1 00:00:04,240 --> 00:00:08,280 Speaker 1: Get in Text with Technology with Text Stuff from Hastuffs Tacolom. 2 00:00:12,000 --> 00:00:15,400 Speaker 1: Hey guys, and welcome to tex Stuff. I'm your host, 3 00:00:15,640 --> 00:00:19,639 Speaker 1: Jonathan Strickland, and today I want to look at the 4 00:00:19,800 --> 00:00:23,919 Speaker 1: Industrial Revolution because this show is all about technology and 5 00:00:23,960 --> 00:00:26,920 Speaker 1: about doubt. We wouldn't have the technology we enjoy today 6 00:00:27,440 --> 00:00:31,880 Speaker 1: without the era of change that is the Industrial Revolution. Now, 7 00:00:32,479 --> 00:00:36,199 Speaker 1: industrial Revolution is a huge topic. It's enormous. So I'm 8 00:00:36,240 --> 00:00:39,000 Speaker 1: going to be tackling this in a series of episodes 9 00:00:39,880 --> 00:00:42,320 Speaker 1: right now. It looks like it's gonna be three. I 10 00:00:42,360 --> 00:00:44,839 Speaker 1: don't know for sure yet, but this will be the 11 00:00:45,040 --> 00:00:48,680 Speaker 1: first of them. So typically we think of the Industrial 12 00:00:48,760 --> 00:00:53,880 Speaker 1: Revolution as a period in which automation, mass production, urbanization, 13 00:00:54,000 --> 00:00:56,920 Speaker 1: all of these things change the way that we humans live. 14 00:00:57,640 --> 00:01:00,080 Speaker 1: And it's a time in which corporations came in to 15 00:01:00,200 --> 00:01:03,440 Speaker 1: being and we started to see the delineation of work 16 00:01:03,480 --> 00:01:07,600 Speaker 1: between laborers and management and the rise of unions and 17 00:01:07,680 --> 00:01:10,840 Speaker 1: all sorts of stuff. But it's even more complex than that, 18 00:01:11,000 --> 00:01:15,319 Speaker 1: And the story doesn't have a clear beginning, middle, and end, 19 00:01:15,840 --> 00:01:18,480 Speaker 1: which is problematic because we humans like stories that have 20 00:01:18,520 --> 00:01:22,120 Speaker 1: a clear narrative. But as you guys know, history rarely 21 00:01:22,160 --> 00:01:26,480 Speaker 1: follows that pattern. So before we can even talk about 22 00:01:26,480 --> 00:01:29,840 Speaker 1: the Industrial Revolution, we need to see why it was 23 00:01:29,880 --> 00:01:33,400 Speaker 1: such a big deal, which requires that we look way, way, 24 00:01:33,440 --> 00:01:36,839 Speaker 1: way back. And when I say way back, i'm talking 25 00:01:36,880 --> 00:01:41,840 Speaker 1: about the Neolithic Revolution. There are two big revolutions of 26 00:01:42,319 --> 00:01:46,920 Speaker 1: human behavior and UH and and various things around that 27 00:01:46,920 --> 00:01:50,600 Speaker 1: that have shaped the way we human beings exist here 28 00:01:50,720 --> 00:01:54,360 Speaker 1: on the planet. The Neolithic Revolution was the first one, 29 00:01:54,760 --> 00:01:58,320 Speaker 1: and this took place thousands of years ago, like somewhere 30 00:01:58,360 --> 00:02:02,120 Speaker 1: between nine thousand and seven thousand BC. That was pretty 31 00:02:02,200 --> 00:02:05,120 Speaker 1: much when this was taking place. That's when humans began 32 00:02:05,160 --> 00:02:09,839 Speaker 1: to discover agricultural techniques and we began to transition from 33 00:02:09,960 --> 00:02:13,840 Speaker 1: hunter gatherer lifestyles where you're very nomadic and you're depending 34 00:02:13,919 --> 00:02:17,760 Speaker 1: upon finding the food you need day to day, to 35 00:02:17,960 --> 00:02:22,320 Speaker 1: an agrarian lifestyle where you're actually cultivating food in both 36 00:02:22,360 --> 00:02:25,480 Speaker 1: crops and livestock. People began to settle down and the 37 00:02:25,560 --> 00:02:30,800 Speaker 1: vast majority of people were farmers. So most people, in fact, 38 00:02:30,840 --> 00:02:34,200 Speaker 1: the vast majority of people were spending their days out 39 00:02:34,200 --> 00:02:39,040 Speaker 1: in fields, you know, tending to crops or livestock. Now, 40 00:02:39,080 --> 00:02:42,400 Speaker 1: the term revolution gives you a couple of implications, and 41 00:02:42,520 --> 00:02:46,359 Speaker 1: they can be a little misleading. Actually, it implies that 42 00:02:46,440 --> 00:02:49,560 Speaker 1: we're talking about a moment of abrupt change in history, 43 00:02:49,600 --> 00:02:52,519 Speaker 1: but that's not really the case with either the Neolithic 44 00:02:52,760 --> 00:02:57,040 Speaker 1: or Industrial revolutions. These things took a lot of time. Now, 45 00:02:57,040 --> 00:02:59,840 Speaker 1: the Neolithic Revolution took a great deal of time, we're 46 00:02:59,840 --> 00:03:03,920 Speaker 1: talking about a thousand years. But generally speaking, historians bracket 47 00:03:03,960 --> 00:03:07,480 Speaker 1: the Industrial Revolution as a period in history that began 48 00:03:07,520 --> 00:03:12,040 Speaker 1: in seventeen sixty and ended around eighteen fifty in Britain. 49 00:03:12,800 --> 00:03:15,360 Speaker 1: Europe and the United States and some other areas followed 50 00:03:15,400 --> 00:03:19,079 Speaker 1: suit in timelines that kind of overlapped Britain's timeline, but 51 00:03:19,120 --> 00:03:21,919 Speaker 1: Britain got the jump on everybody else. It really got 52 00:03:21,960 --> 00:03:25,800 Speaker 1: started in Britain. Now, seventeen sixty to eighteen fifty, that 53 00:03:25,919 --> 00:03:29,320 Speaker 1: is just one decade short of a full century, and 54 00:03:29,360 --> 00:03:32,880 Speaker 1: the seeds for the revolution were actually planted centuries before that. 55 00:03:33,639 --> 00:03:37,160 Speaker 1: So we need to look at the sixteenth century, the 56 00:03:37,200 --> 00:03:40,120 Speaker 1: fifteen hundred's, the late Renaissance to kind of get an 57 00:03:40,160 --> 00:03:44,400 Speaker 1: idea of the sort of things that led up to 58 00:03:44,640 --> 00:03:49,160 Speaker 1: the Industrial Revolution. And that was a time when philosophy 59 00:03:49,360 --> 00:03:53,200 Speaker 1: was transforming into science. It's when people began to learn 60 00:03:53,920 --> 00:03:56,480 Speaker 1: more about how the world works. And how to make 61 00:03:56,520 --> 00:03:59,920 Speaker 1: practical use of the knowledge they gained. We had were 62 00:04:00,000 --> 00:04:04,440 Speaker 1: the important thinkers like Francis Bacon, John Locke, Galileo Galilei, 63 00:04:04,480 --> 00:04:08,880 Speaker 1: Baruch Spinoza, Renee des Cartes, and even earlier thinkers like 64 00:04:09,000 --> 00:04:12,600 Speaker 1: Leonardo da Vinci, all of whom made significant contributions to 65 00:04:12,680 --> 00:04:16,719 Speaker 1: human knowledge and philosophy. Now, these were the ideas that 66 00:04:16,839 --> 00:04:20,240 Speaker 1: fueled the Renaissance and led into the Age of Enlightenment. 67 00:04:20,800 --> 00:04:23,080 Speaker 1: And it's also important to point out that the Industrial 68 00:04:23,120 --> 00:04:26,880 Speaker 1: Revolution wasn't just about technology. It was marked by changes 69 00:04:26,880 --> 00:04:33,520 Speaker 1: in demographics and culture, in socioeconomic conditions, agriculture, manufacturing, and shrade. 70 00:04:34,279 --> 00:04:36,360 Speaker 1: There were a lot of conditions in place that allowed 71 00:04:36,360 --> 00:04:40,960 Speaker 1: this transformation to happen in England specifically. In general, we're 72 00:04:40,960 --> 00:04:43,080 Speaker 1: looking at the time in history when people began to 73 00:04:43,160 --> 00:04:46,719 Speaker 1: leave the pastoral farms and head into cities to earn 74 00:04:46,760 --> 00:04:52,239 Speaker 1: a living. Uh The term industrial revolution revolution was popularized 75 00:04:52,240 --> 00:04:57,640 Speaker 1: by a nineteenth century English economic historian named Arnold Toynbee. 