1 00:00:00,360 --> 00:00:02,719 Speaker 1: Are you looking for brand new episodes of a short 2 00:00:02,759 --> 00:00:06,480 Speaker 1: how Stuff Works podcast that explains the everyday world around us, 3 00:00:06,720 --> 00:00:10,239 Speaker 1: Then check out brain Stuff with me Christian Sager. New 4 00:00:10,240 --> 00:00:14,480 Speaker 1: episodes hit every Monday and Wednesday on iTunes, Google Play, Spotify, 5 00:00:14,720 --> 00:00:20,280 Speaker 1: or anywhere else you get your podcasts. Welcome to Stuff 6 00:00:20,320 --> 00:00:30,160 Speaker 1: you missed in History Class from how Stuff Works dot Com. Hello, 7 00:00:30,360 --> 00:00:33,760 Speaker 1: and welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy Wilson and I'm 8 00:00:33,760 --> 00:00:36,760 Speaker 1: Holly Frying. We are having a little bit of an 9 00:00:36,920 --> 00:00:40,960 Speaker 1: unplanned mini series on historical events that are tied directly 10 00:00:41,040 --> 00:00:44,280 Speaker 1: to ongoing news. So previously it was our recent two 11 00:00:44,280 --> 00:00:47,560 Speaker 1: parter on the Attica prison uprising, which came up over 12 00:00:47,640 --> 00:00:51,240 Speaker 1: and over in coverage of the United States prison strike 13 00:00:51,320 --> 00:00:54,400 Speaker 1: that started in September, and today it is history that's 14 00:00:54,400 --> 00:00:58,040 Speaker 1: connected to the standing Rock Sioux and other Indigenous people's 15 00:00:58,360 --> 00:01:01,840 Speaker 1: and the ongoing protests against the the Dakota Access Pipeline. 16 00:01:02,520 --> 00:01:05,839 Speaker 1: Two nights before we recorded this episode, events in North 17 00:01:05,880 --> 00:01:10,360 Speaker 1: Dakota once again made headlines and what the authorities described 18 00:01:10,400 --> 00:01:13,880 Speaker 1: as an ongoing riot and water protectors described as a 19 00:01:13,880 --> 00:01:17,440 Speaker 1: peaceful effort to dismantle a barricade that's been blocking access 20 00:01:17,480 --> 00:01:21,200 Speaker 1: to a highway for several weeks. Law enforcement used tear 21 00:01:21,240 --> 00:01:23,880 Speaker 1: gas and other less than lethal weapons to try to 22 00:01:23,920 --> 00:01:27,160 Speaker 1: disperse the crowd, as well as water from a fire 23 00:01:27,200 --> 00:01:30,399 Speaker 1: hose or a water cannon, even though the temperature at 24 00:01:30,440 --> 00:01:34,200 Speaker 1: that point was below freezing. Law enforcement originally claimed that 25 00:01:34,200 --> 00:01:36,800 Speaker 1: the water was only being used to put out fires, 26 00:01:36,959 --> 00:01:39,920 Speaker 1: which the protesters had said had been lit only to 27 00:01:40,000 --> 00:01:43,280 Speaker 1: stay warm and not to cause damage, but later law 28 00:01:43,360 --> 00:01:47,280 Speaker 1: enforcement acknowledged that it had used water to quote repel 29 00:01:47,480 --> 00:01:52,080 Speaker 1: some of the protest activities. So, given this episodes relevance 30 00:01:52,120 --> 00:01:54,960 Speaker 1: to what is happening right now, we decided to move 31 00:01:54,960 --> 00:01:58,000 Speaker 1: it up from its originally scheduled time later in November 32 00:01:58,040 --> 00:02:01,400 Speaker 1: to the next episode we had on our calendar. This 33 00:02:01,600 --> 00:02:03,760 Speaker 1: history that we're talking about today happened at the same 34 00:02:03,800 --> 00:02:06,360 Speaker 1: time as the United States Civil War, and it was 35 00:02:06,400 --> 00:02:09,920 Speaker 1: a series of brutal, brutal and violent clashes between North 36 00:02:09,919 --> 00:02:14,440 Speaker 1: America's indigenous population and the United States Army. And while 37 00:02:14,480 --> 00:02:18,240 Speaker 1: the first of these started after murders were committed by 38 00:02:18,280 --> 00:02:21,360 Speaker 1: a group of young Native American men, what followed became 39 00:02:21,400 --> 00:02:25,320 Speaker 1: a multi year campaign against the region's indigenous population at 40 00:02:25,360 --> 00:02:28,480 Speaker 1: the hands of US military forces. So parts of the 41 00:02:28,560 --> 00:02:33,080 Speaker 1: history that we're telling today are truly horrific. Although the 42 00:02:33,160 --> 00:02:36,520 Speaker 1: history that we are talking about in this episode uh 43 00:02:36,680 --> 00:02:40,880 Speaker 1: ends in the Dakotas, it actually starts in Minnesota. Minnesota 44 00:02:40,960 --> 00:02:44,480 Speaker 1: Territory was established in eighteen forty nine, largely from land 45 00:02:44,520 --> 00:02:47,480 Speaker 1: that had been part of the Louisiana Purchase, and when 46 00:02:47,480 --> 00:02:50,560 Speaker 1: the territory was established, it was almost twice as big 47 00:02:50,600 --> 00:02:53,880 Speaker 1: as the state of Minnesota is today, and at its founding, 48 00:02:54,000 --> 00:02:58,480 Speaker 1: about five thousand predominantly white settlers and thirty one thousand 49 00:02:58,560 --> 00:03:03,560 Speaker 1: indigenous people lived are Many of the indigenous people were Dakota. 50 00:03:04,200 --> 00:03:07,120 Speaker 1: The Dakota are part of the Chetti Shikohan, which I 51 00:03:07,160 --> 00:03:12,000 Speaker 1: have also heard speakers of various Dakota dialects and languages 52 00:03:12,080 --> 00:03:16,640 Speaker 1: pronounced more like a Chetti chakoheen that translates into the 53 00:03:16,720 --> 00:03:20,360 Speaker 1: seven council fires. The Chetti Shakohen are made up of 54 00:03:20,400 --> 00:03:25,000 Speaker 1: several divisions, which each have their own unique linguistics, social, political, 55 00:03:25,040 --> 00:03:28,520 Speaker 1: and cultural distinctions, as well as their own histories and 56 00:03:28,560 --> 00:03:33,680 Speaker 1: original territories. These indigenous peoples are often collectively called the 57 00:03:33,760 --> 00:03:37,120 Speaker 1: Sue or the Great Sioux Nation, and the term Sue 58 00:03:37,200 --> 00:03:40,400 Speaker 1: actually comes from a French translation of an Ojibwe word 59 00:03:40,480 --> 00:03:43,760 Speaker 1: for snake rather than a Dakota word, and for that 60 00:03:43,840 --> 00:03:46,400 Speaker 1: reason some people prefer not to use the word sue, 61 00:03:46,720 --> 00:03:49,800 Speaker 1: but others do, and a number of tribal governments do 62 00:03:50,000 --> 00:03:54,280 Speaker 1: use it to refer to themselves, as is so often 63 00:03:54,360 --> 00:03:56,680 Speaker 1: the case. In the history of the United States, the 64 00:03:56,720 --> 00:04:00,560 Speaker 1: relationship between the US government and the Dakota people, as 65 00:04:00,600 --> 00:04:03,520 Speaker 1: well as the other indigenous peoples of the region, was 66 00:04:03,600 --> 00:04:07,000 Speaker 1: primarily governed