1 00:00:05,000 --> 00:00:08,080 Speaker 1: Hello, and welcome back to the Psychology of Your Twenties, 2 00:00:08,480 --> 00:00:10,560 Speaker 1: the podcast where we talk through some of the big 3 00:00:10,640 --> 00:00:13,560 Speaker 1: changes and transitions about twenties and what they mean for 4 00:00:13,640 --> 00:00:23,599 Speaker 1: our psychology. Great another week, another episode. This week the 5 00:00:23,680 --> 00:00:26,759 Speaker 1: people have spoken and what they want to hear it 6 00:00:26,960 --> 00:00:33,560 Speaker 1: is drum will please. The psychology of cheating, So buckle 7 00:00:33,560 --> 00:00:35,480 Speaker 1: and friends, because I don't think this is an easy 8 00:00:36,200 --> 00:00:40,360 Speaker 1: or light topic like last week's. We are talking about dishonesty, 9 00:00:40,479 --> 00:00:45,199 Speaker 1: on faithfulness and hurt that occurs in our most precious relationships. 10 00:00:45,200 --> 00:00:47,440 Speaker 1: And if you've been cheated on, if you haven't, hope 11 00:00:47,479 --> 00:00:51,040 Speaker 1: you still kind of find something interesting about this. I've 12 00:00:51,080 --> 00:00:53,440 Speaker 1: kind of brought in a lot of different theories. This 13 00:00:53,479 --> 00:00:57,000 Speaker 1: one is actually really interesting to research. We've got theories 14 00:00:57,040 --> 00:01:03,240 Speaker 1: from biological psychology, behavioral psychology, personality psychology, social psychology. So 15 00:01:03,240 --> 00:01:07,880 Speaker 1: it's a bit of a doozy. Additionally, if you hear 16 00:01:08,080 --> 00:01:11,480 Speaker 1: some rockers in the background, it's Christmas season and for 17 00:01:11,520 --> 00:01:13,399 Speaker 1: those who know me, I live across the road from 18 00:01:13,400 --> 00:01:18,360 Speaker 1: a pub, so everyone's parting. Actually Bill Shorton there the 19 00:01:18,360 --> 00:01:20,880 Speaker 1: other day, so Bill Shorton's getting in on the Christmas spirit. 20 00:01:21,240 --> 00:01:25,040 Speaker 1: But yeah, there might be some noise filtering in doesn't matter. 21 00:01:25,319 --> 00:01:29,120 Speaker 1: We're here to learn. So yeah, the psychology of cheating. 22 00:01:29,640 --> 00:01:32,640 Speaker 1: So I had the statistic on this podcast I was 23 00:01:32,640 --> 00:01:36,399 Speaker 1: listening to the other day. Fifty percent of relationships will 24 00:01:36,440 --> 00:01:39,680 Speaker 1: involve an act of infidelity. And I think we hear 25 00:01:39,680 --> 00:01:42,120 Speaker 1: about cheating a lot in our twenties as an explanation 26 00:01:42,160 --> 00:01:44,160 Speaker 1: for why people have broken up or why you shouldn't 27 00:01:44,240 --> 00:01:46,760 Speaker 1: date someone. Oh you know, you know he cheating on 28 00:01:46,800 --> 00:01:49,960 Speaker 1: their last partner, like he's a scumbag, that kind of thing. 29 00:01:50,320 --> 00:01:53,440 Speaker 1: So let's deep dive into why. Why does this occur? 30 00:01:54,120 --> 00:01:57,840 Speaker 1: Are people who cheat bad? Bad people? Is the phrase 31 00:01:57,920 --> 00:02:01,440 Speaker 1: wants a cheat, always a cheater? Correct? I think it's 32 00:02:01,440 --> 00:02:10,600 Speaker 1: time to investigate. So cheating for those who have experienced 33 00:02:10,680 --> 00:02:14,120 Speaker 1: this is pretty terrible. I think it's a lot like 34 00:02:14,160 --> 00:02:17,720 Speaker 1: a big trope in movies and songs, pop culture, folklore. 35 00:02:18,600 --> 00:02:20,600 Speaker 1: We see it all around as we see it quite 36 00:02:20,600 --> 00:02:24,400 Speaker 1: often up for discussion, and I feel like it's quite ubiquitous. 