76 00:04:57,720 --> 00:05:01,320 Speaker 1: He popularized the term industrial revolution, and he originally defined 77 00:05:01,320 --> 00:05:05,440 Speaker 1: it as seventeen sixty to eighteen forty, but other historians 78 00:05:06,080 --> 00:05:09,880 Speaker 1: would begin to expand that outward and looking at a 79 00:05:09,960 --> 00:05:14,200 Speaker 1: broader range of years to define the Industrial Revolution. They 80 00:05:14,240 --> 00:05:17,760 Speaker 1: did identify a few trends as being fundamental for the 81 00:05:17,800 --> 00:05:21,279 Speaker 1: Industrial Revolution to take place, and one of those very 82 00:05:21,320 --> 00:05:25,960 Speaker 1: important elements was that populations were growing throughout Europe. We 83 00:05:25,960 --> 00:05:28,440 Speaker 1: were starting to see more and more people being born 84 00:05:28,680 --> 00:05:31,120 Speaker 1: in Europe at the time, and that also meant that 85 00:05:31,160 --> 00:05:34,119 Speaker 1: there were more people available to do work, and also 86 00:05:34,200 --> 00:05:36,600 Speaker 1: that there was an increasing need to produce more food 87 00:05:36,680 --> 00:05:40,839 Speaker 1: and clothing for everybody. And as you have probably heard 88 00:05:41,080 --> 00:05:45,320 Speaker 1: in your lifetimes, necessity is the mother of invention. If 89 00:05:45,360 --> 00:05:48,000 Speaker 1: you need something, someone's eventually going to come up with 90 00:05:48,000 --> 00:05:50,440 Speaker 1: an idea of how to meet that need, or you 91 00:05:50,520 --> 00:05:53,920 Speaker 1: go without. Now, this challenge meant that many people worked 92 00:05:54,120 --> 00:06:01,960 Speaker 1: hard on ways to overcome the increase in need for clothing, food, 93 00:06:02,000 --> 00:06:04,240 Speaker 1: that kind of stuff. And in Britain there were quite 94 00:06:04,240 --> 00:06:07,000 Speaker 1: a few inventive people who designed machinery and systems to 95 00:06:07,040 --> 00:06:09,840 Speaker 1: really meet those needs. And I also didn't hurt that 96 00:06:09,880 --> 00:06:12,680 Speaker 1: England had a really healthy agricultural system with lots of 97 00:06:12,680 --> 00:06:15,880 Speaker 1: farms spread throughout the country. It was really the right 98 00:06:15,920 --> 00:06:19,560 Speaker 1: place in the right time for change to happen. And 99 00:06:19,680 --> 00:06:23,680 Speaker 1: before the Industrial Revolution, most people were making whatever they 100 00:06:23,680 --> 00:06:27,800 Speaker 1: needed for themselves, or they would inherit some things from 101 00:06:27,839 --> 00:06:31,400 Speaker 1: parents or other family members, and only occasionally would they 102 00:06:31,480 --> 00:06:37,160 Speaker 1: buy something from another person or trade for it. It 103 00:06:37,240 --> 00:06:41,839 Speaker 1: was pretty rare. There are certain certain um occupations that 104 00:06:41,920 --> 00:06:47,080 Speaker 1: lent themselves to working well in this environment, but generally speaking, 105 00:06:47,080 --> 00:06:50,839 Speaker 1: we're still talking mostly farmers. There really wasn't much of 106 00:06:50,839 --> 00:06:54,400 Speaker 1: a middle class to speak of before the Industrial Revolution. 107 00:06:54,720 --> 00:06:57,200 Speaker 1: There were men and women who specialized in certain crafts 108 00:06:57,200 --> 00:07:00,680 Speaker 1: like carpentry or stonework, but most people just made do 109 00:07:00,800 --> 00:07:03,680 Speaker 1: with what they had, and that was partly because the 110 00:07:03,720 --> 00:07:06,839 Speaker 1: cost of producing goods was quite high. It required a 111 00:07:06,839 --> 00:07:10,520 Speaker 1: lot of labor, a lot of hard work by hand, 112 00:07:11,000 --> 00:07:13,680 Speaker 1: and it also was not easy to get raw materials 113 00:07:13,840 --> 00:07:16,680 Speaker 1: or to ship finished goods from one place to another. 114 00:07:17,120 --> 00:07:21,560 Speaker 1: It was just pretty challenging to make something and deliver it. 115 00:07:22,000 --> 00:07:24,640 Speaker 1: On top of that, Europe was emerging from a socio 116 00:07:24,640 --> 00:07:28,360 Speaker 1: economic system in which there were really three main classes 117 00:07:28,400 --> 00:07:32,000 Speaker 1: of people. You had the nobility, including the royalty. You 118 00:07:32,040 --> 00:07:35,200 Speaker 1: had the clergy, so everyone involved with the church and 119 00:07:35,280 --> 00:07:39,160 Speaker 1: pretty much everybody else. Now, the nobility and clergy wielded 120 00:07:39,160 --> 00:07:44,600 Speaker 1: power in different contexts. Uh sometimes those contexts overlapped sometimes 121 00:07:44,880 --> 00:07:49,280 Speaker 1: certain branches of the clergy were in power or not 122 00:07:49,400 --> 00:07:53,720 Speaker 1: in power, particularly in England where you had Protestants and Catholics, 123 00:07:53,800 --> 00:07:57,440 Speaker 1: kind of shifting the balance of power throughout the several 124 00:07:57,480 --> 00:08:00,720 Speaker 1: hundred years from UH the king Henry the era up 125 00:08:00,760 --> 00:08:04,240 Speaker 1: to the Industrial Revolution. But by seventeen fifty things had 126 00:08:04,320 --> 00:08:09,200 Speaker 1: changed a lot and a century earlier, around the sixteen 127 00:08:09,280 --> 00:08:13,080 Speaker 1: fifties sixteen forties, really England had gone through a civil 128 00:08:13,120 --> 00:08:17,320 Speaker 1: war in which the monarchy was originally abolished. Uh. Then 129 00:08:17,400 --> 00:08:20,320 Speaker 1: England was a protectorate for a little while, and then 130 00:08:20,360 --> 00:08:24,760 Speaker 1: England reinstated the monarchy, but with some big changes. So 131 00:08:24,880 --> 00:08:28,560 Speaker 1: essentially what happened was you had Parliament originally saying, you know, 132 00:08:28,800 --> 00:08:32,920 Speaker 1: we don't think kings are such a great idea, and sorry, Charles, 133 00:08:33,480 --> 00:08:35,440 Speaker 1: we're gonna get rid of you. We're gonna chuck you 134 00:08:35,679 --> 00:08:39,800 Speaker 1: and your head out, and we're gonna replace you with 135 00:08:40,000 --> 00:08:45,240 Speaker 1: a parliament that will govern the country, and we're gonna 136 00:08:45,240 --> 00:08:48,440 Speaker 1: put Oliver Cromwell as the Lord Protector of England sort 137 00:08:48,480 --> 00:08:53,760 Speaker 1: of the head of this parliamentary body. Then after a while, UH, 138 00:08:53,960 --> 00:09:00,520 Speaker 1: some shifting political conditions prompted Parliament to say, you know what, 139 00:09:00,559 --> 00:09:02,240 Speaker 1: we kind of like it when we had a king 140 00:09:02,360 --> 00:09:04,160 Speaker 1: that was kind of awesome. We should we should do 141 00:09:04,240 --> 00:09:08,120 Speaker 1: that again. So England reinstated the monarchy, but in the 142 00:09:08,200 --> 00:09:11,720 Speaker 1: process Parliament also wanted to make sure the monarch didn't 143 00:09:11,760 --> 00:09:15,800 Speaker 1: have as much power, so they underwent kind of another transformation, 144 00:09:15,880 --> 00:09:18,600 Speaker 1: something similar to what had happened when King John had 145 00:09:18,600 --> 00:09:21,959 Speaker 1: to sign the Magna Carta back in the thirteenth century. 146 00:09:22,240 --> 00:09:24,920 Speaker 1: The monarch and the House of Lords saw much of 147 00:09:24,920 --> 00:09:28,400 Speaker 1: their power stripped away, and Parliament's House of Commons had 148 00:09:28,400 --> 00:09:31,400 Speaker 1: a greater share of the power. The reason I even 149 00:09:31,400 --> 00:09:33,040 Speaker 1: bring this up, and you might be saying, well, this 150 00:09:33,080 --> 00:09:35,920 Speaker 1: is a technology podcast. This isn't stuff you missed in 151 00:09:35,960 --> 00:09:37,760 Speaker 1: history class. Where are you talking about it? Well, the 152 00:09:37,800 --> 00:09:41,480 Speaker 1: important part is that this was the decline of nobility 153 00:09:41,600 --> 00:09:45,120 Speaker 1: in England. They were starting to see less and less 154 00:09:46,080 --> 00:09:49,600 Speaker 1: power in their grasp. They were no longer as effective 155 00:09:49,600 --> 00:09:52,960 Speaker 1: as they once were. There was instead a rise of 156 00:09:53,000 --> 00:09:56,720 Speaker 1: a new class, a middle class emerging at the time, 157 00:09:57,160 --> 00:09:59,480 Speaker 1: and you had merchants who were making a great deal 158 00:09:59,480 --> 00:10:02,280 Speaker 1: of money and in many cases were much more powerful 159 00:10:02,320 --> 00:10:05,880 Speaker 1: than nobles who might have a noble title but not 160 00:10:06,000 --> 00:10:09,120 Speaker 1: as much money as the merchants did so we started 161 00:10:09,120 --> 00:10:12,320 Speaker 1: to see a shift in power, and that condition was 162 00:10:12,520 --> 00:10:18,280 Speaker 1: very important for the Industrial Revolution to take place too. Now, 163 00:10:18,480 --> 00:10:23,320 Speaker 1: among the merchants were some pretty interesting inventors, people who 164 00:10:23,520 --> 00:10:26,319 Speaker 1: came up with new ways to make work more efficient. 