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Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class from how

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Speaker 1: Stuff Works dot com. Hello, and welcome to the podcast.

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Speaker 1: I'm Katie Lambert and I'm Sarah Dowdy, and I'm gonna

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Speaker 1: start off by admitting something. It's really exciting when the

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Speaker 1: National Geographic in my mailbox turns out to be a

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Speaker 1: mummy issue, unless it's ice mummies, which, to be honest,

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Speaker 1: kind of creep me out. Yes, there's there's not a

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Speaker 1: big ice mummy fan, but in this case in our

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Speaker 1: podcast episode for today, we're talking about Egyptian mummies, specifically

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Speaker 1: King Tut and plus ten other eighteen dynasty royals. And

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Speaker 1: that National Geographic cover story that I saw was a

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Speaker 1: follow up on a study published late last winter in

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Speaker 1: the Journal of the American Medical Association's JAMMA. And you

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Speaker 1: probably saw some of the headlines about this um. One

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Speaker 1: from National Geographic News, King Tut was disabled malaria and

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Speaker 1: inbred DNA shows and from Discovery News, King Tut were

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Speaker 1: orthopedic sandals, which is terribly cutting. I don't know. All

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Speaker 1: these headlines made me feel feel really sorry for King Tut.

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Speaker 1: I remember any emailing Katie saying how embarrassing for him?

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Speaker 1: But there you go. Not that we think orthopedic sandals

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Speaker 1: are embarrassing. We'd like to clarify, but this whole thing

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Speaker 1: made us both think back to our never Tedi episode

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Speaker 1: and her very obscure end. So to give you a

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Speaker 1: little refresher, there's this strange, murky period of history between

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Speaker 1: the death of Nefertiti's husband and the ascendancy of tut

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Speaker 1: We don't really know where this boy came from, or

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Speaker 1: whose child he is, or just what happened in this

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Speaker 1: in this period of history. So it made us think

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Speaker 1: it's time for a follow up episode and plus a

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Speaker 1: closer look at the study and a closer look at

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Speaker 1: some more recent news that's contesting one of the points

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Speaker 1: of the studies. We like controversial. I've lost controversy and

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Speaker 1: history in this episode. So our story starts with the

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Speaker 1: powerful pharaoh almand Hotep the Third. He's ruling in the

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Speaker 1: New Kingdom during the eighteenth dynasty, which is about b C.

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Speaker 1: And he's no small potatoes, as Sarah put it, He's

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Speaker 1: a big guy. He's got an empire from the Euphrates

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Speaker 1: to the Fourth Cataract of the Nile, and he reigns

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Speaker 1: for thirty seven years with his queen tie. He's succeeded

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Speaker 1: by their son Amen Hotep the fourth And if you

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Speaker 1: listen to that never t D episode, you know what's

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Speaker 1: coming up next. This guy is the heretic king who

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Speaker 1: decides to ditch the chief god Alman plus all the

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Speaker 1: other Egyptian gods and worship only one god, Autun, and

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Speaker 1: he changes his name to Acnaughton. He and his wife

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Speaker 1: never Td have six daughters, and they act as high

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Speaker 1: priest to this new religion they've created. He eliminates the

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Speaker 1: almond priesthood, he leaves thebes. He even changes the way

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Speaker 1: art looks, making up less of sunshine. Because Aton is

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Speaker 1: a is a son god. They like to have their

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Speaker 1: art have themselves depicted outside, but also feminizing the male form,

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Speaker 1: which has led some people to think maybe there was

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Speaker 1: a reason for that. That's going to be one of

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Speaker 1: our genetic mysteries for later in the episode, and after

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Speaker 1: Anton's death, we have that mystery period featuring a shadowy king,

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Speaker 1: smenkak Are and maybe even nefer ted as a female pharaoh.

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Speaker 1: Dat da dat. So whatever happens, nine year old Teuton

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Speaker 1: Cotton comes out as king in the end. I'm not

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Speaker 1: mispronouncing it. It's Tuton Cotton. So will this young Tuton

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Speaker 1: Cotton keep up this new religion under Otton. No. Within

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Speaker 1: only two years, the boy king returns to the old ways.

