1 00:00:01,280 --> 00:00:04,279 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,360 --> 00:00:13,560 Speaker 1: of I Heart Radio. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. 3 00:00:13,600 --> 00:00:16,960 Speaker 1: I'm Tracy V. Wilson and I'm Holly Fry. It is 4 00:00:17,040 --> 00:00:19,400 Speaker 1: time for Unearthed. If you are new to the show. 5 00:00:19,560 --> 00:00:21,840 Speaker 1: A few times a year, we look at things that 6 00:00:21,880 --> 00:00:25,880 Speaker 1: have been literally or figuratively unearthed over the last few months. 7 00:00:26,239 --> 00:00:32,360 Speaker 1: So today we're looking at January through March. UH, stuff 8 00:00:32,400 --> 00:00:36,440 Speaker 1: that crossed my radar. I had have this extensive list 9 00:00:36,479 --> 00:00:39,120 Speaker 1: of hundreds of bookmarks that I go through to UH 10 00:00:39,240 --> 00:00:43,480 Speaker 1: to prepare these. This time around, we have some updates. 11 00:00:43,760 --> 00:00:47,280 Speaker 1: We have a whole bunch of repatriations, some mummy stuff 12 00:00:47,320 --> 00:00:50,200 Speaker 1: and some Viking stuff and some animal stuff. There's lots 13 00:00:50,240 --> 00:00:55,760 Speaker 1: of like little bits of loosely related things. On Wednesday's 14 00:00:55,800 --> 00:00:58,240 Speaker 1: episode we'll have the edibles and potables and the books 15 00:00:58,240 --> 00:01:00,560 Speaker 1: and letters and the artwork. And you were thinking, what 16 00:01:00,640 --> 00:01:04,200 Speaker 1: about the exclamations. Exclamations are always such a big part 17 00:01:04,200 --> 00:01:07,200 Speaker 1: of these episodes. Um, we're in kind of a weird 18 00:01:07,240 --> 00:01:13,959 Speaker 1: exclamation dry spell. No exclamations for you. Yeah, that we 19 00:01:14,000 --> 00:01:16,160 Speaker 1: have an exclamation we're gonna be talking about this part 20 00:01:16,200 --> 00:01:18,920 Speaker 1: of an update. But a lot of the exhumations that 21 00:01:19,040 --> 00:01:23,520 Speaker 1: I have. I have Google alerts that are related to exhumations, 22 00:01:24,000 --> 00:01:25,280 Speaker 1: and a lot of the ones that I was hearing 23 00:01:25,319 --> 00:01:29,199 Speaker 1: about were about things like relatively recent cold cases where 24 00:01:29,200 --> 00:01:31,679 Speaker 1: people's families are just trying to get closure, and I'm like, 25 00:01:31,760 --> 00:01:34,080 Speaker 1: that's not really what we talked about. We're usually talking 26 00:01:34,080 --> 00:01:38,960 Speaker 1: about the exhumations of like notable historical people or things 27 00:01:39,040 --> 00:01:41,800 Speaker 1: that have to do with some kind of like major 28 00:01:41,880 --> 00:01:46,360 Speaker 1: historical event, not someone who lost a family member twenty 29 00:01:46,440 --> 00:01:49,480 Speaker 1: years ago and is still trying to uh find out 30 00:01:49,560 --> 00:01:52,240 Speaker 1: what happened. That's a little bit different tone than we 31 00:01:52,360 --> 00:01:55,560 Speaker 1: usually have with these. Uh So, if you're waiting for 32 00:01:55,600 --> 00:02:00,280 Speaker 1: the exhumations, that's that's where they are. They're nowhere in 33 00:02:00,360 --> 00:02:05,120 Speaker 1: the summer. Yeah, yeah, maybe maybe somebody will be proposing 34 00:02:05,160 --> 00:02:10,320 Speaker 1: that we exhume some you know, particularly flamboyant historical character. 35 00:02:10,440 --> 00:02:13,560 Speaker 1: Those are more fun to talk about anyway. One of 36 00:02:13,600 --> 00:02:17,200 Speaker 1: the biggest headlines this time around was definitely the discovery 37 00:02:17,200 --> 00:02:20,200 Speaker 1: of the wreckage of Shackleton's ship Endurance and the Wettal 38 00:02:20,280 --> 00:02:23,480 Speaker 1: Seat and Antarctica. We did a two parter on Shackleton 39 00:02:23,600 --> 00:02:25,760 Speaker 1: and the Endurance just a couple of weeks ago in 40 00:02:25,800 --> 00:02:27,960 Speaker 1: case you missed that one and are also listening to 41 00:02:28,000 --> 00:02:30,920 Speaker 1: this episode thinking what about Shackleton. That's where he is. 42 00:02:31,160 --> 00:02:35,200 Speaker 1: Already had two whole episodes. It was a Shackleton festival, 43 00:02:35,680 --> 00:02:38,920 Speaker 1: so we are going to start today with updates. The 44 00:02:39,000 --> 00:02:42,200 Speaker 1: one thing that got as much coverage as Shackleton's Endurance 45 00:02:42,280 --> 00:02:45,960 Speaker 1: was the Smithsonian Institution's announcement that it would be returning 46 00:02:46,120 --> 00:02:49,800 Speaker 1: most of the thirty nine Benin bronzes currently in its collection. 47 00:02:50,680 --> 00:02:53,160 Speaker 1: Most of these objects had come to the museum as 48 00:02:53,200 --> 00:02:56,639 Speaker 1: donations and were taken from Benin during the eight nine 49 00:02:56,800 --> 00:02:59,400 Speaker 1: seven raid that we discussed on the show on January 50 00:02:59,520 --> 00:03:03,080 Speaker 1: nineteen of this year. So there are still details that 51 00:03:03,120 --> 00:03:06,000 Speaker 1: need to be worked out with this, including confirming which 52 00:03:06,040 --> 00:03:09,399 Speaker 1: of the items and the Smithsonian's collections are definitely connected 53 00:03:09,440 --> 00:03:12,840 Speaker 1: to the raid. This also still needs to be approved 54 00:03:12,880 --> 00:03:15,640 Speaker 1: by the Smithsonian Board of Regents, and when this plan 55 00:03:15,760 --> 00:03:18,920 Speaker 1: was announced in March, they were expecting a final agreement 56 00:03:18,960 --> 00:03:22,160 Speaker 1: as early as April, so it's totally possible something will 57 00:03:22,200 --> 00:03:25,600 Speaker 1: have happened with that between when we have recorded this 58 00:03:25,720 --> 00:03:28,880 Speaker 1: and when that episode comes out. Regardless, though the Smithsonian 59 00:03:28,960 --> 00:03:31,200 Speaker 1: is one of the biggest cultural institutions in the world, 60 00:03:31,280 --> 00:03:34,520 Speaker 1: so they're making this commitment is a big deal. Also 61 00:03:34,680 --> 00:03:38,160 Speaker 1: in earlier installments of Unearth, we talked about two different 62 00:03:38,200 --> 00:03:41,920 Speaker 1: Benien bronzes that had been returned to Nigeria. One was 63 00:03:41,960 --> 00:03:44,640 Speaker 1: a depiction of an Oba returned by the University of 64 00:03:44,640 --> 00:03:47,760 Speaker 1: Aberdeen and the other was a Cockrell returned by the 65 00:03:47,840 --> 00:03:52,200 Speaker 1: University of Cambridge Jesus College. In February of this year, 66 00:03:52,240 --> 00:03:55,360 Speaker 1: the Nigerian government returned both of these objects to the 67 00:03:55,400 --> 00:03:59,640 Speaker 1: Bening Royal Palace. Moving on, on March twenty nine, President 68 00:03:59,720 --> 00:04:04,000 Speaker 1: Joe Haiden signed the Emmett Till Anti Lynching Act into law. 69 00:04:04,680 --> 00:04:08,000 Speaker 1: This law makes lynching a federal hate crime. So we 70 00:04:08,040 --> 00:04:12,160 Speaker 1: talked about Emmett Till in our August seventeen episode called 71 00:04:12,200 --> 00:04:14,800 Speaker 1: The Motherhood of Mamie Till Mobile, and we talked about 72 00:04:14,800 --> 00:04:18,440 Speaker 1: the fight for national anti lynching legislation in the US, 73 00:04:18,680 --> 00:04:21,600 Speaker 1: which went on for more than a century in our 74 00:04:21,720 --> 00:04:26,200 Speaker 1: June four, eighteen episode on Idoby Wells Barnett. At this 75 00:04:26,279 --> 00:04:30,400 Speaker 1: signing ceremony, Emmett's cousin, the Reverend Wheeler Parker, was present 76 00:04:30,520 --> 00:04:34,919 Speaker 1: as well as Wells Barnett's great granddaughter Michelle duster back in. 77 00:04:36,120 --> 00:04:39,920 Speaker 1: According to family lore, and attendee at the Women's National 78 00:04:39,960 --> 00:04:43,440 Speaker 1: Air Derby at the Cleveland Municipal Airport found a flying 79 00:04:43,480 --> 00:04:46,520 Speaker 1: helmet on the ground, one that appeared to belong to 80 00:04:46,640 --> 00:04:50,680 Speaker 1: third place derby winner Amelia Earhart, including having the name 81 00:04:50,880 --> 00:04:54,719 Speaker 1: a air Heart written on the inside. Rather than returning 82 00:04:54,760 --> 00:04:57,479 Speaker 1: it to its owner, this unnamed person gave it to 83 00:04:57,640 --> 00:05:01,080 Speaker 1: his crush, Ellie Brookhart, hope that it would impress her. 84 00:05:01,839 --> 00:05:04,520 Speaker 1: The helmet later wound up in a plastic bag in 85 00:05:04,560 --> 00:05:08,280 Speaker 1: Brookhart's closet, and eventually it was inherited by her son, 86 00:05:08,680 --> 00:05:12,560 Speaker 1: Anthony Twiggs. It apparently did not impress her enough for 87 00:05:12,600 --> 00:05:16,000 Speaker 1: her to remember what his name was telling this story later, 88 00:05:16,520 --> 00:05:18,719 Speaker 1: at least according to how this was passed down through 89 00:05:18,720 --> 00:05:22,120 Speaker 1: the family. So her heart lost her goggles at this 90 00:05:22,279 --> 00:05:25,800 Speaker 1: same event, and the goggles later wound up in the Smithsonian. 91 00:05:26,360 --> 00:05:28,720 Speaker 1: But when Twigs started to find a museum that might 92 00:05:28,760 --> 00:05:32,560 Speaker 1: be interested in the helmet, folks were generally pretty dismissive. 93 00:05:32,640 --> 00:05:36,200 Speaker 1: The only information he had for the helmets authenticity was 94 00:05:36,320 --> 00:05:39,720 Speaker 1: the story that his mother had told him. Then last 95 00:05:39,839 --> 00:05:43,000 Speaker 1: year he heard about objects that had been authenticated by 96 00:05:43,040 --> 00:05:46,880 Speaker 1: comparing them to photographs, so he took some pictures himself, 97 00:05:47,240 --> 00:05:50,680 Speaker 1: and those pictures appeared to match photos of air Heart 98 00:05:51,080 --> 00:05:55,279 Speaker 1: wearing the helmet after her flight across the Atlantic Ocean. 99 00:05:56,000 --> 00:05:59,000 Speaker 1: Twigs then contacted an auction house and was told that 100 00:05:59,040 --> 00:06:02,640 Speaker 1: he would need professor sational verification, so he contacted a 101 00:06:02,640 --> 00:06:07,240 Speaker 1: company called Resolution Photo Match, which matched the helmets, creases, puckers, 102 00:06:07,320 --> 00:06:11,040 Speaker 1: and where to photos of air Heart with Resolution Photo 103 00:06:11,040 --> 00:06:14,080 Speaker 1: Match vouching for its authenticity. The helmet was auctioned off 104 00:06:14,120 --> 00:06:18,240 Speaker 1: in February with an expected price of eighty thousand dollars. 105 00:06:18,880 --> 00:06:22,360 Speaker 1: It sold to an anonymous buyer for eight hundred twenty 106 00:06:22,400 --> 00:06:26,240 Speaker 1: five thousand dollars. Prior, hosts of the show covered air 107 00:06:26,279 --> 00:06:28,680 Speaker 1: hearts disappearance. That was an episode that came out on 108 00:06:28,760 --> 00:06:32,440 Speaker 1: June two thousand nine, and that was updated on July 109 00:06:34,760 --> 00:06:39,000 Speaker 1: next up. Investigators have recommended that the search for victims 110 00:06:39,040 --> 00:06:44,040 Speaker 1: of the race massacre and Tulsa, Oklahoma should continue. As 111 00:06:44,080 --> 00:06:48,039 Speaker 1: we've discussed in previous installments of Unearthed, Exhimations for this 112 00:06:48,160 --> 00:06:52,000 Speaker 1: took place in and twenty bodies were sent for more 113 00:06:52,080 --> 00:06:56,320 Speaker 1: detailed examination. A report that was submitted to the committee 114 00:06:56,320 --> 00:06:59,159 Speaker 1: that's been overseeing this work said that one of those 115 00:06:59,200 --> 00:07:02,800 Speaker 1: bodies showed evidence of at least three gunshot wounds. The 116 00:07:02,920 --> 00:07:08,080 Speaker 1: report also recommended some additional excavations at Oaklawn Cemetery and 117 00:07:08,279 --> 00:07:11,680 Speaker 1: scanning of other locations where bodies may have been buried. 118 00:07:12,160 --> 00:07:15,680 Speaker 1: According to reports and people's oral histories, our episode on 119 00:07:15,720 --> 00:07:19,120 Speaker 1: the Tulsa massacre was most recently a Saturday Classic on 120 00:07:19,200 --> 00:07:24,600 Speaker 1: MA and for our last update, according to a report 121 00:07:24,640 --> 00:07:29,480 Speaker 1: from Boston News, investigators are looking at a new lead 122 00:07:29,680 --> 00:07:33,720 Speaker 1: in the Gardener Museum heist. Jimmy Marks was shot outside 123 00:07:33,760 --> 00:07:38,760 Speaker 1: his home in Lynn, Massachusetts, on February in what was 124 00:07:38,800 --> 00:07:43,520 Speaker 1: described as a mob style hit, and recently someone sent 125 00:07:43,560 --> 00:07:47,040 Speaker 1: in a tip reporting that shortly before his death, Marks 126 00:07:47,080 --> 00:07:50,000 Speaker 1: had been bragging about having some of the stolen artwork. 127 00:07:50,560 --> 00:07:53,200 Speaker 1: So investigators have been trying to figure out whether there's 128 00:07:53,240 --> 00:07:57,680 Speaker 1: a connection between the heist and his unsolved murder. A 129 00:07:57,720 --> 00:08:00,760 Speaker 1: few things have emerged, like that Marks met with Bobby 130 00:08:00,760 --> 00:08:05,080 Speaker 1: Guaranty on the day of his death, and Guarante's widow 131 00:08:05,200 --> 00:08:09,200 Speaker 1: told investigators that he had passed several stolen pieces of 132 00:08:09,280 --> 00:08:13,360 Speaker 1: art to another man named Robert Genteel. At that point, 133 00:08:13,360 --> 00:08:16,520 Speaker 1: Guarante had been dead for six years and since then, 134 00:08:16,600 --> 00:08:20,720 Speaker 1: Gentile has also died. He passed away in It also 135 00:08:20,800 --> 00:08:24,520 Speaker 1: seems like those two men met with two other associates 136 00:08:24,600 --> 00:08:27,680 Speaker 1: not long after Marx's murder, but it's not totally clear 137 00:08:27,720 --> 00:08:29,840 Speaker 1: if there's a connection there. This is kind of a 138 00:08:29,840 --> 00:08:33,480 Speaker 1: complicated tangle of people, all of whom have died at 139 00:08:33,480 --> 00:08:36,240 Speaker 1: this point. Uh. We put out an update of Past 140 00:08:36,360 --> 00:08:40,960 Speaker 1: Hosts episode on the Gardener Museum heist on April, and 141 00:08:41,000 --> 00:08:43,200 Speaker 1: it has also come up on Unearthed a number of 142 00:08:43,240 --> 00:08:46,760 Speaker 1: times since then. Before we take a quick break, we 143 00:08:46,960 --> 00:08:49,920 Speaker 1: have a couple of coin hordes that were unusual enough 144 00:08:50,360 --> 00:08:54,439 Speaker 1: to get past our general prohibition on coin hords. It 145 00:08:54,559 --> 00:08:59,000 Speaker 1: passed the Tracy V. Wilson coin hord tests. First, a 146 00:08:59,120 --> 00:09:02,080 Speaker 1: badger has earth the horde of two thousand plus year 147 00:09:02,080 --> 00:09:06,160 Speaker 1: old coins in a cave in northwestern Spain. That's something 148 00:09:06,160 --> 00:09:08,360 Speaker 1: that happened in April of last year, but it made 149 00:09:08,360 --> 00:09:12,000 Speaker 1: headlines in January after a paper was published on the find. 150 00:09:12,080 --> 00:09:17,199 Speaker 1: In December of this badger dug up more than ninety coins, 151 00:09:17,320 --> 00:09:20,320 Speaker 1: and when a team investigated further, they found a total 152 00:09:20,320 --> 00:09:22,880 Speaker 1: of two hundred nine of them, dating back to between 153 00:09:22,960 --> 00:09:27,880 Speaker 1: two hundred and four hundred BC. This happens fairly often. 