1 00:00:01,280 --> 00:00:04,280 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,360 --> 00:00:13,760 Speaker 1: of I Heart Radio. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. 3 00:00:13,800 --> 00:00:17,119 Speaker 1: I'm Tracy be Wilson and I'm Holly Fry. This is 4 00:00:17,160 --> 00:00:20,400 Speaker 1: part two of our episode on the Dreyfus affair, and 5 00:00:20,560 --> 00:00:23,600 Speaker 1: last time we talked about the state of things in 6 00:00:23,720 --> 00:00:27,600 Speaker 1: France between eighteen seventy when the Franco Prussian War begin 7 00:00:27,720 --> 00:00:31,160 Speaker 1: and eight ninety four when Alfred Dreyfus was accused of 8 00:00:31,160 --> 00:00:34,839 Speaker 1: selling military secrets to Germany. Honestly, even though that was 9 00:00:34,920 --> 00:00:37,520 Speaker 1: two thirds of the episode, that was a brief discussion 10 00:00:37,560 --> 00:00:41,559 Speaker 1: of all that context. Uh, there is a lot of 11 00:00:41,600 --> 00:00:45,959 Speaker 1: context in that earlier episode, including the things that led 12 00:00:46,000 --> 00:00:48,560 Speaker 1: Dreyfus to join the French army in the first place. 13 00:00:48,880 --> 00:00:51,040 Speaker 1: So this episode is going to make the most sense 14 00:00:51,560 --> 00:00:55,280 Speaker 1: if folks have listened to the earlier one. First. Today 15 00:00:55,320 --> 00:00:57,720 Speaker 1: we're going to pick up where we left off, which 16 00:00:57,800 --> 00:01:01,680 Speaker 1: was with Dreyfus being suspected of reason in early October. 17 00:01:03,160 --> 00:01:06,760 Speaker 1: The accusation against Alfred Dreyfus followed the discovery of a 18 00:01:06,800 --> 00:01:10,520 Speaker 1: torn up document known as the bordereaux. Bordereaux is a 19 00:01:10,520 --> 00:01:13,840 Speaker 1: French word for memo or docket, and This document listed 20 00:01:13,880 --> 00:01:17,120 Speaker 1: several other documents that its author could sell to the recipient. 21 00:01:17,760 --> 00:01:20,560 Speaker 1: It was found in a wastebasket at the Paris office 22 00:01:20,640 --> 00:01:24,800 Speaker 1: of German military atche Lieutenant Colonel Maximilian von Schfortz Koppin. 23 00:01:25,440 --> 00:01:30,200 Speaker 1: Dreyfus was not informed of what specifically he was suspected 24 00:01:30,240 --> 00:01:34,119 Speaker 1: of having done, just that it was treasonous, and at 25 00:01:34,120 --> 00:01:36,760 Speaker 1: the beginning he seems to have believed that whatever it 26 00:01:36,959 --> 00:01:39,600 Speaker 1: was that people thought that he did, like this accusation, 27 00:01:39,760 --> 00:01:43,600 Speaker 1: was just a mistake, and surely whoever had made that 28 00:01:43,680 --> 00:01:46,880 Speaker 1: mistake would rectify it as soon as they realized what 29 00:01:46,959 --> 00:01:52,760 Speaker 1: had happened. So trusting, because this involved espionage, the investigation 30 00:01:52,880 --> 00:01:56,400 Speaker 1: was supposed to be handled in secret. Alfred's wife, Lucy 31 00:01:56,520 --> 00:02:00,000 Speaker 1: knew something was going on very quickly as officials arrived 32 00:02:00,160 --> 00:02:03,200 Speaker 1: to search their home and to question Lucy and their 33 00:02:03,200 --> 00:02:06,960 Speaker 1: wet nurse, who was from Alsace. This questioning was apparently 34 00:02:07,080 --> 00:02:12,000 Speaker 1: so aggressive and traumatizing that the nurse vomited afterward. This 35 00:02:12,160 --> 00:02:16,680 Speaker 1: just made the interrogator, Commandantupatti de Clem even more convinced 36 00:02:16,720 --> 00:02:20,600 Speaker 1: of dreyfuss guilt. Multiple people he questioned said he seemed 37 00:02:20,600 --> 00:02:23,519 Speaker 1: to be already convinced that Dreyfus was guilty and that 38 00:02:23,639 --> 00:02:25,880 Speaker 1: he was just looking for things that would back that up, 39 00:02:26,000 --> 00:02:28,880 Speaker 1: rather than actually trying to find the truth. Because of 40 00:02:28,880 --> 00:02:32,320 Speaker 1: the secrecy involved, Lucy was forbidden to contact any of 41 00:02:32,360 --> 00:02:35,399 Speaker 1: Alfred's other family about what was happening or to try 42 00:02:35,400 --> 00:02:38,840 Speaker 1: to get help. When she was finally allowed to write 43 00:02:38,840 --> 00:02:42,280 Speaker 1: to Alfred's brother Matthew, a couple of weeks after Alfred 44 00:02:42,360 --> 00:02:46,959 Speaker 1: was first accused, Matthew was totally baffled, calling Alfred's perfect 45 00:02:47,040 --> 00:02:51,840 Speaker 1: loyalty his strongest trait. At the same time, like Alfred, 46 00:02:51,919 --> 00:02:54,440 Speaker 1: Lucy and Matthew both seemed to think that this was 47 00:02:54,600 --> 00:02:59,160 Speaker 1: just some kind of mistake that the Army would soon rectify. 48 00:02:59,400 --> 00:03:02,600 Speaker 1: This invest Gatien found very little evidence to support the 49 00:03:02,639 --> 00:03:06,480 Speaker 1: allegation that Dreyfus had sold French secrets to Germany. As 50 00:03:06,560 --> 00:03:09,639 Speaker 1: we discussed in Part one, a handwriting expert had examined 51 00:03:09,680 --> 00:03:13,040 Speaker 1: the Bordereaux and claimed that the dissimilarity to drapus His 52 00:03:13,120 --> 00:03:16,440 Speaker 1: own handwriting was evidence that he had written it, calling 53 00:03:16,440 --> 00:03:19,919 Speaker 1: it a self forgery, but beyond that it was all 54 00:03:19,960 --> 00:03:23,359 Speaker 1: just suspicion. Because Drapus was a Jewish man from Alsace 55 00:03:23,560 --> 00:03:25,880 Speaker 1: who did not always get along with other people on 56 00:03:25,919 --> 00:03:29,080 Speaker 1: the French Army's general staff because of his demeanor and 57 00:03:29,200 --> 00:03:33,480 Speaker 1: his family's wealth. On October fifteenth, eighteen nine four, Dreyfus 58 00:03:33,560 --> 00:03:37,600 Speaker 1: was ordered to appear in person for questioning in civilian dress. 59 00:03:38,320 --> 00:03:41,080 Speaker 1: When he got there, Dupatti said that he had injured 60 00:03:41,160 --> 00:03:44,440 Speaker 1: his finger and he asked Dreyfus to take dictation for him. 61 00:03:45,160 --> 00:03:49,840 Speaker 1: Dreyfus agreed, and as he was writing, Dupatti yelled at him, 62 00:03:49,880 --> 00:03:54,200 Speaker 1: accusing him of not taking things seriously. Dravius thought that 63 00:03:54,320 --> 00:03:58,240 Speaker 1: Dupatti was angry about how he was writing down the dictation, 64 00:03:58,320 --> 00:04:01,640 Speaker 1: so he tried to slow down and more carefully, at 65 00:04:01,640 --> 00:04:04,600 Speaker 1: which point Dupatty grabbed him by the shoulder and announced 66 00:04:04,600 --> 00:04:07,920 Speaker 1: that he was under arrest under a charge of high treason. 67 00:04:08,560 --> 00:04:11,360 Speaker 1: And at this point Dreyfus still did not know what 68 00:04:11,600 --> 00:04:15,680 Speaker 1: specifically he was being accused of having done. He finally 69 00:04:15,720 --> 00:04:18,240 Speaker 1: got the details and was shown a reproduction of the 70 00:04:18,279 --> 00:04:21,760 Speaker 1: Borderau on October twenty nine, and when he saw this 71 00:04:21,880 --> 00:04:25,279 Speaker 1: document he felt deeply relieved because it's so obviously was 72 00:04:25,360 --> 00:04:28,839 Speaker 1: not his handwriting. He also knew nothing about some of 73 00:04:28,839 --> 00:04:32,000 Speaker 1: the items that were listed. He couldn't sell information he 74 00:04:32,080 --> 00:04:35,080 Speaker 1: did not have, and the Borderau ended with the line 75 00:04:35,200 --> 00:04:40,120 Speaker 1: jave paltier on maneuver or I'm going on maneuvers. Drayfus 76 00:04:40,320 --> 00:04:42,760 Speaker 1: had not been on maneuver since the year before, and 77 00:04:42,800 --> 00:04:46,560 Speaker 1: the document had been intercepted just a month before. None 78 00:04:46,600 --> 00:04:49,640 Speaker 1: of this mattered to the people conducting the investigation, though 79 00:04:50,320 --> 00:04:53,320 Speaker 1: they made Dreyfus copy out the border Aau repeatedly to 80 00:04:53,400 --> 00:04:56,520 Speaker 1: try to show that there were similarities between his handwriting 81 00:04:56,560 --> 00:05:00,159 Speaker 1: and the document, and no matter how he conducted himself, 82 00:05:00,200 --> 00:05:03,440 Speaker 1: for how he approached his answers to their questions, authorities 83 00:05:03,440 --> 00:05:07,520 Speaker 1: were just inflexibly convinced of his guilt. Over the next 84 00:05:07,560 --> 00:05:11,080 Speaker 1: few weeks, the psychological toll of this made him increasingly 85 00:05:11,160 --> 00:05:14,839 Speaker 1: frustrated and desperate. Although all of this was supposed to 86 00:05:14,839 --> 00:05:18,360 Speaker 1: be handled with secrecy, In late October, the anti Semitic 87 00:05:18,400 --> 00:05:21,760 Speaker 1: newspaper La Libre Parole, which was founded and edited by 88 00:05:21,920 --> 00:05:27,000 Speaker 1: Edward Rumon, published a huge and sensationalized story claiming there 89 00:05:27,040 --> 00:05:30,200 Speaker 1: was an influential Jewish lobby that was attempting to get 90 00:05:30,200 --> 00:05:34,279 Speaker 1: a Jewish Army officer off the hook for treason. Drewman 91 00:05:34,480 --> 00:05:37,200 Speaker 1: argued that the French armies allowing a Jewish man to 92 00:05:37,400 --> 00:05:40,520 Speaker 1: rise to such a high rank was evidence that the army, 93 00:05:40,600 --> 00:05:44,839 Speaker 1: and by extension, France itself, was inherently flawed and corrupt. 