165 00:10:26,760 --> 00:10:29,120 Speaker 1: And one inventor's work that we need to talk about 166 00:10:29,200 --> 00:10:33,200 Speaker 1: pre dates the Industrial Revolution by a few decades, but 167 00:10:33,320 --> 00:10:37,720 Speaker 1: without his contributions nothing would be the same. So back 168 00:10:37,760 --> 00:10:41,480 Speaker 1: in seventeen o nine, just a few decades before the 169 00:10:41,520 --> 00:10:47,680 Speaker 1: official Industrial Revolution, there was an iron master named Abraham Darby, 170 00:10:47,840 --> 00:10:51,360 Speaker 1: and Darby sussed out how to smelt iron using coke 171 00:10:51,760 --> 00:10:54,760 Speaker 1: as a fuel. Coke in this case, by the way, 172 00:10:54,840 --> 00:10:58,880 Speaker 1: doesn't refer to a tasty soft drink. I live in Atlanta, 173 00:10:59,000 --> 00:11:01,720 Speaker 1: and here coke in it means Coca cola. But that's 174 00:11:01,760 --> 00:11:05,959 Speaker 1: not what I'm talking about when you're looking at smelting iron. Instead, 175 00:11:06,040 --> 00:11:08,320 Speaker 1: I'm talking about a fuel that has a very high 176 00:11:08,440 --> 00:11:11,640 Speaker 1: carbon content. And there are a few different types of coke, 177 00:11:11,720 --> 00:11:14,240 Speaker 1: but the one that concerns us in the context of 178 00:11:14,240 --> 00:11:19,200 Speaker 1: the Industrial Revolution was made from coal. Now, to make coke, 179 00:11:19,840 --> 00:11:23,400 Speaker 1: you would put coal in an airless furnace or an oven, 180 00:11:23,880 --> 00:11:27,880 Speaker 1: and you would bake it at really high temperatures, and 181 00:11:28,360 --> 00:11:30,640 Speaker 1: during that process there would be ash that would form 182 00:11:30,720 --> 00:11:34,240 Speaker 1: and it would fuse with the carbon inside the coal, 183 00:11:34,920 --> 00:11:37,720 Speaker 1: and after you're done baking it, you end up with 184 00:11:37,760 --> 00:11:42,920 Speaker 1: this kind of porous gray fuel solid fuel, and if 185 00:11:42,960 --> 00:11:46,400 Speaker 1: you burn it, it creates no smoke, but it does 186 00:11:46,480 --> 00:11:51,680 Speaker 1: release carbon monoxide. So why was Darby's discovery such a 187 00:11:51,679 --> 00:11:54,439 Speaker 1: big deal in the first place. Well before he had 188 00:11:54,440 --> 00:11:57,360 Speaker 1: found a way to use coke as a fuel to 189 00:11:57,520 --> 00:12:01,720 Speaker 1: smelt iron ore into pig iron, everyone was using charcoal. 190 00:12:02,280 --> 00:12:05,720 Speaker 1: Charcoal is made by burning wood, which meant that iron 191 00:12:05,720 --> 00:12:09,760 Speaker 1: works had to be located near or inside forests, and 192 00:12:09,840 --> 00:12:12,440 Speaker 1: it made it hard to access the iron works, and 193 00:12:12,480 --> 00:12:16,080 Speaker 1: it also led to deforestation. But England had a steady 194 00:12:16,120 --> 00:12:18,640 Speaker 1: supply of coal and iron ore, which meant it was 195 00:12:18,720 --> 00:12:21,800 Speaker 1: well poised to use this material in lots of new ways. 196 00:12:21,840 --> 00:12:25,960 Speaker 1: In the eighteenth century, the region northwest of Birmingham along 197 00:12:26,000 --> 00:12:28,800 Speaker 1: the Southern River became the center for iron works in 198 00:12:28,840 --> 00:12:32,480 Speaker 1: the early Industrial Revolution. Iron working would also become very 199 00:12:32,480 --> 00:12:37,000 Speaker 1: important in other parts of the United Kingdoms, such as Scotland. Now, 200 00:12:37,080 --> 00:12:40,160 Speaker 1: in the next episode, i'll talk more about the iron 201 00:12:40,200 --> 00:12:43,440 Speaker 1: industry and how that guided England's development, But The important 202 00:12:43,440 --> 00:12:46,559 Speaker 1: thing to remember is that iron was a vital material 203 00:12:46,720 --> 00:12:52,240 Speaker 1: during the Industrial Revolution, and Darby's discovery would literally fuel 204 00:12:52,360 --> 00:12:56,080 Speaker 1: it once it caught on. During Darby's own lifetime, however, 205 00:12:56,240 --> 00:13:00,280 Speaker 1: most iron working facilities continued to rely upon charcoal for fuel, 206 00:13:00,520 --> 00:13:03,360 Speaker 1: so it's only later that others recognize the value of 207 00:13:03,360 --> 00:13:07,439 Speaker 1: adopting Darby's approach. And that's why, even though his his 208 00:13:07,520 --> 00:13:11,600 Speaker 1: discovery predates the Industrial Revolution, it took a few decades 209 00:13:11,640 --> 00:13:15,040 Speaker 1: for it to really play a major role in the 210 00:13:15,080 --> 00:13:17,880 Speaker 1: iron working industry. And that's kind of why we don't 211 00:13:18,000 --> 00:13:23,040 Speaker 1: don't include that in the Industrial Revolution itself. But as 212 00:13:23,080 --> 00:13:25,800 Speaker 1: the iron and coal industries grew, so too did the 213 00:13:25,960 --> 00:13:29,679 Speaker 1: textile industry in England. And that's really kind of the 214 00:13:29,720 --> 00:13:32,560 Speaker 1: first place we can look at, the first the first 215 00:13:33,200 --> 00:13:35,839 Speaker 1: factor of the Industrial Revolution. We can look at and 216 00:13:35,880 --> 00:13:43,280 Speaker 1: see how um advances in technology dramatically changed the way 217 00:13:43,480 --> 00:13:48,120 Speaker 1: industry worked in England. So I'm going to focus on 218 00:13:48,280 --> 00:13:51,920 Speaker 1: textiles for pretty much the rest of this episode. The 219 00:13:51,960 --> 00:13:54,520 Speaker 1: growth of the textile industry was helped by a couple 220 00:13:54,559 --> 00:13:59,040 Speaker 1: of really important geographic features. One is that Britain is 221 00:13:59,080 --> 00:14:01,559 Speaker 1: an island, and as an island, it's got a lot 222 00:14:01,559 --> 00:14:04,480 Speaker 1: of coastline, which means that there's lots of opportunity for 223 00:14:04,520 --> 00:14:08,680 Speaker 1: people to build large ports cities. One of them, Liverpool 224 00:14:09,160 --> 00:14:12,920 Speaker 1: served as an important port for the textile trade. They 225 00:14:12,920 --> 00:14:16,280 Speaker 1: would bring in cotton from the American colonies and also 226 00:14:16,320 --> 00:14:20,280 Speaker 1: from India, and they would end up taking that cotton 227 00:14:20,360 --> 00:14:23,400 Speaker 1: and moving it over to spinners and weavers, and then 228 00:14:23,400 --> 00:14:27,000 Speaker 1: when textiles were done, they could ship the finished cloth 229 00:14:27,160 --> 00:14:31,240 Speaker 1: off to other locations, whether that be in England or Europe, 230 00:14:31,480 --> 00:14:33,880 Speaker 1: or even back to America. This was one of those 231 00:14:33,920 --> 00:14:37,600 Speaker 1: things where UH England would take in raw materials from 232 00:14:37,680 --> 00:14:40,840 Speaker 1: the American colonies, turn it into a finished product and 233 00:14:40,840 --> 00:14:44,160 Speaker 1: then sell it back to the American colonies. UH. The 234 00:14:44,240 --> 00:14:49,239 Speaker 1: region of Lancashire became known for producing cotton goods in particular. 