1 00:00:01,340 --> 00:00:04,320 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,400 --> 00:00:14,960 Speaker 1: of iHeartRadio. Hello and welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy V. Wilson. 3 00:00:15,140 --> 00:00:16,120 Speaker 2: And I'm Holly Frey. 4 00:00:16,880 --> 00:00:20,800 Speaker 1: This is part two of our latest installment of Unearthed. 5 00:00:21,380 --> 00:00:25,050 Speaker 1: This time, we have all of the edibles and potables, 6 00:00:25,300 --> 00:00:28,010 Speaker 1: another of my favorite categories. We have lots of shipwrecks, 7 00:00:28,270 --> 00:00:31,330 Speaker 1: unlike last time. We have art to talk about. I 8 00:00:31,350 --> 00:00:35,050 Speaker 1: know that will please Holly. Since it is October, we 9 00:00:35,090 --> 00:00:37,670 Speaker 1: will also finish the episode with a few things that 10 00:00:37,710 --> 00:00:41,690 Speaker 1: feel just a little bit Halloween-y. And as always, we 11 00:00:41,729 --> 00:00:43,979 Speaker 1: will start with some things that seemed cool to me 12 00:00:44,060 --> 00:00:46,260 Speaker 1: but did not really fit in a category, which is 13 00:00:46,300 --> 00:00:49,820 Speaker 1: what I always call the potpourri. So first, it is 14 00:00:49,860 --> 00:00:54,060 Speaker 1: possible that the remains of another British monarch could be 15 00:00:54,100 --> 00:00:58,150 Speaker 1: found under a car park. This time, it's Saxon King 16 00:00:58,330 --> 00:01:01,250 Speaker 1: Alfred the Great, who died in 899 and was one 17 00:01:01,270 --> 00:01:04,399 Speaker 1: of the figures who was part of the eventual creation 18 00:01:04,540 --> 00:01:08,700 Speaker 1: of England as a unified nation. Alfred was originally buried 19 00:01:08,740 --> 00:01:12,160 Speaker 1: at Winchester Cathedral, and his remains were moved at several 20 00:01:12,200 --> 00:01:16,250 Speaker 1: points after that, including in the 19th century when antiquarian 21 00:01:16,310 --> 00:01:19,850 Speaker 1: John Mellor said he excavated the bones from what had 22 00:01:19,890 --> 00:01:23,350 Speaker 1: been the site of Hyde Abbey. The abbey had been 23 00:01:23,370 --> 00:01:26,649 Speaker 1: disbanded during the dissolution of the monasteries and had later 24 00:01:26,690 --> 00:01:28,770 Speaker 1: become home to a prison. 25 00:01:28,450 --> 00:01:29,300 Speaker 2: And a workhouse. 26 00:01:30,080 --> 00:01:33,240 Speaker 1: Yeah, these remains really went on a whole journey. They're 27 00:01:33,260 --> 00:01:38,459 Speaker 1: better traveled than many humans. Yeah, which is a little gruesome. 28 00:01:39,319 --> 00:01:43,699 Speaker 1: Meller said that he reburied the bones at St. Bartholomew's Church. 29 00:01:44,459 --> 00:01:48,540 Speaker 1: But archaeological work there in 2013 revealed that the bones 30 00:01:48,720 --> 00:01:52,920 Speaker 1: at that site belonged to at least six different people, 31 00:01:53,500 --> 00:01:59,060 Speaker 1: all of whom died at least 200 years after Alfred. Now, 32 00:01:59,590 --> 00:02:03,890 Speaker 1: author Graham Phillips claims to have found a journal article 33 00:02:04,010 --> 00:02:08,690 Speaker 1: published in 1800, so before the exhumation and reburial that 34 00:02:08,730 --> 00:02:13,000 Speaker 1: was reportedly done by John Mellor, that detailed the exhumation 35 00:02:13,040 --> 00:02:16,660 Speaker 1: of the bones when the prison was built at the 36 00:02:16,919 --> 00:02:20,700 Speaker 1: former site of Hyde Abbey. And this article included a 37 00:02:20,840 --> 00:02:24,340 Speaker 1: map of where the bones were reburied, which is now 38 00:02:24,380 --> 00:02:28,000 Speaker 1: the site of a car park. This is not in 39 00:02:28,100 --> 00:02:32,820 Speaker 1: any way conclusive. The University of Winchester, which has spearheaded 40 00:02:32,860 --> 00:02:36,810 Speaker 1: a project to find Alfred's remains, has not commented on it, 41 00:02:37,020 --> 00:02:42,000 Speaker 1: and no further study has been done at the proposed site. Next, 42 00:02:42,139 --> 00:02:46,889 Speaker 1: the earliest known moving picture of a total solar eclipse 43 00:02:47,050 --> 00:02:50,970 Speaker 1: has been found and restored. It was rediscovered in the 44 00:02:51,010 --> 00:02:55,650 Speaker 1: collection of the Royal Astronomical Society and then painstakingly pieced 45 00:02:55,770 --> 00:02:59,950 Speaker 1: back together and restored by the British Film Institute. This 46 00:02:59,990 --> 00:03:04,460 Speaker 1: was filmed in North Carolina by filmmaker Neville Maskelyne on 47 00:03:04,500 --> 00:03:08,040 Speaker 1: May 28, 1900, and it is available to be viewed 48 00:03:08,340 --> 00:03:13,010 Speaker 1: on YouTube. And lastly, in Potpourri, authorities in Greece have 49 00:03:13,050 --> 00:03:16,910 Speaker 1: announced that archaeologists working at the site, the Royal Gymnasium 50 00:03:16,970 --> 00:03:20,810 Speaker 1: of Mesa, have found an ornately decorated room that may 51 00:03:20,850 --> 00:03:24,730 Speaker 1: have been the school where Alexander the Great studied under Aristotle. 52 00:03:25,710 --> 00:03:29,220 Speaker 1: Plutarch's biography of Alexander says that he studied at a 53 00:03:29,280 --> 00:03:33,139 Speaker 1: school that was built by Philip I, Alexander's father, in 54 00:03:33,400 --> 00:03:37,700 Speaker 1: the Mesa complex. Other work at the complex has previously 55 00:03:37,820 --> 00:03:42,290 Speaker 1: unearthed a wrestling ring, a stadium, and a covered running track. 56 00:03:43,310 --> 00:03:45,570 Speaker 1: Now we will move on to several things that fall 57 00:03:45,690 --> 00:03:51,090 Speaker 1: under the umbrella of edibles and potables. First, researchers working 58 00:03:51,130 --> 00:03:55,020 Speaker 1: with the permission of the Muscogee Nation have analyzed residues 59 00:03:55,100 --> 00:03:59,460 Speaker 1: from pieces of pottery found at Etowah Mounds in the U.S. 60 00:03:59,500 --> 00:04:00,420 Speaker 2: State of Georgia. 61 00:04:01,300 --> 00:04:04,240 Speaker 1: They found what may be the earliest evidence of the 62 00:04:04,320 --> 00:04:09,040 Speaker 1: presence of cacao east of the Mississippi River. These fragments 63 00:04:09,120 --> 00:04:11,940 Speaker 1: date back to about the 11th century, and they were 64 00:04:11,980 --> 00:04:15,320 Speaker 1: found in a borrow pit. Those are clay mines that 65 00:04:15,360 --> 00:04:19,080 Speaker 1: Mississippian peoples used to get the clay to build the mounds, 66 00:04:19,230 --> 00:04:22,290 Speaker 1: and then they would fill those mines back in with 67 00:04:22,490 --> 00:04:27,230 Speaker 1: other dirt and soil and refuse. In this case, the 68 00:04:27,310 --> 00:04:31,070 Speaker 1: refuse included remains from a feast. including the pottery that 69 00:04:31,110 --> 00:04:35,170 Speaker 1: apparently contains some preparation of chocolate based on the presence 70 00:04:35,290 --> 00:04:40,260 Speaker 1: of four compounds found in cacao, including caffeine. At first, 71 00:04:40,500 --> 00:04:43,940 Speaker 1: it was not 100% certain that this was chocolate, though. 