94 00:05:45,600 --> 00:05:49,240 Speaker 1: As we mentioned in the previous episode, Drewman had been 95 00:05:49,320 --> 00:05:53,080 Speaker 1: vocally anti Semitic for years and had initially funded his 96 00:05:53,120 --> 00:05:57,160 Speaker 1: newspaper through the sale of an anti Semitic book. Details 97 00:05:57,240 --> 00:06:01,559 Speaker 1: of the allegation against Drefa's trickled out pretty lowly. After 98 00:06:01,640 --> 00:06:04,800 Speaker 1: it became known that Alfred Dreyfus was the accused man, 99 00:06:05,440 --> 00:06:08,800 Speaker 1: Dumont published a piece in which he traced the purported 100 00:06:08,920 --> 00:06:13,520 Speaker 1: history of Jewish betrayers. This included Judas a scariot who 101 00:06:13,600 --> 00:06:18,400 Speaker 1: betrayed Jesus Christ, Simon Dutes, who had betrayed the Duchess 102 00:06:18,480 --> 00:06:20,960 Speaker 1: Duberry when she was trying to put her son Are 103 00:06:21,279 --> 00:06:25,440 Speaker 1: on the French throne after the July Revolution. Also included 104 00:06:25,480 --> 00:06:29,760 Speaker 1: Alfred Joseph Naqua and Arthur Mayor, who Dumont described as 105 00:06:29,839 --> 00:06:34,279 Speaker 1: deceiving General Boulange, who we discussed in the previous episode. 106 00:06:34,320 --> 00:06:38,640 Speaker 1: With that deception leading him to ruin, Dumont wrote, quote, 107 00:06:38,680 --> 00:06:41,400 Speaker 1: this is all just a fatal running to type the 108 00:06:41,520 --> 00:06:44,960 Speaker 1: curse of the race. Although the coverage in La Libre 109 00:06:45,080 --> 00:06:50,120 Speaker 1: Parole was particularly sensational and anti semitic. It wasn't unique 110 00:06:50,120 --> 00:06:55,040 Speaker 1: in its condemnation of Alfred Dreyfus. Overwhelmingly, French newspapers covered 111 00:06:55,080 --> 00:06:58,240 Speaker 1: the story as though Dreyfus was definitely guilty, with the 112 00:06:58,279 --> 00:07:01,520 Speaker 1: case against him open and show ut his wife and 113 00:07:01,560 --> 00:07:04,920 Speaker 1: brother felt completely at a loss, unable to get reporters 114 00:07:04,960 --> 00:07:09,000 Speaker 1: to even entertain the idea that he might be innocent. Yeah, 115 00:07:09,040 --> 00:07:13,000 Speaker 1: there's news reports basically convinced that the most of the 116 00:07:13,040 --> 00:07:17,640 Speaker 1: population of France that Drefus had definitely done this. On December, 117 00:07:18,920 --> 00:07:21,120 Speaker 1: d Fus was allowed to write to his wife Lucy 118 00:07:21,200 --> 00:07:23,640 Speaker 1: for the first time in weeks. He asked her to 119 00:07:23,680 --> 00:07:26,560 Speaker 1: send him his best dress uniform, hoping that if he 120 00:07:26,600 --> 00:07:29,680 Speaker 1: wore it to his court martial, it might demonstrate his 121 00:07:29,800 --> 00:07:33,200 Speaker 1: honor and his pride in the French military. This court 122 00:07:33,240 --> 00:07:36,880 Speaker 1: martial took place behind closed doors from December eighteenth through 123 00:07:36,880 --> 00:07:42,440 Speaker 1: the one. Three handwriting experts testified for the prosecution. The 124 00:07:42,560 --> 00:07:47,000 Speaker 1: prosecution also introduced a letter from German military attache Maximilian 125 00:07:47,240 --> 00:07:53,520 Speaker 1: von Schwartzkoppen to Italian military attache Major Alessandro Panitzerdi and 126 00:07:53,600 --> 00:07:56,760 Speaker 1: in it Schwartz Koppen made reference to someone described as 127 00:07:56,840 --> 00:08:00,760 Speaker 1: quote that scoundrel of a D. That's the parties claimed 128 00:08:00,760 --> 00:08:03,640 Speaker 1: that D was for Dreyfus. But this letter was also 129 00:08:03,760 --> 00:08:07,000 Speaker 1: in a sort of personal code between those two attaches, 130 00:08:07,040 --> 00:08:09,240 Speaker 1: and it's not clear who it was actually about at all, 131 00:08:10,040 --> 00:08:13,040 Speaker 1: but it was also pretty sordid and strongly suggests the 132 00:08:13,040 --> 00:08:16,760 Speaker 1: two men were having an affair. This letter and another 133 00:08:16,880 --> 00:08:20,600 Speaker 1: letter that implicated Dreyfus were submitted to the judges presiding 134 00:08:20,640 --> 00:08:24,720 Speaker 1: over the court martial as a secret dossier. The letter 135 00:08:24,760 --> 00:08:29,000 Speaker 1: implicating Dreyfus was a forgery, and Dreyfus's defense was not 136 00:08:29,080 --> 00:08:32,040 Speaker 1: permitted to see these documents, and they did not even 137 00:08:32,080 --> 00:08:35,959 Speaker 1: know that they existed before they were introduced. The judges 138 00:08:36,200 --> 00:08:42,240 Speaker 1: unanimously voted to convict Dreyfus on December. He was sentenced 139 00:08:42,280 --> 00:08:46,199 Speaker 1: to life deportation in a fortified place, along with military 140 00:08:46,240 --> 00:08:50,120 Speaker 1: degradation and payment of the expenses associated with the court martial. 141 00:08:50,800 --> 00:09:01,800 Speaker 1: We'll get into that after a quick sponsor break. Unsurprisingly, 142 00:09:02,200 --> 00:09:05,840 Speaker 1: Alfred Dreyfus's mental state had varied in the time between 143 00:09:05,880 --> 00:09:09,360 Speaker 1: his arrest and his court martial weeks later. Sometimes he 144 00:09:09,400 --> 00:09:13,400 Speaker 1: had been resolute and sometimes despondent and sometimes angry, but 145 00:09:13,640 --> 00:09:18,320 Speaker 1: he maintained his innocence throughout, and he held out hope 146 00:09:18,360 --> 00:09:21,000 Speaker 1: that he would not be convicted of a crime he 147 00:09:21,160 --> 00:09:25,600 Speaker 1: had simply not committed, especially since the only evidence that 148 00:09:25,679 --> 00:09:28,960 Speaker 1: he knew about before the trial was the borderoo. But 149 00:09:29,160 --> 00:09:34,280 Speaker 1: after his conviction, he was simultaneously bereft and panicked, described 150 00:09:34,280 --> 00:09:38,640 Speaker 1: as just having a total emotional collapse. Realizing that Dreyfus 151 00:09:38,760 --> 00:09:42,680 Speaker 1: was suicidal, prison command on Ferdinand for Zanetti stayed with 152 00:09:42,760 --> 00:09:46,199 Speaker 1: him overnight and talked him through it, drawing on drayfuss 153 00:09:46,320 --> 00:09:49,720 Speaker 1: values of honor and justice and explaining that suicide would 154 00:09:49,720 --> 00:09:53,760 Speaker 1: probably be interpreted as an admission of guilt. For Zanetti 155 00:09:54,080 --> 00:09:56,920 Speaker 1: became convinced of dreyfus innocence and became one of his 156 00:09:57,120 --> 00:09:59,920 Speaker 1: very few supporters. During the early part of this ordeal, 157 00:10:00,880 --> 00:10:04,079 Speaker 1: Dreyfus was once again denied visits from his wife or 158 00:10:04,080 --> 00:10:08,320 Speaker 1: other family. Lucy, who would only wear black until her 159 00:10:08,400 --> 00:10:11,720 Speaker 1: husband was freed, started preparing for the possibility that she 160 00:10:11,880 --> 00:10:15,080 Speaker 1: and the family might be able to accompany him into exile, 161 00:10:15,120 --> 00:10:18,560 Speaker 1: wherever that exile was going to be. She also started 162 00:10:18,559 --> 00:10:21,160 Speaker 1: packing what she thought he would need for his imprisonment, 163 00:10:21,200 --> 00:10:23,600 Speaker 1: although at this point she didn't know yet where he 164 00:10:23,640 --> 00:10:28,199 Speaker 1: was going to be held. Edward Drumond continued his sensationalized 165 00:10:28,200 --> 00:10:33,640 Speaker 1: and anti Semitic coverage after Dreyfus's conviction. On December Lalibra 166 00:10:33,760 --> 00:10:37,720 Speaker 1: Parole published an article suggesting that Germany should put up 167 00:10:37,720 --> 00:10:41,560 Speaker 1: a statue in honor of Dreyfus. This article reiterated the 168 00:10:41,600 --> 00:10:44,520 Speaker 1: idea that Dreyfus was not really French, saying that he 169 00:10:44,559 --> 00:10:47,800 Speaker 1: hadn't really betrayed France because since he was Jewish, his 170 00:10:47,840 --> 00:10:52,000 Speaker 1: true loyalty was to quote the Temple of Jerusalem. Dreyfus 171 00:10:52,000 --> 00:10:55,040 Speaker 1: appealed his conviction, but his request for a new trial 172 00:10:55,200 --> 00:10:58,960 Speaker 1: was denied on New Year's Eve eighteen, and then on 173 00:10:59,040 --> 00:11:03,920 Speaker 1: January five, he was publicly degraded. This degradation was originally 174 00:11:03,960 --> 00:11:06,720 Speaker 1: scheduled to take place on January fourth, and all the 175 00:11:06,840 --> 00:11:10,400 Speaker 1: reasons for the change in the date aren't documented anywhere. 