37 00:02:24,440 --> 00:02:27,519 Speaker 1: But for people in those situations, I think nothing about 38 00:02:27,560 --> 00:02:31,360 Speaker 1: it feels like something someone else could understand or rationalize. 39 00:02:31,400 --> 00:02:34,520 Speaker 1: To you. It's one of those experiences that is common. 40 00:02:35,639 --> 00:02:37,960 Speaker 1: I would say, what we fifty percent of people or 41 00:02:37,960 --> 00:02:43,000 Speaker 1: fifty percent of relationships, but really isolating and unique in 42 00:02:43,000 --> 00:02:46,640 Speaker 1: how emotionally destructive and undermining it can be. And I 43 00:02:46,680 --> 00:02:49,760 Speaker 1: think the emotional aftermath is much like the stages of grief, 44 00:02:49,800 --> 00:02:55,280 Speaker 1: the shock, denial, anger, but hopefully the acceptance obviously pending 45 00:02:55,320 --> 00:02:59,680 Speaker 1: maybe some long term into personal damage. I think something 46 00:02:59,680 --> 00:03:01,679 Speaker 1: that is really interesting when we talk about cheating is 47 00:03:01,720 --> 00:03:04,280 Speaker 1: that people have different conceptions of it. Often we think 48 00:03:04,320 --> 00:03:07,040 Speaker 1: of cheating as like a physical act, but cheating isn't 49 00:03:07,200 --> 00:03:11,200 Speaker 1: just sex. It can also be emotional disclosure. And I 50 00:03:11,240 --> 00:03:14,160 Speaker 1: think we have this idea of cheating as a physical 51 00:03:14,200 --> 00:03:18,720 Speaker 1: act or sexual intimacy, and that's actually not probably I 52 00:03:18,720 --> 00:03:22,960 Speaker 1: would say the most important area of our romantic relationships. 53 00:03:23,040 --> 00:03:26,480 Speaker 1: Sex is just one part, but it's the emotional closeness 54 00:03:26,520 --> 00:03:28,519 Speaker 1: that sex kind of comes along with its just a 55 00:03:28,919 --> 00:03:33,000 Speaker 1: natural expression of that. So I think the thing that 56 00:03:33,040 --> 00:03:34,839 Speaker 1: we also need to talk about whilst we be talking 57 00:03:34,840 --> 00:03:37,880 Speaker 1: about physical cheating is emotional cheating, and that can kind 58 00:03:37,880 --> 00:03:41,320 Speaker 1: of look like secretive, sustained closeness with someone who's not 59 00:03:41,360 --> 00:03:44,640 Speaker 1: your primary partner, and in some ways I can imagine 60 00:03:44,680 --> 00:03:48,760 Speaker 1: that it's worse. Sex without emotion is not uncommon, but 61 00:03:49,440 --> 00:03:53,600 Speaker 1: a deep, at times non sexual emotional intimacy can mean 62 00:03:53,720 --> 00:03:57,839 Speaker 1: so much more and possibly undermines the relationship more than 63 00:03:58,400 --> 00:04:01,240 Speaker 1: a mere physical act. And I think the reason why 64 00:04:01,240 --> 00:04:04,600 Speaker 1: we react to physical cheating is firstly the absolutely affront 65 00:04:04,640 --> 00:04:07,280 Speaker 1: to notions like loyalty and trust and honesty that we 66 00:04:07,320 --> 00:04:11,200 Speaker 1: want in our romantic relationships. But also it's the idea 67 00:04:11,280 --> 00:04:13,480 Speaker 1: that sex could lead to more. It could leave to 68 00:04:13,520 --> 00:04:16,480 Speaker 1: someone leaving, It could lead to your relationship breaking down, 69 00:04:17,279 --> 00:04:19,920 Speaker 1: and that emotional intimacy between you and your partner kind 70 00:04:19,920 --> 00:04:25,880 Speaker 1: of crumbling. Interestingly fun fact, but not that fun. Men 71 00:04:26,000 --> 00:04:29,159 Speaker 1: tend to get more upset about physical infidelity, whilst