72 00:04:44,640 --> 00:04:47,760 Speaker 1: It was possible that it was yupon holly, which also 73 00:04:47,820 --> 00:04:50,840 Speaker 1: contains caffeine and is known to have been consumed as 74 00:04:50,900 --> 00:04:55,250 Speaker 1: a tea. But additional DNA research detected the presence of 75 00:04:55,330 --> 00:05:00,080 Speaker 1: cacao DNA on two of the pottery fragments. It's not 76 00:05:00,140 --> 00:05:03,750 Speaker 1: clear exactly how the cacao would have made its way 77 00:05:03,820 --> 00:05:08,109 Speaker 1: to Georgia from what is now southern Mexico, which is 78 00:05:08,170 --> 00:05:10,850 Speaker 1: the closest place it is known to have grown at 79 00:05:11,010 --> 00:05:16,380 Speaker 1: the time. But this does suggest very long-distance trading relationships 80 00:05:16,480 --> 00:05:19,700 Speaker 1: between the Mississippian peoples and those in other parts of 81 00:05:19,820 --> 00:05:24,469 Speaker 1: North America and Mesoamerica. Several studies were published over the 82 00:05:24,510 --> 00:05:26,630 Speaker 1: past few months that looked at what people of the 83 00:05:26,670 --> 00:05:29,710 Speaker 1: past ate and what that had to do with their 84 00:05:29,770 --> 00:05:35,640 Speaker 1: social or economic class. Researchers in Italy used isotopic analysis 85 00:05:35,680 --> 00:05:38,940 Speaker 1: to study human remains and determine what people who were 86 00:05:38,980 --> 00:05:43,739 Speaker 1: buried in the Novalara necropolis were eating 2,700 years ago. 87 00:05:44,279 --> 00:05:47,650 Speaker 1: This study revealed that there were patterns based on sex. 88 00:05:48,390 --> 00:05:51,390 Speaker 1: Men seemed to have more access to animal protein than 89 00:05:51,450 --> 00:05:55,090 Speaker 1: women did. But even with those differences, most people had 90 00:05:55,150 --> 00:05:59,390 Speaker 1: a diet that was primarily based on cereals, not animal meat. 91 00:05:59,890 --> 00:06:02,260 Speaker 1: And that was the case regardless of what a person's 92 00:06:02,360 --> 00:06:05,640 Speaker 1: social status seemed to be based on how they were buried. 93 00:06:06,660 --> 00:06:13,230 Speaker 1: Another study looked at how common people lived in pre-modern Osaka, Japan, 94 00:06:13,760 --> 00:06:17,330 Speaker 1: by studying the dental calculus from the remains of eight people. 95 00:06:18,310 --> 00:06:21,470 Speaker 1: I tried to figure out exactly what years they meant 96 00:06:21,570 --> 00:06:25,849 Speaker 1: by saying pre-modern Osaka, Japan, and that was not in 97 00:06:25,910 --> 00:06:30,450 Speaker 1: the reporting or the abstract, and I did not find 98 00:06:30,630 --> 00:06:33,760 Speaker 1: access to the whole paper. So they found evidence of 99 00:06:33,760 --> 00:06:40,359 Speaker 1: 38 different dietary proteins from 17 different taxa, including nine 100 00:06:40,640 --> 00:06:44,840 Speaker 1: fish taxa, suggesting that common people had access to really 101 00:06:44,920 --> 00:06:48,860 Speaker 1: diverse types of food. Six of the eight people had 102 00:06:48,980 --> 00:06:52,940 Speaker 1: proteins from red sea bream, which written records from the 103 00:06:52,980 --> 00:06:56,220 Speaker 1: time describe as a luxury item. And some of them 104 00:06:56,360 --> 00:06:59,930 Speaker 1: also had evidence of eating salmonids, which do not live 105 00:07:00,080 --> 00:07:04,010 Speaker 1: in Osaka Bay. This was really a much richer assortment 106 00:07:04,150 --> 00:07:07,050 Speaker 1: of food than might be imagined for people who were 107 00:07:07,150 --> 00:07:11,770 Speaker 1: comparatively poor. Osaka had a reputation for being the kitchen 108 00:07:11,890 --> 00:07:14,890 Speaker 1: of the realm, and that seems to have really translated 109 00:07:14,970 --> 00:07:18,550 Speaker 1: to food access for the people living there, including common people. 110 00:07:19,590 --> 00:07:23,490 Speaker 1: Researchers in Brazil looked at molecular residues from more than 111 00:07:23,490 --> 00:07:27,970 Speaker 1: 180 ceramic vessels to get an idea of what people 112 00:07:28,030 --> 00:07:33,370 Speaker 1: were eating there in the 19th century. They found that indigenous, African, 113 00:07:33,510 --> 00:07:37,840 Speaker 1: and Afro-descendant communities were likely to rely on marine food sources, 114 00:07:38,260 --> 00:07:41,020 Speaker 1: while communities of German immigrants were more likely to eat 115 00:07:41,080 --> 00:07:45,060 Speaker 1: foods that came from plants and land animals. They attributed 116 00:07:45,100 --> 00:07:49,160 Speaker 1: these differences not just to cultural differences in preferences, but 117 00:07:49,260 --> 00:07:53,440 Speaker 1: also to access to different types of food. Meat from 118 00:07:53,500 --> 00:07:56,570 Speaker 1: land animals typically had to be purchased from markets, while 119 00:07:56,610 --> 00:08:00,350 Speaker 1: people who did not have money could fish or gather shellfish. 120 00:08:01,340 --> 00:08:07,540 Speaker 1: Moving on, scientists have discovered genetically distinct avocados growing in Nicaragua, 121 00:08:08,020 --> 00:08:12,190 Speaker 1: suggesting that around 5,000 years ago, people who were migrating 122 00:08:12,260 --> 00:08:16,730 Speaker 1: north from South America carried avocado seeds with them to 123 00:08:16,770 --> 00:08:22,090 Speaker 1: plant when they arrived. These introduced avocados then hybridized with 124 00:08:22,250 --> 00:08:26,360 Speaker 1: native varieties of the fruit. In addition to the genetic 125 00:08:26,540 --> 00:08:30,020 Speaker 1: research into these plants, the team also spoke to farmers 126 00:08:30,170 --> 00:08:34,829 Speaker 1: and gardeners about how they grow native varieties of avocado today. 127 00:08:35,570 --> 00:08:38,610 Speaker 1: These plants are genetically distinct from the ones that are 128 00:08:38,670 --> 00:08:43,050 Speaker 1: commercially grown today, about 80% of which are Haas avocados. 129 00:08:43,850 --> 00:08:46,490 Speaker 1: In addition to providing information about how these fruits were 130 00:08:46,530 --> 00:08:50,210 Speaker 1: grown in the past, this research is important to documenting 131 00:08:50,290 --> 00:08:55,650 Speaker 1: and preserving today's avocado diversity. And now for one potable. 132 00:08:56,250 --> 00:09:00,990 Speaker 1: Shipwreck divers found a sealed bottle of Guinness Extra Stout 133 00:09:01,130 --> 00:09:05,030 Speaker 1: beer at the wreck of the Mondoro in the English Channel. 134 00:09:05,750 --> 00:09:10,150 Speaker 1: The Mondoro sank on November 27, 1864, so the bottle 135 00:09:10,370 --> 00:09:13,610 Speaker 1: and any beer inside would have been older than that. 136 00:09:14,270 --> 00:09:17,350 Speaker 1: And these divers embarked on a plan to try to 137 00:09:17,750 --> 00:09:21,819 Speaker 1: drink the beer. both by sending samples of it to 138 00:09:21,880 --> 00:09:25,120 Speaker 1: a lab to test its safety and by having the 139 00:09:25,200 --> 00:09:28,680 Speaker 1: DNA from the beer's yeast sequenced to try to brew 140 00:09:28,860 --> 00:09:32,719 Speaker 1: a new beer with it. These efforts have involved a 141 00:09:32,780 --> 00:09:36,780 Speaker 1: team from KU Leuven in Belgium, as well as the 142 00:09:36,860 --> 00:09:41,989 Speaker 1: official Guinness Archive in Dublin. As of this recording, there 143 00:09:42,030 --> 00:09:45,270 Speaker 1: has not been an update on the result of either 144 00:09:45,470 --> 00:09:46,570 Speaker 1: of those efforts. 145 00:09:47,500 --> 00:09:50,270 Speaker 2: The results came back and it's just one page that says, yuck. 146 00:09:52,929 --> 00:09:56,130 Speaker 2: Don't do that. While you ponder that, we are going 147 00:09:56,150 --> 00:09:57,390 Speaker 2: to take a quick sponsor break. 148 00:10:07,100 --> 00:10:09,900 Speaker 1: That last potable is kind of a segue into our 149 00:10:09,960 --> 00:10:11,959 Speaker 1: next subject, which is shipwrecks. 150 00:10:12,559 --> 00:10:13,579 Speaker 2: We have a lot of them. 151 00:10:14,190 --> 00:10:16,489 Speaker 1: Some of them are shipwrecks we have talked about on 152 00:10:16,530 --> 00:10:19,429 Speaker 1: the show before, so these are also doing double duty 153 00:10:19,610 --> 00:10:23,950 Speaker 1: as updates. We did a two-part episode on Ernest Shackleton 154 00:10:23,990 --> 00:10:28,079 Speaker 1: in 2022, and he has also appeared on various installments 155 00:10:28,250 --> 00:10:33,679 Speaker 1: of Unearthed. That includes July of 2024, when the discovery 156 00:10:33,820 --> 00:10:37,600 Speaker 1: of the wreckage of one of his ships, the Quest, 157 00:10:38,000 --> 00:10:41,120 Speaker 1: was announced as having been found off the coast of Canada. 