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Speaker 1: Ola Latino USA listener, it's mariaino Hosa today. We're going

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Speaker 1: to share an episode of Caliber sixty. It's a podcast

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Speaker 1: by our colleagues over at Texas Public Radio. The limited

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Speaker 1: series with episodes in both English and Spanish, as hosted

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Speaker 1: by Mexican journalists Stefania Gurbi and Argentine photojournalist Doya Sarno Jordan.

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Speaker 1: Caliber sixty dives into how the trafficking of illegal arms

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Speaker 1: from the United States to Mexico impacts on the displacement

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Speaker 1: of Mexicans. On episode one, we meet Linda, who is

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Speaker 1: forced to flee her hometown of metre Kan, which is

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Speaker 1: the avocado capital of the world as armed groups tightened

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Speaker 1: their grip of the lucrative avocado industry with weapons smuggled

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Speaker 1: from the US. Here's Caliber sixty Episode one.

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Speaker 2: This podcast was supported by the Pulitzer.

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Speaker 3: Cent She is as Nero.

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Speaker 4: When Ninda makes mole, the traditional Mexican dish that combines

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Speaker 4: over forty ingredients, she doesn't need a recipe. She remembers

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Speaker 4: every step by heart.

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Speaker 5: Will not slept on muchos, condiment tabli, calamia.

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Speaker 4: Chili, cinnamon, peppers, cloves, and sometimes even chocolate. Recalling these

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Speaker 4: ingredients reminds her of home. Simmering pots fill her kitchen.

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Speaker 4: She smiles. She recounts the natural beauty of her home

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Speaker 4: in Mexico, the one she was forced to leave.

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Speaker 5: Cerro and Precioso.

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Speaker 4: Xtao, Michok and is now a place she can visit

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Speaker 4: only in memory.

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Speaker 6: The smell of fresh tortillas wafts off the camal. She

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Speaker 6: offers the option of corner flour to go with them.

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Speaker 7: Joe and.

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Speaker 6: Last see nixt She had a view of rolling hills

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Speaker 6: full of trees, a laundry business space for her family.

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Speaker 6: Now she's living in a rented room that she shares

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Speaker 6: with her three children.

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Speaker 4: Linaver calls a yellow landscape covered by milpas or cornfields.

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Speaker 4: Now it's placed by infinite rows of avocado trees espur

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Speaker 4: ja maotracosa.

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Speaker 6: And the reason is simple. These are communities who sole

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Speaker 6: income relies on agriculture. Their land has the perfect conditions

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Speaker 6: to grow a product that is in very high demand.

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Speaker 7: I eat avocados probably four times a week.

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Speaker 2: Avocado is amazing. It's probably my favorite vegetable.

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Speaker 4: Is that a tree?

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Speaker 2: I didn't even else it's the wash.

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Speaker 4: In nineteen eighty five, Americans ate four hundred and thirty

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Speaker 4: six million pounds of avocados per year. By twenty twenty,

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Speaker 4: that number exploded to two point seven billion. I mean

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Speaker 4: there are even avocado bars in New York. You know.

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Speaker 8: Last year I was in New York and I saw

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Speaker 8: avocados being sold in the Lower East Side for four

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Speaker 8: dollars in avocado.

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Speaker 6: We all love our sorodo avocado toast with poachticks or

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Speaker 6: spicy wakamola while watching the game.

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Speaker 4: Remember this year's Super bowlart the one We're an affairs place.

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Speaker 4: Even the Garden of Eden and New York City is

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Speaker 4: now the big avocado and then the catchy avocados from Mexico.

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Speaker 4: How are avocados and one of the most expensive ad

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Speaker 4: placements in the world.

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Speaker 6: Well, that's easy. This is a three billion dollar business

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Speaker 6: driven by a voracious demand from the US, and the

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Speaker 6: main producer is Linda's home, the Mexican state of Michua Kan.

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Speaker 5: And Tremas mirawanke.

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Speaker 2: Mass plantaw Nawakate.