women 72 00:04:29,200 --> 00:04:32,160 Speaker 1: are more concerned with cheating that is associated with intense 73 00:04:32,200 --> 00:04:36,599 Speaker 1: emotional disclosure, and some psychologists have suggested that this stems 74 00:04:36,640 --> 00:04:40,880 Speaker 1: from the primitive reason behind why we take partners or 75 00:04:40,920 --> 00:04:44,279 Speaker 1: accept monogamy to begin with. So men want to ensure 76 00:04:44,320 --> 00:04:47,479 Speaker 1: monogamy so that they know their offspring are actually theirs 77 00:04:47,560 --> 00:04:53,120 Speaker 1: for genetic purposes, whilst women, you know, biologically this is 78 00:04:53,120 --> 00:04:56,520 Speaker 1: a genetic evolutionary argument. But women they want a partner 79 00:04:56,600 --> 00:04:58,760 Speaker 1: or a mate who will be loyal and stick around 80 00:04:58,800 --> 00:05:03,120 Speaker 1: and provide support. And I think with most evolutionary explanations, 81 00:05:03,120 --> 00:05:05,120 Speaker 1: this does tend to be a bit outdated and doesn't 82 00:05:05,160 --> 00:05:09,159 Speaker 1: really keep up with how we understand gender roles in 83 00:05:09,279 --> 00:05:12,520 Speaker 1: reproduction and makeship nowadays. But it's still an interesting theory 84 00:05:12,640 --> 00:05:17,200 Speaker 1: from kind of an evolutionary area of psychology. I think 85 00:05:17,320 --> 00:05:19,760 Speaker 1: with emotional cheating, we do have to be careful about 86 00:05:19,800 --> 00:05:23,520 Speaker 1: calling any type of emotional attachment to someone isn't your 87 00:05:23,560 --> 00:05:26,960 Speaker 1: primary partner a form of cheating. I think it's really 88 00:05:27,000 --> 00:05:29,480 Speaker 1: important to have people who aren't your partner you can 89 00:05:29,520 --> 00:05:33,280 Speaker 1: share things with and that have that level of openness. 90 00:05:33,279 --> 00:05:35,680 Speaker 1: But it's about boundaries. You know, if your partner is 91 00:05:35,720 --> 00:05:40,640 Speaker 1: spending hours alone with someone having deep, meaningful philosophical conversations 92 00:05:40,680 --> 00:05:44,800 Speaker 1: about death and your parents divorce, that might upset you, 93 00:05:44,839 --> 00:05:48,680 Speaker 1: but it might not upset someone else. It's all about 94 00:05:48,720 --> 00:05:50,960 Speaker 1: what you expect from that person and how you have 95 00:05:51,040 --> 00:05:55,320 Speaker 1: defined the emotional boundaries of your relationship. But I can 96 00:05:55,320 --> 00:05:58,599 Speaker 1: see why that would be very frustrating and upsetting and 97 00:05:58,720 --> 00:06:03,080 Speaker 1: worth communicating about them in a healthy way. Obviously, always 98 00:06:03,160 --> 00:06:07,960 Speaker 1: using eye language as is an idea in therapy, So 99 00:06:08,040 --> 00:06:11,400 Speaker 1: let's talk about why people cheat. This is really interesting 100 00:06:11,480 --> 00:06:16,120 Speaker 1: from a psychological perspective. There are obviously many reasons why 101 00:06:16,200 --> 00:06:19,840 Speaker 1: people cheat, but according to this woman, Kelly Campbell, she 102 00:06:20,040 --> 00:06:23,360 Speaker 1: is I think an associate or a professor of psychology 103 00:06:23,440 --> 00:06:27,080 Speaker 1: at CSU, they usually fall into three categories. So the 104 00:06:27,120 --> 00:06:31,800 Speaker 1: reasons people might cheat might be individual, based on the relationship, 105 00:06:31,960 --> 00:06:36,120 Speaker 1: or situational. So when we talk about individual reasons, these 106 00:06:36,240 --> 00:06:40,080 Speaker 1: often have something to do with a person's personality, which 107 00:06:40,120 --> 00:06:42,279 Speaker 1: may make them more likely to cheat. So this is 108 00:06:42,279 --> 00:06:46,760 Speaker 1: often fact as like your personality, traits, your beliefs, your religion. 