154 00:09:28,040 --> 00:09:31,079 Speaker 1: The first installment of unearthed during our time as hosts 155 00:09:31,080 --> 00:09:34,720 Speaker 1: included a twelve century sword and skeletal remains that were 156 00:09:34,800 --> 00:09:37,840 Speaker 1: dug up by a badger. And in we shared a 157 00:09:37,880 --> 00:09:41,160 Speaker 1: similar find and noted that burrowing animals are a huge 158 00:09:41,200 --> 00:09:43,920 Speaker 1: threat to archaeological finds in some parts of the world. 159 00:09:45,000 --> 00:09:48,240 Speaker 1: And lastly, before we take a break, a horde of 160 00:09:48,400 --> 00:09:51,920 Speaker 1: forty one coins was found in Germany, and these are 161 00:09:51,960 --> 00:09:57,120 Speaker 1: in a curved style whose name translates into rainbow cups. 162 00:09:57,600 --> 00:10:01,480 Speaker 1: It's a very long German word, and that I not 163 00:10:01,679 --> 00:10:05,360 Speaker 1: able to say myself. Um. The shape of these, though, 164 00:10:06,040 --> 00:10:09,960 Speaker 1: is almost the shape of a contact lens, but made 165 00:10:09,960 --> 00:10:12,439 Speaker 1: of gold and also bigger than a contact lens that 166 00:10:12,440 --> 00:10:15,840 Speaker 1: wouldn't really fit into your eye. Uh. Nineteen of them 167 00:10:15,880 --> 00:10:19,200 Speaker 1: are known as statters, which are about two centimeters across, 168 00:10:19,200 --> 00:10:21,240 Speaker 1: and the rest of them are quarter statters, which are 169 00:10:21,280 --> 00:10:25,120 Speaker 1: about one point four centimeters across. Um. These aren't stamped 170 00:10:25,120 --> 00:10:27,880 Speaker 1: with any kind of design either. They're just this like smooth, 171 00:10:28,880 --> 00:10:33,800 Speaker 1: slightly bull like gold coin. They don't look like what 172 00:10:33,840 --> 00:10:37,280 Speaker 1: you would probably think of when the word coin comes 173 00:10:37,320 --> 00:10:40,760 Speaker 1: to mind. And while you think of those, we will 174 00:10:40,800 --> 00:10:52,560 Speaker 1: pause for a sponsor break. I heard about a lot 175 00:10:52,679 --> 00:10:55,959 Speaker 1: of repatriations at the start of this year. First up 176 00:10:56,000 --> 00:11:00,480 Speaker 1: in January, US federal agents delivered two object x to 177 00:11:00,679 --> 00:11:04,760 Speaker 1: a representative at the Iraq Consulate in Los Angeles, California. 178 00:11:05,120 --> 00:11:09,040 Speaker 1: One of these items was a stone tablet covered in cuneiform, 179 00:11:09,080 --> 00:11:11,600 Speaker 1: and the other was a prism that was used as 180 00:11:11,600 --> 00:11:15,040 Speaker 1: a teaching tool to help children learn uniform, which I 181 00:11:15,120 --> 00:11:18,320 Speaker 1: think that sounds really cool. Both of these items are 182 00:11:18,360 --> 00:11:22,040 Speaker 1: believed to have been about four thousand years old. Somebody 183 00:11:22,080 --> 00:11:24,719 Speaker 1: had tried to buy the tablet online and that had 184 00:11:24,760 --> 00:11:27,800 Speaker 1: caught the eye of investigators, and the prism had been 185 00:11:27,840 --> 00:11:31,720 Speaker 1: held in a private gallery in l A. In both cases, 186 00:11:31,760 --> 00:11:35,680 Speaker 1: it's not totally clear how the objects were removed from Iraq, 187 00:11:35,800 --> 00:11:39,040 Speaker 1: but all the available evidence suggests that that was not 188 00:11:39,120 --> 00:11:43,800 Speaker 1: done legally. In other repatriations to Iraq, three hundred thirty 189 00:11:43,800 --> 00:11:47,040 Speaker 1: seven artifacts were returned from Lebanon to Iraq at a 190 00:11:47,080 --> 00:11:50,800 Speaker 1: ceremony at the National Museum of Beirut. These items had 191 00:11:50,800 --> 00:11:54,040 Speaker 1: been in a private institution called the Naboo Museum, which 192 00:11:54,120 --> 00:11:57,720 Speaker 1: was founded by businessman Jawad Adra and his wife, former 193 00:11:57,760 --> 00:12:02,120 Speaker 1: Defense Minister Zina A. Car. The museum's holdings included two 194 00:12:02,160 --> 00:12:05,800 Speaker 1: thousand items from the couple's personal collection, although they have 195 00:12:05,920 --> 00:12:09,080 Speaker 1: maintained they were not involved in any kind of international 196 00:12:09,120 --> 00:12:13,400 Speaker 1: trafficking when they built that collection. They returned items included 197 00:12:13,559 --> 00:12:16,280 Speaker 1: cuneiform tablets and other objects that were taken from the 198 00:12:16,320 --> 00:12:20,160 Speaker 1: same general area as the artifacts that craft store retailer 199 00:12:20,200 --> 00:12:23,559 Speaker 1: Hobby Lobby returned to Iraq. It's a region that became 200 00:12:23,640 --> 00:12:27,000 Speaker 1: a frequent target for smugglers after the US invaded Iraq 201 00:12:27,360 --> 00:12:31,760 Speaker 1: in two thousand three. Next, the United States has returned 202 00:12:31,880 --> 00:12:36,760 Speaker 1: two pieces of artwork to Libya. These are Veiled Head 203 00:12:36,800 --> 00:12:40,480 Speaker 1: of a Lady and Bust of a Bearded Man. Both 204 00:12:40,559 --> 00:12:43,440 Speaker 1: of them were looted from the ancient city of Cyrene, 205 00:12:43,760 --> 00:12:46,560 Speaker 1: and this area as a UNESCO World Heritage Site that 206 00:12:46,640 --> 00:12:50,520 Speaker 1: faced heavy looting in the nineteen eighties and nineties. Veiled 207 00:12:50,520 --> 00:12:52,760 Speaker 1: Head of a Lady dates back to the fourth century 208 00:12:52,800 --> 00:12:56,240 Speaker 1: BC and had been on display at the Metropolitan Museum 209 00:12:56,280 --> 00:12:59,760 Speaker 1: of Art since it had been loaned to the met 210 00:12:59,760 --> 00:13:03,400 Speaker 1: by someone who at this point remains anonymous. Bust of 211 00:13:03,440 --> 00:13:05,720 Speaker 1: a bearded Man dates back to some time between the 212 00:13:05,800 --> 00:13:09,600 Speaker 1: second and fourth century BC. It had been passing from 213 00:13:09,640 --> 00:13:12,880 Speaker 1: person to person on the art market before it was seized. 214 00:13:13,800 --> 00:13:16,840 Speaker 1: Veiled head of a lady is really beautiful, Yes it 215 00:13:16,960 --> 00:13:22,080 Speaker 1: is uh. Moving on to Dutch citizens have returned seventeen 216 00:13:22,160 --> 00:13:27,000 Speaker 1: pre Columbian artifacts to Mexico. These items were between five 217 00:13:27,120 --> 00:13:30,120 Speaker 1: hundred and sixteen hundred years old, and they were returned 218 00:13:30,120 --> 00:13:33,160 Speaker 1: at a ceremony at the Mexican embassy in the Netherlands. 