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Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff you Missed in History Class from houseworks

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Speaker 1: dot Com. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Polly

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Speaker 1: cry and I'm Tracy V. Wilson. And the episode that

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Speaker 1: we're doing today kind of brushes up against another one

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Speaker 1: of our episodes, the one that we did on Budica

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Speaker 1: a while back, and it involves a Roman legion that's

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Speaker 1: been speculated about for decades. We've gotten a number of

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Speaker 1: requests for this one, but the most recent came from

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Speaker 1: listener Alexandra. And already, if this is one of your

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Speaker 1: pet things, you probably know what it is. There is

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Speaker 1: a lot of modern interest in the Ninth Legion, also

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Speaker 1: known as the ninth Spanish Legion, or you'll see it

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Speaker 1: written as Leggio nine Hispania, and a lot of that

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Speaker 1: popularity stems from uh this book that was written in

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Speaker 1: the early nineteen fifties by Rosemary Sutcliffe, and her book,

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Speaker 1: which is called The Eagle of the Ninth, tells the

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Speaker 1: story of a Roman soldier looking for his father's lost legion,

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Speaker 1: and it was wildly popular when it was published, and

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Speaker 1: it's continued in its popularity through the decades. There have

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Speaker 1: been numerous television and film adaptations of it. I mean

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Speaker 1: as recently as just a couple of years ago. It's

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Speaker 1: one of those things that's become so ingrained in modern

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Speaker 1: culture that people sometimes just take it for straight history,

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Speaker 1: which is a little bit dangerous because while the book,

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Speaker 1: which by the way, was aimed at young readers, it

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Speaker 1: was like a uh kind of the equivalent of a

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Speaker 1: young adult novel. Uh. It was researched historically, but at

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Speaker 1: the end of the day, it is a historical adventure novel.

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Speaker 1: It is not a history book. And in Sutcliffe's book,

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Speaker 1: the Ninth Legion vanished in the mist while battling in Scotland,

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Speaker 1: and in the forward for the book, she wrote, quote,

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Speaker 1: sometime about the year eighty one seventeen, the Ninth Legion,

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Speaker 1: which was stationed at Bericum where York now stands, marched

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Speaker 1: north to deal with a rising among the Caledonian tribes

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Speaker 1: and was never heard of again. No one knows what

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Speaker 1: happened to the Ninth Legion after it marched into the

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Speaker 1: north learned mists. First, I will say, I'm our convention

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Speaker 1: is normally to use B, C E and C E.

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Speaker 1: I'm using a D there just because it's a direct

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Speaker 1: quote and also this is not really accurate. Uh, there

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Speaker 1: is a gap, there's there's missing information about what happened

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Speaker 1: to the Ninth, but it's not quite so sensational, is this.

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Speaker 1: So there's actually been a great deal of debate about

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Speaker 1: the fate of the Ninth among historians and a lot

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Speaker 1: of research which has turned up evidence of their existence

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Speaker 1: after one seventeen. And while the mystery element of it

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Speaker 1: has grown the speculation of it into this legend that

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Speaker 1: really I understand the appeal. It sparks the imaginations of

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Speaker 1: storytellers and history buffs alike, But really this is one

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Speaker 1: of those case where cases where it's almost about bookkeeping,

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Speaker 1: and it's it's really mostly a matter of tracking down

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Speaker 1: timelines and events and the evidence. We have to sort

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Speaker 1: of see where the likeliest stories intersect. It's kind of

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Speaker 1: like doing historical Occam's Reaser. So that is what we

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Speaker 1: were talking about today. Uh, And we'll start with a

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Speaker 1: little bit of background on the Ninth. Yes, so we know,

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Speaker 1: I mean, the Ninth Legion was a real thing. It

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Speaker 1: did exist, It was raised sometime in the sixties b c. E.

