1 00:00:07,480 --> 00:00:10,920 Speaker 1: Welcome to Creature feature production of I Heart Radio. I'm 2 00:00:10,960 --> 00:00:14,400 Speaker 1: your host of Many Parasites, Katie Golden. I studied psychology 3 00:00:14,440 --> 00:00:17,479 Speaker 1: and evolutionary biology, and today on the show, it's another 4 00:00:17,680 --> 00:00:22,439 Speaker 1: edition of listener questions, from why flies fly like they fly? 5 00:00:22,920 --> 00:00:26,680 Speaker 1: To the mysteries of whale eyes, Discover Them Moors, We 6 00:00:26,720 --> 00:00:31,080 Speaker 1: answer the angel question, what are the sparrows plotting? And 7 00:00:31,240 --> 00:00:33,720 Speaker 1: at the end of the show, I'll reveal the answer 8 00:00:33,800 --> 00:00:38,120 Speaker 1: to last week's Yes, Who's talking Mystery animal sound game? 9 00:00:39,080 --> 00:00:41,240 Speaker 1: So let's get right into it. This is a question 10 00:00:41,280 --> 00:00:45,440 Speaker 1: from Jim. That's j E. M. Hi. Katie just wanted 11 00:00:45,479 --> 00:00:48,400 Speaker 1: to say love the show. I listened nearly every night. 12 00:00:48,840 --> 00:00:51,040 Speaker 1: I've got a nice little question for you. Why do 13 00:00:51,159 --> 00:00:54,639 Speaker 1: flies have such unique flying patterns? Like why can't they 14 00:00:54,680 --> 00:00:57,840 Speaker 1: just fly in a straight line? So this is a 15 00:00:57,920 --> 00:01:01,800 Speaker 1: great question, Jim, and I will answer your question with 16 00:01:01,840 --> 00:01:05,880 Speaker 1: another question, why is it so hard to swat a fly? 17 00:01:06,560 --> 00:01:10,520 Speaker 1: Because it's incredibly difficult to predict their flight path. If 18 00:01:10,520 --> 00:01:12,480 Speaker 1: they flew in a straight line, you'd have a much 19 00:01:12,520 --> 00:01:16,080 Speaker 1: easier time swatting them. Or imagine you're a hungry bird 20 00:01:16,160 --> 00:01:18,440 Speaker 1: or a bat. If they flew in a straight line, 21 00:01:18,440 --> 00:01:20,840 Speaker 1: would be much easier to just scoop them out of 22 00:01:20,840 --> 00:01:23,000 Speaker 1: the air and know where they're going to fly next. 23 00:01:23,440 --> 00:01:27,280 Speaker 1: But by flying in a unique pattern, they evade predators 24 00:01:27,480 --> 00:01:31,520 Speaker 1: and annoyed humans alike. But that's actually not the only 25 00:01:31,600 --> 00:01:33,800 Speaker 1: reason that they don't fly in a straight line, And 26 00:01:33,840 --> 00:01:38,319 Speaker 1: the answer involves a lot of complicated math and interesting neuroscience. 27 00:01:38,920 --> 00:01:41,320 Speaker 1: So have you ever noticed how easy it is for 28 00:01:41,400 --> 00:01:44,080 Speaker 1: a fruit fly to get right on your soda or 29 00:01:44,120 --> 00:01:47,720 Speaker 1: maybe even your glass of wine or your beer. It's 30 00:01:47,800 --> 00:01:50,480 Speaker 1: like they're psychic and they can just hone in on 31 00:01:50,520 --> 00:01:53,440 Speaker 1: your drink as soon as you open it. So neuroscientists 32 00:01:53,440 --> 00:01:56,040 Speaker 1: were also interested in this question, and they did a 33 00:01:56,080 --> 00:01:59,920 Speaker 1: study where they put fruit flies in a dome, trapped 34 00:02:00,000 --> 00:02:03,600 Speaker 1: them in there, and they hid an attractive odor, and 35 00:02:03,640 --> 00:02:07,760 Speaker 1: then they used cameras to track the flies movements. So 36 00:02:08,160 --> 00:02:10,640 Speaker 1: while it may look to us like the flies moving 37 00:02:10,680 --> 00:02:13,960 Speaker 1: at random, it turns out when you actually map their 38 00:02:14,000 --> 00:02:19,160 Speaker 1: flight path, they're moving in a pattern known as Levies distribution, 39 00:02:19,280 --> 00:02:23,359 Speaker 1: which is an algorithm that helps optimize finding the source 40 00:02:23,400 --> 00:02:26,280 Speaker 1: of a stimulus. It's kind of like a game of oh, 41 00:02:26,320 --> 00:02:29,800 Speaker 1: you're getting warmer, you're getting colder. Uh So the fly 42 00:02:30,040 --> 00:02:33,400 Speaker 1: will move in a straight line until the odor starts 43 00:02:33,400 --> 00:02:35,840 Speaker 1: to get fainter, and then they turn in about a 44 00:02:36,040 --> 00:02:39,679 Speaker 1: ninety degree angle, basically turning every time they feel they're 45 00:02:39,680 --> 00:02:43,760 Speaker 1: getting colder. And so they're flying, not in circles or anything, 46 00:02:43,760 --> 00:02:47,600 Speaker 1: but these little squares trying to hone in on that 47 00:02:47,680 --> 00:02:50,320 Speaker 1: odor that they are hoping will be a tasty treat. 48 00:02:51,040 --> 00:02:54,680 Speaker 1: So to us, it looks random without knowing what's going 49 00:02:54,800 --> 00:02:58,320 Speaker 1: on in the fruit flies brain, and it looks very jittery. 50 00:02:58,400 --> 00:03:01,880 Speaker 1: It looks like they're very whulsive. But it's really calculated 51 00:03:02,240 --> 00:03:06,840 Speaker 1: way to uh locate a source of a pleasant odor 52 00:03:06,960 --> 00:03:10,280 Speaker 1: for the fly. And it also has the added advantage 53 00:03:10,320 --> 00:03:13,839 Speaker 1: of making it much harder to swap them or catch them. 54 00:03:14,320 --> 00:03:18,640 Speaker 1: So it's a great both as a survival strategy and 55 00:03:18,800 --> 00:03:25,560 Speaker 1: as a resource location strategy. All right, onto the next question, 56 00:03:25,600 --> 00:03:30,960 Speaker 1: and this is from Sadie. Hi, Katie, Satie and Katie. Firstly, 57 00:03:31,120 --> 00:03:33,960 Speaker 1: i appreciate your show so much. I'm an artist and 58 00:03:34,000 --> 00:03:36,160 Speaker 1: I'm obsessed with all things nature and fun facts in 59 00:03:36,160 --> 00:03:39,080 Speaker 1: the podcast makes long days in the studio much more enjoyable. 