1 00:00:15,370 --> 00:00:26,370 Speaker 1: Pushkin. In September twenty nineteen, the toy and game giant 2 00:00:26,370 --> 00:00:29,890 Speaker 1: Hasbro struck a blow in the battle over women's rights, 3 00:00:30,530 --> 00:00:33,410 Speaker 1: although it's not quite clear which side they were on. 4 00:00:34,210 --> 00:00:37,810 Speaker 1: They published mus Monopoly, putting a new spin on their 5 00:00:37,850 --> 00:00:41,450 Speaker 1: classic board game. The tagline for this new version was 6 00:00:42,010 --> 00:00:46,730 Speaker 1: the first game where women make more than men. They're 7 00:00:46,730 --> 00:00:50,250 Speaker 1: not kidding. Female players start the game with more Monopoly 8 00:00:50,290 --> 00:00:53,010 Speaker 1: money than male players, and they get two hundred and 9 00:00:53,010 --> 00:00:56,010 Speaker 1: forty dollars each time they pass go, rather than the 10 00:00:56,050 --> 00:01:00,850 Speaker 1: traditional two hundred dollars for the boys. Why exactly, It's 11 00:01:00,890 --> 00:01:04,050 Speaker 1: not clear some sort of joke. It wasn't even a 12 00:01:04,090 --> 00:01:07,570 Speaker 1: consistent joke. Some of the chants and community chest cards 13 00:01:07,730 --> 00:01:10,810 Speaker 1: paid out more cash to me ale players. So what 14 00:01:11,090 --> 00:01:15,570 Speaker 1: is the message? Women have been unfairly treated, women need 15 00:01:15,650 --> 00:01:19,210 Speaker 1: help to win. We don't actually know what feminism means. 16 00:01:20,570 --> 00:01:24,210 Speaker 1: There is, however, one feature of the game that's hard 17 00:01:24,250 --> 00:01:28,730 Speaker 1: to criticize. Instead of buying properties from around Atlantic City 18 00:01:28,850 --> 00:01:33,010 Speaker 1: as in the classic game, players invest in inventions that 19 00:01:33,050 --> 00:01:37,010 Speaker 1: were developed by women, such as Marion Donovan, the inventor 20 00:01:37,050 --> 00:01:40,490 Speaker 1: of the leakproof diaper, Anna Connolly, the inventor of the 21 00:01:40,570 --> 00:01:44,850 Speaker 1: external fire Escape and Heady Lamar, the film star who 22 00:01:44,930 --> 00:01:49,490 Speaker 1: in the nineteen forties co invented frequency hopping radio transmissions, 23 00:01:49,690 --> 00:01:54,450 Speaker 1: a precursor to today's Wi Fi. In MUS Monopoly, each 24 00:01:54,530 --> 00:01:58,690 Speaker 1: square represents one of these inventions. For example, instead of 25 00:01:58,690 --> 00:02:02,690 Speaker 1: buying the prestige property Boardwalk, you could invest in chocolate 26 00:02:02,770 --> 00:02:07,170 Speaker 1: chip cookies, invented by Ruth Wakefield. And it's hard to 27 00:02:07,290 --> 00:02:11,770 Speaker 1: argue where the sentiments expressed. Hasbro's advertisement for MS Monopoly, 28 00:02:12,170 --> 00:02:16,610 Speaker 1: which begins with a simple text, women hold just ten 29 00:02:16,730 --> 00:02:22,810 Speaker 1: percent of all patented inventions. The mus Monopoly game was 30 00:02:22,890 --> 00:02:27,130 Speaker 1: widely derided as a confusing mass of mixed messages, but 31 00:02:27,210 --> 00:02:32,810 Speaker 1: the MUS Monopoly advert asks a simple, powerful question, isn't 32 00:02:32,850 --> 00:02:37,250 Speaker 1: it time that the inventiveness of women was finally acknowledged 33 00:02:37,650 --> 00:02:44,810 Speaker 1: and rewarded? Well? Isn't it? I'm Tim Harford and you're 34 00:02:44,850 --> 00:03:10,850 Speaker 1: listening to cautionary tales. You may be familiar with the 35 00:03:10,890 --> 00:03:15,530 Speaker 1: traditional story about the origins of Monopoly. I remember reading 36 00:03:15,530 --> 00:03:19,010 Speaker 1: it myself as a child, which isn't surprising since the 37 00:03:19,050 --> 00:03:23,450 Speaker 1: story itself was for decades included in every game box. 38 00:03:24,130 --> 00:03:28,570 Speaker 1: The story goes as follows. In nineteen thirty three, the 39 00:03:28,650 --> 00:03:33,770 Speaker 1: bleakest depths of the Great Depression. An unemployed steam radiator 40 00:03:33,810 --> 00:03:39,050 Speaker 1: repair man from Philadelphia named Charles Darrow was struck with 41 00:03:39,130 --> 00:03:43,010 Speaker 1: an idea to create a new board game about property trading. 42 00:03:44,410 --> 00:03:48,090 Speaker 1: It was an act of desperation because Darrow had no 43 00:03:48,210 --> 00:03:51,730 Speaker 1: money and a family to feed, but it was also 44 00:03:52,010 --> 00:03:57,130 Speaker 1: an act of inspiration, since the game sprang fully formed 45 00:03:57,530 --> 00:04:01,490 Speaker 1: from the brow of its creator. Darrow drew out the 46 00:04:01,530 --> 00:04:05,570 Speaker 1: game board on a sheet of oilcloth. The board featured 47 00:04:05,610 --> 00:04:09,050 Speaker 1: the familiar street names of Atlantic City, where Darrow wants 48 00:04:09,290 --> 00:04:12,850 Speaker 1: enjoyed taking his wife and children on vacation. It was 49 00:04:12,850 --> 00:04:16,410 Speaker 1: a nostalgic decision aimed at cheering up a family that 50 00:04:16,530 --> 00:04:21,650 Speaker 1: had fallen on hard times. The Darrows loved the game, 51 00:04:22,770 --> 00:04:27,090 Speaker 1: suspecting that he'd created something valuable. Charles Darrow tried to 52 00:04:27,130 --> 00:04:32,250 Speaker 1: interest the big board game distributors. Milton Bradley turned him down, 53 00:04:33,210 --> 00:04:38,650 Speaker 1: so did Parker Brothers. However, they later reconsidered when they 54 00:04:38,690 --> 00:04:42,810 Speaker 1: saw how popular Darrow's homemade sets were. With the backing 55 00:04:42,890 --> 00:04:48,090 Speaker 1: of Parker Brothers, Monopoly became a smash hit. Charles Darrow's 56 00:04:48,090 --> 00:04:52,530 Speaker 1: fortune was assured, as was his reputation as the creator 57 00:04:52,770 --> 00:04:55,850 Speaker 1: of one of the most successful games in the world. 