158 00:10:42,220 --> 00:10:45,730 Speaker 1: Shackleton was not on the quest when it sank. He 159 00:10:45,809 --> 00:10:49,689 Speaker 1: had died in his bunk aboard the ship decades before 160 00:10:49,730 --> 00:10:53,490 Speaker 1: it sank. He died in 1922 while attempting a voyage 161 00:10:53,570 --> 00:10:57,130 Speaker 1: to Antarctica, and then the quest remained in service after 162 00:10:57,170 --> 00:11:00,410 Speaker 1: his death until it was wrecked in sea ice on 163 00:11:00,490 --> 00:11:04,670 Speaker 1: May 5th, 1962. The research vessel that was used to 164 00:11:04,770 --> 00:11:06,670 Speaker 1: spot the wreckage of the quest back in 2024 was 165 00:11:06,730 --> 00:11:13,170 Speaker 1: using side-scanning sonar. Now, an expedition led by the Royal 166 00:11:13,220 --> 00:11:19,060 Speaker 1: Canadian Geographical Society and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution has captured 167 00:11:19,080 --> 00:11:22,980 Speaker 1: the first close-up photographs of the wreck. One of the 168 00:11:23,040 --> 00:11:27,210 Speaker 1: submersibles involved was the DSV Alvin, which was the first 169 00:11:27,309 --> 00:11:32,780 Speaker 1: submersible to ever visit the Titanic. This wreck is very damaged, 170 00:11:32,980 --> 00:11:36,000 Speaker 1: and there are also fishing nets blocking the view of 171 00:11:36,080 --> 00:11:38,360 Speaker 1: parts of it, but the team was able to see 172 00:11:38,400 --> 00:11:41,090 Speaker 1: the bow, the deck, and some of the portholes and 173 00:11:41,230 --> 00:11:45,030 Speaker 1: the main mast, which has now fallen. This wreckage has 174 00:11:45,090 --> 00:11:47,890 Speaker 1: also become home to a lot of aquatic life, including 175 00:11:48,030 --> 00:11:52,370 Speaker 1: pink corals and several types of fish. The team surveyed 176 00:11:52,530 --> 00:11:55,250 Speaker 1: and mapped the wreck and planned to make a digital 177 00:11:55,530 --> 00:11:58,920 Speaker 1: 3D model of it. This work was part of the 178 00:11:58,920 --> 00:12:04,070 Speaker 1: 2026 Heroic Age Expedition as a project to create comprehensive 179 00:12:04,170 --> 00:12:08,990 Speaker 1: surveys of two shipwrecks connected to the so-called Heroic Age 180 00:12:09,030 --> 00:12:13,110 Speaker 1: of Antarctic Exploration. The other ship, the Terra Nova, is 181 00:12:13,170 --> 00:12:15,610 Speaker 1: off the coast of Greenland and was the last ship 182 00:12:15,790 --> 00:12:19,849 Speaker 1: used by Robert Falcon Scott, someone that previous hosts of 183 00:12:19,890 --> 00:12:22,370 Speaker 1: the show covered on an episode on the race to 184 00:12:22,390 --> 00:12:26,940 Speaker 1: the South Pole that came out in 2010. Similarly, Scott 185 00:12:27,040 --> 00:12:29,920 Speaker 1: was not aboard the Terra Nova when it sank. The 186 00:12:29,960 --> 00:12:33,230 Speaker 1: Royal Navy had acquired it after Scott's expedition aboard it, 187 00:12:33,620 --> 00:12:36,250 Speaker 1: and it was scuttled after being damaged by sea ice 188 00:12:36,550 --> 00:12:41,670 Speaker 1: in 1943. The team also captured the first high-resolution images 189 00:12:41,790 --> 00:12:44,980 Speaker 1: of the Terra Nova, creating a survey and map with 190 00:12:45,040 --> 00:12:49,459 Speaker 1: plans for a digital model. We also did a two-parter 191 00:12:49,600 --> 00:12:53,689 Speaker 1: on the Batavia ship, That came out in April of 2014. 192 00:12:53,690 --> 00:12:57,730 Speaker 1: Research published in the Journal of Archaeological Science Reports has 193 00:12:57,809 --> 00:13:02,150 Speaker 1: looked at stone blocks, bricks, and ballast that were aboard 194 00:13:02,250 --> 00:13:06,460 Speaker 1: the Batavia when it sank in 1629. The blocks and 195 00:13:06,520 --> 00:13:09,420 Speaker 1: bricks were probably intended to be used at the Dutch 196 00:13:09,540 --> 00:13:13,540 Speaker 1: East India Company's headquarters in Jakarta, but there are no 197 00:13:13,700 --> 00:13:18,740 Speaker 1: longer written records of exactly where these blocks and bricks 198 00:13:18,800 --> 00:13:23,170 Speaker 1: had come from. Using geochemical techniques, the team determined that 199 00:13:23,190 --> 00:13:27,970 Speaker 1: these materials, which looked visually similar, came from multiple quarries 200 00:13:28,050 --> 00:13:31,360 Speaker 1: around Europe, not from a single quarry as had been 201 00:13:31,420 --> 00:13:37,400 Speaker 1: previously believed. Researchers analyzed microscopic zircon minerals and matched them 202 00:13:37,440 --> 00:13:41,459 Speaker 1: to the stone from quarry regions in Germany. They found 203 00:13:41,490 --> 00:13:44,010 Speaker 1: that the stones came from at least two different quarries 204 00:13:44,090 --> 00:13:47,650 Speaker 1: before being combined into a shipment that was being transported 205 00:13:47,730 --> 00:13:51,870 Speaker 1: to India. This paints a picture of a procurement and 206 00:13:51,910 --> 00:13:56,830 Speaker 1: provisioning system that was sophisticated and complex, connecting regional quarry 207 00:13:56,890 --> 00:14:00,410 Speaker 1: sites to transportation routes to the coast, and from there 208 00:14:00,630 --> 00:14:04,520 Speaker 1: to the East India Company's colonies and other sites overseas. 209 00:14:05,540 --> 00:14:08,640 Speaker 1: Moving on to shipwrecks we have not talked about before, 210 00:14:08,760 --> 00:14:12,300 Speaker 1: at least not that I remember. Research published in the 211 00:14:12,340 --> 00:14:15,810 Speaker 1: journal Antiquity in September has looked at cargo from the 212 00:14:15,850 --> 00:14:21,010 Speaker 1: Danube River that was discovered in 2019. It is possible 213 00:14:21,390 --> 00:14:23,660 Speaker 1: that this is material that was dumped into the river 214 00:14:23,720 --> 00:14:26,360 Speaker 1: for some kind of ritual purpose, but the much more 215 00:14:26,440 --> 00:14:30,270 Speaker 1: likely scenario is that it was lost during transit down 216 00:14:30,290 --> 00:14:32,290 Speaker 1: the river in some kind of shipwreck. So we have 217 00:14:32,310 --> 00:14:35,410 Speaker 1: the cargo, not the vessel it was on. They have 218 00:14:35,470 --> 00:14:40,480 Speaker 1: identified this cargo as a collection of about 500 iron bars, 219 00:14:41,020 --> 00:14:44,740 Speaker 1: something the archaeologists involved with the work described as a 220 00:14:44,920 --> 00:14:49,320 Speaker 1: minor miracle, since typically that kind of cargo would have 221 00:14:49,400 --> 00:14:53,360 Speaker 1: been recovered at some point and probably taken to scrap dealers. 222 00:14:54,240 --> 00:14:57,490 Speaker 1: This iron is old, dating back to between the 3rd 223 00:14:57,590 --> 00:15:04,420 Speaker 1: and 2nd centuries BCE. Combined, the bars weigh about 2,200 pounds, 224 00:15:04,590 --> 00:15:07,890 Speaker 1: or a metric ton, and they've been described as providing 225 00:15:08,030 --> 00:15:12,310 Speaker 1: enough iron to outfit an army with about 500 swords. 