219 00:13:33,960 --> 00:13:36,760 Speaker 1: Not totally clear how the two acquired the pieces that 220 00:13:36,800 --> 00:13:41,000 Speaker 1: they returned. The United States returned an assortment of items 221 00:13:41,000 --> 00:13:43,480 Speaker 1: to France at a ceremony at the residence of French 222 00:13:43,520 --> 00:13:48,080 Speaker 1: ambassador Philippe et Yenne. This included five gold ingots from 223 00:13:48,120 --> 00:13:50,199 Speaker 1: the wreck of the Prince de Conti, which had been 224 00:13:50,240 --> 00:13:54,640 Speaker 1: offered up for auction in California in tween The ship 225 00:13:54,760 --> 00:13:58,120 Speaker 1: sank in seventeen forty six, and it was badly looted 226 00:13:58,160 --> 00:14:01,280 Speaker 1: after a teacher found archai of old documents that mentioned 227 00:14:01,280 --> 00:14:05,480 Speaker 1: its location in nineteen seventy five. There was also a 228 00:14:05,520 --> 00:14:08,640 Speaker 1: gold coin from a horde known as the Treasure of Lava, 229 00:14:08,920 --> 00:14:12,320 Speaker 1: which was found on the island of Corsica in and 230 00:14:12,400 --> 00:14:16,959 Speaker 1: was sold off without permission, and a skull taken from 231 00:14:16,960 --> 00:14:20,640 Speaker 1: the ossuary in the Paris Catacombs. That one was taken 232 00:14:20,680 --> 00:14:25,400 Speaker 1: from an antiquities dealer in This was just the most 233 00:14:25,480 --> 00:14:30,920 Speaker 1: to me random assortment that one uh, including the skull. 234 00:14:31,320 --> 00:14:33,760 Speaker 1: Here's some stuff you left at all of our houses, 235 00:14:33,840 --> 00:14:37,800 Speaker 1: excepting these things that people took from your house. The 236 00:14:37,920 --> 00:14:40,480 Speaker 1: Reuben Museum of Art in New York City is a 237 00:14:40,600 --> 00:14:44,200 Speaker 1: museum that's largely focused on artwork from Tibets as well 238 00:14:44,240 --> 00:14:48,000 Speaker 1: as from surrounding parts of Asia, and in January, the 239 00:14:48,080 --> 00:14:52,120 Speaker 1: museum agreed to return a pair of wooden carvings to Nepal. 240 00:14:52,720 --> 00:14:56,760 Speaker 1: The Nepal Heritage Recovery Campaign had informed the museum these 241 00:14:56,800 --> 00:14:59,960 Speaker 1: carvings might have been stolen, and then the museum agreed 242 00:15:00,040 --> 00:15:02,800 Speaker 1: to return them after confirming that yes, that was the case. 243 00:15:03,600 --> 00:15:06,560 Speaker 1: One piece was part of a gateway arch at a 244 00:15:06,640 --> 00:15:09,720 Speaker 1: temple complex and it was carved in the seventeenth century, 245 00:15:10,080 --> 00:15:13,920 Speaker 1: and the other was a fourteenth century window decoration from 246 00:15:13,920 --> 00:15:18,160 Speaker 1: a monastery. The museum had acquired these pieces at two 247 00:15:18,200 --> 00:15:21,320 Speaker 1: different private sales, and they're expected to be returned to 248 00:15:21,440 --> 00:15:25,640 Speaker 1: Nepal by May of this year. Several pieces of artwork 249 00:15:25,680 --> 00:15:28,640 Speaker 1: that were looted by Nazis or forcibly sold under the 250 00:15:28,720 --> 00:15:31,880 Speaker 1: Nazi regime have been returned or our plan to be 251 00:15:31,960 --> 00:15:36,520 Speaker 1: returned to their rightful owners or their descendants. In January 252 00:15:36,520 --> 00:15:40,000 Speaker 1: and February, the French National Assembly and Senate each approved 253 00:15:40,000 --> 00:15:43,120 Speaker 1: a plan to return fifteen works of art, twelve of 254 00:15:43,120 --> 00:15:45,120 Speaker 1: which had been held in the collection of the Louver. 255 00:15:45,920 --> 00:15:49,080 Speaker 1: One of the other pieces, Gustav Clim's rose Bushes under 256 00:15:49,120 --> 00:15:51,360 Speaker 1: the Trees, has been in the collection of the muse 257 00:15:51,600 --> 00:15:54,600 Speaker 1: d'Orsay and is the only one of Clim's work that 258 00:15:54,680 --> 00:15:58,800 Speaker 1: has been in France's national collections. Although the French government 259 00:15:58,880 --> 00:16:00,800 Speaker 1: set up a special unit it to try to track 260 00:16:00,840 --> 00:16:03,880 Speaker 1: down the rightful owners of such artworks, there is still 261 00:16:03,960 --> 00:16:07,920 Speaker 1: a long way to go, and estimated two hundred looted 262 00:16:07,920 --> 00:16:10,840 Speaker 1: works are currently being held by the French state, and 263 00:16:10,920 --> 00:16:14,520 Speaker 1: an estimated one hundred thousand were seized or forcibly sold 264 00:16:14,520 --> 00:16:19,120 Speaker 1: in France under the Vichy government. In February, the Royal 265 00:16:19,200 --> 00:16:22,720 Speaker 1: Museums of Fine Arts in Brussels also returned a nineteen 266 00:16:22,800 --> 00:16:26,760 Speaker 1: thirteen still life to the great grandchildren of Gustave and 267 00:16:26,840 --> 00:16:29,840 Speaker 1: Emma Mayor, which was a German Jewish couple who had 268 00:16:29,840 --> 00:16:33,840 Speaker 1: fled from Germany in nineteen thirty eight. This painting is 269 00:16:33,960 --> 00:16:37,760 Speaker 1: a still life by Levis Corinth called Flowers, and it 270 00:16:37,800 --> 00:16:39,800 Speaker 1: had been given to the museum in nineteen fifty one 271 00:16:39,840 --> 00:16:42,680 Speaker 1: because at that point its owners could not be found. 272 00:16:42,760 --> 00:16:46,280 Speaker 1: Now that they have been, it's being returned. Next, the 273 00:16:46,320 --> 00:16:49,360 Speaker 1: city of Seattle is returning about two hundred seventy stone 274 00:16:49,360 --> 00:16:52,880 Speaker 1: objects to the Upper Scatchet Indian tribe. These were on 275 00:16:52,960 --> 00:16:56,520 Speaker 1: earth during the renovation of gorge In, which was the 276 00:16:56,560 --> 00:17:00,120 Speaker 1: dining hall of a company town called New Halem. The 277 00:17:00,160 --> 00:17:02,080 Speaker 1: town had been built on the site of an Upper 278 00:17:02,120 --> 00:17:05,520 Speaker 1: Skaduet village to house workers during damn construction in the 279 00:17:05,520 --> 00:17:10,120 Speaker 1: early twentieth century. The items being returned are mostly tools 280 00:17:10,160 --> 00:17:14,199 Speaker 1: and projectile points. This process has involved a lot of 281 00:17:14,240 --> 00:17:18,199 Speaker 1: research to confirm the objects origins, since multiple tribes and 282 00:17:18,320 --> 00:17:21,760 Speaker 1: nations all had a presence in this same area during 283 00:17:21,760 --> 00:17:26,560 Speaker 1: the period when these objects were used. Chile's National Museum 284 00:17:26,560 --> 00:17:29,720 Speaker 1: of Natural History has announced that it will return a 285 00:17:29,840 --> 00:17:33,000 Speaker 1: Moi and its collection to Rapa Nui, also known as 286 00:17:33,040 --> 00:17:37,720 Speaker 1: Easter Island. The Chilean Navy brought this statue from the 287 00:17:37,840 --> 00:17:41,399 Speaker 1: island to Chile in eighteen seventy and it was placed 288 00:17:41,440 --> 00:17:44,800 Speaker 1: on display in the museum eight years later. The Rapa 289 00:17:44,840 --> 00:17:48,000 Speaker 1: Nui people have been asking for the return of the 290 00:17:48,080 --> 00:17:51,040 Speaker 1: moi and other cultural items that are in the museum 291 00:17:51,040 --> 00:17:54,120 Speaker 1: for years, as well as for similar items and other 292 00:17:54,200 --> 00:17:57,439 Speaker 1: museums to be returned. The plan right now is for 293 00:17:57,480 --> 00:18:00,160 Speaker 1: this moi to be displayed at the Father Sebastia, An 294 00:18:00,160 --> 00:18:03,320 Speaker 1: England Anthropological Museum once it is back on the island. 