176 00:11:10,960 --> 00:11:14,520 Speaker 1: Various people noted that January five fell during the Jewish sabbath. 177 00:11:15,200 --> 00:11:18,560 Speaker 1: For this degradation, officials came to where Dreyfus was being 178 00:11:18,600 --> 00:11:22,200 Speaker 1: held and loosened his medals and epaulets and scored his 179 00:11:22,280 --> 00:11:25,960 Speaker 1: sword to make it easier to break. Then, in front 180 00:11:26,000 --> 00:11:29,360 Speaker 1: of assembled military units and a jeering civilian crowd at 181 00:11:29,360 --> 00:11:34,439 Speaker 1: the Ecole Milita, an officer physically toward Drapus's medals, insignias, 182 00:11:34,480 --> 00:11:38,160 Speaker 1: and epaulets off his uniform before breaking the sword over 183 00:11:38,200 --> 00:11:41,960 Speaker 1: his knee. Then Drapus was forced to march out under 184 00:11:42,000 --> 00:11:45,600 Speaker 1: guard as the crowd screamed insults and anti Semitic jeers 185 00:11:45,600 --> 00:11:49,360 Speaker 1: at him. Officers wives spat at him. As he was 186 00:11:49,440 --> 00:11:52,240 Speaker 1: taken from the courtyard, and as he was being transported 187 00:11:52,240 --> 00:11:56,000 Speaker 1: back to prison, onlookers shouted insults and slurs and threw 188 00:11:56,080 --> 00:12:00,679 Speaker 1: stones at the carriage. Newspapers printed a lot of depictions 189 00:12:00,760 --> 00:12:03,720 Speaker 1: of this after the degradation took place, and in them, 190 00:12:03,800 --> 00:12:08,160 Speaker 1: Draypus is pretty frequently shown as being stooped over and 191 00:12:08,240 --> 00:12:12,400 Speaker 1: kind of cowed, But he faced this whole ritual shaming 192 00:12:12,480 --> 00:12:17,040 Speaker 1: with an upright military bearing, shouting they're degrading an innocent man. 193 00:12:17,600 --> 00:12:21,560 Speaker 1: Long live France, Long live the Army. When Drayfus was 194 00:12:21,600 --> 00:12:24,760 Speaker 1: transported to his exile, the army tried to avoid another 195 00:12:24,840 --> 00:12:27,240 Speaker 1: mob scene by moving him in the middle of the 196 00:12:27,320 --> 00:12:30,720 Speaker 1: night in secret. His first stop was at Saint Maltinder, 197 00:12:30,800 --> 00:12:33,600 Speaker 1: Rey off the coast of western France, but he did 198 00:12:33,600 --> 00:12:36,720 Speaker 1: not get there without attracting attention. A mob gathered when 199 00:12:36,760 --> 00:12:39,960 Speaker 1: someone overheard his name. When the train was stopped for 200 00:12:40,040 --> 00:12:42,640 Speaker 1: this move, Drayfus had been taken from his cell without 201 00:12:42,640 --> 00:12:44,720 Speaker 1: being allowed to gather his things, and he left his 202 00:12:44,760 --> 00:12:48,400 Speaker 1: post name behind, and he got frostbite and bruises from 203 00:12:48,400 --> 00:12:51,480 Speaker 1: the shackles during the trip. While he was held at 204 00:12:51,520 --> 00:12:54,959 Speaker 1: Saint Martin de Ray, Dreyfus wrote repeatedly to the Minister 205 00:12:55,080 --> 00:12:58,160 Speaker 1: of the Interior asking for him to investigate the case 206 00:12:58,200 --> 00:13:01,440 Speaker 1: and how it was handled. He asked for permission to 207 00:13:01,480 --> 00:13:04,079 Speaker 1: write to Lucy more often as well, He was only 208 00:13:04,120 --> 00:13:07,920 Speaker 1: being allowed to send her two letters a week. Officials 209 00:13:07,960 --> 00:13:11,360 Speaker 1: at sam Martin de Ray also held Dreyfus's mail, and 210 00:13:11,400 --> 00:13:14,480 Speaker 1: they refused to allow him visits from a rabbi, sending 211 00:13:14,480 --> 00:13:18,240 Speaker 1: the prison chaplain to him instead. When Lucy was finally 212 00:13:18,280 --> 00:13:21,760 Speaker 1: allowed to visit in person, she wasn't allowed to discuss 213 00:13:21,880 --> 00:13:26,000 Speaker 1: his case with him. Eventually, Lucy learned that Alfred was 214 00:13:26,040 --> 00:13:28,360 Speaker 1: going to be sent to the French prison complex known 215 00:13:28,400 --> 00:13:32,240 Speaker 1: as Devil's Island. This was a collection of prison facilities 216 00:13:32,280 --> 00:13:35,160 Speaker 1: on the mainland of French Guiana and three small islands 217 00:13:35,200 --> 00:13:38,319 Speaker 1: off the coast. The smallest of these islands was also 218 00:13:38,400 --> 00:13:41,200 Speaker 1: called Devil's Island, and that was where Alfred was to 219 00:13:41,200 --> 00:13:45,440 Speaker 1: be imprisoned. Lucy bought him appropriate clothing for the tropical heat, 220 00:13:45,559 --> 00:13:49,079 Speaker 1: along with a medicine chest and a mosquito net. Dreyfus 221 00:13:49,120 --> 00:13:54,760 Speaker 1: set sail for his transatlantic crossing to this prison on February, 222 00:13:55,040 --> 00:13:59,400 Speaker 1: which was his daughter's second birthday. When he left, Devil's 223 00:13:59,400 --> 00:14:02,200 Speaker 1: Island at elf was being used as a leprosarium for 224 00:14:02,320 --> 00:14:05,600 Speaker 1: the prison complex, and Dreyfus was held on a neighboring 225 00:14:05,760 --> 00:14:09,800 Speaker 1: island while its residents were relocated and the existing facilities 226 00:14:09,800 --> 00:14:13,440 Speaker 1: were decommissioned. As that was happening, he was held in 227 00:14:13,480 --> 00:14:16,880 Speaker 1: a cell that was made from a converted guards room, 228 00:14:16,920 --> 00:14:20,200 Speaker 1: and he was allowed no exercise and kept in solitary 229 00:14:20,200 --> 00:14:23,080 Speaker 1: confinement there for about a month, and during that time 230 00:14:23,120 --> 00:14:28,160 Speaker 1: he contracted intestinal parasites and had recurring fevers. Devil's Island 231 00:14:28,280 --> 00:14:31,720 Speaker 1: is small and rocky, surrounded by treacherous waters that are 232 00:14:31,720 --> 00:14:34,200 Speaker 1: home to sharks, all of which was seen as a 233 00:14:34,320 --> 00:14:38,320 Speaker 1: natural deterrent to escape. Once he got there, Drayfus lived 234 00:14:38,320 --> 00:14:41,160 Speaker 1: in solitary confinement in a small stone hut with a 235 00:14:41,200 --> 00:14:44,360 Speaker 1: corrugated roof that measured about four meters square, and he 236 00:14:44,440 --> 00:14:48,240 Speaker 1: was kept under continual guard. He had a cot, a table, 237 00:14:48,320 --> 00:14:51,200 Speaker 1: and two chairs, along with a bucket of stagnant water 238 00:14:51,680 --> 00:14:55,360 Speaker 1: that was used for all purposes, including drinking. He was 239 00:14:55,400 --> 00:14:57,880 Speaker 1: expected to cook his own food, but at first had 240 00:14:57,920 --> 00:15:00,760 Speaker 1: no cookware or utensils, and no eight for the fire. 241 00:15:01,600 --> 00:15:04,960 Speaker 1: His water bucket became a mosquito breeding ground, and Dreyfus 242 00:15:05,080 --> 00:15:09,320 Speaker 1: contracted malaria. He also had chronic dysentery, and he lost 243 00:15:09,360 --> 00:15:13,040 Speaker 1: some of his teeth due to malnutrition. One of Dreyfus's 244 00:15:13,240 --> 00:15:17,240 Speaker 1: very few comforts in this appalling environment was that he 245 00:15:17,320 --> 00:15:21,440 Speaker 1: was allowed books and paper. Among these books were English 246 00:15:21,520 --> 00:15:24,640 Speaker 1: language