235 00:14:50,080 --> 00:14:53,800 Speaker 1: So why was Lancashire ideal for textiles? The main reason 236 00:14:53,880 --> 00:14:56,280 Speaker 1: is that the climate in Lancashire is wet and that 237 00:14:56,320 --> 00:14:58,680 Speaker 1: makes it easier to work with cotton fibers because as 238 00:14:58,680 --> 00:15:02,160 Speaker 1: cotton fibers dry out, they become brittle, and Lancashire was 239 00:15:02,440 --> 00:15:05,520 Speaker 1: several had also has several fast flowing streams, which made 240 00:15:05,560 --> 00:15:09,120 Speaker 1: it ideal for constructing water powered cotton mills a little 241 00:15:09,160 --> 00:15:12,720 Speaker 1: bit later on in the Industrial Revolution. Now, some of 242 00:15:12,760 --> 00:15:15,440 Speaker 1: the inventions that made the textile industry possible in England 243 00:15:15,480 --> 00:15:18,840 Speaker 1: require a bit of explanation, so we're gonna do some 244 00:15:18,880 --> 00:15:24,720 Speaker 1: tech stuff. How stuff works classic descriptions here. So the 245 00:15:24,720 --> 00:15:26,840 Speaker 1: first one we need to talk about is an invention 246 00:15:26,880 --> 00:15:30,440 Speaker 1: created by a weaver named John k It's a device 247 00:15:30,600 --> 00:15:33,240 Speaker 1: that he made in seventeen thirty three and it's called 248 00:15:33,320 --> 00:15:37,360 Speaker 1: a flying shuttle, which made weaving wide bands of cloth 249 00:15:37,480 --> 00:15:41,800 Speaker 1: much more efficient for weavers, and it makes you wonder 250 00:15:41,840 --> 00:15:45,240 Speaker 1: what the heck of flying shuttle is. So to do that, 251 00:15:45,280 --> 00:15:48,840 Speaker 1: we have to start off with talking about looms. A 252 00:15:48,960 --> 00:15:52,760 Speaker 1: loom is essentially just a device for weaving and a weave. 253 00:15:52,960 --> 00:15:56,440 Speaker 1: If you ever look very closely at woven cloth, you'll 254 00:15:56,480 --> 00:16:00,280 Speaker 1: see there are threads that are in vertical line lines 255 00:16:00,320 --> 00:16:03,240 Speaker 1: and threads that are in horizontal lines, and they weave 256 00:16:03,360 --> 00:16:06,880 Speaker 1: between one another. So to make a weave, you would 257 00:16:06,920 --> 00:16:09,520 Speaker 1: use a loom to hold the threads of one direction. 258 00:16:09,560 --> 00:16:12,560 Speaker 1: So let's say vertically. Uh, let's say that it's just 259 00:16:12,600 --> 00:16:15,520 Speaker 1: a simple loom where you've got a frame and you 260 00:16:15,600 --> 00:16:20,320 Speaker 1: have this this thread called the warp that is threaded 261 00:16:20,440 --> 00:16:23,920 Speaker 1: up and down on the frame, so you've got odd 262 00:16:23,960 --> 00:16:27,760 Speaker 1: and even numbered threads, and then you would take a 263 00:16:28,000 --> 00:16:31,480 Speaker 1: second thread to go in a horizontal direction. This would 264 00:16:31,520 --> 00:16:36,080 Speaker 1: be the weft, and you would weave that back and 265 00:16:36,160 --> 00:16:41,200 Speaker 1: forth under and over alternating strings. So, starting with the 266 00:16:41,240 --> 00:16:43,800 Speaker 1: odd numbers, let's say that you do uh. String number 267 00:16:43,840 --> 00:16:46,080 Speaker 1: one you go over, and string number two you go under, 268 00:16:46,120 --> 00:16:48,320 Speaker 1: and string number three you go over. So for all 269 00:16:48,320 --> 00:16:50,240 Speaker 1: the odd numbers you would go over, all the even 270 00:16:50,320 --> 00:16:54,280 Speaker 1: numbers you would go under, and one full pass of 271 00:16:54,320 --> 00:16:57,240 Speaker 1: that is called a pick. So if you were doing 272 00:16:57,280 --> 00:16:59,440 Speaker 1: this on a very simple loom, where really you just 273 00:16:59,480 --> 00:17:02,200 Speaker 1: have the of the strings there and you're doing all 274 00:17:02,200 --> 00:17:04,199 Speaker 1: this by hand, it takes a while because you have 275 00:17:04,280 --> 00:17:09,160 Speaker 1: to weave the the the weft back and forth through 276 00:17:09,200 --> 00:17:13,200 Speaker 1: all the strings. But gradually there were some looms that 277 00:17:13,720 --> 00:17:16,040 Speaker 1: use some moving parts that made this a lot easier. 278 00:17:17,040 --> 00:17:20,760 Speaker 1: One used warp frames, where you would you would actually 279 00:17:20,800 --> 00:17:25,000 Speaker 1: put two different sets of warp thread on these warp frames. 280 00:17:25,400 --> 00:17:29,359 Speaker 1: One set would be all the odd uh odd threads 281 00:17:29,359 --> 00:17:32,120 Speaker 1: and one set would be all the even threads. So 282 00:17:32,880 --> 00:17:37,800 Speaker 1: imagine that it's almost like a sandwich in a way. 283 00:17:37,840 --> 00:17:41,680 Speaker 1: You've got one set of these threads. Let's say that's 284 00:17:41,720 --> 00:17:44,639 Speaker 1: the odd ones that are laying more or less flat 285 00:17:45,240 --> 00:17:48,320 Speaker 1: in respect to you, and then the other one is 286 00:17:48,400 --> 00:17:51,919 Speaker 1: actually vertical. These be the even threads. If you just 287 00:17:52,080 --> 00:17:56,480 Speaker 1: passed your weft the horizontal line of threads straight across, 288 00:17:57,200 --> 00:18:00,320 Speaker 1: and then you would use pedals to swap the positions 289 00:18:00,359 --> 00:18:02,920 Speaker 1: of those two frames, and you know, they just they 290 00:18:03,000 --> 00:18:06,320 Speaker 1: just passed between each other, and then you pull the 291 00:18:06,320 --> 00:18:09,400 Speaker 1: weft back across the other way. This would have at 292 00:18:09,440 --> 00:18:13,800 Speaker 1: the same effect as weaving the thread up and down 293 00:18:14,440 --> 00:18:18,840 Speaker 1: across those uh, those those vertical threads, but you're doing 294 00:18:18,840 --> 00:18:23,439 Speaker 1: it much much faster. Um. However, if you are working 295 00:18:23,480 --> 00:18:27,679 Speaker 1: by yourself, you pretty much were limited to doing of 296 00:18:27,840 --> 00:18:30,600 Speaker 1: cloth about as wide as your arm. Beyond that you 297 00:18:30,600 --> 00:18:33,879 Speaker 1: would need a second weaver to help you out. Until 298 00:18:34,040 --> 00:18:38,600 Speaker 1: John k came up with this flying shuttle, and uh, 299 00:18:38,640 --> 00:18:41,879 Speaker 1: that ends up making a huge difference. It speeds up 300 00:18:41,880 --> 00:18:49,360 Speaker 1: the weaving process significantly. So, by the way, the process 301 00:18:49,400 --> 00:18:51,439 Speaker 1: of weaving is a little more complicated than just that. 302 00:18:51,560 --> 00:18:53,720 Speaker 1: After you do a pick, you know, after you pass 303 00:18:53,880 --> 00:18:56,840 Speaker 1: the weft through the warp, then you have to use 304 00:18:56,880 --> 00:18:59,280 Speaker 1: a part of the loom called the reed to batten 305 00:18:59,359 --> 00:19:03,520 Speaker 1: the fabric. Now, a read is like a comb and 306 00:19:03,720 --> 00:19:06,479 Speaker 1: it is on the far side of where you're bringing 307 00:19:06,680 --> 00:19:09,600 Speaker 1: the weft through the warp, and you use it to 308 00:19:10,320 --> 00:19:15,640 Speaker 1: pull the new weft hard against the the previously woven 309 00:19:15,720 --> 00:19:20,560 Speaker 1: cloth to pack it together to batten it down. And 310 00:19:20,640 --> 00:19:23,960 Speaker 1: you have to batten that thread after each pass. And 311 00:19:24,280 --> 00:19:26,920 Speaker 1: uh so this is pretty painstaking and obviously if you're 312 00:19:26,920 --> 00:19:29,359 Speaker 1: doing it by hand, it's really slow work. And if 313 00:19:29,400 --> 00:19:31,879 Speaker 1: you're all by yourself, like I said, you're limited to 314 00:19:31,920 --> 00:19:35,720 Speaker 1: that arms width of cloth because otherwise you would not 315 00:19:35,720 --> 00:19:38,639 Speaker 1: be able to pass the shuttle that's the device that 316 00:19:38,680 --> 00:19:43,080 Speaker 1: actually holds the weft thread from one side to the other. 