295 00:18:04,040 --> 00:18:07,119 Speaker 1: And on a slightly different note, before we take another break, 296 00:18:07,480 --> 00:18:11,240 Speaker 1: about thirty years ago, a pre Columbian statue was removed 297 00:18:11,320 --> 00:18:15,240 Speaker 1: during construction work in the Mexican city of Tacambro. It 298 00:18:15,280 --> 00:18:18,159 Speaker 1: became known as the Coyote Man of Tacambaro and wound 299 00:18:18,240 --> 00:18:21,880 Speaker 1: up in a private collection in Mexico, but under Mexican 300 00:18:21,960 --> 00:18:25,120 Speaker 1: federal law it is an object of national cultural property 301 00:18:25,160 --> 00:18:29,159 Speaker 1: and should be protected and preserved. In January, the National 302 00:18:29,200 --> 00:18:33,160 Speaker 1: Institute for Anthropology and History or i n a H 303 00:18:33,200 --> 00:18:36,200 Speaker 1: recovered the statue and it is currently at an iron 304 00:18:36,200 --> 00:18:41,240 Speaker 1: age facility for conservation. Once it has been conserved and repaired, 305 00:18:41,280 --> 00:18:43,520 Speaker 1: the plan is to place it in the Tacambaro City 306 00:18:43,520 --> 00:18:47,879 Speaker 1: Council's Community Museum. We're gonna take a quick break and 307 00:18:47,880 --> 00:19:00,720 Speaker 1: then come back with some astronomical stuff. To close out 308 00:19:00,760 --> 00:19:03,359 Speaker 1: today's episode, we have a few finds and each of 309 00:19:03,400 --> 00:19:05,639 Speaker 1: a few different categories, and we're going to start with 310 00:19:05,720 --> 00:19:12,200 Speaker 1: some astronomical stuff. The island of Mottia or also called Motia, 311 00:19:12,240 --> 00:19:14,879 Speaker 1: off the western coast of Sicily, is home to a 312 00:19:16,040 --> 00:19:19,840 Speaker 1: year old artificial lake. It's a bit larger than an 313 00:19:20,040 --> 00:19:23,359 Speaker 1: Olympic size swimming pool in terms of its length and width. 314 00:19:24,160 --> 00:19:27,119 Speaker 1: It has long been believed to have served as maybe 315 00:19:27,119 --> 00:19:30,920 Speaker 1: an inner harbor or a dry dock for people who 316 00:19:30,920 --> 00:19:34,800 Speaker 1: are working on Phoenician ships, but according to research that 317 00:19:34,880 --> 00:19:38,000 Speaker 1: was published in the journal Antiquity in March, it may 318 00:19:38,000 --> 00:19:41,280 Speaker 1: have had a completely different purpose, which is that it 319 00:19:41,320 --> 00:19:44,920 Speaker 1: may have been a sacred reflecting pool that was used 320 00:19:44,960 --> 00:19:49,560 Speaker 1: to make astronomical observations at night. There are three temples 321 00:19:49,720 --> 00:19:53,600 Speaker 1: arranged around the pool, which were aligned with specific astronomical 322 00:19:53,640 --> 00:19:57,359 Speaker 1: bodies at particular times of the year, like the summer solstice. 323 00:19:57,800 --> 00:20:01,240 Speaker 1: A statue of an Egyptian god associate with astronomy has 324 00:20:01,240 --> 00:20:03,639 Speaker 1: been found in one corner of the pool, and an 325 00:20:03,680 --> 00:20:07,280 Speaker 1: astronomical pointer was found in one of the temples. Both 326 00:20:07,320 --> 00:20:10,000 Speaker 1: of those things have been cited as supporting the idea 327 00:20:10,119 --> 00:20:13,600 Speaker 1: that this was a sacred reflecting pool. People could have 328 00:20:13,680 --> 00:20:16,800 Speaker 1: used polls to measure and chart the positions of different 329 00:20:16,840 --> 00:20:21,360 Speaker 1: celestial bodies at night and for our other astronomical tidbit. 330 00:20:21,800 --> 00:20:25,880 Speaker 1: According to research published in the journal Scientific Reports, an 331 00:20:26,000 --> 00:20:29,800 Speaker 1: air blast caused by debris from a comet may have 332 00:20:29,920 --> 00:20:33,840 Speaker 1: contributed to the decline of the Hopewell culture that was 333 00:20:33,880 --> 00:20:37,159 Speaker 1: an indigenous North American culture from the eastern part of 334 00:20:37,200 --> 00:20:41,240 Speaker 1: the continent. There's evidence of a series of fires that 335 00:20:41,280 --> 00:20:44,200 Speaker 1: took place between the years two fifty two and three 336 00:20:44,320 --> 00:20:50,160 Speaker 1: eighty three. Those fires aligned with Chinese observations of more 337 00:20:50,200 --> 00:20:53,760 Speaker 1: than sixty near earth comets that happened around the same time. 338 00:20:54,359 --> 00:20:57,520 Speaker 1: Lead author Kennis tankers Lee is an enrolled member of 339 00:20:57,560 --> 00:21:00,639 Speaker 1: the Piqua Tribe and Alabama and the pay Bird notes 340 00:21:00,680 --> 00:21:05,200 Speaker 1: that multiple indigenous nations have oral histories that may also 341 00:21:05,280 --> 00:21:09,480 Speaker 1: be references to this event. Other evidence for the comets 342 00:21:09,520 --> 00:21:12,720 Speaker 1: and the air blast includes a comet shaped earthwork near 343 00:21:12,720 --> 00:21:15,440 Speaker 1: what would have been the epicenter of the blast, as 344 00:21:15,440 --> 00:21:19,040 Speaker 1: well as meteorite fragments and other debris, and multiple archaeological 345 00:21:19,119 --> 00:21:23,199 Speaker 1: sites around the Ohio River Valley. Moving on, we have 346 00:21:23,240 --> 00:21:27,879 Speaker 1: a couple of surgical finds in a skull was found 347 00:21:27,960 --> 00:21:32,520 Speaker 1: in a funerary chamber in northwestern Spain. An analysis of 348 00:21:32,560 --> 00:21:37,880 Speaker 1: that skull has revealed evidence of the earliest known ear surgery. 349 00:21:38,359 --> 00:21:41,679 Speaker 1: The skull was dated to about five thousand, three hundred 350 00:21:41,800 --> 00:21:44,280 Speaker 1: years ago and it belonged to someone who was between 351 00:21:44,280 --> 00:21:46,600 Speaker 1: the ages of thirty five and fifty at the time 352 00:21:46,640 --> 00:21:51,200 Speaker 1: of their death, and holes had been bored through both 353 00:21:51,480 --> 00:21:54,920 Speaker 1: sides of the skull, possibly to try to treat an 354 00:21:54,920 --> 00:21:58,400 Speaker 1: ear problem that involved both of the patient's ears. There's 355 00:21:58,440 --> 00:22:02,840 Speaker 1: also evidence of bone regrowth around these board spots, and 356 00:22:02,840 --> 00:22:05,719 Speaker 1: that suggests that the person lived for at least a 357 00:22:05,760 --> 00:22:09,760 Speaker 1: few months after this surgery was conducted. And our other 358 00:22:09,840 --> 00:22:14,040 Speaker 1: surgical find, a thousand year old funeral bundle in Peru 359 00:22:14,240 --> 00:22:18,000 Speaker 1: has been discovered to contain a surgical kit, the oldest 360 00:22:18,000 --> 00:22:22,400 Speaker 1: one ever found in northern Peru. It contained needles, alls, 361 00:22:22,480 --> 00:22:26,359 Speaker 1: and about fifty different knives. The bundle also contained a 362 00:22:26,400 --> 00:22:29,800 