60 00:03:39,480 --> 00:03:43,760 Speaker 1: Thank you. So, first question, I've been thinking about sleep 61 00:03:43,840 --> 00:03:46,160 Speaker 1: and activity routines of the animals in my neck of 62 00:03:46,200 --> 00:03:48,920 Speaker 1: the woods, and I was curious if which animals change 63 00:03:48,960 --> 00:03:52,240 Speaker 1: those habits at different life stages. Are there other animals 64 00:03:52,280 --> 00:03:55,880 Speaker 1: that are categorized as nocturnal at one stage than diurnal 65 00:03:56,000 --> 00:03:59,320 Speaker 1: or crepuscular at another. I love that there's always someone 66 00:03:59,360 --> 00:04:02,040 Speaker 1: out and about snacking and exploring at any time of 67 00:04:02,120 --> 00:04:05,440 Speaker 1: day or night. So first let me before I move 68 00:04:05,440 --> 00:04:09,240 Speaker 1: on to city a second question. I will answer that 69 00:04:09,440 --> 00:04:14,240 Speaker 1: first question. So, yeah, there are animals whose circadian rhythms 70 00:04:14,320 --> 00:04:18,080 Speaker 1: changes based on life stages. So a major example is 71 00:04:18,120 --> 00:04:22,279 Speaker 1: the larvae of a variety of diverse sea animals. So 72 00:04:22,440 --> 00:04:25,719 Speaker 1: fish and marine invertebrates like jellyfish will go through a 73 00:04:25,760 --> 00:04:30,120 Speaker 1: life stage of being very very extremely teeny tiny. So, 74 00:04:30,440 --> 00:04:33,480 Speaker 1: and this is what zooplankton is. Zooplankton is often not 75 00:04:33,680 --> 00:04:38,480 Speaker 1: just um, a microorganism that has already grown as big 76 00:04:38,480 --> 00:04:41,520 Speaker 1: as it will ever get. It's also a number of 77 00:04:41,839 --> 00:04:46,760 Speaker 1: baby baby animals like that. They are called larvae, and 78 00:04:46,800 --> 00:04:50,039 Speaker 1: this includes fish. It'll look like a big fish as 79 00:04:50,040 --> 00:04:52,480 Speaker 1: an adult, but when they're fry, they're so tiny. Sometimes 80 00:04:52,480 --> 00:04:56,120 Speaker 1: they're even transparent. And it can also be jellyfish and 81 00:04:56,240 --> 00:05:00,159 Speaker 1: other invertebrates in the ocean, and when they are this 82 00:05:00,320 --> 00:05:05,240 Speaker 1: teeny and tiny zooplankton is an extremely appetizing source of 83 00:05:05,360 --> 00:05:11,040 Speaker 1: nutrition for potential predators. They're completely defenseless. Uh. And so 84 00:05:11,440 --> 00:05:15,480 Speaker 1: while they're this small, they make a mass migration up 85 00:05:15,520 --> 00:05:18,760 Speaker 1: and down the water column, so they're not easy prey 86 00:05:18,880 --> 00:05:23,000 Speaker 1: during daylight. So at night, millions upon millions of teeny 87 00:05:23,080 --> 00:05:27,839 Speaker 1: tiny microscopic sea babies come from the dark depths of 88 00:05:27,880 --> 00:05:31,799 Speaker 1: the ocean up to the surface to feed on detritus. 89 00:05:31,800 --> 00:05:35,520 Speaker 1: So it is the largest daily mass migration of animals 90 00:05:35,520 --> 00:05:38,600 Speaker 1: in the world. And as adults, when they become bigger, 91 00:05:38,640 --> 00:05:42,360 Speaker 1: they don't need to do this daily migration because they're 92 00:05:42,800 --> 00:05:45,160 Speaker 1: big enough to defend themselves that at least they're not 93 00:05:45,400 --> 00:05:50,400 Speaker 1: easily eaten through a straw. So uh. Now, Sadie had 94 00:05:50,400 --> 00:05:54,520 Speaker 1: a second question, so this is her second part of 95 00:05:54,640 --> 00:05:57,799 Speaker 1: the email. The other thing I was wondering about comes 96 00:05:57,839 --> 00:06:00,479 Speaker 1: from a couple of recent episodes of Radio Lab called 97 00:06:00,520 --> 00:06:04,239 Speaker 1: Everyone's Got One and The Unsilencing, both super mind blowing 98 00:06:04,240 --> 00:06:07,400 Speaker 1: and amazing about placnsus and immune systems. In more. I'm 99 00:06:07,400 --> 00:06:09,240 Speaker 1: probably going to get some of this wrong, as I'm 100 00:06:09,240 --> 00:06:13,120 Speaker 1: not a scientist and my listening comprehension is not well, 101 00:06:13,120 --> 00:06:15,880 Speaker 1: that makes two of us. But basically they were talking 102 00:06:15,920 --> 00:06:18,760 Speaker 1: about the way that the X chromosome has more of 103 00:06:18,800 --> 00:06:23,000 Speaker 1: the instructions for immune related activity, and as a result, 104 00:06:23,120 --> 00:06:26,680 Speaker 1: many women and other people with two X chromosomes have 105 00:06:26,839 --> 00:06:31,640 Speaker 1: stronger immune systems, but also are more prone to autoimmune disorders. 106 00:06:32,080 --> 00:06:35,200 Speaker 1: I'm now realizing that I'm not sure if other animals 107 00:06:35,320 --> 00:06:39,040 Speaker 1: even have a similar chromosomal situation as we have with 108 00:06:39,160 --> 00:06:42,120 Speaker 1: the X is and wise, but if so, do females 109 00:06:42,160 --> 00:06:46,320 Speaker 1: of other species also have a stronger immune system on average. 110 00:06:46,680 --> 00:06:50,159 Speaker 1: They discussed how there's immunosuppression that happens during pregnancy so 111 00:06:50,320 --> 00:06:53,440 Speaker 1: the pregnant person's immune system doesn't attack the fetus. So 112 00:06:53,480 --> 00:06:55,880 Speaker 1: I was also wondering if there was a difference between 113 00:06:55,920 --> 00:06:59,280 Speaker 1: animals that carry their offspring versus those who lay eggs. 114 00:06:59,480 --> 00:07:01,040 Speaker 1: I know that's a lot of stuff, but I've been 115 00:07:01,080 --> 00:07:03,160 Speaker 1: wondering about it for like a week and couldn't think 116 00:07:03,160 --> 00:07:06,520 Speaker 1: of anyone else who might be up for exploring it. Uh. 117 00:07:06,560 --> 00:07:10,040 Speaker 1: And then she attached a picture of her little puppy, 118 00:07:10,200 --> 00:07:14,400 Speaker 1: Mango and some of her hands, and they are adorable. Actually, 119 00:07:14,440 --> 00:07:17,000 Speaker 1: her dog, Mango looks a little bit like a new 120 00:07:17,040 --> 00:07:21,360 Speaker 1: guinea singing dog, very very gorgeous. Uh so uh yeah. 121 00:07:21,400 --> 00:07:24,400 Speaker 1: So in answer to the second question about X and 122 00:07:24,520 --> 00:07:28,160 Speaker 1: Y chromosomes and immune systems, Uh, First, all kind of 123 00:07:28,240 --> 00:07:32,880 Speaker 1: quickly go over how X and Y works in animals, 124 00:07:32,880 --> 00:07:36,000 Speaker 1: and it's true not all animals have X and Y 125 00:07:36,120 --> 00:07:42,360 Speaker 