by a series of treaties, and many of 67 00:04:07,040 --> 00:04:11,760 Speaker 1: these treaties were questionable at best. The indigenous population signed 68 00:04:11,800 --> 00:04:14,480 Speaker 1: many of them under durests or without being given a 69 00:04:14,520 --> 00:04:18,760 Speaker 1: clear understanding of what the documents actually said. On top 70 00:04:18,800 --> 00:04:22,200 Speaker 1: of that, many of the treaties actual terms, which usually 71 00:04:22,279 --> 00:04:25,960 Speaker 1: heavily favored the United States over the native population, were 72 00:04:26,040 --> 00:04:29,360 Speaker 1: later undermined and even completely ignored, so that what few 73 00:04:29,440 --> 00:04:33,880 Speaker 1: protections the native nations had were then eroded or stripped 74 00:04:33,880 --> 00:04:38,159 Speaker 1: away entirely. The series of treaties between the Dakota and 75 00:04:38,200 --> 00:04:41,719 Speaker 1: the United States started in eighteen o five, and in 76 00:04:41,839 --> 00:04:44,640 Speaker 1: most of them, the Dakota ceded land to the United 77 00:04:44,680 --> 00:04:48,320 Speaker 1: States in exchange for money, often a lot less money 78 00:04:48,320 --> 00:04:52,279 Speaker 1: than that land was actually worse in negotiation that included 79 00:04:52,320 --> 00:04:55,880 Speaker 1: everything from coercion to threats of military force on the 80 00:04:55,880 --> 00:05:00,160 Speaker 1: part of the United States. In eighteen fifty one, two 81 00:05:00,200 --> 00:05:03,800 Speaker 1: different treaties turned over thirty five million acres of land, 82 00:05:04,160 --> 00:05:08,120 Speaker 1: primarily in central and southern Minnesota, to the United States. 83 00:05:08,480 --> 00:05:12,320 Speaker 1: This was basically all of the Dakota's remaining territory in Minnesota. 84 00:05:12,880 --> 00:05:16,000 Speaker 1: One treaty, the Treaty of Traverse to Sue, was an 85 00:05:16,040 --> 00:05:19,599 Speaker 1: exchange for more than one point six million dollars. The other, 86 00:05:19,760 --> 00:05:22,359 Speaker 1: the Treaty of Mendota, was in change for. It was 87 00:05:22,400 --> 00:05:24,680 Speaker 1: an exchange for a little more than one point four 88 00:05:24,720 --> 00:05:29,200 Speaker 1: million dollars. However, and neither treaty where the Dakota actually 89 00:05:29,240 --> 00:05:32,120 Speaker 1: getting that money itself. They were to be paid the 90 00:05:32,279 --> 00:05:36,720 Speaker 1: interest on it periodically for fifty years. The Traverse to 91 00:05:36,880 --> 00:05:39,760 Speaker 1: Sue signing also included what came to be known as 92 00:05:39,760 --> 00:05:43,760 Speaker 1: a quote trader's paper, which diverted payments from the Dakota 93 00:05:43,800 --> 00:05:47,400 Speaker 1: to traders, most of whom were white or part Indigenous, 94 00:05:47,400 --> 00:05:50,880 Speaker 1: to pay off debts. Because the trader's paper had not 95 00:05:51,000 --> 00:05:54,880 Speaker 1: been read, allowed, or translated, many who signed it believed 96 00:05:54,920 --> 00:05:57,440 Speaker 1: it was just another copy of the treaty not a 97 00:05:57,480 --> 00:06:01,080 Speaker 1: separate document, and had no idea that it involved diverting 98 00:06:01,360 --> 00:06:05,240 Speaker 1: money out of their payments, because the traders themselves were 99 00:06:05,240 --> 00:06:07,359 Speaker 1: the ones who kept the records of how much money 100 00:06:07,360 --> 00:06:10,960 Speaker 1: they were owed. This also created ongoing questions about whether 101 00:06:11,000 --> 00:06:15,600 Speaker 1: the traders were patting the bill. In addition to all 102 00:06:15,640 --> 00:06:19,120 Speaker 1: of that, the treaties called for land along both the 103 00:06:19,200 --> 00:06:21,839 Speaker 1: north and south sides of the Minnesota River to be 104 00:06:21,880 --> 00:06:26,279 Speaker 1: set aside as a reservation for the Dakota to live on. However, 105 00:06:26,320 --> 00:06:29,280 Speaker 1: once the treaties were actually approved by the U. S. Senate, 106 00:06:29,320 --> 00:06:33,240 Speaker 1: the provisions for the reservation were removed. This left the 107 00:06:33,320 --> 00:06:38,080 Speaker 1: Dakota with nowhere to go. Eventually, President Millard Fillmore agreed 108 00:06:38,120 --> 00:06:41,400 Speaker 1: that the Dakota could live on that reservation land, but 109 00:06:41,560 --> 00:06:46,520 Speaker 1: only until white settlers needed it. The United States decided 110 00:06:46,720 --> 00:06:49,599 Speaker 1: it needed that land north of the river in eighteen 111 00:06:49,640 --> 00:06:54,680 Speaker 1: fifty eight, leading to another treaty. However, white settlers rushed 112 00:06:54,720 --> 00:06:58,160 Speaker 1: into the area before that treaty was ratified, including a 113 00:06:58,200 --> 00:06:59,960 Speaker 1: portion of it that was supposed to be set as 114 00:07:00,040 --> 00:07:04,559 Speaker 1: side for the Dakota, and many refused to leave. Once again, 115 00:07:04,640 --> 00:07:07,160 Speaker 1: the payment for this piece of land was a fraction 116 00:07:07,279 --> 00:07:11,520 Speaker 1: of what it was actually worse. Following this series of 117 00:07:11,640 --> 00:07:15,560 Speaker 1: treatise in eighteen sixty two, about six thousand, five hundred 118 00:07:15,600 --> 00:07:18,200 Speaker 1: Dakota were living in a narrow strip of land south 119 00:07:18,240 --> 00:07:21,160 Speaker 1: of the Minnesota River, which was divided into an Upper 120 00:07:21,200 --> 00:07:24,640 Speaker 1: and Lower Agency, and many of them, especially in the 121 00:07:24,680 --> 00:07:28,840 Speaker 1: Lower Agency, were starving. The previous winter had been hard, 122 00:07:28,920 --> 00:07:31,320 Speaker 1: and even though it was now late summer, the season's 123 00:07:31,360 --> 00:07:34,240 Speaker 1: harvests had not been enough to really support the population, 124 00:07:34,640 --> 00:07:37,080 Speaker 1: and they definitely were not enough to prepare for the 125 00:07:37,200 --> 00:07:40,960 Speaker 1: upcoming winter. There was no game to hunt on the 126 00:07:41,000 --> 00:07:45,120 Speaker 1: reservation itself, and the white population of Minnesota had increased 127 00:07:45,200 --> 00:07:48,360 Speaker 1: dramatically to more than one hundred and seventy thousand people. 