109 00:06:47,320 --> 00:06:51,160 Speaker 1: For example, someone who is narcissistic is more likely to cheat. 110 00:06:51,800 --> 00:06:54,279 Speaker 1: There was this big study of four thousand people and 111 00:06:54,360 --> 00:06:56,800 Speaker 1: they asked them about their sexual history, did a bunch 112 00:06:56,839 --> 00:07:00,080 Speaker 1: of personality tests and assessments, and they found this that 113 00:07:00,200 --> 00:07:04,280 Speaker 1: narcissism more likely to cheat. Side note, I did a 114 00:07:04,320 --> 00:07:06,320 Speaker 1: whole episode on this if you want to know how 115 00:07:06,360 --> 00:07:10,840 Speaker 1: to identify these narcissistic people and steer clear of them 116 00:07:10,880 --> 00:07:14,920 Speaker 1: in your dating life. But a quick summary, A narcissist 117 00:07:15,000 --> 00:07:19,080 Speaker 1: can't naturally feel empathy and often uses people as means 118 00:07:19,160 --> 00:07:22,320 Speaker 1: to an ends. So maybe that's their partner or the 119 00:07:22,360 --> 00:07:25,960 Speaker 1: person they're cheating with, so they may be more prone 120 00:07:26,040 --> 00:07:29,239 Speaker 1: to not being able to consider or even care about 121 00:07:29,240 --> 00:07:33,560 Speaker 1: the consequences of their sexual infidelity. I think it's often 122 00:07:33,640 --> 00:07:36,120 Speaker 1: worth noting that it would be sexual infidelity more often 123 00:07:36,160 --> 00:07:39,520 Speaker 1: than not, because emotional cheating would probably be verily rare 124 00:07:39,600 --> 00:07:42,640 Speaker 1: for a narcissist and someone who can't relate to other 125 00:07:42,680 --> 00:07:47,760 Speaker 1: people on an effective and emotional level. Another individual factor 126 00:07:47,840 --> 00:07:51,120 Speaker 1: is people with attachment, commitment, or self esteem issues. They 127 00:07:51,160 --> 00:07:53,560 Speaker 1: also seem to be more likely to cheat, as this 128 00:07:53,920 --> 00:07:57,440 Speaker 1: twenty sixteen study I was talking about has suggested, so 129 00:07:57,960 --> 00:08:03,320 Speaker 1: wanting a boost to self esteem can motivate infidelity. Having 130 00:08:03,360 --> 00:08:05,800 Speaker 1: sex with a new person, getting to know a new 131 00:08:05,840 --> 00:08:10,800 Speaker 1: person can lead to really positive internal feelings. You might 132 00:08:10,800 --> 00:08:16,320 Speaker 1: feel empowered, attractive, confident, or successful, and these feelings all 133 00:08:17,080 --> 00:08:19,120 Speaker 1: kind of build up your self esteem when you may 134 00:08:19,160 --> 00:08:22,720 Speaker 1: not have had much previously. People who have a hard 135 00:08:22,720 --> 00:08:25,600 Speaker 1: time with commitment may also be more likely to cheat 136 00:08:25,640 --> 00:08:30,160 Speaker 1: in some cases. I think also importantly, because commitment it 137 00:08:30,240 --> 00:08:33,840 Speaker 1: just doesn't mean the same thing to everyone. You know, 138 00:08:33,880 --> 00:08:36,320 Speaker 1: it's possible for two people in a relationship to have 139 00:08:36,640 --> 00:08:40,360 Speaker 1: very different ideas about the relationship status, such as whether 140 00:08:40,400 --> 00:08:44,559 Speaker 1: it's casual, exclusive, and so on. I think it's also 141 00:08:44,600 --> 00:08:48,640 Speaker 1: possible to really like someone and still fear making a 142 00:08:48,640 --> 00:08:51,840 Speaker 1: commitment to them, and in this case, one partner might 143 00:08:51,920 --> 00:08:54,680 Speaker 1: end up cheating as a way of avoiding commitment, even 144 00:08:54,679 --> 00:08:57,679 Speaker 1: if they would naturally prefer to stay in that relationship. 