1: chromosomes as their sex determination system. Um, but humans do. 126 00:07:42,440 --> 00:07:45,640 Speaker 1: We have the X and Y system. So uh, female 127 00:07:46,240 --> 00:07:48,880 Speaker 1: will have two xes and male will have an X 128 00:07:48,880 --> 00:07:53,200 Speaker 1: and a Y. And most mammals also have this system, uh, 129 00:07:53,280 --> 00:07:58,160 Speaker 1: including some other non mammalian species. Bizarrely enough, this includes 130 00:07:58,200 --> 00:08:04,320 Speaker 1: fruit flies and turtles. In animals with X Y sex determination, 131 00:08:04,600 --> 00:08:09,160 Speaker 1: being female is the default. In male uh is one 132 00:08:09,600 --> 00:08:14,840 Speaker 1: that hy chromosome is introduced, So some mammals, though, aren't 133 00:08:15,080 --> 00:08:20,760 Speaker 1: X Y. The exceptions in the mammal kingdom include spiny rats, 134 00:08:20,800 --> 00:08:24,200 Speaker 1: some species of bats, and some shrews who actually have 135 00:08:24,320 --> 00:08:28,160 Speaker 1: an X O system. Doesn't mean they do cute kisses, 136 00:08:28,200 --> 00:08:31,960 Speaker 1: although that's BET's do do some version of kissing, I guess, 137 00:08:32,559 --> 00:08:35,480 Speaker 1: but know what that means uh is Instead of an 138 00:08:35,640 --> 00:08:39,319 Speaker 1: X Y system, sex is not determined by the presence 139 00:08:39,360 --> 00:08:41,400 Speaker 1: of a Y chromosome. In's fact, they don't have a 140 00:08:41,520 --> 00:08:44,600 Speaker 1: Y chromosome at all. It is determined by the lack 141 00:08:44,679 --> 00:08:48,920 Speaker 1: of a second X chromosome, so males will have one 142 00:08:49,280 --> 00:08:52,920 Speaker 1: X and females will have two x is. Dos a 143 00:08:53,040 --> 00:08:57,200 Speaker 1: kys drink live dangerously? Wait, how did that add? Go? 144 00:08:57,720 --> 00:09:02,880 Speaker 1: Dos A keys? Oh, stay thirsty, my friends, dos a kiss. 145 00:09:03,440 --> 00:09:07,760 Speaker 1: But that means you're female if you're of that are 146 00:09:07,920 --> 00:09:12,240 Speaker 1: true anyways. Another type of sex determination system is the 147 00:09:12,440 --> 00:09:16,320 Speaker 1: Z W system, so this is present in birds as 148 00:09:16,360 --> 00:09:19,800 Speaker 1: well as some species of fish, insects, lizards, and snakes. 149 00:09:19,840 --> 00:09:23,280 Speaker 1: This is basically the opposite of the X Y system. 150 00:09:23,520 --> 00:09:28,040 Speaker 1: Females have a Z and a W chromosome, whereas males 151 00:09:28,200 --> 00:09:31,840 Speaker 1: have to Z chromosomes. Uh, don't get too caught up 152 00:09:32,080 --> 00:09:36,040 Speaker 1: on like the then the type of letter used to 153 00:09:36,160 --> 00:09:39,280 Speaker 1: describe these chromosomes, like, the chromosomes aren't shaped like a 154 00:09:39,400 --> 00:09:42,760 Speaker 1: Z or W, just like the X and Y chromosomes 155 00:09:42,800 --> 00:09:45,200 Speaker 1: aren't really shaped like an X and and Y. The 156 00:09:45,240 --> 00:09:48,280 Speaker 1: only time chromosomes really look like an X are when 157 00:09:48,360 --> 00:09:52,280 Speaker 1: they're in a stage of mitosis or myosis where they 158 00:09:52,280 --> 00:09:55,559 Speaker 1: cross over um. The just the different letters are to 159 00:09:55,679 --> 00:10:01,880 Speaker 1: distinguish different types of of sex determ nation systems. And 160 00:10:02,160 --> 00:10:05,720 Speaker 1: that the chromosomes will work differently depending on the types 161 00:10:05,800 --> 00:10:09,920 Speaker 1: of sex determination system. But yeah, so to recap humans 162 00:10:10,040 --> 00:10:12,720 Speaker 1: and most other mammals, as well as some other species 163 00:10:13,280 --> 00:10:17,560 Speaker 1: are xx female and x y male. A few rare 164 00:10:17,679 --> 00:10:20,120 Speaker 1: mammals as well as a lot of arachnids, and some 165 00:10:20,200 --> 00:10:23,400 Speaker 1: insects have a system where a single X as male 166 00:10:23,760 --> 00:10:27,640 Speaker 1: and two x is are female. Birds, some fish, some 167 00:10:27,720 --> 00:10:31,560 Speaker 1: reptiles have a z W system where females are ZW 168 00:10:31,679 --> 00:10:36,400 Speaker 1: and males are z Z. So uh Sadie, your dog 169 00:10:36,480 --> 00:10:39,360 Speaker 1: mango is going to have a an xx or x 170 00:10:39,520 --> 00:10:43,240 Speaker 1: Y determination system, whereas your chickens are going to have 171 00:10:43,360 --> 00:10:48,040 Speaker 1: a z W or zz sex determination system. Uh So. 172 00:10:48,280 --> 00:10:52,640 Speaker 1: Not all animals have the same type of sex determination chromosomes, 173 00:10:52,640 --> 00:10:56,320 Speaker 1: but there are animals where immunology does differ based on 174 00:10:56,360 --> 00:11:00,800 Speaker 1: their chromosomes or based on their sex. Uh So. As 175 00:11:00,880 --> 00:11:05,400 Speaker 1: most mammals share the X Y chromosomal system same as humans, 176 00:11:05,520 --> 00:11:08,240 Speaker 1: it could be that the X chromosome also codes for 177 00:11:08,360 --> 00:11:12,200 Speaker 1: immunity in many mammals, and there's certainly evidence that females 178 00:11:12,240 --> 00:11:16,400 Speaker 1: and many mammalian species have stronger immune systems that can 179 00:11:16,440 --> 00:11:19,600 Speaker 1: be tracked to the level of gene transcription, which seems 180 00:11:19,640 --> 00:11:21,719 Speaker 1: to imply that yes, it has something to do with 181 00:11:21,800 --> 00:11:26,240 Speaker 1: the sex chromosome UH, and like in humans, fruit flies 182 00:11:26,320 --> 00:11:29,839 Speaker 1: actually have immune systems that are coded by the X chromosomes, 183 00:11:30,120 --> 00:11:33,760 Speaker 1: and thus gives female fruit flies a benefit. Even in 184 00:11:33,880 --> 00:11:36,959 Speaker 1: animals who don't have the X y x X sex 185 00:11:37,000 --> 00:11:40,640 Speaker 1: determination system UH, such as the animals that use the 186 00:11:40,720 --> 00:11:46,400 Speaker 1: ZW system, there's still examples of immunological differences between the sexes. 