128 00:07:49,280 --> 00:07:52,160 Speaker 1: This was thanks in part to government incentives like the 129 00:07:52,200 --> 00:07:56,800 Speaker 1: Homestead Act, so competition for hunting around the reservation, which 130 00:07:56,840 --> 00:07:59,840 Speaker 1: the Dakota weren't really supposed to be doing, was fear. 131 00:08:01,600 --> 00:08:04,400 Speaker 1: I should note that it wasn't literally a hundred percent 132 00:08:04,560 --> 00:08:08,240 Speaker 1: white population, but in terms of newcomers, it was uh 133 00:08:08,560 --> 00:08:11,360 Speaker 1: much much bigger population than it had been even a 134 00:08:11,400 --> 00:08:15,880 Speaker 1: decade before. On top of this huge shortage of food, 135 00:08:16,200 --> 00:08:19,240 Speaker 1: in August of eighteen sixty two, the annuity payment from 136 00:08:19,240 --> 00:08:21,680 Speaker 1: the government that was due to the Dakota from those 137 00:08:21,760 --> 00:08:25,160 Speaker 1: eighteen fifty one treaties had been delayed, so that meant 138 00:08:25,200 --> 00:08:28,080 Speaker 1: that people living on the reservation didn't have money to 139 00:08:28,200 --> 00:08:33,560 Speaker 1: buy food either. Dakota leader Little Crow went to Thomas Galberri's, 140 00:08:33,640 --> 00:08:37,160 Speaker 1: the Indian agent responsible for the Lower Agency, to ask 141 00:08:37,240 --> 00:08:40,760 Speaker 1: for help. In his words, quote, we have waited a 142 00:08:40,760 --> 00:08:44,079 Speaker 1: long time. The money is ours, but we cannot get it. 143 00:08:44,520 --> 00:08:47,320 Speaker 1: We have no food, but here these stores are filled 144 00:08:47,360 --> 00:08:50,640 Speaker 1: with food. We ask that you, the agent, makes some 145 00:08:50,880 --> 00:08:53,520 Speaker 1: arrangements so we can get food from the stores, or 146 00:08:53,559 --> 00:08:56,240 Speaker 1: else we may take our own way to keep ourselves 147 00:08:56,240 --> 00:09:02,000 Speaker 1: from starving. When men are hungry, they helped themselves. Galbraith 148 00:09:02,120 --> 00:09:05,480 Speaker 1: declined to order distributions on credit, and in the words 149 00:09:05,559 --> 00:09:09,320 Speaker 1: of trader Andrew Myrick, quote, so far as I am concerned, 150 00:09:09,320 --> 00:09:13,120 Speaker 1: if they are hungry, let them eat grass. Things came 151 00:09:13,160 --> 00:09:16,280 Speaker 1: to a head on August sevent eighteen sixty two, when 152 00:09:16,320 --> 00:09:21,240 Speaker 1: four young Dakotamen killed five white settlers. It's not exactly 153 00:09:21,240 --> 00:09:24,200 Speaker 1: clear what led to these murders. The story told most 154 00:09:24,240 --> 00:09:26,680 Speaker 1: often is that they were stealing eggs from outside the 155 00:09:26,679 --> 00:09:30,120 Speaker 1: house where the settlers were, and an argument started that 156 00:09:30,280 --> 00:09:35,560 Speaker 1: escalated into violence. After returning to their their village, the 157 00:09:35,640 --> 00:09:39,560 Speaker 1: four young men convinced Little Crow to declare war, and 158 00:09:39,600 --> 00:09:42,160 Speaker 1: this was something that Little Crow was really reluctant to do, 159 00:09:42,920 --> 00:09:46,400 Speaker 1: but he also recognized that they were sure to face retribution, 160 00:09:47,320 --> 00:09:49,560 Speaker 1: especially since some of the white people who had been 161 00:09:49,640 --> 00:09:53,439 Speaker 1: killed were women. He assembled a fighting force and raids, 162 00:09:53,520 --> 00:09:57,360 Speaker 1: many of them against civilian communities and not military targets, 163 00:09:57,360 --> 00:10:00,760 Speaker 1: started the next day. Soon the death toll from these 164 00:10:00,800 --> 00:10:04,520 Speaker 1: attacks rose to about two hundred white settlers killed and 165 00:10:04,600 --> 00:10:08,679 Speaker 1: more than two hundred more taken hostage. The fighting spread 166 00:10:08,720 --> 00:10:12,120 Speaker 1: from there. It's estimated that about one thousand of the 167 00:10:12,200 --> 00:10:17,280 Speaker 1: Dakota people participated, and some of them under duress. Others, however, 168 00:10:17,400 --> 00:10:21,320 Speaker 1: organized an active resistance, leading evacuations of settlers from the 169 00:10:21,360 --> 00:10:24,840 Speaker 1: area and forming the Dakota Peace Party to oppose the 170 00:10:24,840 --> 00:10:27,960 Speaker 1: war and try to negotiate for the release of the hostages. 171 00:10:29,120 --> 00:10:32,720 Speaker 1: When Minnesota's governor Alexander Ramsay heard of what was going on, 172 00:10:32,920 --> 00:10:36,480 Speaker 1: he commissioned Henry H. Sibley to lead a military force 173 00:10:36,640 --> 00:10:38,800 Speaker 1: to western Minnesota to try to take care of it. 174 00:10:39,640 --> 00:10:43,000 Speaker 1: Sibilly had no military experience. He was a fur trader, 175 00:10:43,040 --> 00:10:45,440 Speaker 1: so he did have connections to some of the Dakota 176 00:10:45,559 --> 00:10:48,840 Speaker 1: through that trade, but his lack of strategic experience meant 177 00:10:48,840 --> 00:10:51,920 Speaker 1: that he wasn't really able to efficiently pursue the Dakota 178 00:10:52,000 --> 00:10:55,880 Speaker 1: fighting force or to protect the white population. By this point, 179 00:10:55,920 --> 00:10:58,760 Speaker 1: the area's white settlers were just in a complete panic. 180 00:10:59,520 --> 00:11:03,080 Speaker 1: Dakota raids on civilian settlements and attacks on forts and 181 00:11:03,120 --> 00:11:07,880 Speaker 1: other military outposts continued until September twenty three, when Sibley's 182 00:11:07,920 --> 00:11:11,800 Speaker 1: force defeated Little Crows. Little Crow and his force fled 183 00:11:11,840 --> 00:11:15,439 Speaker 1: westward the following day, although Little Crow would eventually return 184 00:11:15,520 --> 00:11:18,320 Speaker 1: to the Dakotas, where he would be shot and killed 185 00:11:18,400 --> 00:11:23,760 Speaker 1: in eighteen sixty three. On September, the Dakota Peace Party 186 00:11:24,080 --> 00:11:26,880 Speaker 1: surrendered the hostages and the war came to an end. 187 00:11:27,679 --> 00:11:29,640 Speaker 1: By then, it had gone on for six weeks, and 188 00:11:29,679 --> 00:11:32,920 Speaker 1: it was horrible. During that time, more than six hundred 189 00:11:33,000 --> 00:11:36,880 Speaker 1: white people had been killed, overwhelmingly civilians, with a huge 190 00:11:36,960 --> 00:11:39,920 Speaker 1: number of those being children under the age of ten. 191 00:11:40,679 --> 00:11:44,240 Speaker 1: Between seventy five and a hundred Dakota soldiers had died, 192 00:11:44,640 --> 00:11:49,400 Speaker 1: and more than seventy white soldiers. However, what happened after 193 00:11:49,440 --> 00:11:54,360 Speaker 1: this heaped one atrocity after another onto multiple Native American people's, 194 00:11:54,400 --> 00:11:57,920 Speaker 1: including some who had absolutely nothing to do with any 195 00:11:57,960 --> 00:12:00,960 Speaker 1: of this. We will talk ab out it uh and 196 00:12:01,160 --> 00:12:03,880 Speaker 1: what happened after the Dakota people moved to South Dakota. 