58 00:04:57,050 --> 00:05:00,450 Speaker 1: But as the journalist and historian Mary Plan says in 59 00:05:00,530 --> 00:05:07,210 Speaker 1: her book The Monopolists, the story wasn't exactly true. That's 60 00:05:07,290 --> 00:05:12,170 Speaker 1: putting it kindly, because, as Pellon's book makes perfectly clear, 61 00:05:12,850 --> 00:05:16,090 Speaker 1: the story I read in my game box isn't true 62 00:05:16,090 --> 00:05:19,810 Speaker 1: at all. The game of Monopoly did not come to 63 00:05:19,970 --> 00:05:23,610 Speaker 1: Charles Darrow in a flash of inspiration. It was taught 64 00:05:23,650 --> 00:05:27,290 Speaker 1: to him by his friends Charles and Olive Todd in 65 00:05:27,410 --> 00:05:31,130 Speaker 1: nineteen thirty two. The Todd's playing on a board with 66 00:05:31,650 --> 00:05:37,170 Speaker 1: go Jail Free Parking and go to Jail at the 67 00:05:37,210 --> 00:05:41,890 Speaker 1: four corners, with chants and community chest, with the electric 68 00:05:41,930 --> 00:05:46,690 Speaker 1: company and the waterworks, and street names from around Atlantic City. 69 00:05:47,250 --> 00:05:50,370 Speaker 1: When drawing up his Monopoly board, Charles Todd even made 70 00:05:50,370 --> 00:05:54,690 Speaker 1: a mistake in the spelling of Marvin Gardens, swapping in 71 00:05:54,770 --> 00:06:00,410 Speaker 1: an eye to become Marvin Gardens. Charles Darrow's Monopoly board 72 00:06:00,570 --> 00:06:04,130 Speaker 1: would later use not only the same squares in the 73 00:06:04,210 --> 00:06:08,490 Speaker 1: same configuration, with the same deed values, it would even 74 00:06:08,530 --> 00:06:14,530 Speaker 1: repeat the same spelling error. After several evenings pleasantly whiled 75 00:06:14,530 --> 00:06:18,850 Speaker 1: away with the game, say Todd, would you mind lending 76 00:06:18,850 --> 00:06:22,090 Speaker 1: me a copy of the rules of that game. Oh well, Darrow, 77 00:06:22,130 --> 00:06:25,330 Speaker 1: I don't know. I'd never written them down. Why do 78 00:06:25,370 --> 00:06:28,170 Speaker 1: you want them? I'd love to teach it to others. 79 00:06:28,650 --> 00:06:32,490 Speaker 1: I want to make sure I get it right. Charles 80 00:06:32,530 --> 00:06:35,610 Speaker 1: Todd was a little puzzled, but he obliged his friend. 81 00:06:36,490 --> 00:06:41,970 Speaker 1: Soon after, to Tod's irritation, Darrow started avoiding him. He 82 00:06:42,130 --> 00:06:44,530 Speaker 1: crossed the street when the Todds were coming the other way. 83 00:06:45,610 --> 00:06:51,850 Speaker 1: Then came the blockbuster success of Monopoly with sparky graphics 84 00:06:51,890 --> 00:06:55,210 Speaker 1: that Charles Darrow had begged free of charge from another friend, 85 00:06:55,410 --> 00:07:00,490 Speaker 1: the cartoonist Franklin Alexander. Journalists repeated the rags to Rich 86 00:07:00,570 --> 00:07:05,250 Speaker 1: his yarn that Darrow was spinning. Darrow's former friends, Charles 87 00:07:05,250 --> 00:07:10,970 Speaker 1: and Olive Todd, were outraged, but not because they felt 88 00:07:11,170 --> 00:07:14,850 Speaker 1: their idea had been stolen. They knew all along that 89 00:07:14,890 --> 00:07:17,930 Speaker 1: Monopoly had never belonged to them in the first place. 90 00:07:18,690 --> 00:07:20,930 Speaker 1: They had been taught the game by their friends, the 91 00:07:21,090 --> 00:07:25,930 Speaker 1: brothers Jesse and Eugene Rayford. Jesse and Eugene had been 92 00:07:25,930 --> 00:07:29,210 Speaker 1: the ones who named squares on the board after areas 93 00:07:29,210 --> 00:07:33,930 Speaker 1: in Atlantic City, but they hadn't invented Monopoly either. They'd 94 00:07:33,930 --> 00:07:38,210 Speaker 1: adapted a version they'd been taught by Ruth Hoskins, who 95 00:07:38,330 --> 00:07:42,930 Speaker 1: was a trainee school teacher. So did Ruth Hoskins invent 96 00:07:42,970 --> 00:07:47,490 Speaker 1: the game, No, It was circulating widely in the nineteen twenties. 97 00:07:48,090 --> 00:07:52,730 Speaker 1: It was even popular in economics departments. One influential player, 98 00:07:52,930 --> 00:07:56,930 Speaker 1: Scott Nearing, was a socialist economics professor at the Wharton 99 00:07:57,050 --> 00:07:59,650 Speaker 1: School who used a version of the game to teach 100 00:07:59,730 --> 00:08:04,890 Speaker 1: the evils of corporate monopolies. This game was called monopoly, 101 00:08:05,050 --> 00:08:08,410 Speaker 1: and the square board had plenty of recognizable elements, with 102 00:08:08,610 --> 00:08:13,850 Speaker 1: forty paces, including chants, jail, go to jail, and numerous properties. 103 00:08:14,410 --> 00:08:17,770 Speaker 1: But there were two ways to play the game. It 104 00:08:17,770 --> 00:08:21,610 Speaker 1: could be played competitively, as players tried to monopolize groups 105 00:08:21,610 --> 00:08:25,850 Speaker 1: of property and bankrupt their opponents, or it could be 106 00:08:25,890 --> 00:08:31,290 Speaker 1: played cooperatively, with resources paid into the public purse, utilities 107 00:08:31,290 --> 00:08:36,450 Speaker 1: supplying services for free, and each player's resources growing over time. 108 00:08:37,210 --> 00:08:44,250 Speaker 1: The cooperative game was, of course, very dull, but monopoly 109 00:08:44,370 --> 00:08:48,290 Speaker 1: wasn't invented at the Wharton School. Professor Scott Nearing learned 110 00:08:48,290 --> 00:08:53,610 Speaker 1: it in the utopian community called Arden in Delaware. Arden 111 00:08:53,770 --> 00:08:57,130 Speaker 1: had been founded in nineteen hundred and organized according to 112 00:08:57,130 --> 00:09:01,730 Speaker 1: the principles of the economist, journalist, and social reformer Henry George. 