Speaker 1: ceremonial knife called it to Me, and a metal plan shet. 363 00:22:30,520 --> 00:22:33,640 Speaker 1: Two frontal bones found with the kit also show evidence 364 00:22:33,640 --> 00:22:37,960 Speaker 1: of having been cut using Trepi nation techniques. Now we 365 00:22:38,000 --> 00:22:42,399 Speaker 1: have a couple of things related some mummies and mummification. First, 366 00:22:42,560 --> 00:22:46,760 Speaker 1: researchers in Egypt have used X rays and computerized tomography 367 00:22:46,840 --> 00:22:50,919 Speaker 1: or CT scanning to digitally unwrapped the mummy of amand Hotel, 368 00:22:51,040 --> 00:22:54,879 Speaker 1: the First, who ruled Egypt from f to fIF oh 369 00:22:54,960 --> 00:23:01,399 Speaker 1: four BC. Although many royal mummies were physically unwrapped decades ago, 370 00:23:01,680 --> 00:23:04,960 Speaker 1: Egypt's director of antiquities at the time left this one 371 00:23:05,160 --> 00:23:08,560 Speaker 1: as it was back in the nineteenth century. Part of 372 00:23:08,560 --> 00:23:11,080 Speaker 1: the reason for that decision was the wrappings were in 373 00:23:11,200 --> 00:23:14,800 Speaker 1: particularly good condition, and the mummy also featured a face 374 00:23:14,920 --> 00:23:18,680 Speaker 1: mask that's described as exquisite, so at a time when 375 00:23:18,680 --> 00:23:20,960 Speaker 1: there was a lot of unwrapping going on, this one 376 00:23:21,560 --> 00:23:25,880 Speaker 1: remained untouched. The team used CT scans to make two 377 00:23:26,000 --> 00:23:28,679 Speaker 1: D and three D images of the wrappings, the mask, 378 00:23:28,840 --> 00:23:32,119 Speaker 1: and what was underneath. They confirmed that Amen Hotep the 379 00:23:32,160 --> 00:23:34,920 Speaker 1: First was about thirty five when he died, but they 380 00:23:34,920 --> 00:23:38,400 Speaker 1: weren't really able to determine a cause of death. They 381 00:23:38,440 --> 00:23:41,359 Speaker 1: were able to get really clear images of the face, 382 00:23:41,600 --> 00:23:45,440 Speaker 1: confirmation that the brain had not been removed, and images 383 00:23:45,480 --> 00:23:48,840 Speaker 1: of an amulet overlaying the heart. There are also about 384 00:23:48,880 --> 00:23:52,639 Speaker 1: thirty pieces of jewelry as part of the mummy. Although 385 00:23:52,680 --> 00:23:56,640 Speaker 1: I'm in Hotep the first ruled during Egypt's eighteenth dynasty. 386 00:23:56,680 --> 00:24:01,240 Speaker 1: This mummy was reburied during the dynasty to protect it 387 00:24:01,280 --> 00:24:06,280 Speaker 1: from grave robbers. This process included unwrapping and re wrapping 388 00:24:06,280 --> 00:24:09,920 Speaker 1: the body to address some damage that had previously been 389 00:24:09,920 --> 00:24:14,160 Speaker 1: inflicted by looters. The team found some evidence of multiple 390 00:24:14,280 --> 00:24:17,119 Speaker 1: repairs to the body that were made during this process, and, 391 00:24:17,160 --> 00:24:20,840 Speaker 1: in the words of the authors, quote this study may 392 00:24:20,880 --> 00:24:23,520 Speaker 1: make us gain confidence in the good will of the 393 00:24:23,600 --> 00:24:26,880 Speaker 1: reburial project of the royal mummies by the twenty one 394 00:24:27,080 --> 00:24:32,000 Speaker 1: dynasty priests. Archaeologists have also nared the largest cache of 395 00:24:32,040 --> 00:24:36,040 Speaker 1: embalming supplies ever found in Egypt. This find is from 396 00:24:36,080 --> 00:24:39,760 Speaker 1: the Abs Archaeological Site, and it contains three hundred seventy 397 00:24:39,800 --> 00:24:44,200 Speaker 1: pottery jars, many of which contained residues from embalming materials 398 00:24:44,320 --> 00:24:47,840 Speaker 1: or tools and utensils that were used in the process. 399 00:24:47,880 --> 00:24:51,479 Speaker 1: These objects were found in fourteen separate clusters, with between 400 00:24:51,600 --> 00:24:55,600 Speaker 1: seven and fifty two vessels in each of those clusters. 401 00:24:55,800 --> 00:25:00,320 Speaker 1: The uppermost cluster included four limestone canopic jars which had 402 00:25:00,320 --> 00:25:05,560 Speaker 1: been inscribed but not used. Next, we've got some Viking fines. 403 00:25:06,240 --> 00:25:09,879 Speaker 1: One of the most gruesome pieces of Viking lore is 404 00:25:09,880 --> 00:25:14,159 Speaker 1: a bloody ritual torture method called the blood eagle. The 405 00:25:14,200 --> 00:25:17,920 Speaker 1: blood eagle appears in several North sagas, but there's been 406 00:25:17,960 --> 00:25:20,080 Speaker 1: a lot of debate about whether this was a real 407 00:25:20,160 --> 00:25:24,320 Speaker 1: practice or something that was embellished or distorted or otherwise 408 00:25:24,520 --> 00:25:28,679 Speaker 1: not totally representative of something that really happened. A paper 409 00:25:28,760 --> 00:25:31,640 Speaker 1: that was published in the journal Speculum in January looks 410 00:25:31,640 --> 00:25:35,040 Speaker 1: at a slightly different question, which is whether the blood 411 00:25:35,080 --> 00:25:40,440 Speaker 1: eagle as described in these sagas was even possible given 412 00:25:40,480 --> 00:25:43,920 Speaker 1: the realities of human anatomy and the types of tools 413 00:25:43,960 --> 00:25:46,800 Speaker 1: and knowledge that the people living at the time would 414 00:25:46,800 --> 00:25:50,719 Speaker 1: have had access to. Some of the saga descriptions of 415 00:25:50,760 --> 00:25:54,800 Speaker 1: this practice are fairly detailed, and those details are violent 416 00:25:55,040 --> 00:25:59,280 Speaker 1: and horrifying. Here's the saga of Harold fair Hair, for example, 417 00:25:59,400 --> 00:26:02,400 Speaker 1: quote he carved an eagle on his back in such 418 00:26:02,400 --> 00:26:04,920 Speaker 1: a way that he put a sword into the chest 419 00:26:05,000 --> 00:26:08,080 Speaker 1: cavity at the spine and cut down along all the 420 00:26:08,200 --> 00:26:11,080 Speaker 1: ribs to the loins and pulled out the lungs through 421 00:26:11,160 --> 00:26:15,440 Speaker 1: the cut. That was the death of have them. This 422 00:26:15,640 --> 00:26:18,960 Speaker 1: paper is titled an Anatomy of the Blood Eagle. The 423 00:26:19,040 --> 00:26:23,760 Speaker 1: Practicalities of Viking torture, and its authors argue that the 424 00:26:23,800 --> 00:26:27,400 Speaker 1: blood eagle would have been difficult for the Vikings to perform, 425 00:26:27,520 --> 00:26:31,200 Speaker 1: but still possible. However, there are accounts of this practice 426 00:26:31,240 --> 00:26:35,560 Speaker 1: that described the victim still being alive and its final steps, 427 00:26:35,840 --> 00:26:38,960 Speaker 1: and this paper argues that victims probably would have died 428 00:26:39,040 --> 00:26:43,199 Speaker 1: much earlier in this process. Our other Viking news is 429 00:26:43,280 --> 00:26:47,160 Speaker 1: one of the more frustratingly reported finds of this unearthed cycle. 430 00:26:48,000 --> 00:26:51,639 Speaker 1: Scientists have used radio carbon dating to analyze some birch 431 00:26:51,720 --> 00:26:54,960 Speaker 1: tar that was stuck to a helmet found in Visca, Denmark. 