197 00:12:04,320 --> 00:12:10,040 Speaker 1: After we pause for a sponsor break, this Christmas, give 198 00:12:10,120 --> 00:12:13,440 Speaker 1: the gift of Carnivore Club. Carnivore Club is a monthly 199 00:12:13,480 --> 00:12:18,280 Speaker 1: subscription to premium artisanal meat like Italian saloni, Spanish therezo, 200 00:12:18,520 --> 00:12:22,520 Speaker 1: duck breast, prescudo, and delicious panchatta. It is the secret 201 00:12:22,640 --> 00:12:26,680 Speaker 1: to going from oh thank you to whoa thank you? 202 00:12:26,760 --> 00:12:28,959 Speaker 1: I'm not kidding. We just got one of these boxes 203 00:12:29,000 --> 00:12:32,400 Speaker 1: at our house and it was full of a number 204 00:12:32,440 --> 00:12:38,160 Speaker 1: of humanely raised, delicious cured pork products. 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After the fighting between the Dakota and the 223 00:13:43,200 --> 00:13:46,719 Speaker 1: US Army had ended, government forces captured a number of 224 00:13:46,800 --> 00:13:49,920 Speaker 1: dakotamens suspected of being involved and put them on trial. 225 00:13:50,559 --> 00:13:53,280 Speaker 1: These trials were speedy and they were heavily biased, with 226 00:13:53,440 --> 00:13:57,040 Speaker 1: nearly four hundred of them happening in only six weeks 227 00:13:57,360 --> 00:14:01,200 Speaker 1: and the accused having no legal representation. Three hundred three 228 00:14:01,240 --> 00:14:04,600 Speaker 1: men were sentenced to death and sixteen were sentenced to prison. 229 00:14:05,800 --> 00:14:09,800 Speaker 1: President Abraham Lincoln intervened to prevent all three hundred and 230 00:14:09,840 --> 00:14:14,160 Speaker 1: three from being summarily executed after Henry Whipple, the episcopal 231 00:14:14,160 --> 00:14:17,560 Speaker 1: Bishop of Minnesota, went to him to explain what had 232 00:14:17,640 --> 00:14:21,480 Speaker 1: led up to the violence. Lincoln recommended a punishment that 233 00:14:21,480 --> 00:14:25,080 Speaker 1: would deter further violence, but without quote so much severity 234 00:14:25,160 --> 00:14:28,960 Speaker 1: as to be real cruelty. He narrowed the execution order 235 00:14:29,000 --> 00:14:31,720 Speaker 1: to cover only two men who had been found guilty 236 00:14:31,720 --> 00:14:35,320 Speaker 1: of rape, plus thirty seven who had participated not just 237 00:14:35,400 --> 00:14:39,640 Speaker 1: in battles against military forces, but in the massacre of civilians. 238 00:14:40,760 --> 00:14:43,280 Speaker 1: One man was given a last minute reprieve and the 239 00:14:43,320 --> 00:14:46,280 Speaker 1: other thirty eight were executed in a public mass hanging 240 00:14:46,360 --> 00:14:50,960 Speaker 1: on December eighteen sixty two. This was the largest mass 241 00:14:51,040 --> 00:14:54,400 Speaker 1: execution in the United States history. All the bodies were 242 00:14:54,440 --> 00:14:56,760 Speaker 1: buried in a mass grave, but they were shortly dug 243 00:14:56,840 --> 00:15:00,360 Speaker 1: up to be used as medical cadavers. Two the men, 244 00:15:00,440 --> 00:15:03,000 Speaker 1: it was later discovered, were hanged in error, and one 245 00:15:03,040 --> 00:15:07,200 Speaker 1: of those was just a case of mistaken identity. The 246 00:15:07,280 --> 00:15:10,920 Speaker 1: following April, the condemned prisoners who had not been executed 247 00:15:10,920 --> 00:15:14,600 Speaker 1: were sent to a military prison in Davenport, Iowa, where 248 00:15:14,600 --> 00:15:17,560 Speaker 1: one and twenty of them died due to disease and 249 00:15:17,600 --> 00:15:21,960 Speaker 1: poor living conditions. President Andrew Johnson would order the release 250 00:15:21,960 --> 00:15:25,200 Speaker 1: of the survivors on March twenty two, eighteen sixty six, 251 00:15:25,720 --> 00:15:28,960 Speaker 1: after which point they were moved to a reservation in Nebraska. 252 00:15:30,480 --> 00:15:33,280 Speaker 1: But the consequences of the war were not just confined 253 00:15:33,320 --> 00:15:35,960 Speaker 1: to the men who had been found guilty of participating 254 00:15:36,040 --> 00:15:40,120 Speaker 1: in it. On November seven, eighteen sixty two, about one thousand, 255 00:15:40,160 --> 00:15:44,400 Speaker 1: seven hundred Dakota, most of them women, children, and elderly people, 256 00:15:44,800 --> 00:15:48,040 Speaker 1: were removed via forced march to Fort Snelling on the 257 00:15:48,040 --> 00:15:51,280 Speaker 1: Mississippi River. Along the way, they were attacked by a 258 00:15:51,280 --> 00:15:53,560 Speaker 1: mob of white settlers, where many of them were beaten 259 00:15:53,920 --> 00:15:57,480 Speaker 1: and one of the babies was killed. The surviving Dakota 260 00:15:57,520 --> 00:16:01,720 Speaker 1: were then held in internment camps. In February and March 261 00:16:01,760 --> 00:16:05,560 Speaker 1: of eighteen sixty three, Congress revoked all of the treaties 262 00:16:05,600 --> 00:16:08,360 Speaker 1: between the United States and the Dakota and passed the 263 00:16:08,440 --> 00:16:12,200 Speaker 1: Dakota Expulsion Act, which made it illegal for Dakota to 264 00:16:12,240 --> 00:16:15,480 Speaker 1: live in Minnesota. It wasn't the only expulsion act that 265 00:16:15,560 --> 00:16:19,280 Speaker 1: was passed at around this time. A Winnebago Removal Act 266 00:16:19,360 --> 00:16:22,960 Speaker 1: was also passed in February of eighteen sixty three. So 267 00:16:23,000 --> 00:16:26,720 Speaker 1: in May of eighteen sixty three, Minnesota's surviving Dakota, along 268 00:16:26,760 --> 00:16:29,200 Speaker 1: with about two thousand ho Chunk who had not been 269 00:16:29,280 --> 00:16:32,520 Speaker 1: part of this war at all, were forcibly expelled from 270 00:16:32,520 --> 00:16:35,960 Speaker 1: the state and moved west into Dakota Territory in what's 271 00:16:36,000 --> 00:16:40,359 Speaker 1: now South Dakota. The Dakota Expulsion Act has never been repealed. 272 00:16:41,960 --> 00:16:45,120 Speaker 1: The US government and local authorities were concerned that the 273 00:16:45,200 --> 00:16:49,560 Speaker 1: Dakota would retaliate, especially after some smaller raids and skirmishes 274 00:16:50,080 --> 00:16:53,760 Speaker 1: crossed back over the border into Minnesota, and in spite 275 00:16:53,760 --> 00:16:57,880 Speaker 1: of the executions, the expulsion from Minnesota, the internment camps, 276 00:16:57,920 --> 00:17:01,120 Speaker 1: and all of that, their worst people who had lost 277 00:17:01,160 --> 00:17:04,480 Speaker 1: family members in the Dakota War who wanted further revenge 278 00:17:04,480 --> 00:17:09,280 Speaker 1: and retribution. As a result, two different expeditions moved into 279 00:17:09,359 --> 00:17:13,119 Speaker 1: Dakota Territory in eighteen sixty three. One was led by 280 00:17:13,160 --> 00:17:17,280 Speaker 1: General Sibley, who crossed into Dakota Territory from Minnesota, and 281 00:17:17,320 --> 00:17:20,200 Speaker 1: the other was led by General Alfred Sully, who followed 282 00:17:20,240 --> 00:17:23,639 Speaker 1: the Missouri River up from the south. The plan was 283 00:17:23,680 --> 00:17:26,119 Speaker 1: for the two forces to catch the remaining Dakota in 284 00:17:26,160 --> 00:17:31,200 Speaker 1: a pincer from two different directions, but this plan did 285 00:17:31,200 --> 00:17:34,560 Speaker 1: not work out. Though the river was drier than normal, 286 00:17:34,600 --> 00:17:38,160 Speaker 1: which caused a delay in General Sully's riverboat journey northward. 