113 00:09:02,690 --> 00:09:05,970 Speaker 1: Henry George's most famous idea was that all land and 114 00:09:06,130 --> 00:09:10,290 Speaker 1: natural resources ultimately belonged to society as a whole, so 115 00:09:10,490 --> 00:09:14,010 Speaker 1: whoever owned them should be paying a hefty tax. And 116 00:09:14,090 --> 00:09:18,090 Speaker 1: it was Henry George's idea of this single tax that 117 00:09:18,130 --> 00:09:22,690 Speaker 1: the Arden version of Monopoly was designed to explore. This game, 118 00:09:23,290 --> 00:09:27,730 Speaker 1: The progressive Heaven or capitalist Hell version of Monopoly was 119 00:09:27,810 --> 00:09:32,890 Speaker 1: called the Landlord's Game. Did the radical folk of Arden 120 00:09:33,130 --> 00:09:38,210 Speaker 1: invent the Landlord's Game? No? It was dreamed up by 121 00:09:38,250 --> 00:09:43,730 Speaker 1: a remarkable woman named Lizzie McGhee. And is Lizzie McGhee 122 00:09:43,890 --> 00:09:47,730 Speaker 1: celebrated on the mus Monopoly board. I think you can 123 00:09:47,770 --> 00:09:56,250 Speaker 1: guess the answer to that question. Cautionary tales will return 124 00:09:56,570 --> 00:10:05,290 Speaker 1: in a moment. Unlike Charles Darrow, the man who claimed 125 00:10:05,450 --> 00:10:10,490 Speaker 1: to have invented Monopoly, Lizzie McGhee was a true original. 126 00:10:11,490 --> 00:10:15,050 Speaker 1: I'm thankful that I was taught how to think and 127 00:10:15,210 --> 00:10:20,810 Speaker 1: not what to think. When McGee created the original Monopoly 128 00:10:20,890 --> 00:10:24,770 Speaker 1: style game, it was the early nineteen hundreds. Here's how 129 00:10:24,850 --> 00:10:30,050 Speaker 1: Mary Plon's History of Monopoly describes McGhee, a distinctive looking woman, 130 00:10:30,250 --> 00:10:33,970 Speaker 1: in her thirties, with curly dark locks and bangs that 131 00:10:34,050 --> 00:10:38,170 Speaker 1: framed her face. Lizzie had inherited the bushy eyebrows of 132 00:10:38,210 --> 00:10:42,890 Speaker 1: her father, the descendant of Scottish immigrants. She had pale skin, 133 00:10:43,410 --> 00:10:49,050 Speaker 1: a strong jawline, and a strong work ethic quite as 134 00:10:49,090 --> 00:10:53,930 Speaker 1: an unmarried woman, unusual at her age. Working as a stenographer, 135 00:10:54,370 --> 00:10:59,130 Speaker 1: she had little prospect of acquiring material comforts, yet she 136 00:10:59,290 --> 00:11:02,730 Speaker 1: had saved and bought herself a home and a substantial 137 00:11:02,770 --> 00:11:07,250 Speaker 1: parcel of land near Washington, d c. Lizzie's father had 138 00:11:07,290 --> 00:11:11,770 Speaker 1: been a journalist and campaigner, the editor of an abolitionist newspaper, 139 00:11:11,930 --> 00:11:16,290 Speaker 1: and a devoted supporter of Abraham Lincoln. She too, was 140 00:11:16,370 --> 00:11:20,770 Speaker 1: politically active. Like the community at Arden, Lizzie McGhee was 141 00:11:20,810 --> 00:11:24,930 Speaker 1: a Georgist, a committed follower of the ideas and ideals 142 00:11:25,130 --> 00:11:29,050 Speaker 1: of Henry George. She was friends with Henry George Junior, 143 00:11:29,210 --> 00:11:32,090 Speaker 1: the son of the Great Man himself, and she was 144 00:11:32,130 --> 00:11:36,530 Speaker 1: the secretary of the Georgist organization, the Woman's Single Tax 145 00:11:36,570 --> 00:11:42,130 Speaker 1: Club of Washington. Henry George had died suddenly in eighteen 146 00:11:42,210 --> 00:11:44,890 Speaker 1: ninety seven while running to be the mayor of New 147 00:11:44,970 --> 00:11:49,170 Speaker 1: York City. A hundred thousand people lined up to pay 148 00:11:49,210 --> 00:11:54,290 Speaker 1: their respects to his funeral casket. His followers, including Lizzie McGhee, 149 00:11:54,650 --> 00:11:59,010 Speaker 1: had felt bereft and determined to carry on the fight 150 00:11:59,210 --> 00:12:05,090 Speaker 1: for Georgist policies. But what could McGhee do A progressive 151 00:12:05,130 --> 00:12:07,890 Speaker 1: in a capitalist world, A woman in a man's world. 152 00:12:08,370 --> 00:12:11,970 Speaker 1: She was death sprit for social change, but felt frustrated 153 00:12:12,130 --> 00:12:15,450 Speaker 1: in what she could achieve. Mary Paland's description of her 154 00:12:15,730 --> 00:12:21,250 Speaker 1: conjures a powerhouse of creativity. McGhee wrote poems about unrequited love. 155 00:12:21,770 --> 00:12:25,890 Speaker 1: She wrote essays on George's taxation. She wrote stories too, 156 00:12:26,410 --> 00:12:30,290 Speaker 1: including one The Theft of a Brain, about a young 157 00:12:30,370 --> 00:12:35,490 Speaker 1: woman whose brilliant idea is plagiarized. But none of these 158 00:12:35,530 --> 00:12:39,970 Speaker 1: creative projects really broke through. McGhee was frustrated. How to 159 00:12:40,010 --> 00:12:44,450 Speaker 1: get the message across? How to achieve lasting change? Let 160 00:12:44,490 --> 00:12:48,850 Speaker 1: the children once see clearly the gross injustice of our 161 00:12:48,850 --> 00:12:52,170 Speaker 1: present land system, and when they grow up, the evil 162 00:12:52,490 --> 00:12:57,450 Speaker 1: will soon be remedied. Yes, how to reach the children? 