226 00:15:13,390 --> 00:15:16,060 Speaker 1: Cargo from another shipwreck was discovered off the coast of 227 00:15:16,160 --> 00:15:19,300 Speaker 1: Sweden in 2024, and it's now believed to have been 228 00:15:19,440 --> 00:15:23,380 Speaker 1: gifts from the German Duchy of Nassau to Tsar Alexander 229 00:15:23,400 --> 00:15:28,330 Speaker 1: II of Russia. The vessel carrying these gifts likely sank 230 00:15:28,390 --> 00:15:32,930 Speaker 1: shortly after the Crimean War in 1856 or 1857. The 231 00:15:32,970 --> 00:15:37,330 Speaker 1: cargo included hundreds of bottles of champagne and naturally carbonated 232 00:15:37,460 --> 00:15:41,920 Speaker 1: mineral water. One of those, labeled with the word Nassau, 233 00:15:42,380 --> 00:15:46,160 Speaker 1: was mistaken for a bottle of rum from Nassau in 234 00:15:46,180 --> 00:15:48,700 Speaker 1: the Caribbean when the wreck was first discovered, so it 235 00:15:48,740 --> 00:15:50,970 Speaker 1: kind of put them off on the wrong track for 236 00:15:51,010 --> 00:15:55,410 Speaker 1: a little bit. There were also porcelain dishes, scientific instruments, 237 00:15:55,510 --> 00:15:58,550 Speaker 1: and rare meteorites on board. This has been described as 238 00:15:58,610 --> 00:16:02,250 Speaker 1: both a symbolic recognition of the return to peace in 239 00:16:02,390 --> 00:16:06,280 Speaker 1: Europe after the war and of the relationship between Nassau 240 00:16:06,460 --> 00:16:10,060 Speaker 1: and Russia. A shipwreck was discovered off the coast of 241 00:16:10,140 --> 00:16:15,780 Speaker 1: Croatia in the Adriatic Sea about a decade ago, and archaeologists. 242 00:16:15,020 --> 00:16:17,070 Speaker 2: Have now announced what was aboard. 243 00:16:17,840 --> 00:16:20,740 Speaker 1: This ship dates back to the 7th or 8th century 244 00:16:21,000 --> 00:16:24,620 Speaker 1: and may have had a high-ranking Byzantine official and his 245 00:16:24,800 --> 00:16:28,520 Speaker 1: entourage on board when it sank. The ship was another 246 00:16:28,660 --> 00:16:32,720 Speaker 1: one that was full of very valuable cargo, including gold jewelry, coins, 247 00:16:32,840 --> 00:16:35,680 Speaker 1: and pottery, as well as a signet ring that may 248 00:16:35,720 --> 00:16:39,040 Speaker 1: have belonged to the official. It's the largest collection of 249 00:16:39,080 --> 00:16:42,720 Speaker 1: gold found in a Mediterranean shipwreck and a new source 250 00:16:42,760 --> 00:16:47,810 Speaker 1: of information about the Byzantine Empire during these centuries. Next, 251 00:16:48,070 --> 00:16:51,990 Speaker 1: fishers tipped off authorities in Italy after spotting a shipwreck 252 00:16:52,110 --> 00:16:55,810 Speaker 1: about three miles off the coast of Sicily. This site 253 00:16:55,910 --> 00:16:59,600 Speaker 1: has now been investigated using underwater cameras, and it's believed 254 00:16:59,670 --> 00:17:04,440 Speaker 1: to be a Roman shipwreck dating back about 2,100 years. 255 00:17:05,140 --> 00:17:07,500 Speaker 1: It is full of amphorae, which are believed to have 256 00:17:07,520 --> 00:17:12,090 Speaker 1: been used to transport wine. Archaeologists and other officials who 257 00:17:12,109 --> 00:17:14,929 Speaker 1: have been quoted about this wreck have described it as 258 00:17:14,990 --> 00:17:21,119 Speaker 1: a tremendously important archaeological discovery, with words like incredible and heart-stopping. 259 00:17:21,880 --> 00:17:24,960 Speaker 1: But they haven't really specified what sets it apart from 260 00:17:24,980 --> 00:17:29,040 Speaker 1: the various other Roman-era shipwrecks filled with amphora that we've 261 00:17:29,080 --> 00:17:33,200 Speaker 1: talked about on Unearthed before. It's definitely something that can 262 00:17:33,260 --> 00:17:36,439 Speaker 1: provide new information about things like trade networks and the 263 00:17:36,500 --> 00:17:39,800 Speaker 1: goods they transported thousands of years ago, But it's not 264 00:17:39,900 --> 00:17:43,590 Speaker 1: fully clear if this was just sort of excited hyperbole 265 00:17:43,990 --> 00:17:47,170 Speaker 1: or if there is something particularly unique about this one 266 00:17:47,210 --> 00:17:50,090 Speaker 1: that just hasn't been disclosed yet. Or at least that 267 00:17:50,130 --> 00:17:53,530 Speaker 1: I was not able to find. Why is this particular 268 00:17:53,650 --> 00:17:56,580 Speaker 1: one so exciting? Because I feel like I have found 269 00:17:56,820 --> 00:18:01,560 Speaker 1: lots of things about similar ships over the years. Our 270 00:18:01,700 --> 00:18:06,510 Speaker 1: next shipwreck was found in a somewhat unusual location. The 271 00:18:06,590 --> 00:18:10,830 Speaker 1: sealing of a cellar in Constance, Germany. The cellar dates 272 00:18:10,869 --> 00:18:14,230 Speaker 1: back to 1244, and at that time it was typical 273 00:18:14,270 --> 00:18:16,830 Speaker 1: for ships to be recycled once they were taken out 274 00:18:16,869 --> 00:18:19,830 Speaker 1: of use. The timbers used to make them would be 275 00:18:19,930 --> 00:18:25,169 Speaker 1: repurposed as building materials somewhere on land. But typically the 276 00:18:25,210 --> 00:18:27,340 Speaker 1: ships would be deconstructed first. 277 00:18:28,080 --> 00:18:30,280 Speaker 2: In this case, a portion. 278 00:18:29,920 --> 00:18:33,720 Speaker 1: Of the hull, almost completely intact, was used to make 279 00:18:33,800 --> 00:18:38,080 Speaker 1: the sealing of this cellar. It measures more than 25 280 00:18:38,080 --> 00:18:41,560 Speaker 1: square meters and contains at least 19 planks and the 281 00:18:41,640 --> 00:18:44,900 Speaker 1: wooden pegs that were used to connect them. Listen, that's 282 00:18:44,920 --> 00:18:46,460 Speaker 1: just efficiency. Don't take it apart. 283 00:18:46,480 --> 00:18:47,000 Speaker 2: It's fine. 284 00:18:47,369 --> 00:18:50,909 Speaker 1: I agree. It's fine. Now the investigation is more efficient. 285 00:18:52,630 --> 00:18:56,490 Speaker 1: This find comes as authorities are searching nearby Lake Constance 286 00:18:56,590 --> 00:18:59,790 Speaker 1: for shipwrecks as part of a project called Wrecks and 287 00:18:59,869 --> 00:19:04,330 Speaker 1: Deep Sea. This discovery has given researchers the opportunity to 288 00:19:04,390 --> 00:19:07,680 Speaker 1: study the remains of this ship without having to go 289 00:19:07,770 --> 00:19:11,050 Speaker 1: underwater to do it. The ceiling seems to have been 290 00:19:11,070 --> 00:19:13,609 Speaker 1: made from a flat-bottomed ship that was common in the 291 00:19:13,650 --> 00:19:17,230 Speaker 1: Middle Ages, and it shows evidence of repairs, including an 292 00:19:17,369 --> 00:19:21,060 Speaker 1: area where a damaged section was removed and replaced while 293 00:19:21,080 --> 00:19:24,699 Speaker 1: the ship was still in use. Next, a wreck spotted 294 00:19:24,760 --> 00:19:29,350 Speaker 1: in 2025 has been identified as the HMS Tiger, which 295 00:19:29,440 --> 00:19:34,080 Speaker 1: sank during a training exercise in 1908. It is not 296 00:19:34,160 --> 00:19:38,040 Speaker 1: clear exactly what happened, but shortly after a flare was 297 00:19:38,160 --> 00:19:42,090 Speaker 1: used to simulate a torpedo attack, the Tiger collided with 298 00:19:42,150 --> 00:19:46,470 Speaker 1: another ship called the Berwick. The Tiger split into two pieces. 299 00:19:47,369 --> 00:19:50,390 Speaker 1: One part sank almost instantly while the other sank. about 300 00:19:50,430 --> 00:19:53,890 Speaker 1: three minutes later, and only 22 of the 57 crew 301 00:19:54,010 --> 00:19:57,730 Speaker 1: on board survived. The wreck is south of the Isle 302 00:19:57,780 --> 00:20:01,619 Speaker 1: of Wight. Divers visited the ship to confirm its identity 303 00:20:01,880 --> 00:20:04,200 Speaker 1: and to try to gather evidence about the cause of 304 00:20:04,240 --> 00:20:07,609 Speaker 1: the wreck. They found that the rudder's position and the 305 00:20:07,670 --> 00:20:11,320 Speaker 1: positions of gauges suggest that the Tiger did not try 306 00:20:11,400 --> 00:20:14,600 Speaker 1: to alter its course or reduce speed before colliding with 307 00:20:14,619 --> 00:20:18,619 Speaker 1: the Berwick. But that still doesn't explain exactly why the 308 00:20:18,660 --> 00:20:22,240 Speaker 1: two ships were in a position to collide. Divers left 309 00:20:22,280 --> 00:20:24,650 Speaker 1: a memorial wreath at the wreck to honor the sailors 310 00:20:24,710 --> 00:20:28,780 Speaker 1: who died when it sank. Lastly, for these shipwrecks, research 311 00:20:28,880 --> 00:20:32,659 Speaker 1: published in the International Journal of Nautical Archaeology details a 312 00:20:32,680 --> 00:20:38,170 Speaker 1: 400-year-old shipwreck found during survey work for an underwater gas pipeline. 