187 00:11:46,559 --> 00:11:51,440 Speaker 1: So in lizards, increased androgens and males can suppress their 188 00:11:51,480 --> 00:11:55,800 Speaker 1: immune system compared to females, and female birds have as 189 00:11:55,840 --> 00:12:01,880 Speaker 1: stronger antibody response to pathogens and Sadie, yes, you are 190 00:12:01,920 --> 00:12:07,239 Speaker 1: absolutely right about autoimmune disorders. So having a stronger immune 191 00:12:07,280 --> 00:12:13,479 Speaker 1: system may benefit females in terms of viruses and diseases 192 00:12:14,679 --> 00:12:19,880 Speaker 1: and um. While having a stronger immune system may benefit 193 00:12:20,000 --> 00:12:24,080 Speaker 1: females in terms of viruses and diseases, a more pumped 194 00:12:24,160 --> 00:12:28,360 Speaker 1: up immune response also risks an overreaction to say, a 195 00:12:28,400 --> 00:12:34,640 Speaker 1: relatively harmless pathogen or even just normal UH biological UH 196 00:12:34,920 --> 00:12:38,360 Speaker 1: processes in your own body. There are examples of people 197 00:12:38,480 --> 00:12:42,800 Speaker 1: being allergic to, say, their own hair follicles, so this 198 00:12:42,960 --> 00:12:46,760 Speaker 1: can cause an autoimmune disease. So in fact, about seventy 199 00:12:46,840 --> 00:12:52,120 Speaker 1: eight percent of people with autoimmune diseases are women. Unfortunately, 200 00:12:52,160 --> 00:12:54,199 Speaker 1: I have checked out this study. It looks like the 201 00:12:54,360 --> 00:12:58,079 Speaker 1: data available doesn't really break down in terms of say, 202 00:12:58,120 --> 00:13:01,200 Speaker 1: like CIS women or trans women are people assigned female 203 00:13:01,200 --> 00:13:04,240 Speaker 1: at birth. So there's some missing data there that would 204 00:13:04,240 --> 00:13:06,400 Speaker 1: be really important in terms of linking this trend to 205 00:13:06,640 --> 00:13:12,160 Speaker 1: chromosomes as opposed to say hormones or lifestyle. Um, but 206 00:13:12,200 --> 00:13:14,880 Speaker 1: it it is. It is an interesting trend and one 207 00:13:14,960 --> 00:13:17,600 Speaker 1: that I would think may have something to do with 208 00:13:18,080 --> 00:13:23,760 Speaker 1: sex chromosomes, so anecdotally, which is not scientific. But I 209 00:13:23,840 --> 00:13:28,280 Speaker 1: just moved to a new country. I moved to Italy, 210 00:13:28,600 --> 00:13:32,240 Speaker 1: which has triggered my allergies because of all the new 211 00:13:32,280 --> 00:13:36,240 Speaker 1: species of plants and pollen. But my husband is just 212 00:13:36,320 --> 00:13:40,320 Speaker 1: completely fine, which is really frustrating because I'm just sniffling 213 00:13:40,320 --> 00:13:42,760 Speaker 1: and he had a little bit of sniffles at first. 214 00:13:43,200 --> 00:13:46,560 Speaker 1: Now my nose is just like a faucet. Uh. And yeah, 215 00:13:46,720 --> 00:13:50,400 Speaker 1: I'm I guess just trying to get used to the 216 00:13:50,480 --> 00:13:52,800 Speaker 1: local pollen. I'm going to have to talk with some 217 00:13:52,920 --> 00:13:56,680 Speaker 1: bees see how they do it. Uh. Yeah, But thank 218 00:13:56,679 --> 00:13:59,280 Speaker 1: you so much Sadie for writing in for and for 219 00:13:59,320 --> 00:14:02,280 Speaker 1: your wonderful at pictures. I hope you continue to enjoy 220 00:14:02,320 --> 00:14:06,000 Speaker 1: the show. We are going to take a real quick break, 221 00:14:06,160 --> 00:14:10,480 Speaker 1: but when we get back, we have even more listener questions. 222 00:14:17,320 --> 00:14:19,920 Speaker 1: All right, and we are back, and we have even 223 00:14:20,040 --> 00:14:24,680 Speaker 1: more sex shenanigans to talk about. So this question is 224 00:14:24,840 --> 00:14:29,120 Speaker 1: from Jake uh So, Katie. First off, I love your 225 00:14:29,120 --> 00:14:30,960 Speaker 1: show and I went all the way back to the 226 00:14:31,000 --> 00:14:33,600 Speaker 1: beginning and listen to every single episode. Oh thank you, Jake. 227 00:14:34,000 --> 00:14:36,680 Speaker 1: It is very educational and I love learning while I'm 228 00:14:36,680 --> 00:14:39,720 Speaker 1: working anyway. I work in a military maintenance shop and 229 00:14:39,720 --> 00:14:42,680 Speaker 1: for some reason the subject of dog fertility came about. 230 00:14:43,160 --> 00:14:45,520 Speaker 1: Is it possible for a dog to have puppies from 231 00:14:45,600 --> 00:14:49,360 Speaker 1: multiple different sires? Like could my buddies husky have puppies 232 00:14:49,400 --> 00:14:52,600 Speaker 1: from a lab and a Rottwiler and others? If you 233 00:14:52,640 --> 00:14:54,880 Speaker 1: could help us out on this conundrum, that would be awesome. 234 00:14:55,000 --> 00:14:56,960 Speaker 1: Keep doing what you're doing, and we love the show, 235 00:14:57,000 --> 00:15:01,440 Speaker 1: thank you. So yes, dogs can apps aolutely have puppies 236 00:15:01,480 --> 00:15:06,120 Speaker 1: from multiple sires. This is called super fecundation. This is 237 00:15:06,160 --> 00:15:11,160 Speaker 1: the fertilization of multiple eggs from multiple sperm from different 238 00:15:11,320 --> 00:15:16,120 Speaker 1: sexual encounters. So this actually happens in many different animals 239 00:15:16,160 --> 00:15:21,200 Speaker 1: and very rarely also humans. As long as there are 240 00:15:21,400 --> 00:15:26,600 Speaker 1: multiple eggs released into the uterus and multiple sperm introduced 241 00:15:26,640 --> 00:15:31,600 Speaker 1: into the sexual reproductive tract, more than one egg can 242 00:15:31,680 --> 00:15:36,760 Speaker 1: be fertilized and just stayed around the same time. One 243 00:15:36,840 --> 00:15:39,840 Speaker 1: thing this can mean is that these same father can 244 00:15:39,880 --> 00:15:45,120 Speaker 1: have sexual intercourse on different occasions and with the mother 245 00:15:45,480 --> 00:15:49,960 Speaker 1: create twins that would be conceived on different days. This 246 00:15:50,080 --> 00:15:54,160 Speaker 1: can also mean multiple fathers could be responsible for twins 247 00:15:54,800 --> 00:15:59,400 Speaker 1: or siblings born on the same day. And unlike humans, 248 00:15:59,720 --> 00:16:03,720 Speaker 1: dog have litters of multiple puppies at once. Well, okay, 249 00:16:03,800 --> 00:16:09,640 Speaker 1: humans can have twins, but the norm for humans is 250 00:16:09,720 --> 00:16:12,960 Speaker 1: to have one offspring at a time. But yes, twins, 251 00:16:13,200 --> 00:16:17,840 Speaker 1: even quintuplets, sex tuplets, octuplets, I don't know how else 252 00:16:18,000 --> 00:16:25,800 Speaker 1: how further up to count in tuplets, no tuplets, nine tops, 253 00:16:25,840 --> 00:16:29,600 Speaker 1: I don't know anyways. So yes, humans can have more 254 00:16:29,640 --> 00:16:32,600 Speaker 1: than one offspring out once, but typically it's just one offspring. 