textbooks that Lucy got for him, and he used 247 00:15:24,640 --> 00:15:27,040 Speaker 1: those to teach himself English so that he could read 248 00:15:27,280 --> 00:15:31,320 Speaker 1: Shakespeare in its original language. But he was also ordered 249 00:15:31,360 --> 00:15:33,800 Speaker 1: not to speak to the guards, and since he had 250 00:15:33,840 --> 00:15:35,720 Speaker 1: no one else to talk to, that meant he was 251 00:15:35,840 --> 00:15:40,000 Speaker 1: essentially held in silence. After his eventual release, his voice 252 00:15:40,040 --> 00:15:43,320 Speaker 1: was raspy for the rest of his life. Back in France, 253 00:15:43,480 --> 00:15:46,680 Speaker 1: Lucy and Mastheu Dreyfus were spearheading an effort to clear 254 00:15:46,760 --> 00:15:49,280 Speaker 1: his name. That was something Dreyfus had no knowledge of, 255 00:15:49,400 --> 00:15:52,920 Speaker 1: since all of his mail was being censored. Felix Favre 256 00:15:53,040 --> 00:15:56,760 Speaker 1: had become president in and Matthew had hoped that the 257 00:15:56,800 --> 00:15:59,720 Speaker 1: new administration would be more sympathetic and that he be 258 00:16:00,240 --> 00:16:03,600 Speaker 1: able to get some more support. But with the exception 259 00:16:03,640 --> 00:16:07,640 Speaker 1: of the most anti Semitic newspapers, which continued to relentlessly 260 00:16:07,720 --> 00:16:11,840 Speaker 1: focus on in vilified Rafus, media attention had mostly fallen off. 261 00:16:12,560 --> 00:16:15,320 Speaker 1: The general public perception was that he had been guilty 262 00:16:15,480 --> 00:16:18,760 Speaker 1: and justice had been done. Because of his efforts to 263 00:16:18,800 --> 00:16:23,400 Speaker 1: help his brother, Matthew faced suspicion as well. Authorities followed him, 264 00:16:23,480 --> 00:16:26,280 Speaker 1: they read his male they bribed his cook to spy 265 00:16:26,400 --> 00:16:29,280 Speaker 1: on him, but he seems to have been willing to 266 00:16:29,280 --> 00:16:31,880 Speaker 1: talk to anyone who he thought might be able to 267 00:16:31,920 --> 00:16:35,720 Speaker 1: help his brother. He was eventually connected to a physician 268 00:16:35,720 --> 00:16:40,280 Speaker 1: and hypnotist, doctor Gibert, who had a patient named Leoni 269 00:16:40,400 --> 00:16:44,880 Speaker 1: who claimed to be clairvoyant. Matthew met with Leony, who 270 00:16:44,960 --> 00:16:48,160 Speaker 1: told him that Alfred had been convicted not because of 271 00:16:48,160 --> 00:16:52,080 Speaker 1: the BORDERO, but because of secret documents that they knew 272 00:16:52,120 --> 00:16:56,920 Speaker 1: nothing about. Gibert knew President Fara and mentioned this to him, 273 00:16:56,960 --> 00:17:00,040 Speaker 1: and Fara apparently not only confirmed it, but also it 274 00:17:00,080 --> 00:17:04,200 Speaker 1: gave Jabet permission to share that information with Matthew. This 275 00:17:04,320 --> 00:17:07,040 Speaker 1: was not Leonese only detail that turned out to be correct. 276 00:17:07,560 --> 00:17:10,720 Speaker 1: She also described Rafus as wearing spectacles when his family 277 00:17:11,000 --> 00:17:14,200 Speaker 1: knew him to wear a post and they later found 278 00:17:14,200 --> 00:17:16,480 Speaker 1: out about his being unable to get them when he 279 00:17:16,520 --> 00:17:19,040 Speaker 1: was moved in the middle of the night. All of 280 00:17:19,080 --> 00:17:22,639 Speaker 1: this gave Matthew hope, but then when far was asked 281 00:17:22,680 --> 00:17:26,800 Speaker 1: again about the secret documents, he denied it. Um I 282 00:17:26,840 --> 00:17:30,760 Speaker 1: am really fascinated by everything going on with this clairvoyant, 283 00:17:30,960 --> 00:17:37,520 Speaker 1: and I wish I knew more about about all of that. Eventually, 284 00:17:37,600 --> 00:17:41,879 Speaker 1: Matthew went to a detective agency in London, dodging secret 285 00:17:41,880 --> 00:17:44,440 Speaker 1: police in France to be able to get there, and 286 00:17:44,520 --> 00:17:46,800 Speaker 1: he realized that the public in the UK were a 287 00:17:46,800 --> 00:17:50,160 Speaker 1: lot more sympathetic to his brother's situation than people generally 288 00:17:50,200 --> 00:17:53,879 Speaker 1: were in France. So he thought that if English newspapers 289 00:17:53,920 --> 00:17:57,320 Speaker 1: picked up his brother's story and publicized it, that might 290 00:17:57,400 --> 00:18:00,760 Speaker 1: put more pressure on French authorities to act, So he 291 00:18:00,800 --> 00:18:05,560 Speaker 1: started talking to newspaper editors, but this ended up backfiring. 292 00:18:05,960 --> 00:18:09,040 Speaker 1: An English newspaper ran a false report that Drapus had 293 00:18:09,160 --> 00:18:12,879 Speaker 1: escaped that overruled Matthew's worries that such a story might 294 00:18:12,960 --> 00:18:16,399 Speaker 1: lead authorities to treat his brother even more harshly. It 295 00:18:16,480 --> 00:18:20,040 Speaker 1: turned out Matthew's fears were justified. Lali Bla Parole and 296 00:18:20,160 --> 00:18:24,040 Speaker 1: other anti Semitic newspapers picked up this rumor and ran 297 00:18:24,119 --> 00:18:27,040 Speaker 1: with it, alleging that there was a massive Jewish plot 298 00:18:27,080 --> 00:18:31,240 Speaker 1: to smuggle Alfred off of Devil's Island. As a consequence, 299 00:18:31,320 --> 00:18:34,760 Speaker 1: guards started shackling Alfred to his bed at night. In 300 00:18:34,800 --> 00:18:38,359 Speaker 1: addition to being degrading and painful and causing injuries to 301 00:18:38,480 --> 00:18:41,439 Speaker 1: his feet and ankles. This also made it even harder 302 00:18:41,480 --> 00:18:44,880 Speaker 1: to deal with the insects that infested the hut. Yeah, 303 00:18:44,880 --> 00:18:48,160 Speaker 1: there were. In addition to the mosquitoes, there were ants 304 00:18:48,280 --> 00:18:52,320 Speaker 1: that bit like a lot of stinging, biting insects, just 305 00:18:52,680 --> 00:18:56,600 Speaker 1: that he could not get off of himself in the night. Eventually, 306 00:18:57,119 --> 00:19:00,800 Speaker 1: months after Dreyfus was deported to Devil's Island and Matthews 307 00:19:00,880 --> 00:19:05,200 Speaker 1: started making a little bit more progress. He became connected 308 00:19:05,240 --> 00:19:08,320 Speaker 1: to August schr Kessner, who was vice president of the 309 00:19:08,320 --> 00:19:11,960 Speaker 1: French Senate, who originally was from LuSE. Like the Dreyfus 310 00:19:12,000 --> 00:19:16,560 Speaker 1: family was sure, Kessner knew that Dreyfus was innocent. He 311 00:19:16,640 --> 00:19:21,000 Speaker 1: had seen evidence of his innocence, but for security reasons, 312 00:19:21,080 --> 00:19:25,240 Speaker 1: he could not disclose it. Kind of gave Alfred's brother 313 00:19:25,280 --> 00:19:28,040 Speaker 1: the sense that, like, if he could come to him 314 00:19:28,080 --> 00:19:30,520 Speaker 1: confirming the information, he would be able to like say 315 00:19:30,600 --> 00:19:32,520 Speaker 1: yes or no, this is this is what I heard. 316 00:19:33,600 --> 00:19:36,680 Speaker 1: So even though he could not confirm this to Matthew 317 00:19:36,720 --> 00:19:39,800 Speaker 1: at the time, the fact that he seemed to know 318 00:19:40,000 --> 00:19:44,360 Speaker 1: something that could exonerate his brother gave Matthews some more hope. 319 00:19:44,880 --> 00:19:50,040 Speaker 1: Then in July, Lieutenant Colonel Marie George Picard became chief 320 00:19:50,080 --> 00:19:53,919 Speaker 1: of the Army's Intelligence section. As a person, Picoart was 321 00:19:53,960 --> 00:19:56,959 Speaker 1: anti Semitic, but as he looked at the case, he 322 00:19:57,040 --> 00:20:00,840 Speaker 1: also became totally convinced of drayfus innocence and started trying 323 00:20:00,880 --> 00:20:04,359 Speaker 1: to convince military authorities to act. Then in March of 324 00:20:05,520 --> 00:20:10,080 Speaker 1: French intelligence officials intercepted another document in handwriting that was 325 00:20:10,160 --> 00:20:15,600 Speaker 1: identical to the Bordeaux. Since Dreyfus was imprisoned on Devil's Island, 326 00:20:15,680 --> 00:20:18,600 Speaker 1: it was impossible for him to have written it, and 327 00:20:18,680 --> 00:20:23,359 Speaker 1: its author was the real culprit, Major Ferdinand Wilson Esther Hassy. 