287 00:17:38,800 --> 00:17:41,159 Speaker 1: By the time he got to the Upper Missouri area 288 00:17:41,240 --> 00:17:44,600 Speaker 1: in what's now North Dakota, General Sibley had already moved 289 00:17:44,640 --> 00:17:48,959 Speaker 1: through the area and then gone on. However, on September three, 290 00:17:49,000 --> 00:17:52,960 Speaker 1: eighteen sixty three, three men led by Colonel Albert E. House, 291 00:17:53,000 --> 00:17:55,879 Speaker 1: who were part of Silly's force, spotted un encampment of 292 00:17:55,960 --> 00:18:00,280 Speaker 1: Native Americans at white Stone Hill. This was a really large, 293 00:18:00,520 --> 00:18:04,840 Speaker 1: multi tribal gathering of people who were hunting, trading, celebrating, 294 00:18:04,880 --> 00:18:08,960 Speaker 1: and preparing for winter. They had about four hundred thousand 295 00:18:09,040 --> 00:18:12,359 Speaker 1: pounds of bison meat drawing on racks, and about half 296 00:18:12,400 --> 00:18:14,640 Speaker 1: of the men when he spotted them were away from 297 00:18:14,680 --> 00:18:18,280 Speaker 1: the encampment hunting. Although some of the people there were 298 00:18:18,320 --> 00:18:21,439 Speaker 1: refugees from the Dakota War, none of them had actually 299 00:18:21,440 --> 00:18:26,560 Speaker 1: participated in the fighting there. Instead, they were predominantly yank Tonay, 300 00:18:26,600 --> 00:18:31,000 Speaker 1: as well as hunk Papa Lakota and Seahasapa Lakoda, which 301 00:18:31,000 --> 00:18:34,119 Speaker 1: are also known as Blackfeet. Like the Dakota, all of 302 00:18:34,160 --> 00:18:38,520 Speaker 1: these are part of the Seven Council Fires. House centimetis 303 00:18:38,640 --> 00:18:42,200 Speaker 1: trader named Frank La from Wise and another man back 304 00:18:42,240 --> 00:18:45,800 Speaker 1: to Sally to get reinforcements. While they were gone, Household 305 00:18:45,840 --> 00:18:48,080 Speaker 1: the assembled camp that he wanted to talk, and he 306 00:18:48,160 --> 00:18:51,520 Speaker 1: asked them to surrender all of their chiefs. Although they 307 00:18:51,520 --> 00:18:54,000 Speaker 1: did offer to send some of the chiefs, they didn't 308 00:18:54,040 --> 00:18:57,200 Speaker 1: offer to send all of them, and House, not sure 309 00:18:57,240 --> 00:19:01,679 Speaker 1: whether these particularly these particular chief were actually important or not, 310 00:19:02,160 --> 00:19:07,520 Speaker 1: refused that offer. This led to about three hours of negotiations, 311 00:19:07,680 --> 00:19:11,080 Speaker 1: ending in a standoff. During all this time, many in 312 00:19:11,119 --> 00:19:14,399 Speaker 1: the encampment were packing up and preparing to leave. It 313 00:19:14,440 --> 00:19:16,680 Speaker 1: was towards the end of the gathering anyway, and it 314 00:19:16,760 --> 00:19:20,720 Speaker 1: just seemed safer to go. Preparations became even more hurried 315 00:19:20,880 --> 00:19:24,200 Speaker 1: when they spotted Sully and his force approaching from about 316 00:19:24,200 --> 00:19:27,960 Speaker 1: a mile away. When he got there, which was as 317 00:19:28,000 --> 00:19:31,320 Speaker 1: the sun was setting, Sully found House attempting to surround 318 00:19:31,359 --> 00:19:33,679 Speaker 1: the encampment, although he didn't really have enough men to 319 00:19:33,760 --> 00:19:37,200 Speaker 1: do it. Even though a man named Patanka or big Head, 320 00:19:37,320 --> 00:19:40,600 Speaker 1: was waving a white flag, Sully and his force charged 321 00:19:40,760 --> 00:19:43,359 Speaker 1: through the middle of the encampment. Most of the people 322 00:19:43,400 --> 00:19:45,960 Speaker 1: who were killed in this first charge were women, children, 323 00:19:45,960 --> 00:19:49,480 Speaker 1: and elderly men, and his companies split up and then 324 00:19:49,520 --> 00:19:52,840 Speaker 1: tried to surround the fleeing people, including many who were 325 00:19:52,880 --> 00:19:57,160 Speaker 1: trying to escape down a near a nearby ravine. Efforts 326 00:19:57,200 --> 00:20:00,639 Speaker 1: to cut off and encircle the fleeing people included cavalry 327 00:20:00,760 --> 00:20:04,720 Speaker 1: and artillery, and while some managed to scather in other directions, 328 00:20:05,200 --> 00:20:07,960 Speaker 1: many fled into a ravine that then became the scene 329 00:20:08,000 --> 00:20:11,880 Speaker 1: of a massacre. Estimates range from one hundred to four 330 00:20:11,960 --> 00:20:16,159 Speaker 1: hundred Native Americans killed and about one hundred and fifties surrendered. 331 00:20:17,480 --> 00:20:19,760 Speaker 1: Because it was dark by the time the shooting was over, 332 00:20:20,320 --> 00:20:24,000 Speaker 1: many who were wounded wound up being left untended. Overnight, 333 00:20:24,760 --> 00:20:27,800 Speaker 1: the U. S Army saw about twenty fatalities, many of 334 00:20:27,840 --> 00:20:33,000 Speaker 1: whom had been caught in crossfire. Then, under Sully's command, 335 00:20:33,200 --> 00:20:38,040 Speaker 1: the soldiers gathered up everything that was useful from the encampment, wagons, 336 00:20:38,560 --> 00:20:42,760 Speaker 1: food tools, tepees, and all of that drying bison meat, 337 00:20:43,080 --> 00:20:46,040 Speaker 1: and they set it on fire. In the words of 338 00:20:46,080 --> 00:20:51,240 Speaker 1: soldier Effie Caldwell quote, Sully ordered all the property destroyed, tepees, 339 00:20:51,280 --> 00:20:54,840 Speaker 1: buffalo skins, and all their things, including tons and tons 340 00:20:54,840 --> 00:20:58,760 Speaker 1: of dried buffalo meat and tallow. It was gathered in wagons, 341 00:20:58,800 --> 00:21:01,720 Speaker 1: piled in a hollow and burned and the melted tallow 342 00:21:01,840 --> 00:21:06,480 Speaker 1: ran down the valley into a stream. Hatchets, camp kettles, 343 00:21:06,520 --> 00:21:09,119 Speaker 1: and all things that would sink were thrown into a 344 00:21:09,200 --> 00:21:14,679 Speaker 1: small lake. This obviously left everyone who had been gathered 345 