317 00:19:44,200 --> 00:19:47,960 Speaker 1: Now Kay's invention solved all that. The flying shuttle reduced 318 00:19:47,960 --> 00:19:51,120 Speaker 1: the number of weavers needed for wide cloth to just one. 319 00:19:51,280 --> 00:19:54,400 Speaker 1: And here's how it worked. Imagine you've got these two 320 00:19:54,440 --> 00:19:58,320 Speaker 1: frames of vertical lines of thread, uh and all the 321 00:19:58,359 --> 00:20:00,399 Speaker 1: odd lines of thread are on one aime all the 322 00:20:00,440 --> 00:20:03,119 Speaker 1: even lines are on the second frame. Those two frames 323 00:20:03,160 --> 00:20:05,840 Speaker 1: can move so that the shuttle can pass easily between 324 00:20:05,880 --> 00:20:08,679 Speaker 1: the two sets. Moving the shuttle from one side to 325 00:20:08,720 --> 00:20:11,359 Speaker 1: the other completes one line of the weave. Then you 326 00:20:11,400 --> 00:20:14,240 Speaker 1: bring the frames together, pull the horizontal thread and tightly 327 00:20:14,440 --> 00:20:18,000 Speaker 1: using that reed comb so it's packed against its processors. 328 00:20:18,200 --> 00:20:20,320 Speaker 1: Then you switch which frame is up and which frame 329 00:20:20,400 --> 00:20:22,560 Speaker 1: is down, and you pass it again. Just like I said, 330 00:20:22,880 --> 00:20:27,000 Speaker 1: But case shuttle had wheels on it, and it allowed 331 00:20:27,040 --> 00:20:30,280 Speaker 1: it to roll quickly in a channel between the two 332 00:20:30,320 --> 00:20:33,920 Speaker 1: sets of of threads, the two sets of warp threads 333 00:20:33,920 --> 00:20:36,679 Speaker 1: on the frames. You would pull a rope and this 334 00:20:36,720 --> 00:20:40,359 Speaker 1: would make the shuttles quickly roll from one side to 335 00:20:40,400 --> 00:20:42,600 Speaker 1: the other, like left or right or right to left. 336 00:20:43,320 --> 00:20:47,000 Speaker 1: So you pull the rope, the shuttle zooms across left 337 00:20:47,080 --> 00:20:50,560 Speaker 1: or right. You swap the position of the frames, and well, 338 00:20:50,640 --> 00:20:54,159 Speaker 1: first you batten that weft uh and swap the position 339 00:20:54,160 --> 00:20:56,840 Speaker 1: of the frames, and you pull the rope and it 340 00:20:57,000 --> 00:20:59,800 Speaker 1: zips across the other side, and you repeat this process, 341 00:21:00,680 --> 00:21:03,479 Speaker 1: and it really sped things up. And that was just 342 00:21:03,600 --> 00:21:06,800 Speaker 1: the first of several inventions that made it easier and 343 00:21:06,960 --> 00:21:11,919 Speaker 1: less expensive to produce cloth, particularly large amounts of cloth. 344 00:21:13,720 --> 00:21:16,119 Speaker 1: Now we're gonna talk a lot more about the Industrial 345 00:21:16,200 --> 00:21:19,440 Speaker 1: Revolution in a moment, but first let's take a quick 346 00:21:19,480 --> 00:21:23,400 Speaker 1: break to thank our sponsor. Alright, So the flying shuttle 347 00:21:23,560 --> 00:21:26,520 Speaker 1: sped up weaving significantly, but now there was a new 348 00:21:26,560 --> 00:21:31,760 Speaker 1: bottleneck in the textile industry, which was making yarn. Weavers 349 00:21:31,760 --> 00:21:34,800 Speaker 1: could go through yarn faster than yarn could be spun. 350 00:21:35,320 --> 00:21:38,600 Speaker 1: Yarn would be made by people called spinners. Traditionally, they 351 00:21:38,600 --> 00:21:41,959 Speaker 1: would use spinning wheels, and normally you would need up 352 00:21:42,000 --> 00:21:45,040 Speaker 1: to four spinners to support one weaver just to make 353 00:21:45,119 --> 00:21:48,480 Speaker 1: yarn fast enough for the weaver to be effective. But 354 00:21:48,600 --> 00:21:52,640 Speaker 1: this flying shuttle made the weavers even more efficient, so 355 00:21:52,880 --> 00:21:55,440 Speaker 1: you needed more than four spinners just to be able 356 00:21:55,520 --> 00:21:58,360 Speaker 1: to produce enough yarn for the weaver to stay active. 357 00:21:59,280 --> 00:22:02,960 Speaker 1: And so the supply couldn't meet up with the weaving speeds, 358 00:22:03,720 --> 00:22:06,760 Speaker 1: and that was an issue. Meanwhile, let's let's talk about 359 00:22:06,760 --> 00:22:10,919 Speaker 1: spinning wheels. It's another interesting technology. Spinning wheels twist fibers 360 00:22:11,040 --> 00:22:14,119 Speaker 1: into yarn, and I could do an entire episode on 361 00:22:14,160 --> 00:22:16,880 Speaker 1: this process. I could probably get someone like Holly from 362 00:22:16,920 --> 00:22:19,359 Speaker 1: Stuff You Missed in History class to talk about it too, 363 00:22:19,960 --> 00:22:22,040 Speaker 1: But in general, here's how it works. You've got a 364 00:22:22,119 --> 00:22:26,199 Speaker 1: large spinning wheel. You've probably seen pictures of these, But 365 00:22:26,280 --> 00:22:30,080 Speaker 1: the large wheel provides the rotational force for a smaller 366 00:22:30,119 --> 00:22:33,600 Speaker 1: component called a flyer. So the flyer's kind of like 367 00:22:34,240 --> 00:22:37,080 Speaker 1: a cylinder. Imagine a cylinder on its side. It's in 368 00:22:37,119 --> 00:22:41,040 Speaker 1: the same plane of rotation as the spinning wheel. But 369 00:22:41,320 --> 00:22:45,360 Speaker 1: you then connect the two with a drive band. Um 370 00:22:45,400 --> 00:22:48,199 Speaker 1: it looks a lot like any kind of belt you 371 00:22:48,200 --> 00:22:52,200 Speaker 1: would imagine for connecting gears together. So in this case, 372 00:22:52,640 --> 00:22:55,320 Speaker 1: the large wheel would be a big gear. The flyer 373 00:22:55,440 --> 00:22:58,440 Speaker 1: is a smaller gear. So as the large wheel rotates, 374 00:22:58,480 --> 00:23:01,439 Speaker 1: the band connecting it to the flyer makes the flyer 375 00:23:01,520 --> 00:23:04,240 Speaker 1: rotate as well. But since the flyer is smaller than 376 00:23:04,280 --> 00:23:08,120 Speaker 1: the big wheel, it's making more rotations per minute than 377 00:23:08,160 --> 00:23:11,560 Speaker 1: the big wheel. Uh. And most flyers actually have a 378 00:23:11,600 --> 00:23:15,080 Speaker 1: section of different grooves that the drive band can fit into, 379 00:23:15,160 --> 00:23:18,639 Speaker 1: and each section is a different circumference, meaning you can 380 00:23:18,680 --> 00:23:22,480 Speaker 1: adjust the speed of rotation or the ratio of rotation 381 00:23:22,520 --> 00:23:25,520 Speaker 1: I should say, of the flyer. So it may be 382 00:23:25,720 --> 00:23:28,480 Speaker 1: that one rotation of the big wheel is the same 383 00:23:28,520 --> 00:23:31,320 Speaker 1: as five rotations of the flyer. But then you can 384 00:23:31,480 --> 00:23:35,439 Speaker 1: swap the band to a different groove that would be 385 00:23:35,480 --> 00:23:39,080 Speaker 1: slightly smaller, like it would be a smaller circumference around 386 00:23:39,080 --> 00:23:42,520 Speaker 1: the flyer, and then one rotation of the big wheel 387 00:23:42,600 --> 00:23:45,840 Speaker 1: might be seven rotations of the flyer. And then you 388 00:23:45,840 --> 00:23:49,600 Speaker 1: could move to maybe an even smaller circumference groove on 389 00:23:49,640 --> 00:23:51,800 Speaker 1: the flyer, and one rotation of the big wheel would 390 00:23:51,840 --> 00:23:55,119 Speaker 1: be the same as eleven rotations on the flyer. If 391 00:23:55,119 --> 00:23:57,680 Speaker 1: you're having trouble imagining this, it's a lot like bike 392 00:23:57,760 --> 00:24:02,399 Speaker 1: gears or even a transmission. That gear ratio is what 393 00:24:02,520 --> 00:24:07,840 Speaker 1: determines the speed of rotation between two different rotating objects. 394 00:24:08,240 --> 00:24:11,479 Speaker 1: So it's pretty interesting stuff that this was something that 395 00:24:11,560 --> 00:24:16,840 Speaker 1: was important well before there wherever bicycles or cars um now. 396 00:24:16,840 --> 00:24:20,639 Speaker 1: The flyer also contains a device called a bobbin. Bobbin 397 00:24:20,800 --> 00:24:23,920 Speaker 1: is the thing that yarn winds around during yarn making. 