145 00:08:58,559 --> 00:09:01,360 Speaker 1: So this was the type of cheating. The reason people 146 00:09:01,400 --> 00:09:04,400 Speaker 1: cheat is from an individual perspective, and the second type 147 00:09:04,400 --> 00:09:08,040 Speaker 1: of cheating is due to relationship issues rather than something 148 00:09:08,520 --> 00:09:13,000 Speaker 1: internally about the person who's been cheating. It's about the 149 00:09:13,120 --> 00:09:15,760 Speaker 1: state of things between you as a pair, the state 150 00:09:15,800 --> 00:09:20,360 Speaker 1: of your relationship. Researchers have found time and time again 151 00:09:20,400 --> 00:09:25,880 Speaker 1: the partnerships that are characterized by dissatisfaction, unfulfilling sex, and 152 00:09:26,160 --> 00:09:31,560 Speaker 1: high conflict, they're often at a higher risk for infidelity. Also, 153 00:09:31,880 --> 00:09:35,840 Speaker 1: the more dissimilar partners are in terms of personality and 154 00:09:36,040 --> 00:09:39,640 Speaker 1: education level and things in common, the more likely they 155 00:09:39,640 --> 00:09:44,440 Speaker 1: are to experience infidelity. If there are unmet needs, or 156 00:09:44,480 --> 00:09:47,760 Speaker 1: this glimmering euphoria of falling in love is no longer 157 00:09:47,880 --> 00:09:52,040 Speaker 1: kind of sustaining your bond, cheating may become more likely 158 00:09:52,080 --> 00:09:56,000 Speaker 1: because the rush and intensity of endorphins and dopamine from 159 00:09:56,040 --> 00:09:58,640 Speaker 1: you as a partner is fading for that other person, 160 00:09:59,640 --> 00:10:02,400 Speaker 1: but still you don't have to cheat in these situations. 161 00:10:02,440 --> 00:10:06,520 Speaker 1: If you don't love someone anymore, you can always break 162 00:10:06,600 --> 00:10:10,040 Speaker 1: up with them or discuss an open relationship instead of 163 00:10:10,080 --> 00:10:13,959 Speaker 1: betraying your partner's trust in you or loyalty in the 164 00:10:14,000 --> 00:10:17,520 Speaker 1: monogamy of your relationship. I think that's something I always say, like, 165 00:10:17,559 --> 00:10:19,200 Speaker 1: if you're going to cheat on someone, why don't you 166 00:10:19,200 --> 00:10:21,040 Speaker 1: just break up with them? I think that's something a 167 00:10:21,040 --> 00:10:23,000 Speaker 1: lot of us think, like, why don't you just break 168 00:10:23,040 --> 00:10:25,520 Speaker 1: up with them? And this kind of leads to the 169 00:10:25,600 --> 00:10:30,920 Speaker 1: third reason people cheat, which is situational reasons. Sometimes people 170 00:10:30,960 --> 00:10:34,880 Speaker 1: aren't going out there looking for someone else to validate them, 171 00:10:34,920 --> 00:10:40,520 Speaker 1: looking for sex, looking for emotional disclosure, So situational reasons. 