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Speaker 1: He changes his name to Tuton Common, and the temples

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Speaker 1: are reopened. They come back to Thebes, and his wife,

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Speaker 1: a daughter of never Ted and Achnaton, changes her name

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Speaker 1: as well. But Tut is dead before his twenties, and

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Speaker 1: he leaves no living children. He's shuttled away to a

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Speaker 1: comparatively meager tomb. It's not at all what we think

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Speaker 1: of when we think of the Grand Egyptian to King

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Speaker 1: Tut's tomb is supposed to be filled with the treasures

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Speaker 1: to end all treasures. That's kind of what people initially thought,

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Speaker 1: But it's just the simple fact all of the great

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Speaker 1: Pharaoh's tombs have been robbed so long ago that all

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Speaker 1: of their stuff is gone. We're left with King Tut.

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Speaker 1: It looks good to us, but it wasn't a terrible

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Speaker 1: lot at the time well, and his line of kings

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Speaker 1: is completely wiped out from memory after he's dead. It's

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Speaker 1: they wanted no memory of that time under Auton at all,

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Speaker 1: even though he's the guy who who brings them back

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Speaker 1: to the old religion. Just his association with this heretic

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Speaker 1: god and the heretic king is too much, so he's

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Speaker 1: essentially erased from memory. His tomb is so obscure, it's

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Speaker 1: so hidden away, it's covered pretty quickly that grave robbers

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Speaker 1: don't really find it, and when Howard Carter opens it

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Speaker 1: in it's barely been touched. It's perhaps ripe with curses.

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Speaker 1: And we're left with all this amazing treasure, the amazing

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Speaker 1: golden mask and coffin, and the question who is this

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Speaker 1: young boy behind the handsome gold mask? And for a

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Speaker 1: long time people thought he might have been struck dead

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Speaker 1: so young, by a blow to the head, or perhaps

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Speaker 1: a hunting accident, some type of things that would kill

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Speaker 1: a nineteen year old right, But a two thousand five

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Speaker 1: CT scan shows that no, Actually, the hole in Tut's

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Speaker 1: head had to do with his embalming and not his death.

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Speaker 1: It also showed that he had a broken leg. But

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Speaker 1: while CT scan can tell us a lot, it couldn't

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Speaker 1: tell us who he was. DNA can, So this Jamma

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Speaker 1: study looked at the DNA markers of King Tup ten

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Speaker 1: mummies who are likely to be a skin and five

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Speaker 1: unrelated mummies as control. They were older mummies, so the

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Speaker 1: scientists were looking at the variable regions of DNA to

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Speaker 1: see what exactly got passed from generation to generation, and

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Speaker 1: a match of eight was good enough to establish a

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Speaker 1: blood relation. So they tested each mummy from at least

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Speaker 1: two spots, trying to avoid contamination going deep inside the bone.

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Speaker 1: And they were doing this because the mummies could have

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Speaker 1: been contaminated by the ancient Egyptian priests who actually mummified them,

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Speaker 1: or even the lab people who were working on them,

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Speaker 1: so they had to test them against themselves as well.

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Speaker 1: So there were four mummies that we knew already. We've

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Speaker 1: got tut We've got almen Hotep the third, that great

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Speaker 1: eighteenth dynasty pharaoh, and we know the parents of his

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Speaker 1: wife ty You Yah and to you. So those were

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Speaker 1: the ones that we already that we already had for sure.

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Speaker 1: And then there are lots of mummies that we don't know.

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Speaker 1: There's a male mummy k V fifty found in the

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Speaker 1: Valley of the Kings in nineteen oh seven with a

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Speaker 1: defaced coffin. He's terribly decomposed too well, and he's presumed

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Speaker 1: to be Akna nor even Smenka car A. We also

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Speaker 1: have two female mummies found in eight hidden away in

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Speaker 1: a king's tomb, and they're called the Elder Lady and

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Speaker 1: the Younger Lady. There are also two other female mummies

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Speaker 1: buried in the valley who are presumed to be royalty

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Speaker 1: because of their left arm crossed over their chest. And

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Speaker 1: we've also got two female fetuses found in Tut's tomb

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Speaker 1: who are believed to be his daughter's. So who is who?