163 00:12:58,050 --> 00:13:03,530 Speaker 1: What better method than through a board game. Lizzie McGhee's 164 00:13:03,570 --> 00:13:07,290 Speaker 1: The Landlord's Game would evolve and become more popular than 165 00:13:07,330 --> 00:13:10,770 Speaker 1: she could ever have imagined. By the nineteen thirties. It 166 00:13:10,850 --> 00:13:14,330 Speaker 1: existed in several popular versions, all of which took the 167 00:13:14,410 --> 00:13:19,890 Speaker 1: competitive rather than co operative approach. There was Finance sold 168 00:13:19,890 --> 00:13:24,090 Speaker 1: by the NAP Company, Inflation sold by Rudy Copeland of 169 00:13:24,250 --> 00:13:28,890 Speaker 1: Fort Worth, Texas, and easy Money sold by Milton Bradley. 170 00:13:30,010 --> 00:13:33,690 Speaker 1: But Lizzie mc ghee herself had been almost forgotten, and 171 00:13:33,970 --> 00:13:38,290 Speaker 1: so had the subversively educational version of her game. It 172 00:13:38,410 --> 00:13:41,290 Speaker 1: turns out that when people play board games, they'd rather 173 00:13:41,330 --> 00:13:45,290 Speaker 1: try to crush their opponents than all accumulate resources together 174 00:13:45,610 --> 00:13:51,610 Speaker 1: without obstacle or incident. No single person created Monopoly any 175 00:13:51,650 --> 00:13:55,130 Speaker 1: more than a single person created chess or poker. But 176 00:13:55,170 --> 00:13:57,690 Speaker 1: if you wanted to pick out the one creative soul 177 00:13:57,890 --> 00:14:01,850 Speaker 1: who deserved the most credit, there is no question that 178 00:14:01,930 --> 00:14:06,050 Speaker 1: it would be Lizzie McGhee. So how come it was 179 00:14:06,210 --> 00:14:10,090 Speaker 1: Charles Darrow and not McGhee who became known as the 180 00:14:10,210 --> 00:14:18,930 Speaker 1: lone genius who invented Monopoly? Remember the advertisement for mus Monopoly. Hasbro, 181 00:14:19,210 --> 00:14:22,970 Speaker 1: the company that absorbed Parker Brothers, began with a lament. 182 00:14:23,650 --> 00:14:29,170 Speaker 1: Women hold just ten percent of all patented inventions. This 183 00:14:29,250 --> 00:14:33,930 Speaker 1: situation is finally improving. Women made up less than ten 184 00:14:33,970 --> 00:14:37,410 Speaker 1: percent of patent holders born in the nineteen forties, but 185 00:14:37,530 --> 00:14:40,490 Speaker 1: more than fifteen percent of patent holders born in the 186 00:14:40,610 --> 00:14:44,930 Speaker 1: nineteen seventies. As millennials take over the process of patenting, 187 00:14:45,170 --> 00:14:47,610 Speaker 1: who knows, we might get as high as twenty percent 188 00:14:47,650 --> 00:14:52,090 Speaker 1: before long. In fact, we're on course to achieve gender 189 00:14:52,130 --> 00:14:56,450 Speaker 1: parity and patents as early as the year twenty one 190 00:14:56,690 --> 00:15:02,730 Speaker 1: thirty five. Cheer up, So why has progress been so slow? 191 00:15:03,850 --> 00:15:06,730 Speaker 1: One of the scholars who's been searching for answers is 192 00:15:06,770 --> 00:15:12,050 Speaker 1: the economist Lisa Cook of Michigan's University. Professor Cook studies 193 00:15:12,090 --> 00:15:15,130 Speaker 1: why certain groups of people seemed to be shut out 194 00:15:15,210 --> 00:15:19,970 Speaker 1: from the innovation economy, in particular African Americans and women. 195 00:15:20,930 --> 00:15:24,570 Speaker 1: For many decades, women had less than equal access to 196 00:15:24,650 --> 00:15:29,810 Speaker 1: high quality education, especially technical education. For example, in the 197 00:15:29,850 --> 00:15:35,250 Speaker 1: early nineteen fifties, Eleanor Ostroum wanted to study economics at UCLA, 198 00:15:35,370 --> 00:15:38,770 Speaker 1: but she was rejected because she didn't have the mathematical skills. 199 00:15:39,330 --> 00:15:42,450 Speaker 1: She didn't have the mathematical skills because as a schoolgirl 200 00:15:42,730 --> 00:15:45,290 Speaker 1: she had been steered away from the subject because of 201 00:15:45,290 --> 00:15:49,890 Speaker 1: her gender. Thankfully, Eleanor Ostrum had the last laugh. In 202 00:15:49,970 --> 00:15:53,130 Speaker 1: two thousand and nine, she was the first woman to 203 00:15:53,170 --> 00:15:57,650 Speaker 1: win the Nobel Memorial Prize in economics. It was astonishingly 204 00:15:57,730 --> 00:16:01,290 Speaker 1: late for the profession to recognize the first female laureate, 205 00:16:01,690 --> 00:16:05,010 Speaker 1: but as Linostrum was quick to say, she wouldn't be 206 00:16:05,010 --> 00:16:09,850 Speaker 1: the last. As a result of both overt and subtle discrimination, 207 00:16:10,330 --> 00:16:15,810 Speaker 1: women have been underrepresented in technical subjects such as mathematics, economics, 208 00:16:15,850 --> 00:16:21,490 Speaker 1: and engineering. That is changing, but slowly. Between nineteen seventy 209 00:16:21,490 --> 00:16:26,650 Speaker 1: and twenty fourteen, the proportion of PhDs in science, technology, engineering, 210 00:16:26,650 --> 00:16:30,970 Speaker 1: and mathematical subjects that were awarded to women more than quadruple. 