328 00:20:24,040 --> 00:20:35,160 Speaker 1: We'll talk about that some more after a sponsor break. Earlier, 329 00:20:35,520 --> 00:20:39,000 Speaker 1: we talked about how Alfred Dreyfus had no motive to 330 00:20:39,040 --> 00:20:41,879 Speaker 1: sell French secrets to Germany. He was devoted to his 331 00:20:41,920 --> 00:20:45,360 Speaker 1: wife Lucy and their two children. He was deeply patriotic 332 00:20:45,400 --> 00:20:49,800 Speaker 1: toward France, and he was financially very secure. But Ferdinand 333 00:20:49,880 --> 00:20:53,080 Speaker 1: Wilson esther Hasi was almost the exact opposite. He was 334 00:20:53,320 --> 00:20:56,600 Speaker 1: vocal in his hatred for the French Army. He was 335 00:20:56,680 --> 00:20:59,280 Speaker 1: notorious for his abuse of alcohol, and he had a 336 00:20:59,320 --> 00:21:03,040 Speaker 1: lot of very serious gambling debts, the kind of debts 337 00:21:03,200 --> 00:21:05,560 Speaker 1: you might need a lot of money to pay off. 338 00:21:06,280 --> 00:21:09,520 Speaker 1: When it became clear that ester Hasie, not Dreyfus, had 339 00:21:09,560 --> 00:21:13,119 Speaker 1: written the Border Room, Lieutenant Colonel Picards started trying to 340 00:21:13,160 --> 00:21:17,200 Speaker 1: convince the army to act, but military officials were increasingly 341 00:21:17,240 --> 00:21:21,240 Speaker 1: afraid of losing face, believing that admitting wrongdoing would weaken 342 00:21:21,280 --> 00:21:25,199 Speaker 1: the army, and by extension week in France, Picart was 343 00:21:25,240 --> 00:21:28,840 Speaker 1: removed from his post and transferred out of Paris. At 344 00:21:28,880 --> 00:21:32,720 Speaker 1: this point, ester Hausi's involvement was not publicly known, but 345 00:21:32,840 --> 00:21:36,440 Speaker 1: people in France were starting to take sides with Dreyfussard's 346 00:21:36,480 --> 00:21:42,320 Speaker 1: supporting Dreyfus maintaining Dreyfus innocence, and anti Dreyfusards doing the 347 00:21:42,359 --> 00:21:46,800 Speaker 1: opposite of that. Over the next few years, newspapers published 348 00:21:46,880 --> 00:21:51,359 Speaker 1: an enormous volume of articles and slogans and caricatures and 349 00:21:51,600 --> 00:21:56,480 Speaker 1: editorial cartoons on this subject. Today there are entire books 350 00:21:56,480 --> 00:21:59,280 Speaker 1: on the art of the Dreyfus affair and how that 351 00:21:59,359 --> 00:22:03,720 Speaker 1: impacted the development of popular culture in France. On September 352 00:22:03,840 --> 00:22:08,320 Speaker 1: eighth six, Lucy Dreyfus published an open letter in her 353 00:22:08,400 --> 00:22:12,200 Speaker 1: husband's defense, and in November of that year, Bernard Lazar 354 00:22:12,359 --> 00:22:15,720 Speaker 1: published a pamphlet called Judicial Error, The Truth about the 355 00:22:15,760 --> 00:22:21,480 Speaker 1: Dreyfus Case. He sent it to about three thousand French judges. Meanwhile, 356 00:22:21,600 --> 00:22:24,800 Speaker 1: La Liebra Parole published an article claiming that the pamphlet 357 00:22:24,880 --> 00:22:28,000 Speaker 1: was false and that Lazarre had been paid five thousand 358 00:22:28,080 --> 00:22:30,760 Speaker 1: francs to write it for the purpose of discrediting the 359 00:22:30,800 --> 00:22:36,119 Speaker 1: French army. On November tenth, eighteen six, Parisian newspaper The 360 00:22:36,240 --> 00:22:40,520 Speaker 1: Matta published affects simile of the bordero that had been 361 00:22:40,560 --> 00:22:43,639 Speaker 1: obtained from one of the handwriting experts involved with the 362 00:22:43,640 --> 00:22:49,000 Speaker 1: court martial. Matthew Dreyfus made posters showing the Borderoa next 363 00:22:49,040 --> 00:22:54,320 Speaker 1: to a sample of his brother's handwriting. Meanwhile, a stockbroker 364 00:22:54,480 --> 00:22:57,639 Speaker 1: saw a reproduction of the bordero in a newspaper and 365 00:22:57,800 --> 00:23:01,399 Speaker 1: recognized the handwriting as the longing to a client he 366 00:23:01,520 --> 00:23:05,800 Speaker 1: detested because he was an odious person, which was Ferdinand 367 00:23:05,840 --> 00:23:09,480 Speaker 1: Walson ester Hassy. That client probably also owed him a 368 00:23:09,560 --> 00:23:13,760 Speaker 1: lot of money. Probably yes. Word of all of this 369 00:23:13,920 --> 00:23:16,960 Speaker 1: made its way to Matthew Drapus, and he spoke to 370 00:23:17,000 --> 00:23:21,040 Speaker 1: August Scher Kestner, who finally confirmed that yes, Esther Hausy 371 00:23:21,240 --> 00:23:24,280 Speaker 1: was the person he knew had created the border Room. 372 00:23:24,480 --> 00:23:27,520 Speaker 1: Ester Hausy was finally publicly accused of treason in the 373 00:23:27,600 --> 00:23:31,480 Speaker 1: fall of more than two and a half years after 374 00:23:31,520 --> 00:23:34,800 Speaker 1: Alfred Dreyfus had been sent to Double's Island. But when 375 00:23:34,920 --> 00:23:39,560 Speaker 1: Esther Hausy was court martialed in January, he was acquitted. 376 00:23:40,240 --> 00:23:43,520 Speaker 1: His defense claimed that Picart had made up the accusation 377 00:23:43,600 --> 00:23:48,400 Speaker 1: to smear him. Ester HASI's acquittal was what prompted Alzola, 378 00:23:48,600 --> 00:23:51,919 Speaker 1: who was at the time France's most famous living writer, 379 00:23:52,200 --> 00:23:55,560 Speaker 1: to write an open letter to French President Felix Father. 380 00:23:56,560 --> 00:23:59,600 Speaker 1: This was published on the entire front page of the 381 00:23:59,680 --> 00:24:04,159 Speaker 1: social shialist newspaper Laure under the headline jacquiues, and it 382 00:24:04,240 --> 00:24:09,359 Speaker 1: came out on January. The law accused the Army of 383 00:24:09,400 --> 00:24:13,520 Speaker 1: wrongfully convicting Dreyfus and covering it up, and he ended 384 00:24:13,520 --> 00:24:17,640 Speaker 1: with a list of allegations against specific people, all beginning 385 00:24:17,680 --> 00:24:23,119 Speaker 1: with Jacques and accusing multiple high ranking army officials, the 386 00:24:23,200 --> 00:24:26,760 Speaker 1: three handwriting experts, the Offices of War, and the First 387 00:24:26,800 --> 00:24:31,560 Speaker 1: Council of War of wrongdoing. Lauore was owned by politician 388 00:24:31,600 --> 00:24:35,560 Speaker 1: and journalist George Clemenceaux, and it reportedly sold three hundred 389 00:24:35,600 --> 00:24:40,480 Speaker 1: thousand copies of the Jacques edition. In response, other publications 390 00:24:40,520 --> 00:24:44,240 Speaker 1: went into overdrive with anti Dreyfus coverage, much of it 391 00:24:44,320 --> 00:24:48,280 Speaker 1: deeply anti Semitic, including of course La lebro Parole, the 392 00:24:48,400 --> 00:24:52,919 Speaker 1: Catholic daily newspaper La Croix, and other Catholic publications. It 393 00:24:53,040 --> 00:24:55,719 Speaker 1: was during this time that this became known just as 394 00:24:55,760 --> 00:24:59,480 Speaker 1: the Affair and became international news, with people following the 395 00:24:59,520 --> 00:25:03,760 Speaker 1: story particularly avidly in the UK and the US. The 396 00:25:03,800 --> 00:25:08,480 Speaker 1: anti Semitic media published during this time really fueled anti 397 00:25:08,520 --> 00:25:14,840 Speaker 1: Semitism all through France. Widespread simultaneous anti Semitic demonstrations took 398 00:25:14,880 --> 00:25:19,439 Speaker 1: place all over the country on January eighteenth eighteen. Also 399 00:25:19,520 --> 00:25:24,760 Speaker 1: in eighteen twenty two, openly anti Semitic candidates, mostly representing 400 00:25:24,840 --> 00:25:28,439 Speaker 1: rural areas, were elected to the Chamber of Deputies. In 401 00:25:28,480 --> 00:25:31,800 Speaker 1: response to all of this, France's Human Rights League was 402 00:25:31,920 --> 00:25:36,000 Speaker 1: established in eighteen and a French League against anti Semitism 403 00:25:36,040 --> 00:25:38,760 Speaker 1: had also been formed in part because of all this 404 00:25:38,920 --> 00:25:44,000 Speaker 1: three years before. This period was incredibly divisive in France. 405 00:25:44,320 --> 00:25:50,480 Speaker 1: A political cartoon titled dna en famieu ran on February 406 00:25:50,600 --> 00:25:53,120 Speaker 1: uh In the first frame, a family is sitting down 407 00:25:53,119 --> 00:25:56,480 Speaker 1: to dinner at a huge table, with the caption absolutely 408 00:25:56,520 --> 00:25:59,639 Speaker 1: no talk of the affair. In the second frame, the 409 00:25:59,680 --> 00:26:02,439 Speaker 1: scene has devolved into an all out brawl, with the 410 00:26:02,480 --> 00:26:08,320 Speaker 1: caption they talked about it. Divisions appeared within numerous French circles. 