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Speaker 6: So for people in Mitcha Kan, changing their crops to

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Speaker 6: avocados meant having more income, living in a better house,

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Speaker 6: and finding a livelihood that could give them new opportunities

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Speaker 6: in the agricultural business, but.

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Speaker 2: New money doesn't go unnoticed.

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Speaker 3: The weekend, the US temporarily banned Mexican avocados due to

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Speaker 3: a security threat. I thre at highlighting the criminal element

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Speaker 3: that continues to afflict the avocado market.

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Speaker 4: Avocado imports came to a screeching hold right before the

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Speaker 4: twenty twenty two Super Bowl, and the rotten underbelly of

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Speaker 4: this industry was exposed in the United States.

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Speaker 2: But this story is way bigger than avocados.

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Speaker 6: It's about the complicated relationship between the violence guns perpetuate

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Speaker 6: and the people that are being forced out of Mexico

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Speaker 6: because of it.

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Speaker 4: The story will take you from the beautiful avocado fields Emichakan, Mexico,

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Speaker 4: to wineries in Napa, California.

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Speaker 6: To the Nera Convention and the migrant shelters in Tijuana, to.

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Speaker 4: The homes of families who've experienced grief on both sides

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Speaker 4: of this endless war on drugs.

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Speaker 2: I'm Toya Sarno Jordan.

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Speaker 6: And I'm Stephaniacorpi.

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Speaker 2: This is episode one of Caliber sixty.

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Speaker 6: Pistao. Linda's quiet hometown in Michigan had remained relatively calm

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Speaker 6: at the time when other parts of Mexico had become

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Speaker 6: battlefields for organized crime.

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Speaker 5: And lay huge until Alaska.

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Speaker 6: Yes, before streets were paved, kids had fun playing outside

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Speaker 6: on dirt roads. Neighbors organized parties, and like in any

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Speaker 6: small town, everyone was invited.

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Speaker 5: SAA.

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Speaker 6: You'd chat with any what you'd meet. Everyone knew everything

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Speaker 6: about everyone. That's why the arrival of unfamiliar men didn't

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Speaker 6: go unnoticed.

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Speaker 2: They weren't from around town ni nis. They never said

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Speaker 2: where they came from or share their names.

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Speaker 6: The first time Linda saw weapons in Nistado, they were

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Speaker 6: hanging off the shoulders of these men who drove by

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Speaker 6: in SUVs. As weeks went by, these appearances became more

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Speaker 6: frequent and the SUVs multiplied.

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Speaker 5: So did the guns and semana iran guatre, communitas, yamas,

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Speaker 5: genas de ombres armaos.

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Speaker 6: By the third week, there were four trucks filled with

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Speaker 6: more men. They stopped occasionally to buy things at the

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Speaker 6: store and continued on their way.

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Speaker 2: But the real problems began when they decided to stay.

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Speaker 5: And those sim Al Principioira Berque Casa Stavasola.

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Speaker 4: They started squatting in abandoned houses, many left behind by

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Speaker 4: people who migrated to the US. But once all the

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Speaker 4: empty houses were taken, they began forcing families out of

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Speaker 4: their own homess. At gunpoint, people were cast to the street.

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Speaker 4: How do you say no to an armed group of men?

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Speaker 5: In Nanoche Domavan and in Persona and Lassos Albiento.

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Speaker 4: Linda recalls that these men often got drunk and gunshots

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Speaker 4: could be heard throughout the evening.

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Speaker 2: The still Knights of Victo had ended. But why Cartels

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Speaker 2: across the country are fighting for the lucrative drug traffic

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Speaker 2: and routes into the United States.

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Speaker 6: So the latest figures are around thirty nine dead. Now

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Speaker 6: this is you said.

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Speaker 7: This is an area right on the border of Michoka.

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Speaker 9: The average American now eats seven pounds of avocados a year.

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Speaker 7: The demand has made a lot of farmers in Mexico rich,

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Speaker 7: but it's also drawn the attention of organized crime.

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Speaker 6: Avocados the crop that brought money and abundance tweaks that

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Speaker 6: has got the eye of the Nartico group Los Viagras. Yes,

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Speaker 6: like the little blue pill, all narticles are after one thing, money,

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Speaker 6: regardless of where it's coming from.