211 00:16:33,010 --> 00:16:36,250 Speaker 1: And if a lack of educational opportunity is a problem, 212 00:16:36,770 --> 00:16:40,330 Speaker 1: so too is a lack of mentors. A huge study 213 00:16:40,410 --> 00:16:43,770 Speaker 1: conducted by a team of economists led by Raj Chetti 214 00:16:43,850 --> 00:16:47,210 Speaker 1: of Harvard found that young people were far more likely 215 00:16:47,250 --> 00:16:51,330 Speaker 1: to become inventors if they could see other inventors around them, 216 00:16:51,530 --> 00:16:56,770 Speaker 1: especially if their own parents were inventors. Gender matters here. 217 00:16:57,410 --> 00:17:01,210 Speaker 1: For example, female inventors seem to be far more inspiring 218 00:17:01,290 --> 00:17:05,330 Speaker 1: to girls than male inventors are, and since there are 219 00:17:05,370 --> 00:17:09,610 Speaker 1: fewer women inventors around to inspire girls, the problem is 220 00:17:09,650 --> 00:17:15,850 Speaker 1: a self perpetuating spiral. Indeed, Chetti and his colleagues estimate 221 00:17:15,890 --> 00:17:18,890 Speaker 1: that if young girls had the same exposure to female 222 00:17:18,930 --> 00:17:22,770 Speaker 1: inventors as young boys did to male inventors, they would 223 00:17:22,810 --> 00:17:25,890 Speaker 1: innovate more than two and a half times as much 224 00:17:25,930 --> 00:17:29,570 Speaker 1: as now, and the gender innovation gap would be less 225 00:17:29,570 --> 00:17:33,290 Speaker 1: than half as big. That's why the mus Monopoly set 226 00:17:33,330 --> 00:17:37,930 Speaker 1: and advertising campaign, with its celebration of women inventors, is 227 00:17:37,970 --> 00:17:42,490 Speaker 1: so important. But among the female inventors credited on the board, 228 00:17:43,050 --> 00:17:47,890 Speaker 1: Lizzie mc ghee is conspicuous by her absence. It is 229 00:17:48,370 --> 00:17:55,010 Speaker 1: an astonishing missed opportunity. But it's also a mystery. How 230 00:17:55,050 --> 00:17:59,170 Speaker 1: did Lizzie mc ghee find herself so comprehensively airbrushed out 231 00:17:59,170 --> 00:18:02,890 Speaker 1: of history? And why don't the publishers of Monopoly want 232 00:18:02,890 --> 00:18:06,610 Speaker 1: to acknowledge her more than a century later. Could it 233 00:18:06,690 --> 00:18:14,170 Speaker 1: be perhaps that they're a little a share aimed cautionary 234 00:18:14,210 --> 00:18:22,930 Speaker 1: tales will be back in a moment. Lizzie McGee broke 235 00:18:22,970 --> 00:18:27,930 Speaker 1: the mold in so many ways. It wasn't just her politics, 236 00:18:27,930 --> 00:18:31,370 Speaker 1: her defiance of traditional values in refusing to marry when young, 237 00:18:31,770 --> 00:18:36,170 Speaker 1: her far reaching creativity as a poet, actor, novelist and essayist. 238 00:18:37,050 --> 00:18:41,090 Speaker 1: She actually had the determination to follow through on her dreams. 239 00:18:41,570 --> 00:18:46,010 Speaker 1: Despite all the obstacles, it's easy to assume that Charles 240 00:18:46,050 --> 00:18:48,570 Speaker 1: Darrow and Parker Brothers were able to lay claim to 241 00:18:48,650 --> 00:18:53,010 Speaker 1: monopoly because Lizzie McGhee didn't have a patent. But she did. 242 00:18:53,970 --> 00:18:56,730 Speaker 1: In fact, she had two. The earlier one is for 243 00:18:56,770 --> 00:19:00,010 Speaker 1: an improvement to a typewriter roller. But it's the patent 244 00:19:00,250 --> 00:19:04,730 Speaker 1: for the Landlord's Game that deserves to be remembered. Letters 245 00:19:04,850 --> 00:19:08,530 Speaker 1: Patent numbers seven hundred and forty eight, six hundred and 246 00:19:08,610 --> 00:19:14,610 Speaker 1: twenty stated January fifth, nineteen o four. My invention, which 247 00:19:14,650 --> 00:19:19,770 Speaker 1: I have designated the Landlord's Game, relates to gameboards and 248 00:19:19,930 --> 00:19:24,930 Speaker 1: more particularly to games of chance. When a player stops 249 00:19:25,010 --> 00:19:27,970 Speaker 1: upon a lot owned by any of the players, he 250 00:19:28,210 --> 00:19:31,970 Speaker 1: must pay rent to the owner. The object of the 251 00:19:32,010 --> 00:19:36,130 Speaker 1: game is to obtain as much wealth or money as possible. 252 00:19:38,490 --> 00:19:43,770 Speaker 1: Even today, few patentholders are women. In McGee's time, less 253 00:19:43,770 --> 00:19:46,570 Speaker 1: than one in a hundred word. She was a member 254 00:19:46,610 --> 00:19:50,890 Speaker 1: of a small club of female inventors, So if she 255 00:19:50,970 --> 00:19:55,450 Speaker 1: had a patent, what went wrong. The economist Lisa Cook 256 00:19:55,890 --> 00:20:00,250 Speaker 1: knows that the innovation gap runs deeper than educational opportunity 257 00:20:00,650 --> 00:20:04,050 Speaker 1: or even the presence of mentors. There's also the question 258 00:20:04,090 --> 00:20:08,010 Speaker 1: of whose ideas get taken seriously. You can have a 259 00:20:08,010 --> 00:20:11,410 Speaker 1: good idea and you can even get it patented, but 260 00:20:11,530 --> 00:20:14,890 Speaker 1: that does not mean your idea will thrive if your 261 00:20:14,890 --> 00:20:20,330 Speaker 1: face doesn't fit. For example, Lisa Cook's own cousin, the 262 00:20:20,450 --> 00:20:24,370 Speaker 1: chemist Percy Julian, was repeatedly turned down for jobs as 263 00:20:24,410 --> 00:20:29,610 Speaker 1: an academic and as a corporate researcher because he was black. Eventually, 264 00:20:29,690 --> 00:20:33,090 Speaker 1: Julian became the first African American to run a large 265 00:20:33,130 --> 00:20:38,290 Speaker 1: corporate laboratory at Gliddon. He developed techniques for producing hormones 266 00:20:38,330 --> 00:20:42,210 Speaker 1: such as eastrogron and quarter zone, and earned several patents. 