398 00:24:23,960 --> 00:24:28,520 Speaker 1: The bobbing itself is perched on a spindle. This would 399 00:24:28,560 --> 00:24:30,800 Speaker 1: be the thing that sleeping Beauty pokes her finger on 400 00:24:30,880 --> 00:24:34,439 Speaker 1: and goes unconscious due to that. So you put the 401 00:24:34,480 --> 00:24:38,080 Speaker 1: bobbin on a spindle that allows Usually it allows the 402 00:24:38,080 --> 00:24:40,600 Speaker 1: bobbin to rotate freely around the spindle, so the spindle 403 00:24:40,680 --> 00:24:44,480 Speaker 1: is almost like an axle and it allows yarn to 404 00:24:44,560 --> 00:24:49,919 Speaker 1: wind around it. The purpose for the rotation of this device, 405 00:24:50,000 --> 00:24:52,520 Speaker 1: by the way, isn't just to pull on fiber or 406 00:24:52,600 --> 00:24:55,679 Speaker 1: to wind it around the bobbin. It also creates a 407 00:24:55,720 --> 00:24:58,760 Speaker 1: twist in the fibers themselves, and it's that twist that 408 00:24:58,840 --> 00:25:02,879 Speaker 1: turns the fibers in to yarn. Traditional spinning wheels have 409 00:25:03,200 --> 00:25:06,840 Speaker 1: both the drive wheel and the bobbin along that same plane, 410 00:25:07,840 --> 00:25:10,720 Speaker 1: meaning that the rotation is uh is in the same 411 00:25:10,760 --> 00:25:13,520 Speaker 1: direction for the two. And it also meant that you 412 00:25:13,520 --> 00:25:16,679 Speaker 1: were limited to one bobbin and one strand of yarn 413 00:25:16,840 --> 00:25:20,359 Speaker 1: in the original spinning wheels. But then along came a 414 00:25:20,440 --> 00:25:24,800 Speaker 1: guy named James Hargreaves who invented something called the spinning 415 00:25:24,920 --> 00:25:28,800 Speaker 1: Jenny in seventeen sixty four. Spinning Jenny. So what happened was, 416 00:25:28,840 --> 00:25:32,240 Speaker 1: according to Hargreaves, he came up with this idea when 417 00:25:32,280 --> 00:25:35,840 Speaker 1: one of his daughters accidentally tipped over a spinning wheel, 418 00:25:36,680 --> 00:25:38,800 Speaker 1: and so Hardgreaves, when he looked at the spinning wheel 419 00:25:38,800 --> 00:25:41,600 Speaker 1: that was now on its side, notice that the bobbin 420 00:25:41,720 --> 00:25:44,200 Speaker 1: was continuing to turn even though it was now ninety 421 00:25:44,280 --> 00:25:48,160 Speaker 1: degrees out of alignment of its usual plane. And then 422 00:25:48,200 --> 00:25:50,760 Speaker 1: it occurred to him that if he were to change 423 00:25:50,840 --> 00:25:55,000 Speaker 1: the rotation of this where you use this vertical approach 424 00:25:55,080 --> 00:25:58,879 Speaker 1: to bobbin's instead of a horizontal approach, you could end 425 00:25:58,960 --> 00:26:04,399 Speaker 1: up driving multiple spindles with a single wheel. You could 426 00:26:04,800 --> 00:26:08,239 Speaker 1: do this and make lots of different yarns all at 427 00:26:08,280 --> 00:26:12,600 Speaker 1: the same time, different different strands of yarn. And uh, 428 00:26:12,680 --> 00:26:15,040 Speaker 1: he did make such a device. He created one and 429 00:26:15,040 --> 00:26:18,719 Speaker 1: it was able to feed yarn to eight spindles at 430 00:26:18,760 --> 00:26:21,560 Speaker 1: a time, which meant that you could produce eight times 431 00:26:21,640 --> 00:26:23,600 Speaker 1: the yarn in the same amount of time it would 432 00:26:23,640 --> 00:26:28,680 Speaker 1: normally take a spinner to do one. Uh, this is amazing. 433 00:26:28,760 --> 00:26:32,680 Speaker 1: He's produced He's increased productivity by eight times. You keep 434 00:26:32,720 --> 00:26:35,640 Speaker 1: in mind, remember I said a weaver typically would need 435 00:26:35,680 --> 00:26:40,600 Speaker 1: four spinners to support the weaver's abilities. Now you have 436 00:26:41,040 --> 00:26:44,520 Speaker 1: a possible a device that will make a spinner create 437 00:26:44,640 --> 00:26:49,440 Speaker 1: eight spindles of yarn. So technically one spinner could support 438 00:26:49,520 --> 00:26:53,199 Speaker 1: two weavers under that system. And it made quite a 439 00:26:53,200 --> 00:26:56,840 Speaker 1: stir in his community, so much so that spinners who 440 00:26:56,840 --> 00:27:00,520 Speaker 1: were worried about their jobs broke into his else and 441 00:27:00,720 --> 00:27:05,359 Speaker 1: smashed the machine to pieces. But you can't stop progress. 442 00:27:05,800 --> 00:27:10,240 Speaker 1: Once something's invented, it's gonna pretty much stay invented. And 443 00:27:10,640 --> 00:27:13,560 Speaker 1: it became much easier to make yarn from either wool 444 00:27:13,760 --> 00:27:17,920 Speaker 1: or cotton using the spinning jenny. So this this pulling 445 00:27:17,960 --> 00:27:21,720 Speaker 1: and twisting of fibers works with both wool and with cotton. 446 00:27:21,840 --> 00:27:25,040 Speaker 1: You can do this to to create the yarn. By 447 00:27:25,040 --> 00:27:28,960 Speaker 1: the time of hargreaves death in seventy eight, there were 448 00:27:29,119 --> 00:27:31,399 Speaker 1: versions of the spinning Jenny that could feed up to 449 00:27:31,560 --> 00:27:37,359 Speaker 1: eighties spindles simultaneously, but these devices still required human power 450 00:27:37,400 --> 00:27:41,679 Speaker 1: to work, typically relying on a treadle system, so treuttle 451 00:27:41,760 --> 00:27:43,879 Speaker 1: being like a pedal that you use your foot to 452 00:27:44,119 --> 00:27:46,639 Speaker 1: two power you. You rock your foot back and forth, 453 00:27:46,880 --> 00:27:49,439 Speaker 1: kind of like old sewing machines too. In order to 454 00:27:49,480 --> 00:27:53,359 Speaker 1: create this rotational uh force, there'd be a there'd be 455 00:27:53,440 --> 00:27:56,719 Speaker 1: a piston essentially, or or a stick really attached to 456 00:27:56,720 --> 00:28:00,119 Speaker 1: one end of the treadle and around the hub of 457 00:28:00,200 --> 00:28:03,760 Speaker 1: one of the big wheel, and as you tilt the 458 00:28:03,760 --> 00:28:07,880 Speaker 1: treadle back and forth, it would cause the wheel to rotate. Now, 459 00:28:08,359 --> 00:28:11,120 Speaker 1: because this required human power, it still meant that things 460 00:28:11,119 --> 00:28:13,600 Speaker 1: were a little slow, and that you eventually would have 461 00:28:13,680 --> 00:28:16,520 Speaker 1: to take breaks because people need rest. But all that 462 00:28:16,560 --> 00:28:19,480 Speaker 1: began to change when Richard Arkwright patented a machine in 463 00:28:19,520 --> 00:28:22,760 Speaker 1: seventeen sixty nine that drew out cotton by passing the 464 00:28:22,760 --> 00:28:26,760 Speaker 1: fibers through rollers before moving on to the yarn making process. 465 00:28:26,840 --> 00:28:30,680 Speaker 1: So he created a device where rollers would essentially squish 466 00:28:30,800 --> 00:28:35,760 Speaker 1: this fiber and make it faster to produce yarn. His 467 00:28:35,800 --> 00:28:39,160 Speaker 1: original machine used horses to provide the power, so it 468 00:28:39,280 --> 00:28:42,560 Speaker 1: literally ran on horse power, but in seventeen seventy one 469 00:28:42,920 --> 00:28:46,920 Speaker 1: he figured out how to upgrade the system using water power. 470 00:28:47,800 --> 00:28:50,680 Speaker 1: Now that created the opportunity for textile mills to grow, 471 00:28:51,440 --> 00:28:56,280 Speaker 1: becoming mills water powered cotton mills and harnessing those stream 472 00:28:56,360 --> 00:28:59,440 Speaker 1: powers of England to draw fiber from cotton and make 473 00:28:59,520 --> 00:29:02,640 Speaker 1: yarn and then weave it into cloth arc great was 474 00:29:02,720 --> 00:29:07,320 Speaker 1: incredibly successful. You would eventually employ around five thousand people 475 00:29:07,960 --> 00:29:11,120 Speaker 1: and he even received a knighthood in sevent eight six 476 00:29:11,160 --> 00:29:15,680 Speaker 1: for his contributions to English industry. Now, Hargreaves approach was 477 00:29:15,720 --> 00:29:19,280 Speaker 1: suitable for creating the weft for a weaver. That's that 478 00:29:19,720 --> 00:29:23,239 Speaker 1: long thread that you use on the shuttle. So this 479 00:29:23,320 --> 00:29:25,240 Speaker 1: is the horizontal threads. If you think of the vertical 480 00:29:25,240 --> 00:29:27,040 Speaker 1: threads as the ones that are attached to the frame. 