313 00:20:39,340 --> 00:20:45,460 Speaker 1: And divers were investigating some magnetic anomalies underwater in northern Germany. 314 00:20:45,640 --> 00:20:48,990 Speaker 1: This had been detected ahead of the work on the pipeline. 315 00:20:49,390 --> 00:20:51,030 Speaker 1: And when they went to see what was going on, 316 00:20:51,070 --> 00:20:55,560 Speaker 1: they found shoe soles, a rusty anchor, and other evidence 317 00:20:55,650 --> 00:20:59,910 Speaker 1: that there was a shipwreck down there. Over 12 days, 318 00:20:59,930 --> 00:21:03,070 Speaker 1: a team completed 22 dives to try to bring as 319 00:21:03,210 --> 00:21:06,659 Speaker 1: much material from the wreck up as they could so 320 00:21:06,680 --> 00:21:09,500 Speaker 1: that they could get as much as possible off the 321 00:21:09,600 --> 00:21:14,480 Speaker 1: ocean floor ahead of dredging operations for this pipeline. Most 322 00:21:14,520 --> 00:21:17,930 Speaker 1: of the hull had already decayed, but what's left shows 323 00:21:17,970 --> 00:21:22,449 Speaker 1: a clinker-style vessel made with overlapping planks nailed together and 324 00:21:22,590 --> 00:21:26,879 Speaker 1: sealed with tar and animal hair. Based on study of 325 00:21:26,920 --> 00:21:29,560 Speaker 1: the rings in remaining pieces of the hull, the trees 326 00:21:29,700 --> 00:21:35,320 Speaker 1: used to build it were cut down between 1626 and 1639. 327 00:21:35,320 --> 00:21:39,550 Speaker 1: Divers also found personal belongings from the crew, bones from 328 00:21:39,570 --> 00:21:44,330 Speaker 1: the animals they ate while on board, tools, rope, barrel staves, 329 00:21:44,430 --> 00:21:47,310 Speaker 1: and a hollow oak trunk that may have been used 330 00:21:47,369 --> 00:21:50,780 Speaker 1: as a bilge pump. There's also a flat clay brick 331 00:21:50,820 --> 00:21:53,620 Speaker 1: with holes through it in a block of oak wood, 332 00:21:53,660 --> 00:21:57,340 Speaker 1: and it isn't entirely clear what that purpose of that 333 00:21:57,520 --> 00:22:00,480 Speaker 1: item might have been. Beyond that, we don't know the 334 00:22:00,550 --> 00:22:03,649 Speaker 1: identity of the ship, where it was headed, where it 335 00:22:03,710 --> 00:22:07,490 Speaker 1: came from, or why it sank. Now let's take another 336 00:22:07,550 --> 00:22:19,970 Speaker 1: little sponsor break. Music Now we will move on to 337 00:22:20,050 --> 00:22:25,090 Speaker 1: all of the art. The Zoujiang Huashan Rock Art Cultural 338 00:22:25,170 --> 00:22:29,810 Speaker 1: Landscape in southwestern China is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, 339 00:22:29,950 --> 00:22:32,630 Speaker 1: and researchers have been trying to figure out how the 340 00:22:32,790 --> 00:22:36,010 Speaker 1: art in some of this area has lasted for as 341 00:22:36,050 --> 00:22:39,709 Speaker 1: long as it's lasted. There's figurative artwork in more than 342 00:22:39,710 --> 00:22:45,550 Speaker 1: 80 locations spread across 162 miles or 260 kilometers, and 343 00:22:45,590 --> 00:22:49,650 Speaker 1: this is in a region that sees frequent monsoons and typhoons, 344 00:22:49,810 --> 00:22:53,840 Speaker 1: and it's very hot in the summertime. Yet the artwork 345 00:22:53,990 --> 00:22:57,480 Speaker 1: on these exposed river cliffs has lasted for at least 346 00:22:57,480 --> 00:23:03,720 Speaker 1: 2,000 years and has remained a very vibrant red. According 347 00:23:03,780 --> 00:23:07,600 Speaker 1: to research published in the Journal of Archaeological Science, the 348 00:23:07,660 --> 00:23:10,880 Speaker 1: reason may be that the paint contains a binder made 349 00:23:10,920 --> 00:23:14,720 Speaker 1: of lime mortar mixed with blood. The team made this 350 00:23:14,780 --> 00:23:19,940 Speaker 1: determination by using scanning electron microscopy to analyze fragments of 351 00:23:20,040 --> 00:23:23,680 Speaker 1: paint-covered rock that had fallen from the cliffs. The red 352 00:23:23,740 --> 00:23:27,929 Speaker 1: pigment was made with local clay that contained microscopic particles 353 00:23:28,150 --> 00:23:32,960 Speaker 1: of iron oxide. Those microscopic pigment particles were encased in 354 00:23:33,000 --> 00:23:37,320 Speaker 1: this lime blood mortar. It is possible that this mortar 355 00:23:37,380 --> 00:23:41,360 Speaker 1: had both a practical and a religious purpose. The mix 356 00:23:41,420 --> 00:23:45,340 Speaker 1: of lime and blood created a natural hardener that tightly 357 00:23:45,420 --> 00:23:49,200 Speaker 1: bound the pigment to the rock face. Tests have also 358 00:23:49,280 --> 00:23:52,960 Speaker 1: detected serum proteins that suggest that at least some of 359 00:23:53,060 --> 00:23:56,530 Speaker 1: the blood came from women who had given birth. was 360 00:23:56,609 --> 00:24:00,890 Speaker 1: possibly collected during and after the childbirth process, and that 361 00:24:00,930 --> 00:24:05,380 Speaker 1: might have had a symbolic or a spiritual connotation or 362 00:24:05,400 --> 00:24:08,810 Speaker 1: a connection to the matrilineal structure of the society that 363 00:24:08,869 --> 00:24:12,230 Speaker 1: created this art. Some of the blood also seems to 364 00:24:12,270 --> 00:24:17,310 Speaker 1: be non-human animal blood. In other rock art news, Arnhem 365 00:24:17,350 --> 00:24:22,050 Speaker 1: Land in Australia's Northern Territory is home to exceptionally large 366 00:24:22,109 --> 00:24:27,149 Speaker 1: paintings of rainbow serpents and other ancestral beings, as well 367 00:24:27,230 --> 00:24:32,080 Speaker 1: as humans and animals. Researchers from Griffith University have worked 368 00:24:32,100 --> 00:24:35,940 Speaker 1: with a senior Amurdag traditional owner to study and record 369 00:24:35,940 --> 00:24:40,400 Speaker 1: 165 rock art sites, and they've come to the conclusion 370 00:24:40,440 --> 00:24:43,389 Speaker 1: that these very large paintings are a response to to 371 00:24:43,430 --> 00:24:47,300 Speaker 1: the cultural change that followed Europeans arriving in the area. 372 00:24:48,100 --> 00:24:52,160 Speaker 1: Many of these paintings can't be radiocarbon dated, both because 373 00:24:52,200 --> 00:24:54,399 Speaker 1: of the makeup of the pigments that were used to 374 00:24:54,460 --> 00:24:57,140 Speaker 1: create them and the fact that a lot of these 375 00:24:57,280 --> 00:25:01,439 Speaker 1: artworks are layered over other older images. So even if 376 00:25:01,480 --> 00:25:04,380 Speaker 1: there is the organic material there that could be tested, 377 00:25:05,160 --> 00:25:07,740 Speaker 1: it's hard to tell whether that's part of the most 378 00:25:07,940 --> 00:25:12,630 Speaker 1: recent artwork or something older. But the available evidence, which 379 00:25:12,690 --> 00:25:17,390 Speaker 1: includes information from traditional stories and indigenous traditions, is that 380 00:25:17,430 --> 00:25:22,300 Speaker 1: these were created in the post-contact era. The rainbow serpents, 381 00:25:22,380 --> 00:25:26,959 Speaker 1: in particular, are connected to change, including creation and destruction. 