255 00:16:32,640 --> 00:16:36,680 Speaker 1: But dogs typically do have multiple offspring at once, which 256 00:16:36,840 --> 00:16:40,560 Speaker 1: makes it more likely for dogs versus humans for a 257 00:16:40,640 --> 00:16:45,080 Speaker 1: super fecundation to happen. So as long as the male 258 00:16:45,240 --> 00:16:48,520 Speaker 1: dogs each mate with the female while she is fertile. 259 00:16:49,040 --> 00:16:51,920 Speaker 1: You could get a litter of puppies that have different 260 00:16:52,040 --> 00:16:56,080 Speaker 1: dog fathers and are even different breed mixes. So you 261 00:16:56,120 --> 00:16:59,760 Speaker 1: could have one dog that's like half lab and and 262 00:17:00,200 --> 00:17:03,560 Speaker 1: a half you know, Schnauzer. I don't know if a 263 00:17:03,640 --> 00:17:08,639 Speaker 1: Schnauzer in a lab anyways, So yes, it can happen. 264 00:17:09,040 --> 00:17:14,040 Speaker 1: It's the point which is really really interesting. So onto 265 00:17:14,160 --> 00:17:19,040 Speaker 1: the next question. Uh, this is from Laura and it 266 00:17:19,119 --> 00:17:24,560 Speaker 1: is about some birds Shenanigans. Hello, all summer, I have 267 00:17:24,680 --> 00:17:27,760 Speaker 1: been wondering about our crazy backyard birds. We live in 268 00:17:27,760 --> 00:17:30,359 Speaker 1: a small village in Michigan, and every evening we have 269 00:17:30,480 --> 00:17:33,680 Speaker 1: a huge flock of how sparrows gather in our two 270 00:17:33,800 --> 00:17:38,160 Speaker 1: maple trees in our backyard. They are very loud and 271 00:17:38,200 --> 00:17:41,760 Speaker 1: we can see feathers and poop raining down on our backyard. 272 00:17:42,200 --> 00:17:45,800 Speaker 1: I love bird o'clock and come outside every day to 273 00:17:45,880 --> 00:17:48,520 Speaker 1: listen to their party. But I am curious about what 274 00:17:48,560 --> 00:17:51,639 Speaker 1: they are doing. It happens all summer, so I don't 275 00:17:51,640 --> 00:17:55,480 Speaker 1: think they are mating. They sometimes seem to be fighting 276 00:17:55,480 --> 00:17:58,440 Speaker 1: with each other, although over what I have no idea. 277 00:17:58,960 --> 00:18:02,320 Speaker 1: Sometimes after dark, if I come outside, I hear them 278 00:18:02,320 --> 00:18:05,400 Speaker 1: stir so maybe they're roosting in our trees. They seem 279 00:18:05,480 --> 00:18:07,919 Speaker 1: like a pretty social bird from what I watch at 280 00:18:07,920 --> 00:18:10,720 Speaker 1: our bird feeders, so maybe they're just interacting with each other. 281 00:18:11,160 --> 00:18:14,600 Speaker 1: Just curious if you have any insight. Regardless of what 282 00:18:14,640 --> 00:18:17,119 Speaker 1: they are doing, I love them and am honored they 283 00:18:17,200 --> 00:18:20,879 Speaker 1: choose our trees for their birdie raves. Thank you so 284 00:18:20,960 --> 00:18:23,800 Speaker 1: much for the podcast. It has kept me company during 285 00:18:23,800 --> 00:18:29,760 Speaker 1: many chores. Thank you, Laura. Yes, so, how sparrows are 286 00:18:29,880 --> 00:18:33,880 Speaker 1: some of the most noisy little party ers I've ever heard? Uh. 287 00:18:33,920 --> 00:18:38,280 Speaker 1: They are indeed extremely social and gregarious, and it's definitely 288 00:18:38,440 --> 00:18:42,199 Speaker 1: not limited to mating seasons. In fact, when it is 289 00:18:42,280 --> 00:18:46,400 Speaker 1: mating season, they are less social in terms of big groups, 290 00:18:46,640 --> 00:18:51,240 Speaker 1: so they like to roost communally and just hang out 291 00:18:51,320 --> 00:18:54,440 Speaker 1: together in general. So part of this is safety numbers. 292 00:18:54,560 --> 00:18:58,399 Speaker 1: Sparrows are cute little snacks, but a large part of 293 00:18:58,440 --> 00:19:02,040 Speaker 1: it just seems to be they really desire each other's company. 294 00:19:02,080 --> 00:19:06,640 Speaker 1: They also enjoy bird o'clock. So the reason this happens 295 00:19:06,720 --> 00:19:10,440 Speaker 1: every evening is that they are on a schedule. They 296 00:19:10,520 --> 00:19:14,920 Speaker 1: engage in social singing and communal chirping right before they 297 00:19:14,920 --> 00:19:18,040 Speaker 1: settle in for the night and also right before they 298 00:19:18,200 --> 00:19:21,080 Speaker 1: leave the roost in the morning, So this seems to 299 00:19:21,160 --> 00:19:25,840 Speaker 1: strengthen the social fabric. It works out little disagreements without violence, 300 00:19:25,880 --> 00:19:29,480 Speaker 1: and it can help the birds form closer bonds, which 301 00:19:29,520 --> 00:19:32,159 Speaker 1: can be important for the birds because sometimes they'll like 302 00:19:32,280 --> 00:19:36,160 Speaker 1: follow each other to food sources and this it just 303 00:19:36,240 --> 00:19:40,000 Speaker 1: helps them sort of act as a little bird community. 