411 00:26:08,359 --> 00:26:11,720 Speaker 1: Different groups of people were not necessarily united and how 412 00:26:11,760 --> 00:26:15,639 Speaker 1: they thought about this. Among the literary and artistic community, 413 00:26:15,840 --> 00:26:20,560 Speaker 1: Degat and Renoir were anti Dreyfusards, while Pisarro and Money 414 00:26:20,640 --> 00:26:25,159 Speaker 1: were pro Dreyfus. Some socialists defended Dreyfus and saw his 415 00:26:25,240 --> 00:26:28,119 Speaker 1: conviction as a clear miscarriage of justice that needed to 416 00:26:28,160 --> 00:26:31,480 Speaker 1: be remedied, while others saw him as a class enemy 417 00:26:31,560 --> 00:26:34,120 Speaker 1: because of his affluents in his position in the army. 418 00:26:34,680 --> 00:26:38,080 Speaker 1: The Jewish community was also not monolithic in its response. 419 00:26:38,840 --> 00:26:41,639 Speaker 1: Many Jewish Drayfusards saw this as an issue that was 420 00:26:41,720 --> 00:26:45,520 Speaker 1: broadly connected to fundamental human rights for all people, rather 421 00:26:45,600 --> 00:26:49,080 Speaker 1: than the defense of one Jewish man. Some joined the 422 00:26:49,160 --> 00:26:52,560 Speaker 1: Human Rights League or otherwise advocated for justice and against 423 00:26:52,560 --> 00:26:57,359 Speaker 1: anti Semitism. Others converted to Christianity or changed their last 424 00:26:57,440 --> 00:27:01,120 Speaker 1: names to try to escape the escalating anti Semitism, or 425 00:27:01,440 --> 00:27:04,840 Speaker 1: just tried to be unobtrusive so that they might go unnoticed. 426 00:27:05,560 --> 00:27:09,840 Speaker 1: And for many, many people, all of this went way 427 00:27:09,880 --> 00:27:14,600 Speaker 1: beyond dreyfus himself. There was a sense among Dreyfusards that 428 00:27:14,640 --> 00:27:18,720 Speaker 1: the French Republic could not survive if this miscarriage of 429 00:27:18,800 --> 00:27:22,280 Speaker 1: justice were allowed to stand, and that the army should 430 00:27:22,280 --> 00:27:25,520 Speaker 1: be beholden to the same just laws as the rest 431 00:27:25,560 --> 00:27:29,639 Speaker 1: of the nation. Meanwhile, among anti Dreyfusards, there was a 432 00:27:29,680 --> 00:27:32,600 Speaker 1: sense that the French Republic could not survive if the 433 00:27:32,840 --> 00:27:39,760 Speaker 1: army was weakened by exonerating Dreyfus. In February of Zola 434 00:27:40,040 --> 00:27:43,560 Speaker 1: was tried for libel because of his Jacques's letter. He 435 00:27:43,640 --> 00:27:46,680 Speaker 1: was convicted and sentenced to a fine of thirty thousand 436 00:27:46,680 --> 00:27:50,080 Speaker 1: francs plus a year in prison. The trial did not 437 00:27:50,200 --> 00:27:54,080 Speaker 1: look into the validity of his accusations at all. Zola's 438 00:27:54,119 --> 00:27:57,120 Speaker 1: conviction was upheld on appeal and he fled to England. 439 00:27:57,720 --> 00:28:01,280 Speaker 1: On July seven, got Froy Caveny, the Minister of War, 440 00:28:01,720 --> 00:28:06,680 Speaker 1: publicized the purported evidence against Dreyfus, and in response, dre 441 00:28:06,800 --> 00:28:10,960 Speaker 1: Fassard's published a series of articles countering that this purported 442 00:28:11,000 --> 00:28:15,879 Speaker 1: evidence had been forged, and the evidence had been forged. 443 00:28:16,720 --> 00:28:20,960 Speaker 1: As evidence of the forgery became public, Lieutenant Colonel Hubert 444 00:28:21,080 --> 00:28:26,720 Speaker 1: Joseph Ari was implicated and arrested. He confessed to making 445 00:28:26,760 --> 00:28:30,119 Speaker 1: these forgeries. There were additional forgeries that had been added 446 00:28:30,160 --> 00:28:33,560 Speaker 1: to all of this over the intervening years, and he 447 00:28:33,600 --> 00:28:37,440 Speaker 1: took his own life in August of eight. In the 448 00:28:37,520 --> 00:28:41,920 Speaker 1: face of all of this, anti Dreyfissards generally maintained that 449 00:28:42,000 --> 00:28:45,640 Speaker 1: these forgeries were a patriotic act that had been done 450 00:28:45,640 --> 00:28:51,000 Speaker 1: for the public good. Ari was called a martyr for patriotism. 451 00:28:51,040 --> 00:28:54,040 Speaker 1: As word spread the Minister of War resigned and Esther 452 00:28:54,160 --> 00:28:57,800 Speaker 1: Hazy fled to Belgium and then to London. President far 453 00:28:58,080 --> 00:29:01,240 Speaker 1: resisted calls to reopen the case, but in November of 454 00:29:01,280 --> 00:29:05,400 Speaker 1: eight Dreyfus was informed that his wife was petitioning for 455 00:29:05,480 --> 00:29:08,720 Speaker 1: him to be granted an appeal. This was the first 456 00:29:08,800 --> 00:29:12,400 Speaker 1: time he had learned about Esther Hassi's involvement with the Bordereaux, 457 00:29:12,720 --> 00:29:15,800 Speaker 1: and he had absolutely no idea about the international furor 458 00:29:15,920 --> 00:29:19,720 Speaker 1: that had been going on. On June third, eighteen ninety nine, 459 00:29:19,800 --> 00:29:23,160 Speaker 1: the Combined Chambers of the Supreme Court of Appeal ruled 460 00:29:23,240 --> 00:29:26,640 Speaker 1: that Dreyfus was eligible for a new trial. He set 461 00:29:26,720 --> 00:29:29,680 Speaker 1: sail for the three week return trip to France on 462 00:29:29,840 --> 00:29:34,120 Speaker 1: June ninth, eighteen nine. As he departed Devil's Island, he 463 00:29:34,160 --> 00:29:37,280 Speaker 1: reportedly said, quote, my confidence in the justice of my 464 00:29:37,360 --> 00:29:41,000 Speaker 1: country is the same. It will be the honor of 465 00:29:41,040 --> 00:29:44,680 Speaker 1: this noble France, the honor of our dear army, to 466 00:29:44,880 --> 00:29:49,440 Speaker 1: finally arrive at a solution to this horrific judicial error 467 00:29:49,920 --> 00:29:53,959 Speaker 1: and to its reparation. Dreyfuss second court martial ran from 468 00:29:54,000 --> 00:29:58,800 Speaker 1: August seven to September nine eight. His lawyer for non 469 00:29:58,800 --> 00:30:02,520 Speaker 1: Gustave Gaston was shot in the back on August fourteen, 470 00:30:03,080 --> 00:30:06,680 Speaker 1: but the proceedings continued. On September nine, by a vote 471 00:30:06,720 --> 00:30:11,040 Speaker 1: of five to two, Dreyfus was again convicted, this time 472 00:30:11,120 --> 00:30:15,960 Speaker 1: found quote guilty with extenuating circumstances. He was sentenced to 473 00:30:16,040 --> 00:30:19,320 Speaker 1: ten years in prison. This was in spite of the 474 00:30:19,360 --> 00:30:22,360 Speaker 1: fact that Esther Hassy had confessed to writing the Border 475 00:30:22,440 --> 00:30:25,840 Speaker 1: Roa and Anri had confessed to forging documents that had 476 00:30:25,880 --> 00:30:30,920 Speaker 1: implicated Drayfus. By this point, the Paris Exposition of nineteen 477 00:30:31,040 --> 00:30:35,120 Speaker 1: hundred was eminent, and the French government was worried about 478 00:30:35,240 --> 00:30:39,840 Speaker 1: Boycott's by American and British visitors, especially since the prevailing 479 00:30:40,080 --> 00:30:43,120 Speaker 1: sentiment in both the US and the UK was way 480 00:30:43,160 --> 00:30:48,440 Speaker 1: more pro Dreyfus. Parliament voted to censure that anti Dreyfus government, 481 00:30:48,600 --> 00:30:53,960 Speaker 1: and on September President Emil Lube, who had become president 482 00:30:54,080 --> 00:30:58,520 Speaker 1: after Felix far As death the previous February, offered Dreyfus 483 00:30:58,680 --> 00:31:03,040 Speaker 1: a pardon. Dreyfus's health had really suffered during his years 484 00:31:03,080 --> 00:31:07,560 Speaker 1: of imprisonment at Devil's Island and his subsequent voyage and incarceration. 