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Speaker 1: The Legion fought in Gaul under Julius Caesar in fifty

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Speaker 1: eight b C. And in Hispania in the summer of

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Speaker 1: forty nine b C. There's this long and storied history

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Speaker 1: of all their triumphs and defeats and even some revolts

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Speaker 1: from within. But we're going to pick up in forty three,

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Speaker 1: in the year forty three, and that's common era when

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Speaker 1: the legion was instrumental in invading Britain under Claudius. We

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Speaker 1: know that four Roman legions garrisoned in Britain under Claudius

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Speaker 1: and Nero. There was the fourteenth Victorious Twin Legion, which

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Speaker 1: left Britain in seventy c E. The Second Augustine Legion,

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Speaker 1: which remains during the Roman occupation of Britain, the twenty

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Speaker 1: Victorious Valerian Legion, which like the Second Augustine, was in

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Speaker 1: Britain throughout the Roman occupation. And then there's the Ninth Legion,

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Speaker 1: which we don't know when the end state was for

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Speaker 1: its garrison. Yeah, and these were there were certainly other

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Speaker 1: legions that came into Britain, but these were the first

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Speaker 1: four that were sent into Britain by the Romans. And

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Speaker 1: while we have fairly certain knowledge of how those first

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Speaker 1: three on this list and those that came after were

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Speaker 1: either conquered or disbanded, or went on to other activities.

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Speaker 1: The Ninth Legion remains a little bit slippery. We do

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Speaker 1: know some things about it for sure, though. We know

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Speaker 1: that the Ninth Legion was involved in the rebellion in Britain,

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Speaker 1: the Budica lad and that was in sixte C. After

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Speaker 1: that they were moved to York, where they built what

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Speaker 1: would become the foundations of the city as it exists today.

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Speaker 1: And the last known mention of the Ninth in actual

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Speaker 1: historical accounts is in a D. Two c. E. And

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Speaker 1: that's by the historian Tacitus in Agricola. Tacitus rites of

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Speaker 1: the Ninth Legion quote it might pa pssibly be broke

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Speaker 1: or incorporated with the Leggio sexta Victrics. And this use

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Speaker 1: of the word broken in this translation means demolished or decimated.

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Speaker 1: So Tacitus is saying that the Ninth was either wiped

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Speaker 1: out entirely or it joined up with the sixth Legion

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Speaker 1: and one a list of the existing Roman legions was compiled,

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Speaker 1: and the Ninth was not on that list. Yes, so

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Speaker 1: we know that somewhere between. Uh. You know, this historical

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Speaker 1: mentioned by Tacitus in one sixty five, which is an

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Speaker 1: eighty year period. Somewhere in there they stopped being a thing.

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Speaker 1: But before we get into kind of modern research and

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Speaker 1: and what we have been able to surmise based on

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Speaker 1: archaeological records and research records. So far, do you wanna

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Speaker 1: take a quick word from a sponsor? Sure? All right,

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Speaker 1: So going back to kind of the modern research on

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Speaker 1: this topic. Bartolomeo Borghese, who was an Italian count that

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Speaker 1: was doing search in the eighteen thirties, while he was

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Speaker 1: tracing the career of a Roman politician named Lucius Barbarus,

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Speaker 1: Ligarianas noticed this gap in the knowledge of the Ninth

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Speaker 1: and what they had been up to. Uh Like Garrianas

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Speaker 1: began his career with the ninth Hispaniel legion, and that

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Speaker 1: was not unusual. It was fairly common for politicians on

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Speaker 1: a senatorial track to serve in the military for a

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Speaker 1: brief period, usually for one or two years, before they

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Speaker 1: reached the age of twenty four, because at twenty four

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Speaker 1: they would become eligible to enter the Senate as you know,

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Speaker 1: low ranking officials. Lagarianas became a consul in one thirty

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Speaker 1: five c e. And he would have been at least

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Speaker 1: thirty two at this point. That was the youngest age

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Speaker 1: that he could have been considered for the position, although

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Speaker 1: it's pretty much believed he was closer to forty. This

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Speaker 1: means that he would have been serving in the Ninth

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Speaker 1: Legion around one fifteen C, so that's well after the

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Speaker 1: last historical mention in the year eighty two. And then

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Speaker 1: in eighteen fifty four, and inscribed slab was unearthed in

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Speaker 1: York by construction workers while they were working on digging

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Speaker 1: out a drain, and this slab appeared to be the

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Speaker 1: middle section of a larger piece. It's about one meter

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Speaker 1: square and hona ism is inscribed the Emperor Caesar Nerva

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Speaker 1: Trajan Augustus, son of the deified Nerva, conqueror of Germany,

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Speaker 1: conqueror of Dassia, chief priest, in his twelfth year of

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Speaker 1: tribunis in power a d one o eight, acclaimed imperator

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Speaker 1: six times through the agency of the ninth Hispanian Legion,

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Speaker 1: and this piece uh is important because of that date.