267 00:20:42,890 --> 00:20:47,890 Speaker 1: In nineteen fifty, Percy Julian was named Chicagoan of the 268 00:20:48,010 --> 00:20:52,370 Speaker 1: Year by the Chicago Sometimes. It was the same year 269 00:20:52,610 --> 00:20:56,210 Speaker 1: that infuriated that a black man had moved into a 270 00:20:56,330 --> 00:21:00,930 Speaker 1: nice white part of Chicago, racists tried to burn down 271 00:21:00,970 --> 00:21:05,810 Speaker 1: his house. If you're suffering from discrimination, as both women 272 00:21:05,930 --> 00:21:10,690 Speaker 1: and African American inventors were throughout the twentieth century, then 273 00:21:10,770 --> 00:21:15,050 Speaker 1: Professor Cook's work makes it clear having a patent might 274 00:21:15,050 --> 00:21:19,250 Speaker 1: not be enough. A patent isn't much good if nobody 275 00:21:19,250 --> 00:21:23,810 Speaker 1: respects it. Consider the case of Garrett Morgan. He was 276 00:21:23,850 --> 00:21:27,170 Speaker 1: born in the eighteen seventies. He was a gifted inventor, 277 00:21:27,450 --> 00:21:31,330 Speaker 1: developing products as varied as a gas mask, a traffic light, 278 00:21:31,570 --> 00:21:35,930 Speaker 1: and hair straightening cream. But he was also African American, 279 00:21:36,370 --> 00:21:40,130 Speaker 1: which didn't fit America's idea of what an inventor should 280 00:21:40,210 --> 00:21:44,890 Speaker 1: look like. In one dramatic incident in nineteen sixteen, Morgan 281 00:21:44,970 --> 00:21:47,970 Speaker 1: and his brother led a rescue of several victims of 282 00:21:48,010 --> 00:21:52,810 Speaker 1: an underground explosion near Lake Erie. The rescuers used Morgan's 283 00:21:52,810 --> 00:21:57,690 Speaker 1: invention of a firefighters smoke hood. Officials awarded medals to 284 00:21:57,730 --> 00:22:01,170 Speaker 1: the white members of the rescue party, but not to 285 00:22:01,210 --> 00:22:04,410 Speaker 1: the Morgan brothers themselves. And while a publicity about the 286 00:22:04,490 --> 00:22:08,130 Speaker 1: daring rescue helped boost sales of the smoke Hood, several 287 00:22:08,210 --> 00:22:12,330 Speaker 1: Southern cities canceled their orders and they discovered that Morgan 288 00:22:12,730 --> 00:22:19,690 Speaker 1: was black. Morgan often concealed his race, even using surrogates 289 00:22:19,690 --> 00:22:21,730 Speaker 1: to pretend to be him when he was trying to 290 00:22:21,770 --> 00:22:26,930 Speaker 1: sell his inventions. You can't blame him. Lizzie McGhee didn't 291 00:22:26,970 --> 00:22:30,450 Speaker 1: have to fear being firebombed like Percy Julian or having 292 00:22:30,450 --> 00:22:34,050 Speaker 1: her wares boycotted like Garrett Morgan, but she did have 293 00:22:34,130 --> 00:22:39,050 Speaker 1: to fear being ignored. Her game wasn't selling, and she 294 00:22:39,330 --> 00:22:42,850 Speaker 1: wasn't thriving. She was frustrated at having her freedoms and 295 00:22:42,970 --> 00:22:47,090 Speaker 1: opportunities constrained by her gender. A couple of years after 296 00:22:47,130 --> 00:22:50,890 Speaker 1: patenting The Landlord's Game, she took out a newspaper advertisement 297 00:22:51,250 --> 00:22:58,170 Speaker 1: offering herself for sale, young woman, American slave. This stunt, 298 00:22:58,570 --> 00:23:02,250 Speaker 1: shocking then and shocking now, was a way of satirizing 299 00:23:02,250 --> 00:23:05,730 Speaker 1: the idea that marriage was the only option for a woman. 300 00:23:06,530 --> 00:23:12,050 Speaker 1: We are not machines. Girls have minds, desires, hopes, and ambition. 301 00:23:13,130 --> 00:23:16,930 Speaker 1: But while it made a splash, this outrageous stunt did 302 00:23:16,930 --> 00:23:20,410 Speaker 1: not seem to turn the tide, either for feminism or 303 00:23:20,450 --> 00:23:25,010 Speaker 1: for Lizzie McGee herself. A few years later, in her forties, 304 00:23:25,850 --> 00:23:32,410 Speaker 1: she did marry. Her game continued to languish. Like Garrett Morgan, 305 00:23:33,170 --> 00:23:36,810 Speaker 1: Lizzie McGee did not fit the stereotype of a creative genius. 306 00:23:37,770 --> 00:23:40,730 Speaker 1: By the time Monopoly had become a best seller more 307 00:23:40,770 --> 00:23:43,650 Speaker 1: than thirty years after McGhee filed the patent for The 308 00:23:43,730 --> 00:23:49,050 Speaker 1: Landlord's Game, she was an unconventional old woman with unconventional 309 00:23:49,090 --> 00:23:52,530 Speaker 1: political ideals, still trying to get the world to pay 310 00:23:52,570 --> 00:23:57,050 Speaker 1: attention to the case for progressive single taxation. She was 311 00:23:57,170 --> 00:24:01,130 Speaker 1: no match for Charles Darrow, the smooth talking family man 312 00:24:01,650 --> 00:24:07,170 Speaker 1: peddling his version of the American dream. Darrow charmed the 313 00:24:07,210 --> 00:24:10,210 Speaker 1: Todds into giving him the Monopoly rules in every detail, 314 00:24:11,050 --> 00:24:15,010 Speaker 1: charmed the artist Franklin Alexander into donating the designs that 315 00:24:15,170 --> 00:24:19,450 Speaker 1: gave Monopoly its clean, modern look, charmed Parker Brothers into 316 00:24:19,530 --> 00:24:23,370 Speaker 1: treating him as a creative genius, and charmed the press 317 00:24:23,450 --> 00:24:27,570 Speaker 1: into repeating his tale of creativity and adversity. Carving this 318 00:24:27,690 --> 00:24:31,490 Speaker 1: fictional origin story in stone with the help of the 319 00:24:31,530 --> 00:24:36,930 Speaker 1: publicists at Parker Brothers. In nineteen thirty five, Charles Darrow 320 00:24:37,050 --> 00:24:40,730 Speaker 1: put that story in writing to the president of Parker Brothers. 