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Speaker 5: In a Raniolonico, Cassian rapidiles quotas, alas, personas, quetin and su.

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Speaker 4: Linda explains that Los Pviira's began charging avocado farmers a

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Speaker 4: fee when the could costume their lives if they failed

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Speaker 4: to pay. Extorting avocado farmers was Los Vieira's way into

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Speaker 4: the industry and into new territory.

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Speaker 6: Sadly, this is nothing new in Michokan.

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Speaker 5: Borgue deecho, joponescucha, loslaso cito, Jossia is to solampas and peliculas.

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Speaker 4: This only happens in movies, Linda thought to herself when

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Speaker 4: news of violence in nearby t began to build fear

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Speaker 4: in Nikstado.

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Speaker 6: Many towns in Michokan were invaded years before the Kikstado

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Speaker 6: when the infamous Mexican drug war began back in two

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Speaker 6: thousand and six. Peace died a long time ago in Michokan.

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Speaker 4: And American guns are fueling this violence. You're listening to

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Speaker 4: caliber sixty. Stay with us, Welcome back to caliber sixty.

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Speaker 4: The size of avocados is measured by caliber, just like ammunition,

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Speaker 4: and this story is about America's obsession with both.

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Speaker 2: For decades, the US and Mexico have.

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Speaker 4: Been in constant negotiations over how to deal with migrants, drugs,

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Speaker 4: and guns funds moving across the border.

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Speaker 7: One of the flows that has been widely identified is

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Speaker 7: that while drugs flow north, money and weapons comes out.

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Speaker 6: That's Cecilia for Fan Mendez, a security expert at U See,

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Speaker 6: San Diego and co founder of Mexico Violence, a think

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Speaker 6: tank that researches violence trends in Mexico.

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Speaker 7: So increasingly, what we're seeing in Mexico is people being

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Speaker 7: violently displaced from their communities from groups that are actually

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Speaker 7: heavily armed.

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Speaker 6: She adds that these displays of weapons helped create a

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Speaker 6: perception of power building fear within the community, like this

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Speaker 6: video released by one of the most powerful groups, Cartel Halisco.

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Speaker 4: The video shows several dozen uniformed men armed with military

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Speaker 4: grade weapons, including fifty caliber sniper rifles, alongside a convoy

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Speaker 4: of armored vehicles.

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Speaker 8: When you go to the forensic cloud where there's been

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Speaker 8: up to one thousand dead bodies, just bodies everywhere. Right

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Speaker 8: in the next room is the women and children looking

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Speaker 8: for their disappeared. You know, you could smell them, for

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Speaker 8: goodness sake.

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Speaker 4: That's Smothy Sloane, ATF's former attache in Mexico City. He's

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Speaker 4: seen up close the deaths these weapons and drugs are causing.

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Speaker 8: Realistically, at least eighty percent of the firearms in Mexico

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Speaker 8: co for the United States.

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Speaker 2: That's right.

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Speaker 4: By tracing these weapons found in shootings in Mexico, Sloan

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Speaker 4: and his team were able to estimate that around eighty

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Speaker 4: percent of all firearms in the country come from the

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Speaker 4: United States.

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Speaker 10: In all of Mexico there is only one legal gun store. Somehow,

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Speaker 10: the country is still littered with high powered weapons, mostly

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Speaker 10: smuggled from the United States. Now, the Mexican government is

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Speaker 10: taking an unprecedented step suing arms manufacturers in US federal court.

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Speaker 6: In twenty twenty one, the Mexican government suit eleven American

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Speaker 6: gun manufacturers like cold Smith and Wesson and Bereta. Here's

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Speaker 6: Alejandro Clorio, Mexico's lead attorney in the lawsuit.

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Speaker 9: The gun industry the big manufacturers that were suing are

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Speaker 9: on notice and are aware that their products are sold

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Speaker 9: to cartels to criminals, and they have done nothing to

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Speaker 9: change this.

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Speaker 6: The lawsuit six ten billion dollars for the negligence that

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Speaker 6: has let millions of guns slip across the border and

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Speaker 6: We're not just talking about pistols.