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Speaker 1: This piece was found near one of the gates of

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Speaker 1: the fortress ever ak Um, and it may have been

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Speaker 1: a dedication inscription that it was celebrating the completion of

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Speaker 1: the Gate. And that date, as I said, is incredibly

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Speaker 1: important because this is suddenly the next record that we have.

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Speaker 1: It's not in the written history, but it is an

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Speaker 1: artifact that's clearly links the ninth Hispanian Legion to the

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Speaker 1: year one oh eight, because that means they were in

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Speaker 1: York at that point. So now we have moved forward

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Speaker 1: the last historically known point of their existence. Writing in

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Speaker 1: eighteen eighty five, German historian Theodora Momson suggested that maybe

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Speaker 1: the Ninth had indeed fallen in a rebellion at some

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Speaker 1: point and then had been replaced by the sixth Legion.

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Speaker 1: His theory, which was based on historical study, was that

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Speaker 1: an allied group, which was likely the Celtic tribe the Brigands,

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Speaker 1: had revolted and then overtaken the Ninth, and for evidence,

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Speaker 1: Momson points to the troubles mentioned by Hadrian's biographer related

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Speaker 1: to the situation that Hadrian found when he became the

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Speaker 1: Roman emperor as as one of these uh evidence pieces

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Speaker 1: that this is how the Ninth ended. So many of

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Speaker 1: the people that were conquered by Hadrian's predecessor Trajan were

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Speaker 1: at this point rebelling and rising up in military actions

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Speaker 1: against the Roman Empire, and that included the people's of Britain.

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Speaker 1: Momson's second piece of supporting evidence is a letter written

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Speaker 1: by Marcus Cornelius Fronto to Marcus Aurelius, and he references

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Speaker 1: Hadrian's loss of men at the hands of the Jews,

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Speaker 1: which is Hadrian's Jewish War and very well documented, and

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Speaker 1: at the hands of the Britons in the same sentence.

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Speaker 1: Though a British war is not clearly part of the timeline,

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Speaker 1: there's some circumstantial evidence of it. There are coins that

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Speaker 1: were mented under Hadrian that feature Britannia, and some scholars

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Speaker 1: have interpreted as marking a significant military action in Britain.

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Speaker 1: While Momson's original position was that this war which destroyed

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Speaker 1: the Ninth was around a hundred and eight C. These

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Speaker 1: coins are often believed to mark the British Wars having

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Speaker 1: fallen somewhere between one seventeen and one nineteen, but this

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Speaker 1: isn't universally accepted, and Momson kind of uh adjusted his

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Speaker 1: timeline a couple of times based on you know, these

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Speaker 1: findings and others. UH Coin experts have dated some of

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Speaker 1: these coins as falling actually much earlier in Hadrian's rule,

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Speaker 1: and other theories include the idea that the coins were

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Speaker 1: actually minted in one twenty two, which is when Hadrian

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Speaker 1: traveled to Britain himself. So debate about the coinage as

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Speaker 1: evidence of the timeline kind of continues. One of the

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Speaker 1: problems of figuring out the fate of the Ninth Legion

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Speaker 1: is that clearly, even when you look at existing evidence,

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Speaker 1: it's still open to interpretation, and one of the examples

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Speaker 1: of this has to do with the Sixth Legion. So

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Speaker 1: while it is documented that the sixth Legion entered Britain,

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Speaker 1: there was a little bit of a logic leap made

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Speaker 1: to assume that they were actually there to replace the Ninth,

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Speaker 1: and this assumption is usually credited back to Bartolomeo Borgaz

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Speaker 1: in the work he was doing in the eighteen thirties,

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Speaker 1: and it does appear that Momson was using Boorgaze as

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Speaker 1: a source and seemed to think that the assumption was

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Speaker 1: pretty sound based on the timing and logic of the situation.