321 00:24:41,490 --> 00:24:45,050 Speaker 1: It is hard to imagine that the company believed him. 322 00:24:45,770 --> 00:24:48,090 Speaker 1: They must have understood that he was lying to them. 323 00:24:49,010 --> 00:24:54,050 Speaker 1: One internal memo acknowledged that Darrow had appropriated the name Monopoly, 324 00:24:54,490 --> 00:24:58,170 Speaker 1: and added, frankly, and I think without prejudice that the 325 00:24:58,210 --> 00:25:02,730 Speaker 1: original trading game came out in nineteen o two. Nevertheless, 326 00:25:03,170 --> 00:25:06,730 Speaker 1: Parker Brothers applied for a patent on Monopoly and managed 327 00:25:06,730 --> 00:25:11,250 Speaker 1: to secure it with remarkable speech. Then came the business 328 00:25:11,250 --> 00:25:15,210 Speaker 1: of acquiring the rights to rival games. Parker Brothers came 329 00:25:15,250 --> 00:25:18,730 Speaker 1: to an arrangement with Milton Bradley about their game Easy Money, 330 00:25:19,530 --> 00:25:21,210 Speaker 1: and paid a large sum for the rights to the 331 00:25:21,250 --> 00:25:25,410 Speaker 1: game finance. They sued the publisher of the game inflation, 332 00:25:26,050 --> 00:25:30,730 Speaker 1: yet somehow Parker Brothers ended up paying him at least 333 00:25:30,890 --> 00:25:34,250 Speaker 1: ten thousand dollars. Relative to the wages of the day, 334 00:25:34,770 --> 00:25:38,890 Speaker 1: that's half a million dollars, which does suggest that Parker 335 00:25:38,930 --> 00:25:41,970 Speaker 1: Brothers didn't really want to put their patent to the test. 336 00:25:43,210 --> 00:25:46,730 Speaker 1: Charles Darrow kept telling journalists the story of his moment 337 00:25:46,770 --> 00:25:50,410 Speaker 1: of inspiration, and people such as Charles and Olive Todd, 338 00:25:50,850 --> 00:25:55,370 Speaker 1: while irritated, didn't feel able to pursue the matter. After all, 339 00:25:55,770 --> 00:25:58,970 Speaker 1: while he knew Charles Darrow hadn't invented the game, they 340 00:25:59,010 --> 00:26:03,930 Speaker 1: knew they hadn't invented it either, So that just left 341 00:26:04,130 --> 00:26:09,050 Speaker 1: Lizzie McGee in one corner, an elderly left wing feminist 342 00:26:09,650 --> 00:26:12,690 Speaker 1: desperate to teach the children of the world the merits 343 00:26:12,690 --> 00:26:15,850 Speaker 1: of a single tax system through her obscure board game. 344 00:26:16,490 --> 00:26:20,050 Speaker 1: In the other corner, a smooth talking Charles Darrow with 345 00:26:20,130 --> 00:26:22,890 Speaker 1: a tail to tug at heart strings and a host 346 00:26:22,970 --> 00:26:26,610 Speaker 1: of sharp suits from Parker Brothers, it was no contest. 347 00:26:27,570 --> 00:26:33,130 Speaker 1: One November day in nineteen thirty five, traveling from Salem, Massachusetts, 348 00:26:33,210 --> 00:26:37,330 Speaker 1: all the way to Arlington, Virginia, George Parker himself, the 349 00:26:37,490 --> 00:26:41,010 Speaker 1: seventy year old founder of Parker Brothers, paid a call 350 00:26:41,090 --> 00:26:47,450 Speaker 1: to the house of Lizzie McGee Phillips. Mister Parker, do 351 00:26:47,690 --> 00:26:51,010 Speaker 1: come here, if we may move to the matters of business, 352 00:26:51,090 --> 00:26:54,450 Speaker 1: missus Phillips. My colleagues of Parker Brothers who have become 353 00:26:54,490 --> 00:26:59,330 Speaker 1: aware of your landlord's game, and we would like to 354 00:26:59,450 --> 00:27:04,570 Speaker 1: publish it. But this is wonderful news, mister Parker. At last, 355 00:27:04,730 --> 00:27:08,450 Speaker 1: the ideas this game espoused us will reach the whitest 356 00:27:08,490 --> 00:27:12,810 Speaker 1: possible audience. That is our hope. Although a Parker Brothers 357 00:27:13,050 --> 00:27:17,410 Speaker 1: we talked less about ideas and more about the joy 358 00:27:18,290 --> 00:27:24,490 Speaker 1: of play. And so Lizzie McGee and George Parker agreed 359 00:27:24,490 --> 00:27:29,690 Speaker 1: a deal five hundred dollars for all rights or compared 360 00:27:29,730 --> 00:27:33,730 Speaker 1: to today's wages. Parker brought the rights to Lizzie McGee's 361 00:27:33,730 --> 00:27:39,090 Speaker 1: creation for just twenty five thousand dollars, no royalties, But 362 00:27:39,210 --> 00:27:41,610 Speaker 1: she thought she was getting what she had dreamed about 363 00:27:41,730 --> 00:27:45,930 Speaker 1: for thirty years a mass audience for the Landlord's game, 364 00:27:46,170 --> 00:27:49,570 Speaker 1: which would teach them a more cooperative, ethical way of 365 00:27:49,650 --> 00:27:53,770 Speaker 1: running an economy. She sold the game cheaply, even though 366 00:27:53,770 --> 00:27:57,530 Speaker 1: she valued it Dearly two days after the agreement, she 367 00:27:57,610 --> 00:28:02,050 Speaker 1: even wrote a letter addressed to her creation. It was 368 00:28:02,130 --> 00:28:06,090 Speaker 1: not until the Great Game, King George S. Parker did 369 00:28:06,170 --> 00:28:08,810 Speaker 1: us the honor of seeking you out and offered you 370 00:28:09,170 --> 00:28:13,330 Speaker 1: brada opportunity than I could ever do. That I would 371 00:28:13,370 --> 00:28:19,290 Speaker 1: part with you. Farewell, my beloved brainchild. Remember the world 372 00:28:19,330 --> 00:28:23,690 Speaker 1: expects much from you. The Great Game. King George Parker 373 00:28:24,090 --> 00:28:27,970 Speaker 1: quietly published McGee's board game in nineteen thirty nine, just 374 00:28:28,010 --> 00:28:32,130 Speaker 1: as he promised, But it didn't catch on, partly because 375 00:28:32,130 --> 00:28:35,570 Speaker 1: he didn't promote it. After all, that wasn't what George 376 00:28:35,610 --> 00:28:39,010 Speaker 1: Parker was buying from Lizzie McGee, was it. He was 377 00:28:39,050 --> 00:28:46,810 Speaker 1: buying a monopoly on Monopoly. Charles Darrow became a millionaire, 378 00:28:47,410 --> 00:28:51,730 Speaker 1: even though his only original contribution to Monopoly appears to 379 00:28:51,770 --> 00:28:55,090 Speaker 1: have been the bold concept of claiming that the game 380 00:28:55,210 --> 00:28:59,690 Speaker 1: was his idea. Still, I have some sympathy for Darrow. 381 00:29:00,250 --> 00:29:03,490 Speaker 1: He had been in a difficult place. His son Dickie, 382 00:29:03,530 --> 00:29:07,890 Speaker 1: had been disabled by scarlet fever and had severe learning difficulties. 