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Speaker 1: All right, So first we're going to start with who

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Speaker 1: is Tut's dad? Uh Tut had called Almond Hotep the

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Speaker 1: Third his father, but that was a vague term. It

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Speaker 1: could mean your ancestor, it could mean your grandfather. It

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Speaker 1: didn't have to necessarily mean your actual father. Well, and

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Speaker 1: it wasn't Almand Hotep the Third dead before that was

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Speaker 1: that's what history suggested. So other candidates would be Aknaton

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Speaker 1: or even Smenka Carre, whoever Smenka Cary is, which is

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Speaker 1: going to prove to be a little bit of an

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Speaker 1: issue here. So the results of this millennia old fraternity

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Speaker 1: tests turn out this, so amind Hotep is ninety nine

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Speaker 1: point nine nine for sure. The father of that mystery

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Speaker 1: mummy k V fifty five. K V fifty five is

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Speaker 1: ninety nine point nine nine percent sure the father of

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Speaker 1: King Tut. So there we have three generations of mummies

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Speaker 1: who are related to each other, but we still don't

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Speaker 1: quite know the identities well, and k V fifty five

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Speaker 1: is obviously not Amen Hotep, but because he's the grandfather exactly,

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Speaker 1: so could it be Norton? Could it be smenko Car

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Speaker 1: scientists can't say for sure, but our money is on Acknton,

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Speaker 1: since one we actually know who he is, and two

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Speaker 1: he would have been the right age to have sired

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Speaker 1: Tut since his CT scan showed signs of middle age ailment.

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Speaker 1: So based on circumstantial evidence makes sense well. And initially

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Speaker 1: the scientists had thought that that kV ft five mummy

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Speaker 1: was a young man, maybe only twenty five years old,

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Speaker 1: and due to the number of children that ack Noon

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Speaker 1: had it couldn't have been him. But these middle aged

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Speaker 1: ailments proof that he was probably more like about forty

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Speaker 1: years old. So next we've got to look at Tut's

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Speaker 1: maternal line. If Amenhotep the third is Tut's grandfather, was

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Speaker 1: his wife Queen Tie his grandmother, and to figure this

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Speaker 1: one out. Our scientists compared to the known parents of

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Speaker 1: Queen Tye, who are Yuya and to you? To the

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Speaker 1: so called elder lady, who Sarah said is so well

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Speaker 1: preserved it's scary. No, you should look up a picture

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Speaker 1: of her. She looks like this very very tiny, dry

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Speaker 1: person with lots of hair and a strange sort of

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Speaker 1: sentimental side note on that hair, a lock of it

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Speaker 1: had been found in King Tut's tomb in this little

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Speaker 1: series of nesting coffins, and it was labeled as the

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Speaker 1: hair of Queen Tye. So, uh, we we have is

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Speaker 1: sweet Tut. We have this suggestion that maybe Queen Tie

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Speaker 1: is Tut's grandmother. The DNA results come in the elder

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Speaker 1: lady is the daughter of Yuya and to you, so

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Speaker 1: she is Ti and KVFT is her son. The puzzle

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Speaker 1: pieces are coming together here, So our next question is

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Speaker 1: who is King Tut's mom The younger lady who was

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Speaker 1: found with Tie. Her DNA matches Tuts. But here's where

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Speaker 1: that severely inbred bit from the headlines starts up. The

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Speaker 1: younger lady is also the daughter of Alman Hotep. The

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Speaker 1: third end Tie. We're missing some grand maare We've only

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Speaker 1: got two grandparents, so King Tut's mom and dad are

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Speaker 1: brother and sister. Yeah, and we don't know this woman's name,

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Speaker 1: the younger lady. We do know though, that she's not

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Speaker 1: never Tdi and Kia. So let's go back a little.

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Speaker 1: Let's assume that Tut's father is ack Norton. Ack Norton

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Speaker 1: had two very famous wives, never Teti, who was the

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Speaker 1: subject of our podcast, and Kia, but there's nothing mentioned

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Speaker 1: anywhere about either of them being his sisters, so we

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Speaker 1: can assume that it is a entirely different woman. Um.

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Speaker 1: But because Am and Tup and Tie had several daughters,

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Speaker 1: we're just not sure exactly which one it is. So

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Speaker 1: that's four generations figured out. And that brings us to

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Speaker 1: Tut's own family. So one of the fetuses found in

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Speaker 1: his tomb is definitely his daughter, probably up the other

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Speaker 1: one as well, and their mother, and Tut's wife might

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Speaker 1: be one of the women buried with the crossed arms

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Speaker 1: in the valley. Tut's wife had been described historically as

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Speaker 1: Nefertiti and Aknaton's daughter, and knowing what we know now,

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Speaker 1: this would make her Tout's half sister and even though

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Speaker 1: the babies don't show severe malformations, it's it's possible that

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Speaker 1: the line was by this point too in bred to

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Speaker 1: bring a living air into the world. Yeah, which brings

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Speaker 1: us to another issue that came out of this study.