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Speaker 1: But the sixth as a replacement legion is not actually substantiated.

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Speaker 1: It's kind of just a case of the Ninth going

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Speaker 1: missing from the historical record. Around the same time that

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Speaker 1: the sixth showed up in Britain, Hadrian was also moving

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Speaker 1: other troops into Britain in one nineteen, possibly as a

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Speaker 1: lead up to the start of the construction on Hadrian's Wall,

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Speaker 1: which was in one twenty two. So to single out

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Speaker 1: the sixth as a replacement for the ninth doesn't quiet

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Speaker 1: hold up. And now we're about to get to some

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Speaker 1: interesting modern evidence. So before we do that, do you

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Speaker 1: want to do another quick word from a sponsor? Sure, okay,

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Speaker 1: So getting back to some interesting modern archaeological finds. Uh.

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Speaker 1: In nineteen fifty nine, a roofing tile with the stamp

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Speaker 1: of the ninth Legion was found in the Netherlands in

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Speaker 1: a legionary fortress at Nimakon called Huonerberg. It was not

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Speaker 1: the only artifact bearing the Ninth's mark to be found

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Speaker 1: at that site, and these discoveries were a bit of

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Speaker 1: a revelation because prior to the nine find almost all

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Speaker 1: of the artifacts found at nimaking Fortress were marked with

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Speaker 1: the stamp of the tenth Gemina or tenth Twin Legion.

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Speaker 1: The tenth Twin Legion are documented as having been in

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Speaker 1: the fortress near the end of the first century, but

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Speaker 1: the Dacian Wars under Trajan in the early years of

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Speaker 1: the second century required them to leave. There are also

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Speaker 1: some tiles at the Hunnerberg Fortress that are marked vex

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Speaker 1: brit and they that indicates that they were associated with

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Speaker 1: a detachment from Britain. Archaeologist Jewels Bogaers believes that these

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Speaker 1: actually have been associated with mixed troops rather than men

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Speaker 1: from just one legion. This really leaves the question of

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Speaker 1: the pieces that are marked with the seal of the

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Speaker 1: Ninth Legion. So while the artifacts bearing the Ninth Legion

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Speaker 1: seal haven't been precisely dated, they're really believed to be

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Speaker 1: early second century pieces. And one of the most interesting

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Speaker 1: aspects of these artifacts is that they bear the stamp

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Speaker 1: as L E G V I I I I H

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Speaker 1: I S P SO Legion nine Hispania, and in this

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Speaker 1: instance there's a V and four eyes as the Roman

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Speaker 1: numerals for nine, rather than what we've come to know

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Speaker 1: in the modern sense of I x SO. Ninth Legion.

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Speaker 1: Stamps from York, however, do have the Roman numeral as

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Speaker 1: I X for nine. For the most part, items found

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Speaker 1: in Britain retain the I X version version of the numeration,

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Speaker 1: whereas those found on the European continent used the V

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Speaker 1: and four eyes version. This is somewhat significant because near

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Speaker 1: a villa about ten kilometers away from the fortress, a

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Speaker 1: horse harness pendant was found and it uses the I

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Speaker 1: X conventions to indicate nine, suggesting that some members of

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Speaker 1: the Legion who had been garrisoned in York eventually made

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Speaker 1: their way towards Germany. Yeah, so that becomes significant, uh,

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Speaker 1: that they suddenly found this one variation that is known

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Speaker 1: to be from York in Nimahon. Uh. And then there

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Speaker 1: is this additional body of evidence about sort of what

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Speaker 1: happened to the Ninth and that has to do with

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Speaker 1: former Ninth Legion members who then rose to offices in

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Speaker 1: the Senate Lucius and nineties. Sextius Florentius moved from his

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Speaker 1: service in the Legion to a proconsole position and then