00:21:14,720 --> 00:21:17,640 Speaker 1: there completely destitute, and on the next day Silly sent 346 00:21:17,720 --> 00:21:21,560 Speaker 1: scouts to round up people who had escaped. He took 347 00:21:21,560 --> 00:21:23,960 Speaker 1: all the prisoners he found to Crow Creek, which is 348 00:21:24,119 --> 00:21:28,440 Speaker 1: essentially a pow camp turned into a reservation. Conditions at 349 00:21:28,440 --> 00:21:31,679 Speaker 1: Crow Creek were deplorable, with the primary source of food 350 00:21:31,720 --> 00:21:35,399 Speaker 1: being a max a mix of entrails, flour, beans, and 351 00:21:35,440 --> 00:21:39,200 Speaker 1: meat of questionable quality cooked together in a cottonwood vat, 352 00:21:39,320 --> 00:21:42,879 Speaker 1: which became known as cottonwood soup. A lot of people 353 00:21:42,960 --> 00:21:48,399 Speaker 1: died there from starvation and digestive diseases. On September five, 354 00:21:48,600 --> 00:21:52,280 Speaker 1: the fighting continued at Apple Creek, with the surviving Native 355 00:21:52,320 --> 00:21:55,320 Speaker 1: force pushing the U. S. Cavalry back until they could 356 00:21:55,359 --> 00:21:59,879 Speaker 1: cross the water, getting women and children to safety. Ongoing 357 00:22:00,000 --> 00:22:03,560 Speaker 1: skirmish has continued until July of eighteen sixty four, which 358 00:22:03,600 --> 00:22:06,920 Speaker 1: saw an incredibly similar encounter between the U. S. Army 359 00:22:07,000 --> 00:22:10,160 Speaker 1: under Sully and the Native American forces in the Killed 360 00:22:10,200 --> 00:22:14,160 Speaker 1: Deer Mountains. On July three, with the aid of artillery. 361 00:22:14,280 --> 00:22:16,920 Speaker 1: The army killed about a hundred Indigenous people and then 362 00:22:17,000 --> 00:22:20,399 Speaker 1: once again burned all of their food, equipment, and supplies. 363 00:22:22,240 --> 00:22:26,720 Speaker 1: Treaties signed in October of eighteen sixty five officially ended 364 00:22:26,720 --> 00:22:31,440 Speaker 1: the fighting. All of these events also eventually led into 365 00:22:31,480 --> 00:22:34,280 Speaker 1: the Treaty of Fort Laramie in eighteen sixty eight, which 366 00:22:34,280 --> 00:22:36,679 Speaker 1: we talked about in more detail in our podcasts on 367 00:22:36,720 --> 00:22:41,200 Speaker 1: Calamity Jane. That treaty established the Great Sioux Reservation, which 368 00:22:41,280 --> 00:22:44,800 Speaker 1: included territory known as the Black Hills, but after gold 369 00:22:44,840 --> 00:22:47,000 Speaker 1: was found in the Black Hills, the United States went 370 00:22:47,040 --> 00:22:50,080 Speaker 1: back on that agreement. This eventually went to the Supreme 371 00:22:50,119 --> 00:22:52,880 Speaker 1: Court in the United States versus Student Nation of Indians, 372 00:22:52,960 --> 00:22:55,840 Speaker 1: in which the court ordered that the United States financially 373 00:22:55,880 --> 00:22:59,600 Speaker 1: compensate the Student Nation, but the nation refused that payment, 374 00:22:59,680 --> 00:23:04,119 Speaker 1: saying what it wanted was the originally promised land. And 375 00:23:04,119 --> 00:23:06,960 Speaker 1: we're going to talk about how perspectives on this incident 376 00:23:07,160 --> 00:23:10,680 Speaker 1: changed over the next one years. But first we're gonna 377 00:23:10,680 --> 00:23:13,040 Speaker 1: take a little break and hear from one of our 378 00:23:13,040 --> 00:23:18,320 Speaker 1: fantastic sponsors. In some ways, we're all losers. I know 379 00:23:18,440 --> 00:23:21,679 Speaker 1: that's difficult to hear, but it's maybe not what you're thinking. 380 00:23:21,880 --> 00:23:23,680 Speaker 1: What I'm saying is that we all have a tendency 381 00:23:23,680 --> 00:23:27,679 Speaker 1: to misplace things. Newsweek reports the average American wastes fifty 382 00:23:27,720 --> 00:23:29,960 Speaker 1: five minutes a day looking for things that they own 383 00:23:30,040 --> 00:23:33,080 Speaker 1: but they cannot find. That's for sure, just scrabbling around. 384 00:23:33,880 --> 00:23:35,159 Speaker 1: I know, I do it all the time. I have 385 00:23:35,240 --> 00:23:39,200 Speaker 1: the key problem we've all discussed. Uh. 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Again, that's the Tracker dot Com promo code history. 404 00:24:34,720 --> 00:24:37,920 Speaker 1: In the immediate aftermath of the white Stone Hill massacre, 405 00:24:38,280 --> 00:24:40,639 Speaker 1: the U. S. Army's position was that it was an 406 00:24:40,680 --> 00:24:46,840 Speaker 1: important and decisive victory over the Dakota, which, as a reminder, 407 00:24:47,640 --> 00:24:51,560 Speaker 1: was not even the people who were really there. Sully 408 00:24:51,640 --> 00:24:54,520 Speaker 1: and his men were praised for their efforts, and in 409 00:24:54,600 --> 00:24:57,679 Speaker 1: Sally's word, quote it is to be regretted that I 410 00:24:57,720 --> 00:25:00,760 Speaker 1: could not have had an hour or two more of daylight, 411 00:25:01,160 --> 00:25:03,439 Speaker 1: for I feel sure if I had, I could have 412 00:25:03,440 --> 00:25:06,560 Speaker 1: annihilated the enemy as it was. I believe I can 413 00:25:06,600 --> 00:25:09,000 Speaker 1: safely say I gave them one of the most severe 414 00:25:09,160 --> 00:25:14,320 Speaker 1: punishments that the Indian have ever received. But in November 415 00:25:14,440 --> 00:25:17,879 Speaker 1: of eighteen sixty three, Sam Brown, who was working as 416 00:25:17,880 --> 00:25:20,840 Speaker 1: an interpreter at Crow Creek, wrote a letter to his 417 00:25:20,920 --> 00:25:24,280 Speaker 1: father in which he said, quote, I hope you will 418 00:25:24,280 --> 00:25:27,800 Speaker 1: not believe all that is said of Sully's successful expedition 419 00:25:27,920 --> 00:25:30,800 Speaker 1: against the Sioux. I don't think he ought to brag 420 00:25:30,800 --> 00:25:33,600 Speaker 1: of it at all, because it was what no decent 421 00:25:33,680 --> 00:25:37,000 Speaker 1: man would have done. He pitched into their camp and 422 00:25:37,080 --> 00:25:40,119 Speaker 1: just slaughtered them worse a great deal than what the 423 00:25:40,160 --> 00:25:43,680 Speaker 1: Indians did in eighteen sixty two. He killed very few 424 00:25:43,680 --> 00:25:47,520 Speaker 1: men and no hostile ones prisoners. And now he returned 425 00:25:47,600 --> 00:25:50,320 Speaker 1: saying that we need fear no more, for he has 426 00:25:50,359 --> 00:25:53,840 Speaker 1: wiped out all hostile Indians from Dakota. If he had 427 00:25:53,920 --> 00:25:56,880 Speaker 1: killed men instead of women and children, then it would 428 00:25:56,880 --> 00:25:59,800 Speaker 1: have been a success. And the worse of it, they 429 