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Speaker 9: Let's remember that in Mexico we have civilians committing crimes

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Speaker 9: with military style weapons, weapons that shouldn't be in the

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Speaker 9: hands of civilians.

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Speaker 2: Celario is right.

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Speaker 4: In March twenty twenty two, the Mexican Army seized a

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Speaker 4: historic amount of high powered weapons and ammunition, including six

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Speaker 4: fifty caliber weapons, one hundred and thirty long guns, and

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Speaker 4: three million.

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Speaker 2: Rounds of high caliber ammunition.

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Speaker 4: And as mentioned in the previous news club, there's only

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Speaker 4: one legal gun store in the country compared to the

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Speaker 4: over fifty two thousand in the US.

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Speaker 6: Celaria believes the Mexican government is doing the best they

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Speaker 6: can to keep guns out of the hands of criminals.

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Speaker 9: The governments have been doing their job, but what about

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Speaker 9: the corporations.

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Speaker 4: The lawsuit has been criticized for being politically motivated, but

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Speaker 4: something needs to be done. More and more military grade

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Speaker 4: weapons are being found in crime scenes in Mexico. Now

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Speaker 4: the concern isn't just how many, but how big.

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Speaker 6: Viral videos from the twenty twenty three capture of a

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Speaker 6: chapel's son a video Guzman, shown narcos firing at military

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Speaker 6: helicopters and airplanes with fifty caliber machine guns.

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Speaker 4: In other words, these are civilians trying to shoot down

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Speaker 4: Mexican military helicopters with US military weapons. Violence keeps reaching

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Speaker 4: new levels in Mexico.

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Speaker 6: Left with no protection from authorities, grassroots groups sprouted in

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Speaker 6: mech Gan and back in Nixtao. That glimmer of hope

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Speaker 6: was called Pueblos or United Towns.

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Speaker 5: Yo Lads, Nava Mahina and Costa Cali and vinoss Alvarnos.

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Speaker 6: Linda was excited that someone finally came to rescue them

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Speaker 6: from the hold of the narco group Los Viagras. In

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Speaker 6: twenty twenty, the vigilante band of farmers Pueblos formed to

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Speaker 6: defend the avocado crops from narco control in Nizioco.

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Speaker 2: More Momento, the defenser territorial.

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Speaker 4: Idni Alvarez, a sociologists and researcher from the Corregio and Mexico,

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Speaker 4: explains that these self defense groups emerged as a means

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Speaker 4: to defend their territory. The self defense groups like not

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Speaker 4: only fight with weapons, but with politics.

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Speaker 3: The clarato to defenstrate politica.

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Speaker 6: Small towns supported by self defense groups suddenly had political

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Speaker 6: average and the attention of local governments for a community

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Speaker 6: held hostage by narcos, this might be the only option.

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Speaker 4: Pos secretly approached Eto, offering their help to fight off

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Speaker 4: the narcos.

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Speaker 2: Leo Priami sequs No.

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Speaker 6: Linda didn't want her children around weapons, but under the

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Speaker 6: grip of narco control, Etto had no choice but to

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Speaker 6: join Pueblos.

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Speaker 4: A few months later, the true motivations came to life.

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Speaker 4: More of this on the next episode of Caliber sixty,

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Speaker 4: Papastan and Cielo What can.

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Speaker 6: I tell his son? Your father is in heaven?

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Speaker 2: Caliber sixty is.

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Speaker 4: Reported and produced by Stefania Korbi and me Toya Sarno Jordan.

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Speaker 4: Producer Jacob Prosardi created all the sound design and original scoring.

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Speaker 2: For this podcast.

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Speaker 6: Audio editing by Bennett Smith. Our editor is vet men Abides,

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Speaker 6: Associate editor of TPR and TPR and Ossias and Then

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Speaker 6: Katz is tpr's vice president of News and our executive producer.

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Speaker 4: This is a production of Texas Public Radio with support

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Speaker 4: from the Pulitzer Center and the Catena Foundation.

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Speaker 2: Until next time,