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Speaker 1: a governorship and that's in office he was appointed to

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Speaker 1: around one seven. Because of the time frame between his

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Speaker 1: military service and his governorship, really no more than five

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Speaker 1: years could have elapsed. That means he was serving with

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Speaker 1: the Ninth as late as one two, well after they're

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Speaker 1: characterized as having been vanquished. Similarly, Quintus Numissius Unar, another

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Speaker 1: member of the Ninth, is on record as a console

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Speaker 1: in one sixty one CE, and as this is normally

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Speaker 1: a post that a man would have achieved in his

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Speaker 1: mid thirties to early forties, that would have put his

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Speaker 1: fighting around the of twenty around the year one forties,

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Speaker 1: so that then puts it much later than many historians

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Speaker 1: have credited the Ninth was still being around. Now. It's

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Speaker 1: possible that he could be some sort of outlier to

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Speaker 1: the normal career system and that he didn't achieve the

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Speaker 1: same office milestones in the same age time frames as colleagues.

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Speaker 1: But even so that would only scoot the numbers around

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Speaker 1: a little bit. Like we're talking about it, it would

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Speaker 1: be like a twenty year difference, because if he was,

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Speaker 1: the idea of him making this console position in his

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Speaker 1: sixties would really be super duper strange. So we have

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Speaker 1: some popular possibilities to explain what happened to the Ninth Legion.

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Speaker 1: One is that they were vanquished in a skirmish in

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Speaker 1: the midst of Scotland around a T two c E.

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Speaker 1: That one's not really super held up since we have

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Speaker 1: definite evidence beyond that. Another is that the Ninth were

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Speaker 1: trapped in an uprising against the Roman occupation of Britain

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Speaker 1: sometime around one seventeen or one nineteen. And then we

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Speaker 1: get to my favorite one. That's that they just vanished

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Speaker 1: into thin air during one of the above. They were

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Speaker 1: just taken by some mystical form. Yeah. And the fourth

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Speaker 1: one is maybe the least exciting, but to me it

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Speaker 1: seems like the most logical. Yeah, that's that they were reassigned,

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Speaker 1: maybe sent towards Germany, and eventually they were either dispersed

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Speaker 1: or absorbed, either in whole or in part into other legions.

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Speaker 1: I have to confess that I kind of like the

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Speaker 1: Brigadoon explanation. They just vanished, it just went. So there

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Speaker 1: is enough evidence of post Britain Ninth Legion presence, or

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Speaker 1: at least members of it, that the idea that they

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Speaker 1: just vanished in the eighties or in uh, the one

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Speaker 1: teens is pretty thin. And we do know that, you know,

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Speaker 1: later after the eighties, Roman soldiers fell in large numbers

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Speaker 1: to the Britain under Hadrian. So it is certainly within

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Speaker 1: the realm of possibility that enough of the Ninth fell

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Speaker 1: that their significance as a legion was pretty significantly diminished,

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Speaker 1: and it's not outside the realm of possibility that the

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Speaker 1: remaining soldiers went on to other legions. While a lot

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Speaker 1: of the really more sensational versions of the story of

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Speaker 1: the Ninth saying that they vanished failed to take into account,

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Speaker 1: is that if an entire legion of accomplished soldiers really

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Speaker 1: had just vanished into thin air, then we'd probably have

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Speaker 1: a lot of accounts of it. Instead, we just have

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Speaker 1: a lack of accounts of what happens. So it's not

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Speaker 1: really the legion that vanished, it's just sort of the

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Speaker 1: legion that faded away, and it's the historical record that's

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Speaker 1: really god missing. Yeah, I mean, I think, to me,

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Speaker 1: what makes the most sense, and again, you know, this

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Speaker 1: is my speculation on it is is just that you know,

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Speaker 1: it's slowly sort of started to fall apart, and they

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Speaker 1: may have lost a lot of men, and some of

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Speaker 1: those men went on to other things, but they they

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Speaker 1: just stopped being noteworthy enough to be included in the

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Speaker 1: record until the point where it kind of ham petered

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Speaker 1: out so much that there wasn't a hard end stop

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Speaker 1: to it. Kind of an Occam's razor kind of thing.