382 00:25:27,780 --> 00:25:31,020 Speaker 1: The overall conclusion is that these artworks were created in 383 00:25:31,060 --> 00:25:34,320 Speaker 1: an effort for indigenous people in the area to retain 384 00:25:34,340 --> 00:25:37,960 Speaker 1: a sense of control over their land and cultures and 385 00:25:38,000 --> 00:25:42,209 Speaker 1: traditions in the face of European colonization. This research was 386 00:25:42,290 --> 00:25:47,030 Speaker 1: published in an open-access article in the journal Australian Archaeology 387 00:25:47,170 --> 00:25:51,890 Speaker 1: called Paintings of Rainbow Serpents and Other Big Creatures of Awanbarna, 388 00:25:51,970 --> 00:25:56,900 Speaker 1: Northern Territory, Australia. This paper also contains more information about 389 00:25:56,920 --> 00:25:59,600 Speaker 1: the artwork and their meanings in context. 390 00:26:00,680 --> 00:26:01,760 Speaker 2: Moving on. 391 00:26:02,119 --> 00:26:05,980 Speaker 1: Conservators have restored the image of a soldier holding a 392 00:26:06,020 --> 00:26:09,270 Speaker 1: vessel of beer to a painting by Dutch Golden Age 393 00:26:09,420 --> 00:26:14,649 Speaker 1: artist Pieter de Hulk. The painting, minus the soldier, has 394 00:26:14,710 --> 00:26:18,080 Speaker 1: been known as man smoking and a woman drinking in 395 00:26:18,100 --> 00:26:21,820 Speaker 1: a courtyard. It depicts exactly that, along with a child 396 00:26:21,859 --> 00:26:24,120 Speaker 1: in a dress carrying a bowl in the lower right 397 00:26:24,160 --> 00:26:28,140 Speaker 1: corner of the image. But when this painting was originally created, 398 00:26:28,260 --> 00:26:29,980 Speaker 1: which was sometime between 1658 and 1660, there was also 399 00:26:30,000 --> 00:26:37,129 Speaker 1: a soldier shown. That soldier was removed at some point, 400 00:26:37,570 --> 00:26:41,409 Speaker 1: although his beer vessel and his pipe remained there in 401 00:26:41,450 --> 00:26:44,629 Speaker 1: the painting. It's not fully clear why this happened, but 402 00:26:44,650 --> 00:26:49,120 Speaker 1: there's some speculation that whenever it did, having a soldier 403 00:26:49,190 --> 00:26:52,860 Speaker 1: there was just considered to be too much debauchery for 404 00:26:53,000 --> 00:26:56,860 Speaker 1: one artwork, because with the soldier there, what was being 405 00:26:56,920 --> 00:26:59,820 Speaker 1: depicted was that they were all playing a drinking game. 406 00:27:00,400 --> 00:27:03,060 Speaker 1: This wasn't a case where the image had been painted 407 00:27:03,160 --> 00:27:07,590 Speaker 1: over and conservators could just remove the added paint. The 408 00:27:07,630 --> 00:27:11,970 Speaker 1: figure had been scrubbed out. But Peter DeHook also painted 409 00:27:12,070 --> 00:27:15,149 Speaker 1: a nearly identical version of this, which has been held 410 00:27:15,390 --> 00:27:19,899 Speaker 1: unaltered at the National Gallery of Art. Restorers used the 411 00:27:19,940 --> 00:27:23,440 Speaker 1: soldier from that painting as a model to recreate this one. 412 00:27:24,320 --> 00:27:28,119 Speaker 1: Next in 2018, somebody walked into a small art gallery 413 00:27:28,240 --> 00:27:31,879 Speaker 1: in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. They took a Picasso print off the wall, 414 00:27:32,000 --> 00:27:35,280 Speaker 1: and they just walked out with it. The print was 415 00:27:35,440 --> 00:27:40,320 Speaker 1: of Picasso's 1949 Etching Torero, which is depicting a bullfighter. 416 00:27:40,340 --> 00:27:44,520 Speaker 1: The gallery did not have any working security cameras at 417 00:27:44,560 --> 00:27:47,680 Speaker 1: the time, and the missing artwork was not noticed for 418 00:27:47,720 --> 00:27:52,010 Speaker 1: a few hours. The gallery owners reported the theft to 419 00:27:52,050 --> 00:27:54,830 Speaker 1: the police once they realized it was gone. They raised 420 00:27:54,930 --> 00:27:57,690 Speaker 1: money to offer a reward, and then when nothing came 421 00:27:57,710 --> 00:27:59,869 Speaker 1: of any of that, they tried to spread the word 422 00:27:59,930 --> 00:28:04,400 Speaker 1: about this theft on its anniversary every year. In August, 423 00:28:04,510 --> 00:28:07,990 Speaker 1: that painting was turned in to Milwaukee police after a 424 00:28:08,070 --> 00:28:11,310 Speaker 1: landlord found it hanging on a wall behind a door 425 00:28:11,430 --> 00:28:15,129 Speaker 1: in a newly vacated apartment. It had a thick layer 426 00:28:15,170 --> 00:28:18,030 Speaker 1: of dust on the frame, so it had seemingly hung 427 00:28:18,050 --> 00:28:21,740 Speaker 1: there for quite a while. The statute of limitations on 428 00:28:21,780 --> 00:28:25,560 Speaker 1: the original theft has expired, but news reports from August 429 00:28:25,600 --> 00:28:29,820 Speaker 1: said this was still being investigated. I find it bizarre. 430 00:28:30,430 --> 00:28:33,469 Speaker 1: It's kind of hilarious that, like, the landlord went to 431 00:28:33,490 --> 00:28:36,490 Speaker 1: the newly empty apartment and went, what's this painting behind 432 00:28:36,520 --> 00:28:36,939 Speaker 1: the door? 433 00:28:37,000 --> 00:28:37,609 Speaker 2: Just to say. 434 00:28:39,500 --> 00:28:43,540 Speaker 1: In our last bit of art news, a small marble 435 00:28:43,640 --> 00:28:47,300 Speaker 1: statue found in a salvage yard and purchased for 300 pounds. 436 00:28:48,640 --> 00:28:50,840 Speaker 1: has turned out to be the work of 18th century 437 00:28:50,940 --> 00:28:55,630 Speaker 1: Baroque sculptor Pietro Bracci. Bracci also carved the figure of 438 00:28:55,790 --> 00:28:59,570 Speaker 1: Oceanus in Trevi Fountain in Rome. This statue was a 439 00:28:59,610 --> 00:29:03,590 Speaker 1: maquette made for a bronze statue of Pope Clement XII, 440 00:29:03,690 --> 00:29:08,430 Speaker 1: which was cast by Francesco Giordani. The piece is the 441 00:29:08,490 --> 00:29:11,380 Speaker 1: only known surviving maquette from the creation of the statue, 442 00:29:11,470 --> 00:29:14,320 Speaker 1: and then the statue itself no longer survives because it 443 00:29:14,360 --> 00:29:18,600 Speaker 1: was melted down in the late 1790s. Like so many 444 00:29:18,620 --> 00:29:20,680 Speaker 1: of the things that we've talked about that were found 445 00:29:20,740 --> 00:29:24,160 Speaker 1: in places like salvage yards or thrift shops, this one 446 00:29:24,270 --> 00:29:28,030 Speaker 1: was headed for auction. That was scheduled for October 8th, 447 00:29:28,210 --> 00:29:31,230 Speaker 1: which is after we're recording this, but before it will 448 00:29:31,250 --> 00:29:34,830 Speaker 1: be published. It is estimated that this maquette could sell 449 00:29:34,870 --> 00:29:36,010 Speaker 1: at auction for about £ 10, 000. 450 00:29:35,890 --> 00:29:36,790 Speaker 2: Since it is October.... 