485 00:31:08,360 --> 00:31:10,719 Speaker 1: Many of his family members were worried that he simply 486 00:31:10,720 --> 00:31:14,120 Speaker 1: would not survive long if he stayed in prison. They 487 00:31:14,200 --> 00:31:17,480 Speaker 1: encouraged him to accept the pardon, even though being pardoned 488 00:31:17,560 --> 00:31:21,760 Speaker 1: did not clear his name. Drayfus did, and some drayfusards 489 00:31:21,840 --> 00:31:24,840 Speaker 1: were disappointed in this too. Many he had become an 490 00:31:24,920 --> 00:31:29,120 Speaker 1: almost mythic murdyr. Figure one said quote, we were prepared 491 00:31:29,200 --> 00:31:33,320 Speaker 1: to die for Dreyfus, but Drayfus wasn't. Alfred Dreyfus was 492 00:31:33,400 --> 00:31:39,600 Speaker 1: freed on September. The Dreyfus family went to Carpentra and 493 00:31:39,640 --> 00:31:42,960 Speaker 1: then to Switzerland as Dreyfus tried to recover and the 494 00:31:43,040 --> 00:31:46,719 Speaker 1: family tried to just get some peace. Butmil Zola had 495 00:31:46,760 --> 00:31:49,840 Speaker 1: been given clemency and returned to France in eighteen ninety nine, 496 00:31:50,080 --> 00:31:53,440 Speaker 1: and he died of an accidental carbon monoxide poisoning on 497 00:31:53,480 --> 00:31:58,640 Speaker 1: September nineteen o two. Drayfus really grieved over his death. 498 00:31:59,120 --> 00:32:02,960 Speaker 1: Zola's widow, who had survived the same accident, initially asked 499 00:32:03,000 --> 00:32:05,400 Speaker 1: Drapus not to attend the funeral for fear that it 500 00:32:05,400 --> 00:32:08,520 Speaker 1: would bring detractors. But Drafus really felt that it was 501 00:32:08,600 --> 00:32:11,800 Speaker 1: his duty to go, and it turned out that those 502 00:32:11,880 --> 00:32:17,520 Speaker 1: fears were justified. Demonstrators shouted insults from outside the cemetery 503 00:32:17,600 --> 00:32:22,480 Speaker 1: gates during the lat's funeral. When Lucy Dreyfus's father died 504 00:32:22,680 --> 00:32:26,520 Speaker 1: not long after this, the family prepared for similar demonstrations 505 00:32:26,560 --> 00:32:30,440 Speaker 1: at his funeral, and while these didn't materialize, all the 506 00:32:30,560 --> 00:32:33,480 Speaker 1: worry about it and having to have a funeral with 507 00:32:33,520 --> 00:32:36,680 Speaker 1: the presence of armed guards that just led Dreyfus to 508 00:32:36,840 --> 00:32:41,680 Speaker 1: avoid public ceremonies after this point, including not attending later 509 00:32:41,840 --> 00:32:46,440 Speaker 1: funerals of other prominent supporters. In nineteen o four, the 510 00:32:46,560 --> 00:32:50,520 Speaker 1: case against Drapus was reopened, and on July twelfth, nineteen 511 00:32:50,560 --> 00:32:54,840 Speaker 1: o six, the Civilian High Court of Appeal finally acquitted him. 512 00:32:54,960 --> 00:32:57,240 Speaker 1: He returned to service in the army as a major, 513 00:32:57,400 --> 00:32:59,240 Speaker 1: which was a rank below where we would have been 514 00:32:59,320 --> 00:33:03,240 Speaker 1: under normal circumstances. He was also named Chevalier in the 515 00:33:03,320 --> 00:33:06,240 Speaker 1: Legion of Honor with his nighting ceremony at the Ecole 516 00:33:06,320 --> 00:33:10,040 Speaker 1: Milita on July twenty one. Picard, who had tried to 517 00:33:10,080 --> 00:33:13,760 Speaker 1: clear his name years before, was also reinstated. At the 518 00:33:13,800 --> 00:33:16,840 Speaker 1: same time. A lot of people in France did not 519 00:33:17,040 --> 00:33:20,800 Speaker 1: believe that he was really innocent. In nineteen o eight, 520 00:33:21,000 --> 00:33:24,360 Speaker 1: after an announcement that Emil Zola's ashes would be moved 521 00:33:24,400 --> 00:33:29,320 Speaker 1: to the Pantheon. Louis and Thelm Gregory attempted to assassinate 522 00:33:29,400 --> 00:33:34,200 Speaker 1: Alfred Dreyfus, and Dreyfus was wounded in this attempt. Gregory 523 00:33:34,320 --> 00:33:37,360 Speaker 1: was acquitted, with the court noting that he had quote 524 00:33:37,560 --> 00:33:43,200 Speaker 1: dissented with dreyfus exoneration. Although Dreyfus retired from the army 525 00:33:43,240 --> 00:33:45,960 Speaker 1: not long after his nineteen o five returned to service, 526 00:33:46,120 --> 00:33:48,920 Speaker 1: he returned to active duty as a lieutenant colonel during 527 00:33:48,960 --> 00:33:52,000 Speaker 1: World War One. At that point he was nearly fifty five. 528 00:33:52,920 --> 00:33:55,800 Speaker 1: His son and several other members of the Dreyfus family 529 00:33:55,840 --> 00:33:59,840 Speaker 1: also served. Many of them, including Matthew Dreyfus's son Emile, 530 00:34:00,040 --> 00:34:03,840 Speaker 1: were killed in action. Alfred's sun Pierre, was promoted five 531 00:34:03,920 --> 00:34:07,360 Speaker 1: times during the war and awarded the Quadi Guier with Palm, 532 00:34:07,400 --> 00:34:09,840 Speaker 1: and Alfred became an officer in the Legion of Honor. 533 00:34:10,680 --> 00:34:13,520 Speaker 1: His daughter Jeanne, also married a doctor who served in 534 00:34:13,560 --> 00:34:17,239 Speaker 1: the war. Alsace Lauren was returned to France after World 535 00:34:17,280 --> 00:34:20,360 Speaker 1: War One. Towards the end of his life, Dreyfus was 536 00:34:20,400 --> 00:34:23,840 Speaker 1: called on to speak out about the Sacco and Benzetti case. 537 00:34:24,600 --> 00:34:27,640 Speaker 1: He said he supported French efforts to ensure that there 538 00:34:27,719 --> 00:34:31,160 Speaker 1: was no miscarriage of justice, and he called the possibility 539 00:34:31,280 --> 00:34:34,640 Speaker 1: of those two men's execution quote the greatest moral disaster 540 00:34:34,760 --> 00:34:38,960 Speaker 1: of many years. This drew criticism from people who claimed 541 00:34:38,960 --> 00:34:42,759 Speaker 1: that he was allying himself with anarchists, and from people 542 00:34:42,800 --> 00:34:45,360 Speaker 1: who did not think that his statement was nearly strong 543 00:34:45,480 --> 00:34:49,560 Speaker 1: enough considering his own wrongful conviction. At this point, though 544 00:34:49,600 --> 00:34:52,440 Speaker 1: he was nearly seventy, he was in poor health, and 545 00:34:52,480 --> 00:34:55,040 Speaker 1: he was just trying to avoid a spotlight that he 546 00:34:55,120 --> 00:34:58,200 Speaker 1: had never wanted in the first place. The drain Fist 547 00:34:58,200 --> 00:35:02,120 Speaker 1: affair continued to spawn troversy long after it was over. 548 00:35:02,840 --> 00:35:07,239 Speaker 1: A play called Lefebrefuss premiered in ninety one, and that 549 00:35:07,280 --> 00:35:12,040 Speaker 1: play was targeted with demonstrations, vandalism, and intimidation throughout its run. 550 00:35:12,719 --> 00:35:16,680 Speaker 1: The performances were interrupted every night, including with people throwing 551 00:35:16,719 --> 00:35:20,680 Speaker 1: stink bombs. This was one of many many dramatizations of 552 00:35:20,680 --> 00:35:23,040 Speaker 1: the affair, which started with a series of one minute 553 00:35:23,040 --> 00:35:27,760 Speaker 1: shorts by George Milliers in eighteen ninety nine. Alfred Dreyfus 554 00:35:27,920 --> 00:35:32,600 Speaker 1: died on July twelfth, nine thirty five, after a long illness. 555 00:35:32,680 --> 00:35:37,120 Speaker 1: His brother Matthew had died in nineteen thirty. Lucy died 556 00:35:37,160 --> 00:35:41,359 Speaker 1: on December fourteenth, ninety five, at home, having spent most 557 00:35:41,400 --> 00:35:43,960 Speaker 1: of World War two and hiding with a group of nuns. 558 00:35:44,880 --> 00:35:47,799 Speaker 1: Most of the Dreyfuss fled south to areas that were 559 00:35:47,840 --> 00:35:51,600 Speaker 1: not occupied by Nazi Germany during the war, but Alfred 560 00:35:51,600 --> 00:35:55,879 Speaker 1: and Lucy's granddaughter Madeline Dreyfus Levy remained behind to work 561 00:35:55,920 --> 00:35:59,360 Speaker 1: with the resistance. She was arrested and died of typhus 562 00:35:59,400 --> 00:36:03,080 Speaker 1: at ausch Fit. The Dreyfus affair had enormous and wide 563 00:36:03,160 --> 00:36:06,160 Speaker 1: ranging impacts on the nation of France that lasted into 564 00:36:06,200 --> 00:36:09,840 Speaker 1: and beyond World War Two. It promoted additional efforts to 565 00:36:09,920 --> 00:36:13,360 Speaker 1: separate church and state, which were finalized in nineteen o five. 566 00:36:14,080 --> 00:36:17,360 Speaker 1: The response from people like amo Zola refined the idea 567 00:36:17,440 --> 00:36:20,160 Speaker 1: of what a French intellectual was and the role of 568 00:36:20,200 --> 00:36:25,000 Speaker 1: intellectualism in public life. The affair also stoked nationalism and 569 00:36:25,040 --> 00:36:29,280 Speaker 1: anti Semitism, with a far right proto fascist movement rising 570 00:36:29,320 --> 00:36:32,080 Speaker 1: in the immediate wake of the affair and growing into 571 00:36:32,120 --> 00:36:36,000 Speaker 1: the French Popular Party in the nineteen thirties. This rising 572 00:36:36,000 --> 