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Speaker 1: That's definitely the simplest, the most logical explanation. Yeah, and

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Speaker 1: I feel bad. I feel almost like, um, mean, because

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Speaker 1: I know there are people that love to speculate on

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Speaker 1: what happened in the ninth Legion, and I get it,

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Speaker 1: but I just for my thinking, you're certainly welcome to

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Speaker 1: continue to speculate along those lines, but for my thinking,

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Speaker 1: it just makes more sense that, like we said, they

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Speaker 1: just kind of stopped being significant. Yeah. Well, and when

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Speaker 1: it comes to our history mystery kind of episodes, I

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Speaker 1: feel like the response we get is kind of divided

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Speaker 1: between the people who love the mysteries and the fact

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Speaker 1: that we ultimately get to the end of the episode

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Speaker 1: and like we don't know that it's fine, and then

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Speaker 1: we have other folks that are like, we got to

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Speaker 1: the end of the episode and we still don't know. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: it's interesting. A lot of the the stuff that I

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Speaker 1: came across even while researching this, you know, as I said,

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Speaker 1: there have been a lot of film and television adaptations,

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Speaker 1: and anytime one of them, you know sort of is

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Speaker 1: in the mid to its pre release promotional push, like

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Speaker 1: there will suddenly crop up a lot of articles around

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Speaker 1: that time talking about it, and those are the ones

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Speaker 1: that are usually like and they there's no clear evidence

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Speaker 1: as to what happened. But then if you read a

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Speaker 1: lot of people that are sort of more in depth

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Speaker 1: ongoing historians about it, they're like, well, it's more just

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Speaker 1: like it's not a mystery. It's just kind of like

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Speaker 1: a shrugger. Yeah, it seems like it just kind of,

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Speaker 1: you know, fell apart and tendrilled out, and then the

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Speaker 1: just wasn't there anymore, not so much a mystery as

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Speaker 1: like a a non noworthy end. Do you have some

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Speaker 1: mysterious listener. It's not so mysterious, but it is cool,

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Speaker 1: and it's from our listener, Alicia, and it is about

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Speaker 1: it's referring back to an older podcast on the Conto earthquake,

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Speaker 1: and she says, Hi, ladies, I've just been steadily catching

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Speaker 1: up on years of stuff you missed in history class,

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Speaker 1: and I finally reached an episode that I know something about.

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Speaker 1: I just listened to the Great Conto Earthquake of episode

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Speaker 1: and really enjoyed hearing about the morseless sidle and historical

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Speaker 1: aspects of the disaster. In your podcast, you make reference

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Speaker 1: to the photographs of the disaster, which made me think

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Speaker 1: about an exhibition that I helped curate through a museum

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Speaker 1: studies course at Mills College. The exhibition featured woodblock prints

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Speaker 1: that were commissioned to document the disaster and in turn

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Speaker 1: also influenced artistic styles. The prints were very interesting to

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Speaker 1: work with, an absolutely beautiful, albeit horrifying, because many depict

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Speaker 1: the firestorms and their aftermath in vivid detail, records of

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Speaker 1: which are not available via photograph. The show, titled Reverberations

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Speaker 1: Japanese Prints of the Conto Earthquake, included about twenty woodblock

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Speaker 1: prints from the Mills College collection, many dozens of old postcards,

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Speaker 1: and a video. We also hosted a print making workshop

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Speaker 1: in an online exhibition catalog with essays examining various aspects

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Speaker 1: of the artworks and their intersections with society. Unfortunately, the

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Speaker 1: catalog has disappeared, but I did save some images of

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Speaker 1: the prints and the essays that I helped write. By

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Speaker 1: this point, I'm sure you're wondering, but what does any

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Speaker 1: of this have to do with cat fish, which was

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Speaker 1: in the subject line of her email. Well, there is

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Speaker 1: a Japanese myth that a giant wiggly catfish lives under

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Speaker 1: Japan and it's pinned down by a gatekeeper. Earthquakes are