304 00:19:40,280 --> 00:19:44,359 Speaker 1: But during mating and nesting seasons, the birds are actually 305 00:19:44,480 --> 00:19:48,280 Speaker 1: less social and they will break off into pairs, and 306 00:19:48,359 --> 00:19:51,760 Speaker 1: when they're choosing their nesting spots, they can be really 307 00:19:51,800 --> 00:19:55,679 Speaker 1: really aggressive. I read one account of a sparrow I 308 00:19:55,720 --> 00:19:58,119 Speaker 1: guess killed a rival. Now I'm not sure if it 309 00:19:58,200 --> 00:20:00,760 Speaker 1: was a fellow sparrow or another bird's species, because they 310 00:20:00,760 --> 00:20:04,080 Speaker 1: can be very very aggressive towards other bird species. But 311 00:20:04,200 --> 00:20:06,880 Speaker 1: it killed this other bird and then just built its 312 00:20:06,920 --> 00:20:09,920 Speaker 1: new nest right on top of this other bird, which 313 00:20:10,000 --> 00:20:13,760 Speaker 1: is kind of a real interesting horror movie from a 314 00:20:13,760 --> 00:20:17,400 Speaker 1: bird's perspective. I guess, like a house built on the 315 00:20:17,440 --> 00:20:19,920 Speaker 1: grave of someone you murdered and you raise your kids 316 00:20:19,920 --> 00:20:24,320 Speaker 1: in it. Real messed up birds, real weird. You know 317 00:20:24,359 --> 00:20:30,000 Speaker 1: what's interesting is another species or multiple species of animals 318 00:20:30,040 --> 00:20:34,400 Speaker 1: that also do communal roosting our bats, and they also 319 00:20:34,640 --> 00:20:37,879 Speaker 1: chatter with each other there. They tend to actually be 320 00:20:37,920 --> 00:20:42,320 Speaker 1: a lot more chill than something like a sparrow. They have, 321 00:20:42,960 --> 00:20:45,560 Speaker 1: they don't get into too many fights. There's a lot 322 00:20:45,600 --> 00:20:51,879 Speaker 1: of uh communal cooperation, like communal alloparenting, which means that 323 00:20:51,920 --> 00:20:55,679 Speaker 1: they're raised helping raise each other's young and even sharing 324 00:20:55,720 --> 00:20:59,680 Speaker 1: food and resources. So it's really interesting to me. I 325 00:20:59,720 --> 00:21:04,159 Speaker 1: don't know if you ever read Stella Luna as a child, 326 00:21:04,359 --> 00:21:07,400 Speaker 1: but this, uh, this idea of this little bat being 327 00:21:07,440 --> 00:21:12,199 Speaker 1: adopted by these cute little birdies, it's I don't know 328 00:21:12,240 --> 00:21:15,320 Speaker 1: if that would really happen. I think, uh, I think 329 00:21:15,359 --> 00:21:19,000 Speaker 1: that bat would be dead meat. And on the other hand, 330 00:21:19,040 --> 00:21:21,600 Speaker 1: I feel like bats are pretty chill. They get a 331 00:21:21,640 --> 00:21:25,400 Speaker 1: bad reputation, but birds, generally speaking a little more high 332 00:21:25,400 --> 00:21:29,120 Speaker 1: strung than bats. So we're actually gonna take a real 333 00:21:29,200 --> 00:21:32,840 Speaker 1: quick break, and when we return, we have one more 334 00:21:32,920 --> 00:21:37,240 Speaker 1: question about whale eyes, and then I will reveal the 335 00:21:37,440 --> 00:21:48,440 Speaker 1: mystery animals sound from last week. Alright, so this question 336 00:21:48,560 --> 00:21:51,520 Speaker 1: is from Kevin, Lauren and Natalie. You guys wrote some 337 00:21:51,560 --> 00:21:54,480 Speaker 1: really nice compliments and I really appreciate that. Um, but 338 00:21:54,680 --> 00:21:58,960 Speaker 1: right onto the question here. It is I have a question. 339 00:21:59,040 --> 00:22:01,879 Speaker 1: I'm reading Moby Dick and came across this part where 340 00:22:01,960 --> 00:22:05,879 Speaker 1: Melville describes the orientation of the sperm whale's eyes and 341 00:22:05,960 --> 00:22:09,000 Speaker 1: how they see, And so here is the quote from 342 00:22:09,240 --> 00:22:13,600 Speaker 1: Moby Dick. Moreover, while in most other animals that I 343 00:22:13,640 --> 00:22:17,120 Speaker 1: can now think of, the eyes are so planted as 344 00:22:17,320 --> 00:22:21,880 Speaker 1: imperceptibly to blend their visual power so as to produce 345 00:22:22,040 --> 00:22:26,320 Speaker 1: one picture, and not too to the brain. The peculiar 346 00:22:26,400 --> 00:22:30,480 Speaker 1: position of the whale's eyes effectually divided as they are, 347 00:22:30,640 --> 00:22:34,920 Speaker 1: by many cubic feet of solid head, which towers between 348 00:22:34,960 --> 00:22:39,160 Speaker 1: them like a great mountain separating two lakes and valleys. 349 00:22:39,840 --> 00:22:44,399 Speaker 1: This of course, must wholly separate the impressions which each 350 00:22:44,480 --> 00:22:49,720 Speaker 1: independent organ imparts. The whale therefore must see one distinct 351 00:22:49,880 --> 00:22:54,000 Speaker 1: picture on this side and another distinct picture on that side, 352 00:22:54,440 --> 00:22:59,320 Speaker 1: while all between must be profound darkness and nothingness. To him. 353 00:22:59,520 --> 00:23:02,439 Speaker 1: Man in effect be said to look out on the 354 00:23:02,480 --> 00:23:07,199 Speaker 1: world from a sentry box with two jointed sashes for 355 00:23:07,320 --> 00:23:10,640 Speaker 1: his windows. But with the whale, these two sashes are 356 00:23:10,720 --> 00:23:16,520 Speaker 1: separately inserted, making two distinct windows, but sadly impairing the view. 357 00:23:17,280 --> 00:23:21,000 Speaker 1: This peculiarity of the whale's eyes is a thing always 358 00:23:21,040 --> 00:23:23,520 Speaker 1: to be borne in mind in the fishery and to 359 00:23:23,600 --> 00:23:28,640 Speaker 1: be remembered by the reader in some subsequent scenes. So 360 00:23:29,440 --> 00:23:32,760 Speaker 1: they go on to ask is this how a sperm 361 00:23:32,800 --> 00:23:36,720 Speaker 1: whale would actually process what it sees? He describes it 362 00:23:36,760 --> 00:23:39,360 Speaker 1: as if the whale sees in the brain two distinct 363 00:23:39,400 --> 00:23:42,399 Speaker 1: images as their eyes are set on opposite sides of 364 00:23:42,400 --> 00:23:45,960 Speaker 1: their head. I assumed that the animals with eyes set 365 00:23:46,000 --> 00:23:47,760 Speaker 1: on the sides of their head, like deer and whales, 366 00:23:47,760 --> 00:23:50,760 Speaker 1: see in a way not that dissimilar to how humans do. 367 00:23:51,240 --> 00:23:53,560 Speaker 1: Now that I'm writing this email, I don't know if 368 00:23:53,560 --> 00:23:56,720 Speaker 1: I understand how human brains process the information they received 369 00:23:56,760 --> 00:23:59,280 Speaker 1: from the eyes. At some point, our brain combines what 370 00:23:59,280 --> 00:24:02,359 Speaker 1: we see into one's signal or image, processes that information 371 00:24:02,840 --> 00:24:05,119 Speaker 1: and that is what we see. Does the sperm whale 372 00:24:05,160 --> 00:24:07,399 Speaker 1: not do the same thing. They would just have a 373 00:24:07,480 --> 00:24:09,720 Speaker 1: larger blind spot directly in front of their head and 374 00:24:09,760 --> 00:24:13,320 Speaker 1: a greater view of what is behind or beside them. Well, 375 00:24:13,400 --> 00:24:14,919 Speaker 1: this email is longer than I thought I would be. 376 00:24:14,960 --> 00:24:17,600 Speaker 1: Thanks again for the great pod. So again this is 377 00:24:17,600 --> 00:24:19,920 Speaker 1: from Kevin, Lauren and Natalie. Thank you so much guys 378 00:24:19,960 --> 00:24:24,000 Speaker 1: for your question, so really interesting question. About whales. The 379 00:24:24,119 --> 00:24:27,119 Speaker 1: thing is Herman Melville didn't really know what he was 380 00:24:27,160 --> 00:24:31,120 Speaker 1: talking about. But on the other hand, neither do we 381 00:24:31,320 --> 00:24:36,760 Speaker 1: really currently. So sperm whales are enormous, I'm sure you know. 382 00:24:36,920 --> 00:24:39,320 Speaker 1: So there's a big problem when it comes to studying 383 00:24:39,400 --> 00:24:44,840 Speaker 1: their brains, like how do you you know even do 384 00:24:44,440 --> 00:24:47,920 Speaker 1: you do that? It's so big. There's no sperm whale 385 00:24:47,960 --> 00:24:51,280 Speaker 1: sized m r I or e e g For something 386 00:24:51,800 --> 00:24:56,919 Speaker 1: that huge normous. So first, something about whale eyes that 387 00:24:57,000 --> 00:25:00,879 Speaker 1: we do know. They are adapted for or water vision, 388 00:25:01,280 --> 00:25:04,240 Speaker 1: and it makes it such that their vision is less 389 00:25:04,280 --> 00:25:09,520 Speaker 1: clear and less color based than human eyes. So studies 390 00:25:09,600 --> 00:25:12,240 Speaker 1: on like the inside of their eyes seems to indicate 391 00:25:12,320 --> 00:25:16,440 Speaker 1: that they see in gray scale and at lower resolution 392 00:25:16,600 --> 00:25:22,440 Speaker 1: than humans with vision. So they also have multiple focal 393 00:25:22,520 --> 00:25:26,719 Speaker 1: points per eye, So their pupils dilate and contract, not 394 00:25:26,840 --> 00:25:30,320 Speaker 1: in like the neat little circle that humans do. Uh, 395 00:25:30,359 --> 00:25:35,399 Speaker 1: they are actually a rounded crescent. So when fully contracted, 396 00:25:36,359 --> 00:25:40,400 Speaker 1: the pupil actually narrows down to like two dots connected 397 00:25:40,400 --> 00:25:43,439 Speaker 1: by a thin line of pupils. So they actually have 398 00:25:43,680 --> 00:25:47,760 Speaker 1: two focal points per eye, which is really hard to 399 00:25:47,840 --> 00:25:52,800 Speaker 1: imagine how their brain would interpret that. So Melville's idea 400 00:25:52,880 --> 00:25:55,800 Speaker 1: that the whales have two separate images in their brain 401 00:25:55,880 --> 00:25:59,399 Speaker 1: that remain separate, like two TV screens with a bunch 402 00:25:59,440 --> 00:26:03,160 Speaker 1: of darkness us in between. I mean, we don't really know, 403 00:26:03,680 --> 00:26:07,080 Speaker 1: but based on our own vision and other animals of vision, 404 00:26:07,119 --> 00:26:13,359 Speaker 1: it seems like that's unlikely. So, uh, even if the 405 00:26:13,359 --> 00:26:16,520 Speaker 1: whale's head is really massive, the brain could do a 406 00:26:16,560 --> 00:26:20,560 Speaker 1: great job of splicing the images together into a single 407 00:26:20,960 --> 00:26:25,439 Speaker 1: understandable image. So we actually, like you guys pointed out 408 00:26:25,440 --> 00:26:28,280 Speaker 1: in your question, we have a blind spot and our 409 00:26:28,359 --> 00:26:33,800 Speaker 1: brain will just overrite that with information we don't know. 410 00:26:34,080 --> 00:26:37,720 Speaker 1: We don't see like a big black spot in the 411 00:26:37,760 --> 00:26:41,240 Speaker 1: middle of our vision. We just fill in the blanks. 412 00:26:41,320 --> 00:26:46,720 Speaker 1: So it is not a profound darkness. It's just we think, oh, yeah, 413 00:26:46,760 --> 00:26:49,720 Speaker 1: this is normal. This is uh what what we see 414 00:26:49,960 --> 00:26:52,439 Speaker 1: in the world. I mean, think about like can you 415 00:26:52,560 --> 00:26:58,320 Speaker 1: see beyond your eyes limit, Like stare straightforward and think, well, 416 00:26:58,320 --> 00:27:02,880 Speaker 1: what does it look like from my ear outwards? It's 417 00:27:02,920 --> 00:27:06,520 Speaker 1: not a black void. It's it's just nothing. So oh, 418 00:27:06,640 --> 00:27:08,680 Speaker 1: even a whale with a blind spot like that is 419 00:27:08,680 --> 00:27:11,960 Speaker 1: probably not going to perceive a black void. It's just 420 00:27:12,040 --> 00:27:15,919 Speaker 1: gonna not perceive that area which is a hard I know, 421 00:27:15,960 --> 00:27:18,240 Speaker 1: that's a hard thing to like wrap your mind around. 422 00:27:18,359 --> 00:27:22,399 Speaker 1: But still, so you know, it's very likely that sperm 423 00:27:22,400 --> 00:27:25,560 Speaker 1: whales have a similar way of coping with this blind spot. 424 00:27:26,200 --> 00:27:31,440 Speaker 1: In fact, whales have another source of information, visual information, 425 00:27:31,520 --> 00:27:35,880 Speaker 1: which comes in the form not through sort of their eyes, 426 00:27:36,040 --> 00:27:41,280 Speaker 1: but through their echolocation. So could whales put together the 427 00:27:41,320 --> 00:27:46,280 Speaker 1: information they get from their biological sonar with their visual 428 00:27:46,320 --> 00:27:49,879 Speaker 1: system to paint a clearer picture of the world. Again, 429 00:27:49,920 --> 00:27:53,000 Speaker 1: we don't really have a definitive answer. It's really hard 430 00:27:53,240 --> 00:27:58,479 Speaker 1: to study, uh, sperm whale in general, litt alone study 431 00:27:58,520 --> 00:28:04,400 Speaker 1: a sperm whales brain. H. So you know, but I 432 00:28:04,440 --> 00:28:10,159 Speaker 1: think that there isn't much utility to basically experience the 433 00:28:10,200 --> 00:28:13,320 Speaker 1: world where you just have this big black void and 434 00:28:13,359 --> 00:28:17,400 Speaker 1: then two separate screens. I think that would be too confusing. 