00:36:39,800 Speaker 1: anti semitism connected to the Dreyfust affair also sparked a 573 00:36:39,920 --> 00:36:42,640 Speaker 1: rise in Zionism, drawn from the idea that the Jewish 574 00:36:42,640 --> 00:36:45,480 Speaker 1: people should have a homeland that was free of anti 575 00:36:45,480 --> 00:36:51,240 Speaker 1: Semitic persecution. In January of n just before the hundredth 576 00:36:51,360 --> 00:36:56,040 Speaker 1: anniversary of the Jacques's Letter, French President Jacques Sharak wrote 577 00:36:56,040 --> 00:36:59,320 Speaker 1: a letter to Dreyfuss descendants that called the Dreyfus affair 578 00:36:59,440 --> 00:37:02,920 Speaker 1: quote a our staying unworthy of our country and our history, 579 00:37:03,480 --> 00:37:07,400 Speaker 1: a colossal miscarriage of justice and a shameful compromise by 580 00:37:07,440 --> 00:37:11,839 Speaker 1: the state. On January of that year, a plaque commemorating 581 00:37:11,920 --> 00:37:16,319 Speaker 1: Dreyfus and Zola was unveiled at Equal Militaire, and on 582 00:37:16,440 --> 00:37:18,799 Speaker 1: July twelfth of two thousand and six, which was the 583 00:37:18,840 --> 00:37:23,280 Speaker 1: centennial of dreyfus exoneration, Sharrock gave an address at Equal 584 00:37:23,440 --> 00:37:27,800 Speaker 1: Militaire which was attended by the descendants of Dreyfus and Zula. 585 00:37:28,680 --> 00:37:32,040 Speaker 1: In this address, he called Dreyfus an exemplary officer and 586 00:37:32,080 --> 00:37:35,440 Speaker 1: also spoke about the dangers of anti Semitism and hate, 587 00:37:35,520 --> 00:37:40,279 Speaker 1: saying quote, the combat against the dark forces of intolerance 588 00:37:40,320 --> 00:37:45,360 Speaker 1: and hate is never definitively one um. It feels like 589 00:37:45,400 --> 00:37:48,360 Speaker 1: a b jillion years ago, but back when I hosted 590 00:37:48,360 --> 00:37:51,319 Speaker 1: another podcast called This Day in History Class, we did 591 00:37:51,360 --> 00:37:54,400 Speaker 1: an episode on this, which was of course much shorter 592 00:37:54,480 --> 00:37:59,000 Speaker 1: because that show was five minutes long per episode. Our 593 00:37:59,120 --> 00:38:02,680 Speaker 1: colleague christ for Hasseiotis did some research support on that 594 00:38:02,760 --> 00:38:06,600 Speaker 1: installment of the Day in History Class, UM, and so 595 00:38:06,640 --> 00:38:08,800 Speaker 1: I just wanted to note that since some of those 596 00:38:08,920 --> 00:38:13,280 Speaker 1: sources found their way into this these several years later. 597 00:38:16,680 --> 00:38:18,799 Speaker 1: This is one of those episodes that every break that 598 00:38:18,880 --> 00:38:23,479 Speaker 1: we've had, Tracy and I sit here and go, yeah, 599 00:38:24,040 --> 00:38:25,759 Speaker 1: do you have a little bit of listener mail that 600 00:38:25,800 --> 00:38:28,120 Speaker 1: makes us feel less grumbly and angry at the world. 601 00:38:29,200 --> 00:38:32,279 Speaker 1: I do it, may or may not do that. It's 602 00:38:32,280 --> 00:38:36,359 Speaker 1: from Corina. Thank you Carina for sending this note, and 603 00:38:36,400 --> 00:38:39,320 Speaker 1: also thank you Carina for telling me at the bottom 604 00:38:39,360 --> 00:38:42,919 Speaker 1: how to say your name. That has a big help. Uh. 605 00:38:43,000 --> 00:38:46,359 Speaker 1: Karina wrote, Hi, Tracy and Holly. I've wanted to write 606 00:38:46,400 --> 00:38:48,600 Speaker 1: in for a long time, but somehow never have you 607 00:38:48,680 --> 00:38:51,399 Speaker 1: cover so many underappreciated topics on the show, and you've 608 00:38:51,400 --> 00:38:53,520 Speaker 1: really opened my eyes up to history that hits close 609 00:38:53,560 --> 00:38:57,040 Speaker 1: to home. Listening to the Paper Clipper episodes, I had 610 00:38:57,080 --> 00:38:59,360 Speaker 1: to pull over and call my mom and then my 611 00:38:59,440 --> 00:39:03,360 Speaker 1: grandmother this time, though, you hit my family right on 612 00:39:03,400 --> 00:39:07,240 Speaker 1: the news. My grandfather was an engineer at Redstone Arsenal 613 00:39:07,320 --> 00:39:10,920 Speaker 1: and then at NASA. His career highlights include the Saturn 614 00:39:10,960 --> 00:39:14,680 Speaker 1: five and the Lunar rover. Van Brown picked my grandfather 615 00:39:14,760 --> 00:39:17,640 Speaker 1: to go to Antarctica for a month to use that 616 00:39:17,760 --> 00:39:22,200 Speaker 1: desolate environment as practice for the buggy. My mom still 617 00:39:22,239 --> 00:39:25,440 Speaker 1: has the penguin card from that trip. I've chatted with 618 00:39:25,440 --> 00:39:28,520 Speaker 1: my grandmother about this, and she remembers having German engineers 619 00:39:28,600 --> 00:39:32,400 Speaker 1: over for dinner after work. There is an apocryphal story 620 00:39:32,480 --> 00:39:35,200 Speaker 1: of my mom's in which she saw one of them 621 00:39:35,280 --> 00:39:38,359 Speaker 1: topple off the ottoman and then whispered to her that 622 00:39:38,360 --> 00:39:41,799 Speaker 1: that was how gravity worked, before dusting himself off and 623 00:39:41,840 --> 00:39:45,560 Speaker 1: sending my mom, age four back to bed. I wish 624 00:39:45,600 --> 00:39:48,359 Speaker 1: I had been able to ask my grandfather about how 625 00:39:48,400 --> 00:39:51,279 Speaker 1: he felt working with the German scientists and how much 626 00:39:51,320 --> 00:39:53,719 Speaker 1: he knew about paper clips, since it was such a 627 00:39:53,719 --> 00:39:57,120 Speaker 1: poorly kept secret. He passed before I was born, and 628 00:39:57,160 --> 00:39:59,600 Speaker 1: as my parents are mid move I can't dig out 629 00:39:59,600 --> 00:40:01,840 Speaker 1: the NASA A yearbooks for you. I'll find them and 630 00:40:01,880 --> 00:40:04,719 Speaker 1: send you a scan. Meeting you at the live show 631 00:40:04,760 --> 00:40:07,640 Speaker 1: in Seattle was the best. I enjoy getting to hang 632 00:40:07,680 --> 00:40:10,399 Speaker 1: out with you both as I go about my day. 633 00:40:10,520 --> 00:40:16,280 Speaker 1: So here is my puppy, Cerberus best Carina Man. Cerberus 634 00:40:16,280 --> 00:40:22,080 Speaker 1: has the cutest gloppy face. That's like a weaponized puppy. 635 00:40:22,160 --> 00:40:24,680 Speaker 1: Like I would do anything for that dog. I'd be like, yes, yeah, 636 00:40:24,680 --> 00:40:27,359 Speaker 1: of course, you can drive my car. Whatever's fine, whatever 637 00:40:27,360 --> 00:40:31,200 Speaker 1: you want, puppy. That sounds great. We've heard from a 638 00:40:31,200 --> 00:40:34,640 Speaker 1: few people who either are descended from folks who were 639 00:40:34,719 --> 00:40:38,200 Speaker 1: part of Operation paper Clipper, who had family members or 640 00:40:38,239 --> 00:40:41,080 Speaker 1: other loved ones who worked with various paper clippers and 641 00:40:41,440 --> 00:40:44,000 Speaker 1: other of those messages may make an appearance at some 642 00:40:44,000 --> 00:40:46,040 Speaker 1: point during the show. But thank you everybody who has 643 00:40:46,440 --> 00:40:48,560 Speaker 1: who has written in to kind of share those connections 644 00:40:48,600 --> 00:40:52,320 Speaker 1: to your own family. I just I wanted to particularly 645 00:40:52,400 --> 00:40:54,239 Speaker 1: read that one because I love the story about that's 646 00:40:54,239 --> 00:40:59,080 Speaker 1: how gravity works, and also the puppy picture. If you 647 00:40:59,120 --> 00:41:01,279 Speaker 1: would like to write us about this or any other 648 00:41:01,320 --> 00:41:04,080 Speaker 1: podcast or a history podcasts that I heart radio dot 649 00:41:04,120 --> 00:41:07,840 Speaker 1: com and we're all over social media at missed in History. 650 00:41:07,880 --> 00:41:10,920 Speaker 1: That's where you'll find our Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest, and Instagram, 651 00:41:10,960 --> 00:41:12,960 Speaker 1: and you can subscribe to our show on the I 652 00:41:13,080 --> 00:41:16,160 Speaker 1: heart Radio app and anywhere else you get your podcasts. 653 00:41:21,239 --> 00:41:23,400 Speaker 1: Stuff you Missed in History Class is a production of 654 00:41:23,480 --> 00:41:26,680 Speaker 1: I heart Radio. For more podcasts from i heart Radio, 655 00:41:26,880 --> 00:41:30,040 Speaker 1: visit the iHeart radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you 656 00:41:30,120 --> 00:41:31,440 Speaker 1: listen to your favorite shows.