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00:21:10,119 --> 00:21:13,000
Speaker 1: caused when this catfish breaks free. There are a bunch

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Speaker 1: of societal, spiritual, and socio political aspects of this belief

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Speaker 1: in our essay Explorers how woodblock prints communicated these beliefs

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Speaker 1: and their impact on post earthquake Japanese society during the Tokugawa,

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Speaker 1: Meiji and Thai show area Eras. I thought you might

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Speaker 1: find this aspect of the topic interesting, so I uploaded

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Speaker 1: some images the essay and other goodies so you could

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Speaker 1: check them out for yourself. I'm pulling together my thoughts

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Speaker 1: for this email. I also found this blog post. She

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Speaker 1: linked to a blog post in a slide show with

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Speaker 1: more examples of woodblock prints that similarly capture what's going

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Speaker 1: on here. This is very fascinating. I did not realize

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Speaker 1: that there were This is stupid on my part or

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Speaker 1: just ignorant kind of blind spot historically woodblock prints of

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Speaker 1: historical events like kind of as news the pretty good.

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Speaker 1: I've missed this completely, so now I'm excited because it's

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Speaker 1: another sort of I fear it will be a rabbit

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Speaker 1: hole situation. I may lose time that I probably should

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Speaker 1: be spending doing some other work, but I cannot resist.

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Speaker 1: I want to look at everything now because it's cool

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Speaker 1: and I didn't. It never occur to me. They're really beautiful,

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Speaker 1: I said, I feel ignorant to have that blind spot.

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Speaker 1: But thanks to Alicia. One time I was there and

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Speaker 1: that somebody was doing a demonstration of how they carved them.

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Speaker 1: It was really cool. That's super cool. I'm like blown

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Speaker 1: away by the whole concept art and history together in

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00:22:36,840 --> 00:22:40,119
Speaker 1: new ways for me anyway. As so, if you know

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00:22:40,320 --> 00:22:42,600
Speaker 1: of cool things like that, or if you just want

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00:22:42,600 --> 00:22:44,520
Speaker 1: to share your thoughts on an episode or kill us

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00:22:44,760 --> 00:22:47,119
Speaker 1: about your link to something historical, you can do so

399
00:22:47,280 --> 00:22:50,240
Speaker 1: at History Podcast at house to works dot com. You

400
00:22:50,240 --> 00:22:52,240
Speaker 1: can also connect with us on Twitter at missed in

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Speaker 1: History and Facebook dot com, slash missed in History and

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00:22:55,600 --> 00:22:58,440
Speaker 1: missed in History dot tumbler dot com, and at pinterest

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00:22:58,480 --> 00:23:01,080
Speaker 1: dot com slash missed in History. He would like to

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00:23:01,400 --> 00:23:03,600
Speaker 1: purchase some missed in History goodies, you can do that

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Speaker 1: at our spreadshirt store, which is missed in History dot

406
00:23:06,000 --> 00:23:08,879
Speaker 1: spreadshirt dot com. If you would like to research a

407
00:23:08,880 --> 00:23:10,720
Speaker 1: little bit of something that we talked about today or

408
00:23:10,760 --> 00:23:14,440
Speaker 1: linked to it anyway. You can go to our parent site,

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00:23:14,480 --> 00:23:17,040
Speaker 1: how stuff Works, type in the words a Roman empire

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00:23:17,080 --> 00:23:18,679
Speaker 1: in the search bar, and one of the articles that

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00:23:18,720 --> 00:23:21,520
Speaker 1: comes up is ten most long lived Empires in History,

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00:23:21,520 --> 00:23:23,840
Speaker 1: which is a pretty good read. Uh. You can also

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Speaker 1: visit us at our history site missed in history dot

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Speaker 1: com for all of the episodes, show notes, blog posts,

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00:23:31,480 --> 00:23:34,080
Speaker 1: all kinds of historical goodies uh, and we encourage you

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Speaker 1: to visit us there and at how stuff works dot

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00:23:36,280 --> 00:23:42,720
Speaker 1: com for more on this and thousands of other topics.

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Speaker 1: Because it how stuff works dot com