00:25:59,800 --> 00:26:04,320 Speaker 1: had no hostile intention whatever. The Nebraska second pitched into 430 00:26:04,359 --> 00:26:07,919 Speaker 1: them without orders, while the Iowa six were shaking hands 431 00:26:07,920 --> 00:26:11,120 Speaker 1: with them. On the other side, they even shot their 432 00:26:11,119 --> 00:26:15,840 Speaker 1: own men. Then, in nineteen fourteen or nineteen fifteen, a 433 00:26:15,920 --> 00:26:19,000 Speaker 1: man named Takes his Shield, who had survived the massacre, 434 00:26:19,320 --> 00:26:23,960 Speaker 1: directed Richard Cottonwood and creating a pictograph. This was the 435 00:26:24,000 --> 00:26:28,320 Speaker 1: first real documentation of the Native Americans perspective on what 436 00:26:28,400 --> 00:26:32,080 Speaker 1: had happened, although most interpretations of it today are based 437 00:26:32,119 --> 00:26:35,119 Speaker 1: on the writing of Reverend Aaron mcgaffee Bead, who was 438 00:26:35,160 --> 00:26:38,520 Speaker 1: an Episcopal missionary, which was done in nineteen thirty two. 439 00:26:39,080 --> 00:26:42,199 Speaker 1: Bead acknowledge that his ability to interpret it was not 440 00:26:42,440 --> 00:26:46,000 Speaker 1: nearly as robust as an actual member of the tribes 441 00:26:46,040 --> 00:26:49,520 Speaker 1: would be. The pictograph, which we will link to in 442 00:26:49,560 --> 00:26:53,000 Speaker 1: the show notes, depicts a large camp of two groups 443 00:26:53,040 --> 00:26:56,040 Speaker 1: of Sue, one who typically fought with spears and the 444 00:26:56,080 --> 00:26:59,520 Speaker 1: other who fought with arrows, all camped together in one 445 00:26:59,560 --> 00:27:03,600 Speaker 1: circle beside a small lake. Then a large army of 446 00:27:03,640 --> 00:27:08,040 Speaker 1: mounted soldiers sweeps through the camp. Most try to flee, 447 00:27:08,119 --> 00:27:11,000 Speaker 1: with a woman hitching a trevois to a horse and 448 00:27:11,200 --> 00:27:15,399 Speaker 1: using it to pull children away. The pictograph continues to 449 00:27:15,440 --> 00:27:18,760 Speaker 1: show the soldiers sweeping through and surrounding targets, who in 450 00:27:18,800 --> 00:27:21,080 Speaker 1: turn are not trying to fight back. They're trying to 451 00:27:21,160 --> 00:27:24,800 Speaker 1: flee and get women and children to safety. The pictograph 452 00:27:24,920 --> 00:27:28,040 Speaker 1: definitely shows the event as a massacre, not a battle, 453 00:27:28,240 --> 00:27:31,920 Speaker 1: with none of the indigenous people depicted as fighting. According 454 00:27:31,920 --> 00:27:35,199 Speaker 1: to Bede's interpretation, the pictograph only shows the portions of 455 00:27:35,240 --> 00:27:38,280 Speaker 1: the incident that happened in daylight, since after dark the 456 00:27:38,359 --> 00:27:43,200 Speaker 1: events could be heard and not seen. In more recent times, 457 00:27:43,520 --> 00:27:47,520 Speaker 1: La Donna Brave Bull Allered standing Rock Sue, tribal historian 458 00:27:47,680 --> 00:27:51,200 Speaker 1: whose land is home to the Sacred Stone Camp, protesting 459 00:27:51,240 --> 00:27:56,040 Speaker 1: the Dakota access Pipeline has researched, written, and spoken extensively 460 00:27:56,160 --> 00:27:58,640 Speaker 1: about the history of this battle and how it fits 461 00:27:58,680 --> 00:28:01,439 Speaker 1: into the greater history of the Standing Rock, Sue and 462 00:28:01,520 --> 00:28:05,040 Speaker 1: other divisions of the Sioux Nation. In a series of videos, 463 00:28:05,080 --> 00:28:08,280 Speaker 1: she notes that at least three quarters of Sully's expedition 464 00:28:08,640 --> 00:28:11,240 Speaker 1: were people who had family members who had been killed 465 00:28:11,240 --> 00:28:15,240 Speaker 1: in the Dakota Uprising, and we're seeking revenge. Another thing 466 00:28:15,240 --> 00:28:17,560 Speaker 1: that she notes is how much effort was put into 467 00:28:17,560 --> 00:28:20,720 Speaker 1: trying to get women and children to safety, tying them 468 00:28:20,760 --> 00:28:23,320 Speaker 1: to horses and dogs, and trying to get the animals 469 00:28:23,359 --> 00:28:26,480 Speaker 1: to simply flee the camp with them. Alert has descended 470 00:28:26,520 --> 00:28:29,320 Speaker 1: from Mary Big Moccasin, who was nine during the white 471 00:28:29,320 --> 00:28:31,800 Speaker 1: Stone Hill massacre and was shot in the leg or 472 00:28:31,920 --> 00:28:38,280 Speaker 1: hip but survived. Uh So, that's not the most fun 473 00:28:38,280 --> 00:28:42,920 Speaker 1: episode we've ever done. Well, I feel almost guilty, going, hey, 474 00:28:43,000 --> 00:28:46,160 Speaker 1: let's talk about listener mail. Well, and our listener mail 475 00:28:46,280 --> 00:28:49,000 Speaker 1: is also a little more on the serious side today. 476 00:28:49,840 --> 00:28:53,320 Speaker 1: It is from Samari. Tomari says, Dear Holly and Tracy, 477 00:28:53,400 --> 00:28:55,880 Speaker 1: my name's Tomari, and a as a keen stuff you 478 00:28:55,920 --> 00:28:58,800 Speaker 1: missed in history class, listener often thought about writing in 479 00:28:58,800 --> 00:29:01,120 Speaker 1: with episode suggestions in spite of the fact that you 480 00:29:01,120 --> 00:29:04,040 Speaker 1: have a long enough list as it is. But today 481 00:29:04,040 --> 00:29:07,000 Speaker 1: my letter takes a different note. I know this is 482 00:29:07,040 --> 00:29:09,320 Speaker 1: a dark time for anyone who believes in truth and 483 00:29:09,360 --> 00:29:12,960 Speaker 1: justice in the face of oppression, fear, and hatred. I 484 00:29:12,960 --> 00:29:15,680 Speaker 1: wanted to thank both of you for providing myself and 485 00:29:15,720 --> 00:29:19,640 Speaker 1: the other podcast listeners with knowledge and perspective on historical injustices. 