451 00:29:40,200 --> 00:29:42,480 Speaker 1: We will end this installment of Unearthed with a few 452 00:29:42,540 --> 00:29:45,200 Speaker 1: things that could fit in with the Halloween theme as 453 00:29:45,280 --> 00:29:49,560 Speaker 1: it's observed in the U.S. First, archaeologists have been studying 454 00:29:49,700 --> 00:29:53,150 Speaker 1: a grave that was discovered in 2022. We actually talked 455 00:29:53,190 --> 00:29:56,810 Speaker 1: about that discovery when it happened. The grave is in Poland, 456 00:29:57,170 --> 00:29:59,250 Speaker 1: and it contained the remains of a young woman who 457 00:29:59,290 --> 00:30:02,650 Speaker 1: lived about 400 years ago, who had been buried with 458 00:30:02,690 --> 00:30:06,350 Speaker 1: an iron sickle over her neck and a padlock attached 459 00:30:06,390 --> 00:30:09,520 Speaker 1: to the big toe of her left foot. Both of 460 00:30:09,580 --> 00:30:12,640 Speaker 1: those things are known to have been used in anti-vampire 461 00:30:12,760 --> 00:30:16,120 Speaker 1: or anti-demon rituals in the area around the time this 462 00:30:16,160 --> 00:30:20,840 Speaker 1: person died. The cemetery was also near a crossroads away 463 00:30:20,920 --> 00:30:23,360 Speaker 1: from the nearest village, suggesting that it was a place 464 00:30:23,400 --> 00:30:25,960 Speaker 1: to bury people who were feared or who had been 465 00:30:26,000 --> 00:30:29,030 Speaker 1: rejected by society. So this was very quickly dubbed a 466 00:30:29,150 --> 00:30:34,469 Speaker 1: vampire burial. In newly published work on this burial, archaeologists 467 00:30:34,510 --> 00:30:38,370 Speaker 1: found tiny threads of silver and gilded wire near this 468 00:30:38,430 --> 00:30:41,440 Speaker 1: person's skull, which are believed to have come from a 469 00:30:41,520 --> 00:30:45,160 Speaker 1: silk cap, something that only a wealthy person was likely 470 00:30:45,200 --> 00:30:48,310 Speaker 1: to have owned. The soil in the burial site was 471 00:30:48,450 --> 00:30:51,690 Speaker 1: also disturbed in a way that suggested that someone had 472 00:30:51,790 --> 00:30:55,340 Speaker 1: tried to dig up her body before it was fully decomposed, 473 00:30:55,720 --> 00:31:00,480 Speaker 1: but long before the archaeological excavations that uncovered it. Based 474 00:31:00,580 --> 00:31:03,120 Speaker 1: on the position of her limbs, this may have been 475 00:31:03,160 --> 00:31:06,850 Speaker 1: done when the sickle was placed on the grave. We 476 00:31:06,990 --> 00:31:09,410 Speaker 1: now know a little bit more about this person than 477 00:31:09,450 --> 00:31:12,470 Speaker 1: we did before. She was between 17 and 19 years 478 00:31:12,570 --> 00:31:16,360 Speaker 1: old when she died. and that probably happened sometime between 479 00:31:16,360 --> 00:31:21,280 Speaker 1: 1620 and 1674. Based on isotope and DNA analysis, she 480 00:31:21,320 --> 00:31:24,910 Speaker 1: grew up in the area, but she also had Scandinavian ancestry. 481 00:31:25,810 --> 00:31:28,950 Speaker 1: Even though the silk cap suggests that she came from 482 00:31:28,990 --> 00:31:32,530 Speaker 1: a wealthy family, the carbon and nitrogen levels in her 483 00:31:32,570 --> 00:31:37,870 Speaker 1: remains suggest that she went through periods of malnutrition. Researchers 484 00:31:37,910 --> 00:31:41,610 Speaker 1: also found a green stain on her palate and neck bones, 485 00:31:41,690 --> 00:31:45,210 Speaker 1: which could have come from a copper-containing object placed in 486 00:31:45,260 --> 00:31:47,900 Speaker 1: her mouth after her death, although that is not clear. 487 00:31:48,780 --> 00:31:52,120 Speaker 1: Her cause of death is still a mystery, as is 488 00:31:52,200 --> 00:31:54,840 Speaker 1: what might have been going on in her community that 489 00:31:54,900 --> 00:31:57,900 Speaker 1: led people to believe that they needed to keep precautions 490 00:31:57,960 --> 00:32:01,670 Speaker 1: to keep her from rising from the dead. Next, a 491 00:32:01,710 --> 00:32:04,270 Speaker 1: paper authored by a team led by the University of 492 00:32:04,330 --> 00:32:09,940 Speaker 1: Staffordshire has warned of health risks associated with international trafficking 493 00:32:10,080 --> 00:32:17,100 Speaker 1: of mummified remains. Researchers analyzed 128 online posts and auction 494 00:32:17,140 --> 00:32:22,240 Speaker 1: listings offering mummified remains for sale, most of them body parts, 495 00:32:22,400 --> 00:32:27,420 Speaker 1: including heads. Mummified remains can include toxic compounds that were 496 00:32:27,560 --> 00:32:31,070 Speaker 1: used in the mummification process, as well as bacteria and 497 00:32:31,140 --> 00:32:35,620 Speaker 1: other contaminants from decomposition. The team found that the remains 498 00:32:35,680 --> 00:32:40,410 Speaker 1: being advertised often showed signs of deterioration, but that sellers 499 00:32:40,570 --> 00:32:44,230 Speaker 1: offered no safety guidance about how to handle them. The 500 00:32:44,270 --> 00:32:48,790 Speaker 1: listings also weren't compliant with regulations around the mail and shipping, 501 00:32:49,190 --> 00:32:51,980 Speaker 1: meaning that postal workers and members of the public who 502 00:32:52,080 --> 00:32:55,960 Speaker 1: happened to cross paths with these packages could be at risk. 503 00:32:56,780 --> 00:32:59,620 Speaker 1: The paper notes that health risks from historical remains increased, 504 00:33:00,170 --> 00:33:03,450 Speaker 1: are not just a hypothetical, citing that 10 out of 505 00:33:03,490 --> 00:33:07,160 Speaker 1: the 12 scientists who opened the tomb of King Casimir 506 00:33:07,600 --> 00:33:11,820 Speaker 1: IV in 1973 in what is now Poland died, believed 507 00:33:11,860 --> 00:33:16,180 Speaker 1: to be because they inhaled aspergillus spores. This research was 508 00:33:16,260 --> 00:33:20,150 Speaker 1: published as an open-access paper titled The Real Mummy's Curse, 509 00:33:20,390 --> 00:33:24,570 Speaker 1: Health Risks Associated with the Sale and Trade of Mummified Remains. 510 00:33:25,150 --> 00:33:28,870 Speaker 1: It was in the International Journal of Cultural Property. Do 511 00:33:28,930 --> 00:33:32,550 Speaker 1: not buy or sell mummified remains through random online posts 512 00:33:32,990 --> 00:33:35,690 Speaker 1: or at all, really. We cannot stress this enough. 513 00:33:36,210 --> 00:33:38,510 Speaker 2: Yeah, not for you not to do. 514 00:33:38,590 --> 00:33:42,430 Speaker 1: Not okay for many reasons. And lastly, two things that 515 00:33:42,470 --> 00:33:44,720 Speaker 1: are real creepy if you are creeped out by teeth. 516 00:33:45,320 --> 00:33:45,720 Speaker 2: Huzzah. 517 00:33:46,300 --> 00:33:49,660 Speaker 1: The first was found in the Neolithic village of Jablantica, 518 00:33:49,740 --> 00:33:53,080 Speaker 1: south of what is now Belgrade, Serbia, and was initially 519 00:33:53,200 --> 00:33:57,830 Speaker 1: misidentified as a broken bead. It has now been identified 520 00:33:58,210 --> 00:34:01,090 Speaker 1: as a human tooth that came from a middle-aged adult 521 00:34:01,510 --> 00:34:05,550 Speaker 1: who lived more than 6,500 years ago. The root of 522 00:34:05,590 --> 00:34:09,210 Speaker 1: the tooth is smooth and unbroken, suggesting that the person 523 00:34:09,270 --> 00:34:11,730 Speaker 1: it belonged to had been dead for a long time 524 00:34:12,130 --> 00:34:14,910 Speaker 1: when that tooth came out of the skull. It is 525 00:34:14,950 --> 00:34:18,410 Speaker 1: not clear when or how that happened, but someone drilled 526 00:34:18,469 --> 00:34:21,450 Speaker 1: a hole through the tooth, apparently to wear as a pendant. 527 00:34:21,890 --> 00:34:24,690 Speaker 1: Maybe to go visit the vampire person that was in 528 00:34:24,730 --> 00:34:29,980 Speaker 1: the earlier story. The other of these finds was excavated 529 00:34:30,040 --> 00:34:33,680 Speaker 1: from a Roman-era cemetery in Poland, and it is a 530 00:34:33,700 --> 00:34:38,540 Speaker 1: 5,000-year-old necklace made of 42 teeth. These seem to be 531 00:34:38,620 --> 00:34:42,060 Speaker 1: mostly the teeth of large mammals like wolves, bear, and deer, 532 00:34:42,100 --> 00:34:45,600 Speaker 1: but some of them may be human teeth. This necklace 533 00:34:45,640 --> 00:34:48,960 Speaker 1: was excavated from a gravesite containing a man's remains as 534 00:34:49,020 --> 00:34:53,510 Speaker 1: well as two additional skulls, some amber beads, a flint knife, 535 00:34:53,790 --> 00:34:55,169 Speaker 1: and a stone axe. 536 00:34:55,930 --> 00:35:00,950 Speaker 2: Tooth jewelry. Providing the scenes. Okay. 537 00:35:01,140 --> 00:35:04,939 Speaker 1: Do you have spooky or unspooky listener mail? I have 538 00:35:05,060 --> 00:35:09,239 Speaker 1: unspooky listener mail. It is from Caitlin... Caitlin sends us 539 00:35:09,560 --> 00:35:12,839 Speaker 1: emails fairly often, and they are always so great. And 540 00:35:13,090 --> 00:35:15,069 Speaker 1: Caitlin sent us this in August. We are just now 541 00:35:15,090 --> 00:35:19,250 Speaker 1: getting to it. Caitlin wrote, Dear Tracy and Holly, about 542 00:35:19,330 --> 00:35:22,200 Speaker 1: halfway through your recent episode on Mary Mallon and typhoid, 543 00:35:22,219 --> 00:35:24,020 Speaker 1: I'd already made up my mind to write a note 544 00:35:24,080 --> 00:35:27,000 Speaker 1: about the way individuals have or have not had their 545 00:35:27,020 --> 00:35:29,980 Speaker 1: personal liberties set aside in the name of public health. 