432 00:26:55,600 --> 00:26:58,800 Speaker 1: This helmet was one of a pair of nearly identical helmets, 433 00:26:58,840 --> 00:27:02,879 Speaker 1: both with dramatically curving horns, which were most likely originally 434 00:27:02,880 --> 00:27:06,639 Speaker 1: decorated with feathers and horse hair as well. But although 435 00:27:06,720 --> 00:27:10,480 Speaker 1: horned helmets have been used to represent Vikings in popular culture, 436 00:27:10,840 --> 00:27:14,000 Speaker 1: these helmets are much older. They date back to about 437 00:27:14,080 --> 00:27:18,760 Speaker 1: nine BC, roughly two thousand years before the Viking era. 438 00:27:19,560 --> 00:27:23,400 Speaker 1: The helmet style also probably didn't originate in Denmark. It's 439 00:27:23,640 --> 00:27:27,199 Speaker 1: very similar to rock art and figurines from Sardinia and 440 00:27:27,240 --> 00:27:32,680 Speaker 1: western Siberia, suggesting a trading relationship between Scandinavia and the Mediterranean. 441 00:27:33,640 --> 00:27:38,240 Speaker 1: So here's the annoying part. So many articles reported this 442 00:27:38,440 --> 00:27:42,480 Speaker 1: as new research shows Vikings did not wear horned helmets. 443 00:27:43,520 --> 00:27:47,320 Speaker 1: It is clear from Twitter replies and whatnot that this 444 00:27:47,400 --> 00:27:50,080 Speaker 1: was new information to a lot of people. Please do 445 00:27:50,119 --> 00:27:52,600 Speaker 1: not feel bad if this was new information to you, 446 00:27:52,760 --> 00:27:57,240 Speaker 1: but Vikings didn't wear horned helmets is not new information 447 00:27:57,280 --> 00:28:01,360 Speaker 1: within the field of history at all all. The idea 448 00:28:01,480 --> 00:28:05,320 Speaker 1: that vikings war horned helmets probably traces back to nineteenth 449 00:28:05,320 --> 00:28:08,960 Speaker 1: century costumes for Wagner's opera The Ring, in a general 450 00:28:09,000 --> 00:28:13,320 Speaker 1: mythologizing of Vikings that was happening around that time. It's 451 00:28:13,359 --> 00:28:17,480 Speaker 1: really not even new information that these specific helmets were 452 00:28:17,520 --> 00:28:21,120 Speaker 1: from the Nordic Bronze age that was generally agreed upon 453 00:28:21,280 --> 00:28:24,280 Speaker 1: not long after they were first found in nineteen forty two. 454 00:28:24,960 --> 00:28:29,840 Speaker 1: So I've found myself very annoyed by the breathless reporting 455 00:28:29,920 --> 00:28:35,080 Speaker 1: of new research proves Vikings didn't wear horn helmets when 456 00:28:35,080 --> 00:28:37,119 Speaker 1: it was first reported, And then I got to be 457 00:28:37,160 --> 00:28:40,680 Speaker 1: annoyed again when I reviewed it all again to do 458 00:28:40,760 --> 00:28:42,520 Speaker 1: on Earth. And now I get to be annoyed a 459 00:28:42,560 --> 00:28:46,160 Speaker 1: third time. Right now. I don't know why this doesn't 460 00:28:46,160 --> 00:28:49,360 Speaker 1: annoy me, but it might be because I was raised 461 00:28:49,440 --> 00:28:51,760 Speaker 1: on bugs bunny who always had a horned helmet as 462 00:28:51,800 --> 00:28:55,200 Speaker 1: a Viking. It's fine, you know, and there's plenty of 463 00:28:55,240 --> 00:28:58,560 Speaker 1: depictions of Vikings that have horn helmets. Now, if, like, 464 00:28:59,560 --> 00:29:02,720 Speaker 1: if you, as a lay person not a historian, was 465 00:29:02,840 --> 00:29:05,800 Speaker 1: not aware of all this, totally don't feel bad about it. 466 00:29:05,840 --> 00:29:10,000 Speaker 1: But the just persistent reporting that it was somehow a 467 00:29:10,080 --> 00:29:13,920 Speaker 1: breakthrough historical discovery. I was like, come on now. I 468 00:29:13,960 --> 00:29:17,960 Speaker 1: think probably that is more indicative of the knowledge base 469 00:29:18,040 --> 00:29:22,480 Speaker 1: of the reporter, which probably reflects lay people, right like, oh, look, 470 00:29:22,560 --> 00:29:24,600 Speaker 1: this isn't the thing. They may not have done the 471 00:29:24,640 --> 00:29:28,280 Speaker 1: historical research to know that had been found already. It 472 00:29:28,800 --> 00:29:31,680 Speaker 1: was also the people who kind of cover the history 473 00:29:31,760 --> 00:29:35,720 Speaker 1: beat for various and that was I was like, come 474 00:29:35,720 --> 00:29:41,000 Speaker 1: on now, someone in this editorial process raise the red flag. Uh, 475 00:29:41,040 --> 00:29:43,600 Speaker 1: We're gonna move on to animals, so Tracy will stop 476 00:29:43,640 --> 00:29:47,760 Speaker 1: being quite so irritated about the Viking situation. Researchers have 477 00:29:47,880 --> 00:29:51,960 Speaker 1: studied horse remains from one d seventy one different archaeological 478 00:29:52,000 --> 00:29:56,200 Speaker 1: sites and concluded that medieval war horses actually tended to 479 00:29:56,240 --> 00:29:59,840 Speaker 1: be quite small. This is a little bit tricky since 480 00:30:00,000 --> 00:30:02,720 Speaker 1: it's often not possible to tell whether a horse was 481 00:30:02,800 --> 00:30:06,719 Speaker 1: specifically a war horse, but the tallest Norman horse they 482 00:30:06,720 --> 00:30:09,920 Speaker 1: found would have been about fifteen hands high, which is 483 00:30:09,960 --> 00:30:13,640 Speaker 1: about as big as a light riding horse today. It 484 00:30:13,720 --> 00:30:17,479 Speaker 1: wasn't until after the medieval period had ended that horses 485 00:30:17,520 --> 00:30:20,480 Speaker 1: started to get a lot bigger, closer in size to 486 00:30:20,560 --> 00:30:23,920 Speaker 1: today's draft horses. This is a note thing where like 487 00:30:23,920 --> 00:30:27,280 Speaker 1: the popular imagination of a war horse as this like 488 00:30:27,520 --> 00:30:32,800 Speaker 1: mammoth animal like necessarily line up. It's also clear that 489 00:30:32,920 --> 00:30:37,520 Speaker 1: people bred horses specifically for different purposes during the medieval period, 490 00:30:37,760 --> 00:30:41,200 Speaker 1: and the words of Professor Allen Outram from the University 491 00:30:41,240 --> 00:30:44,800 Speaker 1: of Exeter quote selection and breeding practices, and the royal 492 00:30:44,920 --> 00:30:47,800 Speaker 1: studs may have focused as much on temperament and the 493 00:30:47,840 --> 00:30:52,480 Speaker 1: correct physical characteristics for warfare as they did on cross size. 494 00:30:53,000 --> 00:30:57,080 Speaker 1: Researchers in China have found evidence that geese were domesticated 495 00:30:57,120 --> 00:31:00,120 Speaker 1: there at least seven thousand years ago, which may mean 496 00:31:00,200 --> 00:31:04,200 Speaker 1: that geese, not chickens, were the first birds to be domesticated. 497 00:31:04,840 --> 00:31:07,520 Speaker 1: They used radio carbon dating to confirm the age of 498 00:31:07,520 --> 00:31:10,280 Speaker 1: the bones, and they also looked at the bones themselves. 