486 00:29:21,200 --> 00:29:23,560 Speaker 1: If I hadn't heard your episodes about the Tulsa in 487 00:29:23,600 --> 00:29:26,960 Speaker 1: New Orleans race riots and the ongoing mistreatment of activists 488 00:29:26,960 --> 00:29:29,000 Speaker 1: who should have been seen as heroes in their time, 489 00:29:29,200 --> 00:29:32,560 Speaker 1: like Buyard Rustin and Sylvia Rivera, I doubt very much 490 00:29:32,600 --> 00:29:35,200 Speaker 1: I would have realized the strength and support people need 491 00:29:35,240 --> 00:29:39,960 Speaker 1: to overcome ignorance. The most acceptable story format of linear 492 00:29:40,000 --> 00:29:43,880 Speaker 1: progress good overcoming evil is not a simple reality. What 493 00:29:44,040 --> 00:29:46,560 Speaker 1: history has shown us is that every time humanity makes 494 00:29:46,600 --> 00:29:49,560 Speaker 1: a social achievement, it can also counter this change with 495 00:29:49,560 --> 00:29:52,440 Speaker 1: hateful backlash driven by what people are most afraid of. 496 00:29:53,320 --> 00:29:55,440 Speaker 1: Yet in the face of this, it is a dedication 497 00:29:55,640 --> 00:29:59,440 Speaker 1: to carrying on spreading truth and generating thought and empathy 498 00:29:59,520 --> 00:30:02,920 Speaker 1: for other humans, which will always triumph. Thank you for 499 00:30:03,000 --> 00:30:06,240 Speaker 1: making us stronger and wiser by the dedication you show 500 00:30:06,320 --> 00:30:08,920 Speaker 1: to the subjects of your podcast, and for always being 501 00:30:08,960 --> 00:30:12,040 Speaker 1: a beak, a bright beacon of education to show us 502 00:30:12,080 --> 00:30:16,080 Speaker 1: the way out of darkness. She she thanks us then, 503 00:30:16,240 --> 00:30:18,640 Speaker 1: and so she's always looking forward to our next episode, 504 00:30:19,440 --> 00:30:23,160 Speaker 1: and then suggests a couple of episode suggestions. So, first 505 00:30:23,160 --> 00:30:28,920 Speaker 1: of all, thank you, tomari I'm trying to pull myself 506 00:30:28,920 --> 00:30:31,800 Speaker 1: together to say that's one of the nicest things someone's 507 00:30:31,800 --> 00:30:35,880 Speaker 1: ever said to me. Me too, So Tomorrow sent us 508 00:30:35,880 --> 00:30:38,920 Speaker 1: this mail on a day I will candidly say, you 509 00:30:39,000 --> 00:30:42,520 Speaker 1: and I were both having a real hard time. So 510 00:30:42,600 --> 00:30:46,880 Speaker 1: thank you tomari Uh for sending us the kind of 511 00:30:46,880 --> 00:30:49,280 Speaker 1: message that that makes us feel like the work we 512 00:30:49,320 --> 00:30:52,000 Speaker 1: are doing is important. But the other reason that I 513 00:30:52,080 --> 00:30:56,040 Speaker 1: wanted to read this message today is to say candidly 514 00:30:56,200 --> 00:30:58,680 Speaker 1: something that we have been doing since Holly and I 515 00:30:58,760 --> 00:31:01,840 Speaker 1: came onto the show in two thousd in thirteen, which 516 00:31:01,840 --> 00:31:07,800 Speaker 1: we haven't really talked specifically about, which is selecting episodes 517 00:31:08,960 --> 00:31:12,640 Speaker 1: that are either tied to things that are specifically happening 518 00:31:12,720 --> 00:31:17,040 Speaker 1: right now, which today's episode obviously does, but also episodes 519 00:31:17,120 --> 00:31:22,520 Speaker 1: that shine more light onto the bigger arc of what's 520 00:31:22,560 --> 00:31:26,200 Speaker 1: happening in the world and especially in the United States, 521 00:31:26,280 --> 00:31:30,960 Speaker 1: which is where we live. The first time I think 522 00:31:31,000 --> 00:31:32,800 Speaker 1: we ever did that. We we came on the show 523 00:31:32,960 --> 00:31:37,160 Speaker 1: in March, and the first episode that that fit into 524 00:31:37,200 --> 00:31:40,760 Speaker 1: this was in April, so the following month when we 525 00:31:40,800 --> 00:31:44,280 Speaker 1: did our two part series on Loving versus Virginia, which 526 00:31:44,680 --> 00:31:48,680 Speaker 1: was a story about injustice and of overcoming injustice that 527 00:31:48,720 --> 00:31:51,520 Speaker 1: we talked about because it kept being cited as a 528 00:31:51,560 --> 00:31:58,640 Speaker 1: precedent in Supreme Court cases about same sex marriage. Um, 529 00:31:58,680 --> 00:32:01,920 Speaker 1: I just want to say, we are going to continue 530 00:32:01,960 --> 00:32:05,680 Speaker 1: to do episodes like this. We're going to continue to 531 00:32:05,800 --> 00:32:08,600 Speaker 1: talk about the things that shed light onto why the 532 00:32:08,600 --> 00:32:11,000 Speaker 1: world is the way it is and the things that 533 00:32:11,040 --> 00:32:13,880 Speaker 1: we as a nation are struggling with. We are still 534 00:32:13,920 --> 00:32:19,120 Speaker 1: gonna do weird, silly episodes like Margarine. Also, you know, 535 00:32:19,160 --> 00:32:21,440 Speaker 1: we will still have all of our unearthed episodes at 536 00:32:21,440 --> 00:32:23,600 Speaker 1: the end of the year. We will still have stuff 537 00:32:23,600 --> 00:32:26,400 Speaker 1: that we think is just goofy and cool. But we 538 00:32:26,440 --> 00:32:29,440 Speaker 1: are also definitely going to continue to talk about things 539 00:32:29,480 --> 00:32:34,640 Speaker 1: that are related to universal human rights that everyone deserves, uh, 540 00:32:34,680 --> 00:32:39,440 Speaker 1: and to the the idea that justice is important and 541 00:32:39,560 --> 00:32:42,840 Speaker 1: is something that the United States as a nation should 542 00:32:42,880 --> 00:32:47,480 Speaker 1: be standing for. So thank you again. So much tomorrow again, 543 00:32:47,520 --> 00:32:50,280 Speaker 1: this was uh some note we got on on a 544 00:32:50,320 --> 00:32:53,000 Speaker 1: real hard day and it made that real hard day 545 00:32:53,040 --> 00:32:55,560 Speaker 1: a little bit better. If you would like to write 546 00:32:55,600 --> 00:32:58,680 Speaker 1: to us about this or any other podcast, where a 547 00:32:58,720 --> 00:33:01,360 Speaker 1: history podcast at how stuff work dot com. We're also 548 00:33:01,360 --> 00:33:03,800 Speaker 1: on Facebook at Facebook dot com slash mss in history, 549 00:33:03,880 --> 00:33:06,280 Speaker 1: and we're on Twitter at miss in history. Are tumbler 550 00:33:06,280 --> 00:33:08,640 Speaker 1: because miss in history dot tumbler dot com. We're on 551 00:33:08,680 --> 00:33:11,080 Speaker 1: Pinterest at pinterest dot com slash miss in history and 552 00:33:11,240 --> 00:33:13,760 Speaker 1: Instagram at ms in history. You can come to our 553 00:33:13,800 --> 00:33:16,120 Speaker 1: parent companies website, which is how stuff works dot com 554 00:33:16,160 --> 00:33:18,920 Speaker 1: and learn about just about anything your heart desires. You 555 00:33:18,960 --> 00:33:21,720 Speaker 1: can come to our website missed in history dot com. 556 00:33:21,760 --> 00:33:23,680 Speaker 1: We will put a link to that pictograph in the 557 00:33:23,720 --> 00:33:26,680 Speaker 1: show notes all of our other research on this episode 558 00:33:26,680 --> 00:33:28,880 Speaker 1: in the show notes, Uh, there will, of course, and 559 00:33:28,960 --> 00:33:31,000 Speaker 1: the list of sources be the links to the videos 560 00:33:31,000 --> 00:33:32,560 Speaker 1: we were talking about toward the end all of that. 561 00:33:32,720 --> 00:33:34,479 Speaker 1: So you can do all that and a whole lot 562 00:33:34,520 --> 00:33:36,760 Speaker 1: more at how stuff works dot com or miss than 563 00:33:36,840 --> 00:33:44,040 Speaker 1: history dot com for more on this and thousands of 564 00:33:44,040 --> 00:33:58,600 Speaker 1: other topics. Is it how stuff works dot com.