546 00:35:30,540 --> 00:35:33,380 Speaker 1: Then you finished with a couple of sentences on exactly that, 547 00:35:33,500 --> 00:35:37,130 Speaker 1: specifically naming the early days of the HIV-AIDS pandemic and 548 00:35:37,190 --> 00:35:42,359 Speaker 1: the COVID-19 pandemic. As a disability justice advocate and a historian, 549 00:35:42,420 --> 00:35:47,000 Speaker 1: this intersection is always so interesting to me because, as 550 00:35:47,040 --> 00:35:50,439 Speaker 1: a hypothetical, it seems obvious that a person should not 551 00:35:50,500 --> 00:35:53,770 Speaker 1: be able to knowingly risk the health and safety of others. 552 00:35:54,390 --> 00:35:57,009 Speaker 1: The saying,' Your right to swing your fist stops at 553 00:35:57,030 --> 00:35:59,950 Speaker 1: my nose,' comes to mind, especially when looking at cases 554 00:36:00,030 --> 00:36:04,120 Speaker 1: like Zookt v. King. which centered around whether San Antonio 555 00:36:04,260 --> 00:36:08,700 Speaker 1: Independent School District could prohibit any child not vaccinated for 556 00:36:08,760 --> 00:36:13,800 Speaker 1: smallpox from enrolling. The family in question, Zooks, argued that 557 00:36:14,160 --> 00:36:17,930 Speaker 1: there was no ongoing public health emergency. So the choice 558 00:36:17,969 --> 00:36:19,610 Speaker 1: of whether or not to vaccinate should be up to 559 00:36:19,630 --> 00:36:22,029 Speaker 1: the individual. The case went all the way to the U.S. 560 00:36:22,050 --> 00:36:26,609 Speaker 1: Supreme Court, which unanimously determined that this was a justified 561 00:36:26,750 --> 00:36:29,819 Speaker 1: use of police power to protect public health and safety. 562 00:36:30,620 --> 00:36:33,980 Speaker 1: It's very easy to sit here 100 years later and say, 563 00:36:34,060 --> 00:36:37,100 Speaker 1: of course the court was right in mandating vaccination in 564 00:36:37,200 --> 00:36:40,940 Speaker 1: order to participate in public school helps prevent outbreaks of 565 00:36:41,080 --> 00:36:44,799 Speaker 1: preventable disease. In fact, I say something similar to my 566 00:36:44,860 --> 00:36:49,450 Speaker 1: students when we study this case. But there is always nuance, 567 00:36:49,510 --> 00:36:53,090 Speaker 1: and I think Mary Mallon's story is an excellent example. Yes, 568 00:36:53,250 --> 00:36:55,910 Speaker 1: she was wrong to return to cooking knowing that she 569 00:36:55,930 --> 00:36:59,339 Speaker 1: was a typhoid carrier. except there's not clarity on how 570 00:36:59,440 --> 00:37:02,920 Speaker 1: well she understood that, and the scientific understanding of chronic 571 00:37:02,960 --> 00:37:07,009 Speaker 1: typhoid was brand new. Except the same people who told 572 00:37:07,050 --> 00:37:10,469 Speaker 1: her she couldn't cook didn't provide her a vocation that 573 00:37:10,510 --> 00:37:14,530 Speaker 1: required an equivalent amount of physical labor for an equivalent wage. 574 00:37:15,370 --> 00:37:18,250 Speaker 1: Except the remedy to her carrier status was not to 575 00:37:18,370 --> 00:37:22,000 Speaker 1: incarcerate her indefinitely with no due process or means of appeal. 576 00:37:22,840 --> 00:37:26,040 Speaker 1: When there was a hantavirus outbreak earlier in 2026, I 577 00:37:26,080 --> 00:37:28,700 Speaker 1: remember reading that some of the passengers who had been 578 00:37:28,760 --> 00:37:31,060 Speaker 1: on the cruise ship that was determined to be the 579 00:37:31,100 --> 00:37:35,500 Speaker 1: source were absolutely furious that they were being quarantined until 580 00:37:35,540 --> 00:37:38,810 Speaker 1: the incubation period passed because it was a violation of 581 00:37:38,850 --> 00:37:42,600 Speaker 1: their rights in any way they felt fine. That attitude 582 00:37:42,640 --> 00:37:46,379 Speaker 1: feels so selfish and individualistic to the point of callousness, 583 00:37:46,440 --> 00:37:48,920 Speaker 1: and I can't help but look at the way American 584 00:37:49,000 --> 00:37:53,259 Speaker 1: culture has largely dismissed the COVID pandemic as over and 585 00:37:53,320 --> 00:37:56,209 Speaker 1: not that bad, and pushed for a return to. 586 00:37:56,170 --> 00:37:57,610 Speaker 2: Normal as an influence. 587 00:37:58,310 --> 00:38:01,930 Speaker 1: But now I find myself wondering if these passengers who 588 00:38:01,950 --> 00:38:06,489 Speaker 1: were told to quarantine were compensated for lost wages. if 589 00:38:06,510 --> 00:38:10,020 Speaker 1: they had assistants caring for their families, pets, homes, and 590 00:38:10,060 --> 00:38:14,600 Speaker 1: other responsibilities, and if they were offered hospitality and compassion 591 00:38:14,680 --> 00:38:18,060 Speaker 1: in quarantine or simply shut into a small room and 592 00:38:18,080 --> 00:38:20,919 Speaker 1: told to wait for a few weeks. Thank you, as always, 593 00:38:20,960 --> 00:38:23,680 Speaker 1: for a wonderful podcast. I look forward to new episodes 594 00:38:23,760 --> 00:38:27,780 Speaker 1: every week and love familiar topics and unfamiliar topics equally. 595 00:38:27,880 --> 00:38:31,580 Speaker 1: I've attached some recent pictures of my two creatures. Sharktopus 596 00:38:31,660 --> 00:38:35,320 Speaker 1: is showing off her shapely figure. The shape is a potato! 597 00:38:36,489 --> 00:38:40,359 Speaker 1: And Dimitri is impersonating an orange best, Caitlin. I love 598 00:38:40,469 --> 00:38:43,160 Speaker 1: emails from Caitlin. They are so good. We have an 599 00:38:43,219 --> 00:38:47,840 Speaker 1: orange kitty. And we also have a torty kind of 600 00:38:47,900 --> 00:38:51,500 Speaker 1: kitty with a little white on the belly. Potato is 601 00:38:51,540 --> 00:38:54,840 Speaker 1: a great shape. Potato is a very great shape. 602 00:38:54,880 --> 00:38:55,380 Speaker 2: We love it. 603 00:38:55,840 --> 00:38:58,600 Speaker 1: Thank you so much, Caitlin, again. Caitlin sends great emails. 604 00:38:59,020 --> 00:39:01,820 Speaker 1: I would read all of them, but I can't necessarily 605 00:39:01,860 --> 00:39:04,750 Speaker 1: read all of them. So... Thank you again, Caitlin. If 606 00:39:04,850 --> 00:39:06,810 Speaker 1: you would like to send us a note, we're at 607 00:39:06,850 --> 00:39:10,529 Speaker 1: historypodcasts at iheartradio.com. If you would like to read the 608 00:39:10,570 --> 00:39:13,950 Speaker 1: incredibly long show notes to this episode, including links to 609 00:39:14,170 --> 00:39:16,589 Speaker 1: all of the articles that we have talked about over 610 00:39:16,650 --> 00:39:21,330 Speaker 1: these last two episodes, that's at missedinhistory.com. And you can 611 00:39:21,390 --> 00:39:24,110 Speaker 1: subscribe to the show on the iHeartRadio app and anywhere 612 00:39:24,150 --> 00:39:32,290 Speaker 1: else you like to get your podcasts. Stuff You Missed 613 00:39:32,350 --> 00:39:35,500 Speaker 1: in History Class is a production of iHeartRadio. For more 614 00:39:35,540 --> 00:39:39,960 Speaker 1: podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or 615 00:39:39,980 --> 00:39:41,800 Speaker 1: wherever you listen to your favorite shows.