383 00:29:08,490 --> 00:29:11,450 Speaker 1: Few schools would take Dickie, and the ones that would 384 00:29:11,730 --> 00:29:16,490 Speaker 1: were expensive. Charles had no job and no income. He 385 00:29:16,570 --> 00:29:20,210 Speaker 1: really was desperate for money. As a plausible charmer with 386 00:29:20,250 --> 00:29:23,810 Speaker 1: a good story and somebody else's idea, he managed to 387 00:29:23,850 --> 00:29:29,290 Speaker 1: make his name and his fortune. Lizzie McGhee was desperate too. 388 00:29:29,890 --> 00:29:33,250 Speaker 1: She was desperate for social and political change. She was 389 00:29:33,330 --> 00:29:36,650 Speaker 1: desperate for the freedoms and opportunities that would have been 390 00:29:36,690 --> 00:29:40,250 Speaker 1: hers without question, had she been a man. And she 391 00:29:40,370 --> 00:29:43,690 Speaker 1: was desperate for her game to reach the audience it deserved. 392 00:29:44,370 --> 00:29:47,770 Speaker 1: As her father once said of her, she was to fly, 393 00:29:48,730 --> 00:29:54,130 Speaker 1: but hasn't got the wings. The journalist Mary Plot found 394 00:29:54,250 --> 00:29:58,450 Speaker 1: Lizzie McGhee's entry in the nineteen forty census, the first 395 00:29:58,490 --> 00:30:02,410 Speaker 1: census after selling her patent to George Parker, and the 396 00:30:02,490 --> 00:30:06,890 Speaker 1: last census before she died. She could have given her 397 00:30:06,930 --> 00:30:14,090 Speaker 1: occupation as teacher or stenographer, or writer or housewife, but 398 00:30:14,210 --> 00:30:22,330 Speaker 1: she didn't. She wrote instead maker of Games. It was, 399 00:30:22,570 --> 00:30:26,450 Speaker 1: after all, just one year after Parker Brothers had published 400 00:30:26,450 --> 00:30:33,850 Speaker 1: The Landlord's Game. She also listed her income zero, just 401 00:30:34,090 --> 00:30:37,250 Speaker 1: like the makers of mus Monopoly. I'm all in favor 402 00:30:37,290 --> 00:30:41,610 Speaker 1: of celebrating female inventors. Maybe it will make a difference, 403 00:30:42,570 --> 00:30:45,250 Speaker 1: or maybe it will achieve no more social change than 404 00:30:45,330 --> 00:30:49,050 Speaker 1: Lizzie McGee did with her cooperative version of the Landlord's Game, 405 00:30:50,250 --> 00:30:53,970 Speaker 1: but it seems worth a try. So when there's a 406 00:30:54,010 --> 00:30:57,490 Speaker 1: new edition of mus Monopoly, I have a great idea 407 00:30:57,930 --> 00:31:03,690 Speaker 1: for someone they might want to include. Be it known 408 00:31:03,770 --> 00:31:08,290 Speaker 1: that I Lizzie J. McGee have invented certain new and 409 00:31:08,530 --> 00:31:18,130 Speaker 1: useful improvements in game boards. Although this is the last 410 00:31:18,210 --> 00:31:21,690 Speaker 1: in the current season of Cautionary Tales, don't worry. We're 411 00:31:21,770 --> 00:31:25,610 Speaker 1: already working on the next series. After all, when you 412 00:31:25,610 --> 00:31:28,010 Speaker 1: get to work with the likes of Helena Bonon Carter, 413 00:31:28,490 --> 00:31:31,970 Speaker 1: it's too much fun not to. I'll do one more 414 00:31:32,450 --> 00:31:37,010 Speaker 1: letters Patent number four hundred. No, I don't have a 415 00:31:37,010 --> 00:31:42,050 Speaker 1: good thing for numbers. Okay, letters peytent number seven a 416 00:31:42,090 --> 00:31:54,890 Speaker 1: week with no sorry, it's a Friday. Oh ding dong. Okay, 417 00:31:55,530 --> 00:32:01,410 Speaker 1: you do the special effects. That was my knee on 418 00:32:01,530 --> 00:32:16,770 Speaker 1: the door. John and Parker come inside. Okay, I'll just 419 00:32:16,850 --> 00:32:22,690 Speaker 1: do it. Let's just get on with him. Mister Parker, 420 00:32:23,370 --> 00:32:26,930 Speaker 1: do come in like that? She was? She really is 421 00:32:26,970 --> 00:32:29,250 Speaker 1: expecting him. She's been expecting him for her whole life. 422 00:32:30,010 --> 00:32:50,050 Speaker 1: Do come in Mary Worst too much? The indispensable source 423 00:32:50,130 --> 00:32:54,530 Speaker 1: for this episode is Mary Palm's book The Monopolists, supplemented 424 00:32:54,570 --> 00:32:59,930 Speaker 1: by Christopher Ketchum's article in Harper's title Monopoly is Theft. 425 00:33:00,250 --> 00:33:04,010 Speaker 1: For links to academic work by Lisa Cook, raj Chetti, 426 00:33:04,130 --> 00:33:15,930 Speaker 1: and others, see Tim Harford dot com. Cautionary Tales is 427 00:33:15,970 --> 00:33:20,290 Speaker 1: written by me Tim Harford with Andrew Wright. It's produced 428 00:33:20,330 --> 00:33:23,970 Speaker 1: by Ryan Dilley and Marilyn Rust. The sound design and 429 00:33:24,050 --> 00:33:28,370 Speaker 1: original music are the work of Pascal Wise. Julia Barton 430 00:33:28,810 --> 00:33:32,890 Speaker 1: edited the scripts. Starring in this series of Cautionary Tales 431 00:33:33,130 --> 00:33:38,370 Speaker 1: are Helena Bonham, Carter and Jeffrey Wright, alongside Nazar Alderazzi, 432 00:33:38,930 --> 00:33:45,890 Speaker 1: Ed Gochen, Melanie Gutteridge, Rachel Hanshaw, Cognor Holbrook, Smith, Reg Lockett, 433 00:33:46,290 --> 00:33:50,290 Speaker 1: miss Eamunroe, and Rufus Wright. The show would not have 434 00:33:50,370 --> 00:33:54,050 Speaker 1: been possible without the work of Mia La Belle, Jacob Weissberg, 435 00:33:54,370 --> 00:34:00,490 Speaker 1: Kella Faine, John Schnarz, Carlie mcgliori, Eric Sandler, Emily Rostock, 436 00:34:01,010 --> 00:34:06,370 Speaker 1: Maggie Taylor, Daniella Lakhan, and Maya Kanig. Cautionary Tales is 437 00:34:06,370 --> 00:34:09,890 Speaker 1: a production of Pushkin Industries. If you like the show, 438 00:34:10,130 --> 00:34:13,090 Speaker 1: please remember to share, rate, and review.