481 00:29:27,440 --> 00:29:29,680 Speaker 1: This is the thread you pass back and forth over 482 00:29:29,680 --> 00:29:31,800 Speaker 1: and over again. Has to be really long because each 483 00:29:31,800 --> 00:29:33,840 Speaker 1: time it passes, you know you still need to have 484 00:29:33,880 --> 00:29:37,680 Speaker 1: more thread to complete the weaving. So our great's invention 485 00:29:37,760 --> 00:29:41,240 Speaker 1: was was really good at creating the fiber for the warp, 486 00:29:41,320 --> 00:29:44,280 Speaker 1: and hargreaves His invention was really great for creating the 487 00:29:44,320 --> 00:29:47,280 Speaker 1: fiber for the weft. These are two different types of 488 00:29:47,280 --> 00:29:49,640 Speaker 1: of yarn in this case, like it just was more 489 00:29:49,680 --> 00:29:53,720 Speaker 1: suitable for one application versus the other. Now that meant 490 00:29:53,800 --> 00:29:57,800 Speaker 1: that by combining the spinning Jenny and Arkwright's machine, you 491 00:29:57,840 --> 00:30:02,240 Speaker 1: could create both types of yarn, and it ended up 492 00:30:02,280 --> 00:30:07,840 Speaker 1: increasing the speed of yarn making. It was a huge 493 00:30:08,400 --> 00:30:11,840 Speaker 1: jump ahead, So now the textile industry is really taking off. 494 00:30:12,800 --> 00:30:19,520 Speaker 1: Another inventor named Samuel Crompton would improve upon the spinning Jenny. 495 00:30:19,600 --> 00:30:23,440 Speaker 1: He invented a new spinning machine in seventeen seventy nine. 496 00:30:23,680 --> 00:30:27,520 Speaker 1: His machine was called the Crompton's Mule, and it combined 497 00:30:27,600 --> 00:30:31,760 Speaker 1: features of the inventions from Hargreaves and from Arkwright, which 498 00:30:31,800 --> 00:30:34,440 Speaker 1: meant that you could create yarn that would be that 499 00:30:34,440 --> 00:30:37,040 Speaker 1: would work for both the warp and the left using 500 00:30:37,040 --> 00:30:40,400 Speaker 1: this one device. And by the name, the Crompton's Mule 501 00:30:41,480 --> 00:30:44,960 Speaker 1: is actually a pun. So the spinning Jenny got its 502 00:30:45,040 --> 00:30:48,000 Speaker 1: name from Hargreaves, his daughter who knocked over the spinning 503 00:30:48,000 --> 00:30:51,080 Speaker 1: wheel and getting which gave him the idea. But a 504 00:30:51,240 --> 00:30:55,800 Speaker 1: jenny is also the name for a female donkey, and 505 00:30:55,840 --> 00:30:58,440 Speaker 1: if a donkey mates with a horse, the product is 506 00:30:58,480 --> 00:31:02,080 Speaker 1: a mule. Thus crumpted mule is the descendant of the 507 00:31:02,120 --> 00:31:06,719 Speaker 1: spinning jenny, which is cute, right, I mean, I appreciate it, 508 00:31:06,840 --> 00:31:10,840 Speaker 1: but I like puns. At this point, spinners could finally 509 00:31:10,880 --> 00:31:15,080 Speaker 1: outpace weavers, so the flying shuttle originally made It made 510 00:31:15,120 --> 00:31:19,040 Speaker 1: a demand on yarn that spinners were having trouble meeting. 511 00:31:19,280 --> 00:31:23,800 Speaker 1: But now with the with Crompton's mule and these other devices, 512 00:31:24,840 --> 00:31:27,479 Speaker 1: there was a yarm production that was outpacing the weaving. 513 00:31:28,160 --> 00:31:31,200 Speaker 1: But the balance was restored when another inventor came along 514 00:31:31,440 --> 00:31:35,800 Speaker 1: named Edmund Cartwright, who created a water driven loom, and 515 00:31:35,840 --> 00:31:39,240 Speaker 1: that's sped up the weaving process even more. And Cartwright 516 00:31:39,280 --> 00:31:41,840 Speaker 1: got the idea because he visited a water powered mill 517 00:31:41,960 --> 00:31:45,520 Speaker 1: that Arkwright had designed. So with this invention, there was 518 00:31:45,560 --> 00:31:49,840 Speaker 1: now a new demand on cotton imports. So you see 519 00:31:49,840 --> 00:31:53,320 Speaker 1: where the shifting demands have created the opportunity for people 520 00:31:53,360 --> 00:31:57,120 Speaker 1: to invent machines to make things faster. First it was 521 00:31:57,240 --> 00:32:00,360 Speaker 1: the need to speed up the weaving process. Then the 522 00:32:00,440 --> 00:32:03,160 Speaker 1: need to speed up the yarn making process to meet 523 00:32:03,240 --> 00:32:08,360 Speaker 1: the weaver's needs. Then weaving was falling behind. And now 524 00:32:08,400 --> 00:32:11,840 Speaker 1: that they are both very fast compared to the way 525 00:32:11,880 --> 00:32:15,320 Speaker 1: the process was just a few decades earlier. There was 526 00:32:15,360 --> 00:32:19,120 Speaker 1: a greater need for raw material, raw cotton, and so 527 00:32:19,200 --> 00:32:23,320 Speaker 1: the demand shifted from England to the places where they 528 00:32:23,320 --> 00:32:27,840 Speaker 1: were importing cotton from, which was largely the American colonies. 529 00:32:28,400 --> 00:32:31,320 Speaker 1: So I'm going to close out this particular episode with 530 00:32:31,360 --> 00:32:35,720 Speaker 1: another famous invention that kept the industrial Revolution rolling along strongly, 531 00:32:36,160 --> 00:32:39,640 Speaker 1: and this one was an invention that happened here in America. 532 00:32:40,440 --> 00:32:44,480 Speaker 1: So keep in mind that the Industrial Revolution did affect 533 00:32:44,720 --> 00:32:47,600 Speaker 1: the United States. The United States did have an industrial revolution, 534 00:32:47,640 --> 00:32:50,440 Speaker 1: it just started later in the US than it did 535 00:32:50,480 --> 00:32:54,959 Speaker 1: in England. In fact, England had instituted bands on the 536 00:32:55,040 --> 00:33:01,000 Speaker 1: exportation of machinery and knowledge. England government didn't want the 537 00:33:01,080 --> 00:33:05,200 Speaker 1: industrial knowledge to get outside of the country because they 538 00:33:05,200 --> 00:33:08,920 Speaker 1: wanted to have a competitive edge over other nations, particularly 539 00:33:08,960 --> 00:33:13,520 Speaker 1: in Europe. But in America, there was a fellow named 540 00:33:13,520 --> 00:33:16,840 Speaker 1: Eli Whitney who invented the cotton gen and I think 541 00:33:17,040 --> 00:33:20,880 Speaker 1: pretty much everyone in elementary school at some point. Here's 542 00:33:20,920 --> 00:33:24,239 Speaker 1: the story of Eli Whitney inventing the cotton gin. This 543 00:33:24,360 --> 00:33:28,040 Speaker 1: was invented in the late seventeen hundreds. Now what is 544 00:33:28,080 --> 00:33:31,080 Speaker 1: the cotton gin. Well, first of all, cotton, when you 545 00:33:31,120 --> 00:33:34,640 Speaker 1: pick cotton, you're actually picking a flower that looks like 546 00:33:34,640 --> 00:33:38,600 Speaker 1: it's exploded everywhere. And cotton has a lot of seeds 547 00:33:38,600 --> 00:33:41,960 Speaker 1: in it, and in order for you to turn cotton 548 00:33:42,000 --> 00:33:45,200 Speaker 1: into yarn, you have to pick the seeds out, and 549 00:33:45,640 --> 00:33:49,760 Speaker 1: that's very painstaking. It's a very slow process. Typically you 550 00:33:49,760 --> 00:33:54,719 Speaker 1: would hand comb cotton with wire combs to get all 551 00:33:54,760 --> 00:33:56,880 Speaker 1: the seeds out, and it takes time and a lot 552 00:33:56,920 --> 00:34:00,640 Speaker 1: of effort. But the cotton gin made the process much 553 00:34:00,680 --> 00:34:04,000 Speaker 1: easier and faster. So what Eli Whitney did was he 554 00:34:04,120 --> 00:34:08,360 Speaker 1: created essentially a spinning drum that has a handle crank 555 00:34:08,400 --> 00:34:10,880 Speaker 1: handle attached to it, so you turned the crank that 556 00:34:10,960 --> 00:34:13,960 Speaker 1: makes the drums spin. On the drum, he had a 557 00:34:14,000 --> 00:34:18,120 Speaker 1: set of wire teeth all along the drum side and 558 00:34:18,200 --> 00:34:21,760 Speaker 1: that would just comb straight