499 00:31:11,040 --> 00:31:13,720 Speaker 1: Four of the bones were from goslings, but the rest 500 00:31:13,880 --> 00:31:17,040 Speaker 1: suggested that the adults were locally bred and about the 501 00:31:17,080 --> 00:31:23,680 Speaker 1: same size, suggesting intentional breeding in captivity. And lastly, repairs 502 00:31:23,720 --> 00:31:27,880 Speaker 1: to the city water system in Rome have unsurprisingly unearthed 503 00:31:27,880 --> 00:31:31,720 Speaker 1: all kinds of stuff, including multiple tombs, an urn, and 504 00:31:31,800 --> 00:31:35,040 Speaker 1: a terra cotta statue of a dog's head. This dog 505 00:31:35,720 --> 00:31:38,800 Speaker 1: is very cute. It has just the very upright, very 506 00:31:38,840 --> 00:31:43,880 Speaker 1: alert ears and wavy for this little sort of statuette 507 00:31:43,960 --> 00:31:48,080 Speaker 1: is similar in shape to decorative elements that were used 508 00:31:48,160 --> 00:31:51,360 Speaker 1: on drainage systems, but it doesn't have any holes that 509 00:31:51,480 --> 00:31:54,560 Speaker 1: water would have passed through, so it might have just 510 00:31:54,600 --> 00:31:57,320 Speaker 1: been a cute dog figure for its own sake, which 511 00:31:57,320 --> 00:32:01,760 Speaker 1: I love. So we're to have more unearthed next time. 512 00:32:01,800 --> 00:32:04,040 Speaker 1: But in the meantime, Tracy, do you have some listener 513 00:32:04,080 --> 00:32:07,600 Speaker 1: mail for us? Do I have a short listener mail 514 00:32:08,040 --> 00:32:11,520 Speaker 1: from Margaret? And I answered Margaret, but wanted to answer 515 00:32:11,960 --> 00:32:15,000 Speaker 1: uh everyone, since it's a kind of a frequently asked question. 516 00:32:15,160 --> 00:32:17,880 Speaker 1: Margaret wrote and said, Hi, Holly and Tracy, have you 517 00:32:17,880 --> 00:32:20,760 Speaker 1: ever done an episode about the Armenian Jennocide? Normally I 518 00:32:20,760 --> 00:32:24,560 Speaker 1: wouldn't suggest such an I'm assuming absolute down of an episode, 519 00:32:25,000 --> 00:32:28,040 Speaker 1: but the new Marvel show Moon Night is getting review 520 00:32:28,160 --> 00:32:31,240 Speaker 1: bombed by people angry that they dared him to imply 521 00:32:31,360 --> 00:32:34,400 Speaker 1: that it really happened. I think most people's knowledge of 522 00:32:34,400 --> 00:32:37,360 Speaker 1: the event only extends to knowing that Turkey won't acknowledge it. 523 00:32:37,440 --> 00:32:39,520 Speaker 1: Thanks for all you do. Just left a job that 524 00:32:39,600 --> 00:32:41,720 Speaker 1: had long stretches of a loane time in my office, 525 00:32:41,720 --> 00:32:45,280 Speaker 1: and you helped me stay awake, Margaret. Thanks Margaret for 526 00:32:45,400 --> 00:32:51,040 Speaker 1: this question, I answered Margaret, and now everyone, Uh, we 527 00:32:51,160 --> 00:32:54,880 Speaker 1: have not done an episode on the Armenian genocide. We did, however, 528 00:32:55,040 --> 00:33:00,040 Speaker 1: pretty recently back in March re air our episode on 529 00:33:00,160 --> 00:33:03,920 Speaker 1: Raphael Limpken in the Genocide Convention, and there is an 530 00:33:04,000 --> 00:33:07,840 Speaker 1: overview of the Armenian genocide in that episode because it 531 00:33:08,040 --> 00:33:12,360 Speaker 1: really informed how he thought about genocide and the need 532 00:33:12,480 --> 00:33:16,440 Speaker 1: for UH in his mind and international law to try 533 00:33:16,480 --> 00:33:20,200 Speaker 1: to prevent genocide and bring the perpetrators to some kind 534 00:33:20,240 --> 00:33:26,040 Speaker 1: of justice. Um. Also, holy moly, the idea of people 535 00:33:26,160 --> 00:33:30,400 Speaker 1: spending their time review bombing mood night because of literally 536 00:33:30,480 --> 00:33:34,880 Speaker 1: two words in one line of dialogue. UM, here's what 537 00:33:35,080 --> 00:33:39,160 Speaker 1: I have learned, being very much in various fandoms. People 538 00:33:39,200 --> 00:33:42,080 Speaker 1: will spend their time review bombing anything if they get 539 00:33:42,120 --> 00:33:45,120 Speaker 1: their nickers. In a tweet well, and this is why 540 00:33:45,160 --> 00:33:49,360 Speaker 1: I am not actively participating in any fandom anymore, because 541 00:33:49,360 --> 00:33:52,760 Speaker 1: that behavior, I oh, it's it's not cool. Yeah. I 542 00:33:52,760 --> 00:33:55,440 Speaker 1: got to the limit of my ability to deal with that, 543 00:33:55,520 --> 00:33:57,280 Speaker 1: and I was like, you know what, I'm just never 544 00:33:58,000 --> 00:34:00,320 Speaker 1: not not going to be in fandoms anymore, or I 545 00:34:00,360 --> 00:34:03,280 Speaker 1: will love the thing and enjoy the thing, But in 546 00:34:03,360 --> 00:34:08,640 Speaker 1: terms of participating in some kind of like community where 547 00:34:08,640 --> 00:34:12,040 Speaker 1: people are gonna shriek about everything they're furious about, not 548 00:34:12,160 --> 00:34:14,640 Speaker 1: really going to do it. I just saw myself always 549 00:34:14,640 --> 00:34:17,000 Speaker 1: going when do these people make their clothes? Which I 550 00:34:17,040 --> 00:34:19,480 Speaker 1: know is a very weird Holly esque thing, But then 551 00:34:19,520 --> 00:34:21,520 Speaker 1: I'm like, when do they mow their lawns? Are there 552 00:34:21,520 --> 00:34:25,360 Speaker 1: dishes done? Like? Yeah, there's so much time and effort 553 00:34:25,400 --> 00:34:30,280 Speaker 1: that goes into just this pointless expression of weird ire 554 00:34:30,800 --> 00:34:33,320 Speaker 1: that I'm like, how are you having a functioning life? 555 00:34:33,360 --> 00:34:37,720 Speaker 1: Are you? I'm worried? Please eat and hydrate. I guess 556 00:34:37,880 --> 00:34:40,640 Speaker 1: I know, maybe that will make you feel better, unless 557 00:34:40,680 --> 00:34:43,399 Speaker 1: like you need to grouse at folks for nothing. Yeah, 558 00:34:44,600 --> 00:34:47,200 Speaker 1: we have had the Armenian genocide on the list for 559 00:34:47,239 --> 00:34:49,399 Speaker 1: an episode for a really long time. I'm sure at 560 00:34:49,440 --> 00:34:53,200 Speaker 1: some point it will happen. I cannot say it would 561 00:34:53,239 --> 00:34:56,680 Speaker 1: happen soon, in part just because at this moment we're 562 00:34:56,680 --> 00:35:00,319 Speaker 1: working a few weeks ahead on our episodes, which is 563 00:35:01,239 --> 00:35:04,759 Speaker 1: nice because that means if we take any time off, 564 00:35:04,800 --> 00:35:08,120 Speaker 1: we already have episodes there they're ready to cover it. 565 00:35:08,160 --> 00:35:10,520 Speaker 1: But like, that is the topic that I've been kind 566 00:35:10,520 --> 00:35:15,680 Speaker 1: of circling around for for ages and ages. Um So, anyway, 567 00:35:15,719 --> 00:35:18,880 Speaker 1: thank you so much for that email. Please don't review 568 00:35:18,920 --> 00:35:26,160 Speaker 1: bomb things. Uh if you would like to write to 569 00:35:26,239 --> 00:35:28,680 Speaker 1: us about this or any other podcast or history podcast 570 00:35:28,719 --> 00:35:31,200 Speaker 1: that I heart radio dot com and we're all over 571 00:35:31,280 --> 00:35:34,680 Speaker 1: social media. Missed in History. That's where you'll find our Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest, 572 00:35:34,800 --> 00:35:38,120 Speaker 1: and Instagram. And you can subscribe to our show on 573 00:35:38,200 --> 00:35:40,560 Speaker 1: the I heart Radio app wherever else you like to 574 00:35:40,600 --> 00:35:48,239 Speaker 1: get your podcasts. Stuff you Missed in History Class is 575 00:35:48,280 --> 00:35:51,480 Speaker 1: a production of I heart Radio. For more podcasts from 576 00:35:51,480 --> 00:35:54,839 Speaker 1: I heart Radio, visit the iHeart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, 577 00:35:54,960 --> 00:35:56,960 Speaker 1: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.