09,400 --> 00:42:11,520
Speaker 1: glue on plasma we create the at the large hage

832
00:42:11,560 --> 00:42:15,280
Speaker 1: On collider. Right, that's five point five trillion degrees celsius.

833
00:42:15,360 --> 00:42:17,680
Speaker 1: That's hotter than we think, you know, most things in

834
00:42:17,719 --> 00:42:21,400
Speaker 1: the universe. Um, otherwise, like the inside of a neutron

835
00:42:21,520 --> 00:42:25,120
Speaker 1: star we think is about a hundred trillion degrees celsius,

836
00:42:25,560 --> 00:42:28,240
Speaker 1: and that's probably the otherwise hottest thing in the universe,

837
00:42:28,280 --> 00:42:30,120
Speaker 1: like on a day to day basis, because you know,

838
00:42:30,160 --> 00:42:32,320
Speaker 1: the large Hagron collider, these things exist for ten to

839
00:42:32,360 --> 00:42:34,279
Speaker 1: the might is twenty three seconds, so they don't really

840
00:42:34,320 --> 00:42:36,440
Speaker 1: stick around very long. But the intside of a neutron

841
00:42:36,480 --> 00:42:39,360
Speaker 1: star is super hot and very stable at a hundred

842
00:42:39,440 --> 00:42:44,600
Speaker 1: trillion degrees celsius. Wow, a cool and chili hundred trillion celsius,

843
00:42:44,719 --> 00:42:47,440
Speaker 1: which is what like fifty fahrenheit or how much is that?

844
00:42:48,160 --> 00:42:53,200
Speaker 1: I have no concept something like that, something like that. Yeah, exactly. Um,

845
00:42:53,239 --> 00:42:55,080
Speaker 1: don't pack any jackets. I don't think you'll need them

846
00:42:56,080 --> 00:43:03,319
Speaker 1: because you won't be alive. That's right, Okay, cool, So okay,

847
00:43:03,360 --> 00:43:05,520
Speaker 1: so that's the hottest thing in the universe. It's the

848
00:43:05,600 --> 00:43:09,360
Speaker 1: big Bang ever and it's the inside of an intrance

849
00:43:09,400 --> 00:43:12,719
Speaker 1: star out there possibly right now. That's right, that is

850
00:43:12,800 --> 00:43:16,600
Speaker 1: the hottest place in the universe right now. All right, Well,

851
00:43:16,719 --> 00:43:21,000
Speaker 1: stay tuned for future episodes in our Extreme Physics series

852
00:43:21,320 --> 00:43:24,480
Speaker 1: will be tackling also the brightest thing in the universe

853
00:43:24,520 --> 00:43:26,520
Speaker 1: and maybe also the densest thing in the universe. We

854
00:43:26,520 --> 00:43:28,720
Speaker 1: should also tackle like the funniest thing in the universe.

855
00:43:29,960 --> 00:43:35,160
Speaker 1: That's obviously that's this podcast like done. Yeah, but speaking

856
00:43:35,200 --> 00:43:37,480
Speaker 1: of funny things, yea, I have a request for you

857
00:43:37,680 --> 00:43:39,960
Speaker 1: from a listener. All right, we have a listener in

858
00:43:40,000 --> 00:43:43,440
Speaker 1: New Zealand who's a huge fan of limericks and often

859
00:43:43,560 --> 00:43:46,959
Speaker 1: tells physics limericks to his class of ten and eleven

860
00:43:47,040 --> 00:43:49,880
Speaker 1: year olds where he teaches in New Zealand. Well, I

861
00:43:50,160 --> 00:43:52,640
Speaker 1: said a limerick in our podcast a few weeks ago.

862
00:43:52,760 --> 00:43:56,040
Speaker 1: We were talking about tacking on and uh, he noticed

863
00:43:56,040 --> 00:43:58,600
Speaker 1: that you didn't laugh at my limerick, so he sent

864
00:43:58,680 --> 00:44:01,160
Speaker 1: me a different physics rick to see if we can

865
00:44:01,280 --> 00:44:03,439
Speaker 1: make you chuckle. All right, So here you go, you ready,

866
00:44:03,560 --> 00:44:06,680
Speaker 1: right right, all right? Hit me. There was a physicist

867
00:44:06,880 --> 00:44:10,600
Speaker 1: called Joe who wanted the whole world to know that

868
00:44:10,719 --> 00:44:13,600
Speaker 1: those stars that we say are far far away are

869
00:44:13,719 --> 00:44:18,080
Speaker 1: actually long long ago. Nice. That's cute. That's pretty cool. Yeah,

870
00:44:18,120 --> 00:44:22,000
Speaker 1: that's pretty cute. Thank you Ryan. Let's say with Jorge,

871
00:44:22,520 --> 00:44:26,600
Speaker 1: I thought it was somehow related to me. No. Um, Well,

872
00:44:26,680 --> 00:44:29,760
Speaker 1: let's ask our our listener to send in one tailor

873
00:44:29,840 --> 00:44:34,040
Speaker 1: for you. But that's for Isaac Garmet from Coromandel, New Zealand.

874
00:44:34,080 --> 00:44:37,200
Speaker 1: So thanks for sending that in. Yeah. Great, And if

875
00:44:37,239 --> 00:44:40,279
Speaker 1: you have any other limericks or ideas or questions for us,

876
00:44:40,480 --> 00:44:43,080
Speaker 1: maybe a banana related limerick for Jorge, send them in

877
00:44:43,200 --> 00:44:46,520
Speaker 1: two feedback at Daniel and Jorge dot com. We love

878
00:44:46,600 --> 00:44:49,239
Speaker 1: your emails. Great, thanks for listening and we hope you

879
00:44:49,320 --> 00:45:00,400
Speaker 1: enjoyed this. Tune in next time the hot person you. Yeah,

880
00:45:02,760 --> 00:45:05,040
Speaker 1: if you still have a question after listening to all

881
00:45:05,120 --> 00:45:08,279
Speaker 1: these explanations, please drop us a line. We'd love to

882
00:45:08,360 --> 00:45:10,760
Speaker 1: hear from you. You can find us at Facebook, Twitter,

883
00:45:10,880 --> 00:45:14,480
Speaker 1: and Instagram at Daniel and Jorge that's one word, or

884
00:45:14,640 --> 00:45:18,040
Speaker 1: email us at feedback at Daniel and Jorge dot com.

885
00:45:18,600 --> 00:45:21,400
Speaker 1: Thanks for listening, and remember that Daniel and Jorge explain,

886
00:45:21,480 --> 00:45:24,360
Speaker 1: the universe is a production of I heart Radio. For

887
00:45:24,520 --> 00:45:27,439
Speaker 1: more podcast from My heart Radio, visit the I heart

888
00:45:27,520 --> 00:45:31,080
Speaker 1: Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your

889
00:45:31,160 --> 00:45:31,880
Speaker 1: favorite shows.