through the cotton bowls cotton 559 00:34:21,760 --> 00:34:24,799 Speaker 1: balls being the name of the the raw cotton that 560 00:34:24,840 --> 00:34:27,560 Speaker 1: you've picked off the plant, and that would pull out 561 00:34:27,640 --> 00:34:30,920 Speaker 1: the seeds, so the seeds and and some strands of 562 00:34:30,960 --> 00:34:33,960 Speaker 1: cotton would get dumped out the bottom of this device, 563 00:34:34,480 --> 00:34:36,560 Speaker 1: and on the other side of it you would get 564 00:34:36,920 --> 00:34:39,640 Speaker 1: cotton that had been cleaned, had been the seeds had 565 00:34:39,640 --> 00:34:41,560 Speaker 1: been picked out of it, and all you had to 566 00:34:41,560 --> 00:34:43,680 Speaker 1: do was turned the crank and it was much faster 567 00:34:43,800 --> 00:34:48,160 Speaker 1: and took way less work than having to use combs 568 00:34:48,239 --> 00:34:52,719 Speaker 1: to hand pick the seeds out of the cotton. So 569 00:34:52,840 --> 00:34:55,680 Speaker 1: demand in England for cotton was really high, and this 570 00:34:55,760 --> 00:34:58,440 Speaker 1: was just one of the ways the industrial Revolution was 571 00:34:58,520 --> 00:35:02,640 Speaker 1: spreading beyond brit in itself, and of course in the 572 00:35:02,680 --> 00:35:04,759 Speaker 1: case of the United States, we have to mention this 573 00:35:04,840 --> 00:35:09,880 Speaker 1: development is also connected to some truly awful moments in history, 574 00:35:09,920 --> 00:35:13,520 Speaker 1: including the displacement of Native American tribes. Because you had 575 00:35:13,600 --> 00:35:17,359 Speaker 1: Southern farmers who needed access to greater amounts of land, 576 00:35:17,400 --> 00:35:19,560 Speaker 1: they wanted to grow more cotton. There was a lot 577 00:35:19,600 --> 00:35:24,520 Speaker 1: of money in cotton. It was an incredibly valuable cash crop. 578 00:35:24,600 --> 00:35:27,160 Speaker 1: Because the demand in England was so high for the cotton. 579 00:35:28,000 --> 00:35:30,640 Speaker 1: Uh so the farmers wanted to have more land, and 580 00:35:30,680 --> 00:35:33,680 Speaker 1: the easiest way they saw to get more land was 581 00:35:33,719 --> 00:35:36,680 Speaker 1: to displace Native American tribes that had been living on 582 00:35:36,760 --> 00:35:40,759 Speaker 1: that land for generations and making them move to other 583 00:35:40,840 --> 00:35:43,680 Speaker 1: places and then they repurpose that land to grow cotton. 584 00:35:44,840 --> 00:35:47,080 Speaker 1: That was one of the really ugly things that was 585 00:35:47,200 --> 00:35:52,040 Speaker 1: a result of this particular explosion of industry. The other 586 00:35:52,360 --> 00:35:57,040 Speaker 1: was the reliance upon slavery, a horrible institution that was 587 00:35:58,400 --> 00:36:02,680 Speaker 1: very popular in the South at this time in American history. 588 00:36:02,800 --> 00:36:05,640 Speaker 1: So obviously both of those things are terrible, but they 589 00:36:05,719 --> 00:36:10,799 Speaker 1: also both made the early Industrial Revolution possible. The way 590 00:36:10,840 --> 00:36:14,719 Speaker 1: it it unfolded so terrible thing, but we do have 591 00:36:14,800 --> 00:36:18,319 Speaker 1: to acknowledge it. So we're just getting started with the 592 00:36:18,320 --> 00:36:22,200 Speaker 1: Industrial Revolution. These are still the early years of the 593 00:36:22,239 --> 00:36:25,879 Speaker 1: Industrial Revolution, but the textiles really led the way. They 594 00:36:25,920 --> 00:36:32,520 Speaker 1: showed that something that originally took a very painstaking, slow 595 00:36:32,760 --> 00:36:39,200 Speaker 1: handcrafted process could be made easier through technology. And as 596 00:36:39,239 --> 00:36:42,120 Speaker 1: it was made easier, it could also be made more cheaply, 597 00:36:42,400 --> 00:36:46,040 Speaker 1: which also meant that there could be you could sell 598 00:36:46,080 --> 00:36:49,200 Speaker 1: it to more people, that could be a greater demand actually, 599 00:36:49,880 --> 00:36:52,960 Speaker 1: and that that in turn created a demand for people 600 00:36:53,360 --> 00:36:57,600 Speaker 1: to work in this industry. It gave created jobs in 601 00:36:57,680 --> 00:37:01,799 Speaker 1: this new emerging middle class in England. Now, our next 602 00:37:01,840 --> 00:37:05,000 Speaker 1: episode will look more at the iron industry and how 603 00:37:05,040 --> 00:37:10,120 Speaker 1: that developed during the Revolution, including things like developing some 604 00:37:10,200 --> 00:37:15,120 Speaker 1: pretty impressive architectural structures like bridges and canals, and will 605 00:37:15,160 --> 00:37:18,239 Speaker 1: also talk about the development of the steam engine. And 606 00:37:18,320 --> 00:37:21,839 Speaker 1: the third installment, I'm planning on talking more about how 607 00:37:21,880 --> 00:37:24,800 Speaker 1: the Industrial Revolution took place in other parts of the world, 608 00:37:24,840 --> 00:37:29,759 Speaker 1: including America, Also that emergence of the working class and 609 00:37:29,760 --> 00:37:32,759 Speaker 1: what conditions were like for the working class during the 610 00:37:32,800 --> 00:37:36,640 Speaker 1: Industrial Revolution, How the technology of the time influenced the 611 00:37:36,680 --> 00:37:40,160 Speaker 1: world we live in today, everything from just the way 612 00:37:40,200 --> 00:37:43,560 Speaker 1: we think about work, the nature of work itself has 613 00:37:43,560 --> 00:37:47,920 Speaker 1: been shaped by technology. Also the way that developing nations 614 00:37:47,960 --> 00:37:52,480 Speaker 1: today are having their own industrial revolutions and the problems 615 00:37:52,560 --> 00:37:55,600 Speaker 1: that that are that creates, as well as we try 616 00:37:55,640 --> 00:37:59,759 Speaker 1: and factor in things like how how can we encourage 617 00:38:00,400 --> 00:38:05,400 Speaker 1: developing nations to be environmentally conscious when in our own past, 618 00:38:06,280 --> 00:38:10,000 Speaker 1: both in in Europe and in the United States, we 619 00:38:10,080 --> 00:38:13,840 Speaker 1: have gone through this same process, you know, a hundred 620 00:38:13,840 --> 00:38:18,800 Speaker 1: and fifty to two hundred years earlier, but we didn't 621 00:38:18,800 --> 00:38:22,040 Speaker 1: worry about environmental concerns while we went through that process. 622 00:38:22,200 --> 00:38:25,840 Speaker 1: That didn't that was not something that we thought about 623 00:38:26,239 --> 00:38:29,560 Speaker 1: while that was going on. And yet we're placing those 624 00:38:29,560 --> 00:38:32,520 Speaker 1: sort of demands on other people today. So that's gonna 625 00:38:32,520 --> 00:38:36,440 Speaker 1: be part three. We'll talk about that, but in the meantime, 626 00:38:36,480 --> 00:38:39,719 Speaker 1: if you have suggestions for the show, whether it's a 627 00:38:39,760 --> 00:38:44,080 Speaker 1: company or technology or personality or tech trend, or some 628 00:38:44,280 --> 00:38:49,160 Speaker 1: other pivotal moment in history in which technology was really important, 629 00:38:49,600 --> 00:38:53,080 Speaker 1: let me know. You should email me. My address is 630 00:38:53,520 --> 00:38:57,400 Speaker 1: text stuff at how stuff works dot com, and the 631 00:38:57,480 --> 00:39:01,160 Speaker 1: same goes for any suggestions for guesthosts or interview subjects. 632 00:39:01,560 --> 00:39:04,600 Speaker 1: Let me know, and also don't forget you can join 633 00:39:04,680 --> 00:39:08,680 Speaker 1: me on social media. I'm on Twitter, Facebook, and Tumbler. 634 00:39:08,800 --> 00:39:11,760 Speaker 1: The handle for all three of those is text stuff 635 00:39:12,120 --> 00:39:15,360 Speaker 1: hs W. Make sure to drop me a line and 636 00:39:15,400 --> 00:39:23,920 Speaker 1: I'll talk to you again really soon. For more on 637 00:39:24,000 --> 00:39:36,600 Speaker 1: this and thousands of other topics, visit hastoc works dot com.