435 00:28:17,440 --> 00:28:20,240 Speaker 1: It wouldn't make much sense, I think for something like 436 00:28:20,280 --> 00:28:22,320 Speaker 1: a sperm whale to have to deal with that all 437 00:28:22,320 --> 00:28:25,720 Speaker 1: the time. My my guests would be that the brain 438 00:28:25,800 --> 00:28:31,199 Speaker 1: does compensate for this void and maybe even includes the 439 00:28:31,520 --> 00:28:35,800 Speaker 1: echolocation as a sort of aid in their visual processing, 440 00:28:35,880 --> 00:28:41,800 Speaker 1: so that they maybe have a more coherent visual system. Uh, 441 00:28:41,880 --> 00:28:45,719 Speaker 1: that isn't so like Jankie and interrupted by like you know, 442 00:28:46,120 --> 00:28:49,880 Speaker 1: they're the blind spot that is their massive head. Uh. 443 00:28:49,920 --> 00:28:53,360 Speaker 1: It's not to say that their vision is anything like ours. 444 00:28:53,400 --> 00:28:56,560 Speaker 1: I would guess based on what I've read, And of 445 00:28:56,600 --> 00:28:59,320 Speaker 1: course I don't know. I haven't like avatar into a 446 00:28:59,360 --> 00:29:02,320 Speaker 1: whale brain, so I can't say what it's like to 447 00:29:02,320 --> 00:29:05,760 Speaker 1: be a sperm whale. But I bet it isn't gray scale. 448 00:29:06,080 --> 00:29:09,880 Speaker 1: And it seems like they sort of perceived, perceived this 449 00:29:10,160 --> 00:29:13,240 Speaker 1: high contrast kind of gray scale image of the world 450 00:29:13,240 --> 00:29:16,600 Speaker 1: around them. So the sea might be black or really 451 00:29:16,720 --> 00:29:20,400 Speaker 1: dark gray, and then images that come out from it, 452 00:29:20,760 --> 00:29:24,840 Speaker 1: maybe these kind of grainy white, ghostly images. And then 453 00:29:25,280 --> 00:29:28,880 Speaker 1: maybe with the sonar they also get more detail of 454 00:29:29,480 --> 00:29:33,120 Speaker 1: like depth perception of further away. So maybe it's just 455 00:29:33,280 --> 00:29:38,600 Speaker 1: like weird gray and bright brilliant, bright white world of 456 00:29:38,600 --> 00:29:43,400 Speaker 1: of these like ghostly images coming from this grainy dark sea, uh, 457 00:29:43,520 --> 00:29:47,800 Speaker 1: that they put together in this like three D stereoscopic 458 00:29:47,960 --> 00:29:51,320 Speaker 1: view of the world around them. But I don't know. 459 00:29:53,200 --> 00:29:56,240 Speaker 1: I don't know. I've not had the opportunity yet to 460 00:29:56,280 --> 00:29:58,800 Speaker 1: interview a sperm whale on the show. But if you 461 00:29:58,840 --> 00:30:00,480 Speaker 1: are a sperm whale and you'd like to be on 462 00:30:00,480 --> 00:30:03,800 Speaker 1: the show, just you know, hit me up. So before 463 00:30:03,840 --> 00:30:07,880 Speaker 1: we go, I'm going to reveal the mystery animal sound 464 00:30:07,920 --> 00:30:12,160 Speaker 1: from last week's episode. So as a reminder, here was 465 00:30:12,280 --> 00:30:16,800 Speaker 1: the hint. They may sound like Ringwraith, but these passionate 466 00:30:16,880 --> 00:30:28,120 Speaker 1: fellows have something other than Frodo on their minds. Yeah. 467 00:30:29,800 --> 00:30:32,400 Speaker 1: I actually had a bunch of people right in with 468 00:30:32,440 --> 00:30:35,440 Speaker 1: the correct answer. I'm really impressed with each and every 469 00:30:35,440 --> 00:30:37,440 Speaker 1: one of you. I know I make the game, but 470 00:30:37,480 --> 00:30:39,080 Speaker 1: I don't think i'd even be as good as you 471 00:30:39,120 --> 00:30:42,880 Speaker 1: guys are at guessing these sounds. So the first three 472 00:30:42,960 --> 00:30:46,280 Speaker 1: to write in with the correct answer was Joseph P. 473 00:30:47,160 --> 00:30:50,520 Speaker 1: Who is Johnny? Which that's their actual handle, it's who 474 00:30:50,600 --> 00:30:54,880 Speaker 1: is Johnny? I'm not asking who is Johnny? And Maryanne D. 475 00:30:55,560 --> 00:30:59,800 Speaker 1: Congratulations you guys, and to all the other ELK enthusiasts 476 00:31:00,000 --> 00:31:06,160 Speaker 1: wrote in, great job guessing. So now onto this week's 477 00:31:06,240 --> 00:31:10,920 Speaker 1: mystery sound. A hint. I sneakily mentioned this animal during 478 00:31:10,960 --> 00:31:31,160 Speaker 1: this very episode of the podcast. Did you catch it all? Right? Well, 479 00:31:31,240 --> 00:31:33,760 Speaker 1: if you have an idea of the answer, or you 480 00:31:33,760 --> 00:31:36,360 Speaker 1: want to write in with a question or picture of 481 00:31:36,400 --> 00:31:39,760 Speaker 1: your pets, you can reach out to me. A creature 482 00:31:39,800 --> 00:31:43,800 Speaker 1: feature Pod at gmail dot com, Creature Feature Pod on Instagram, 483 00:31:43,800 --> 00:31:47,440 Speaker 1: and Creature Feet Pod on Twitter. That's f e E ten, 484 00:31:47,440 --> 00:31:51,120 Speaker 1: not f E t is something very different. Thank you 485 00:31:51,120 --> 00:31:53,800 Speaker 1: guys so much for listening. If you're enjoying the show, 486 00:31:53,920 --> 00:31:57,520 Speaker 1: or you want to give me feedback, rating review, if 487 00:31:57,560 --> 00:32:01,600 Speaker 1: you write that down in I Tunes or wherever you're listening, 488 00:32:01,640 --> 00:32:04,680 Speaker 1: that really helps me. I read all the reviews and 489 00:32:04,800 --> 00:32:07,720 Speaker 1: I really appreciate them, and thank you so much to 490 00:32:07,800 --> 00:32:11,680 Speaker 1: the Space Classics for their super awesome song Exoluminate. Creature 491 00:32:11,720 --> 00:32:15,520 Speaker 1: features a production of I Heart Radio or more podcasts 492 00:32:15,600 --> 00:32:18,000 Speaker 1: like the one you just heard. Visit the I Heart 493 00:32:18,080 --> 00:32:21,520 Speaker 1: Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or hey guess what. Wherever you 494 00:32:21,560 --> 00:32:24,440 Speaker 1: listen to your favorite shows. Maybe if you're sperm oil, 495 00:32:24,600 --> 00:32:28,120 Speaker 1: you listen down in the water with your weirdo eyes. 496 00:32:28,880 --> 00:32:30,160 Speaker 1: See you next Wednesday.