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Speaker 1: This family had some major malformations tut, especially with his

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Speaker 1: club foot and a deformed toe, is missing a bone um,

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Speaker 1: a cleft palette possibly. Plus he suffered from necrosis, malaria,

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Speaker 1: and a broken leg right before he died. So if

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Speaker 1: you if you add those things in, things like malaria

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Speaker 1: and a broken leg, it starts to seem like this

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Speaker 1: very sickly pharaoh could be taken down pretty easily. He

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Speaker 1: was only nineteen when he died, as we mentioned, and

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Speaker 1: he had at least thirty canes in his tomb, so

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Speaker 1: that makes you think it probably wasn't for decoration. These

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Speaker 1: weren't regal staffs. He likely needed them to walk, which

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Speaker 1: explains why he's so often shown sitting down in portraits

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Speaker 1: of the time. Yeah, and because this family, you know,

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Speaker 1: possibly because this family is so inbred. Malformations abound in

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Speaker 1: lots of his family members. There's a cleft palette and

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Speaker 1: scoliosis and anat in a club foot in Almandhotep, the

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Speaker 1: third scoliosis and club feet in the mummy k V

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Speaker 1: twenty one A who's the younger lady supposed to be

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Speaker 1: Tut's wife. Um, so we have this pile up of

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Speaker 1: of malformations in the family, but there isn't actually a

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Speaker 1: genetic disorder or anything that would have made Anton or

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Speaker 1: Tut androgynus. So that bit is seriously just the style

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Speaker 1: of the art at the time. The feminized art from

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Speaker 1: that period that shows men with what looked like brass

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Speaker 1: sounds very well, yeah, that's just apparently what was what

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Speaker 1: was what was the style if you were if you

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Speaker 1: were drawing. But again we come to our our little

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Speaker 1: bit of controversy. In June, a group of German scientists

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Speaker 1: question this Jama Egyptian study and said that Tut's footbones

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Speaker 1: actually suggest he had sickle cell disease, which is something

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Speaker 1: that can lead to the necrosis the tissue death, and

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Speaker 1: they have called for more studies, which we said, that

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Speaker 1: is how one episode breeds multiple follow ups there exactly,

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Speaker 1: there's always something new that we're finding out. Part two,

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Speaker 1: Part three. So after Tut dies, a queen who is

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Speaker 1: probably his widow pleads to the Hittite king to send

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Speaker 1: her a prince, and the dispatched prince never makes it

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Speaker 1: to her, and we have this brief period of army control,

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Speaker 1: and then finally Egypt passes on to a new pharaoh

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Speaker 1: who's Ramsey is the first and we get the surge

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Speaker 1: of new blood into Egypt. So it makes the thing.

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Speaker 1: I know, people request the Hapsburg gin a lot. You know,

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Speaker 1: we've talked about some of the hapsburg actually, and they're

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Speaker 1: inbreeding but royal infest. You know, it keeps power in

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Speaker 1: the family. But it's a big, big genetic gamble, and

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Speaker 1: certain common is a very good example of that. And

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Speaker 1: that brings us to listener mail. We got an email

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Speaker 1: from Sarah and san Antonio who said that she one

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Speaker 1: loved Arrested Development and two had picked up on four

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Speaker 1: of our references in our pod past. For those of

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Speaker 1: you who have not been inducted into the club of

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Speaker 1: people who adore Arrested Development, pick it up um. But

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Speaker 1: she said she saw a reference to Maggie Lizer and

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Speaker 1: I met a chea Murders episode Hot ham Water in

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Speaker 1: Charlie Chaplin, George Michael in the Creation of Adam and

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Speaker 1: Michaelangelo and the Hot Cops in our art heist episode.

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Speaker 1: We can think of one more that we did um

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Speaker 1: be always from broken Hair, but if you have any others,

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Speaker 1: feel free to send them to us. Our email is

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Speaker 1: History podcast at how stuff works dot com. We also

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Speaker 1: have a Twitter if you'd like to follow us and

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Speaker 1: missed in history, and we have a Facebook fan page.

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Speaker 1: Come and join so you can see what we're up

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Speaker 1: to on a day to day basis. And we also

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Speaker 1: have some more information on King Tut if you want

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Speaker 1: to check it out on the website at www dot

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Speaker 1: how stuff works dot com. It's called was there Really

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Speaker 1: a Curse on King Tut's Tomb? It's a fun one.

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Speaker 1: For more on this and thousands of other topics, visit

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Speaker 1: how stuff works dot com and be sure to check

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Speaker 1: out the stuff you missed in History Glass blog on

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Speaker 1: the how stuff works dot com page.