172 00:10:41,320 --> 00:10:43,760 Speaker 1: This refers to someone who cheats, but they don't have 173 00:10:43,800 --> 00:10:46,839 Speaker 1: a personality that's prone to cheating. Your relationship is fine, 174 00:10:47,360 --> 00:10:50,240 Speaker 1: but something about their environment puts them at a risk 175 00:10:50,360 --> 00:10:56,160 Speaker 1: for infidelity. So, like, consider this scenario. You're really frustrated 176 00:10:56,240 --> 00:10:58,840 Speaker 1: with the recent distance in your relationship. Maybe you're doing 177 00:10:59,559 --> 00:11:02,080 Speaker 1: longer stance and you're dealing with feelings of low self 178 00:11:02,200 --> 00:11:05,760 Speaker 1: estiement and your appearance, and one day, like a coworker 179 00:11:05,840 --> 00:11:08,920 Speaker 1: or someone at UNI becomes really friendly with you, and 180 00:11:09,080 --> 00:11:11,600 Speaker 1: catches you alone and says something like I'm really attracted 181 00:11:11,600 --> 00:11:14,800 Speaker 1: to you, like, let's get together sometime. You might not 182 00:11:14,920 --> 00:11:19,920 Speaker 1: choose to cheat if only one or two factors were involved. So, 183 00:11:20,000 --> 00:11:23,520 Speaker 1: for example, if it was just the situation, but this 184 00:11:23,679 --> 00:11:27,640 Speaker 1: combination of motivating factors, you know, the distance in your relationship, 185 00:11:28,120 --> 00:11:31,200 Speaker 1: which is a relationship issue, your feelings about your appearance 186 00:11:31,280 --> 00:11:35,520 Speaker 1: self esteem a personal individual issue, and that situational factor, 187 00:11:35,600 --> 00:11:39,920 Speaker 1: the attention of your coworker, can make infidelity more likely. 188 00:11:41,480 --> 00:11:45,360 Speaker 1: So which reason is the worst? I guess maybe that's 189 00:11:45,400 --> 00:11:47,719 Speaker 1: a question we want to ask, but I don't think 190 00:11:47,720 --> 00:11:49,520 Speaker 1: we're really here to pass judgment on that. I think 191 00:11:49,520 --> 00:11:52,800 Speaker 1: the emotional outcome is all the same, especially in our 192 00:11:52,800 --> 00:11:56,040 Speaker 1: twenties when many of your relationships are highly formative. A 193 00:11:56,160 --> 00:11:59,840 Speaker 1: relationship in which you've been cheated on can have many 194 00:11:59,840 --> 00:12:03,000 Speaker 1: second order consequences on your ability to trust in the 195 00:12:03,000 --> 00:12:06,439 Speaker 1: future and your own perceptions of commitment, which I think 196 00:12:06,520 --> 00:12:09,760 Speaker 1: is why it's so important to kind of chat about 197 00:12:09,760 --> 00:12:13,680 Speaker 1: how it's probably not your fault and don't cheat on 198 00:12:13,720 --> 00:12:16,920 Speaker 1: your partners. Maybe that's something that needs to be said. 199 00:12:16,960 --> 00:12:19,840 Speaker 1: Hopefully we all are on the same page there, But 200 00:12:19,920 --> 00:12:22,440 Speaker 1: there is another idea that we can apply to cheating 201 00:12:22,520 --> 00:12:27,120 Speaker 1: specifically why people cheat. That I found really fascinating and 202 00:12:27,200 --> 00:12:31,160 Speaker 1: it comes up a lot in psychology around relationships and 203 00:12:31,200 --> 00:12:33,640 Speaker 1: sex and things like that. And it's called the triangular 204 00:12:33,760 --> 00:12:38,040 Speaker 1: theory of love. So the triangular theory of love suggests 205 00:12:38,040 --> 00:12:42,480 Speaker 1: that love can be understood in terms of three components 206 00:12:42,559 --> 00:12:44,920 Speaker 1: that together can be kind of viewed as forming the 207 00:12:45,000 --> 00:12:47,600 Speaker 1: vertices of a triangle. So if you put put your 208 00:12:47,920 --> 00:12:50,959 Speaker 1: hands up in a triangle, I'll explain. So on one 209 00:12:51,520 --> 00:12:55,400 Speaker 1: side we've got intimacy, the next side we have passion, 210 00:12:56,000 --> 00:12:59,720 Speaker 1: and the final side we have decision and commitment. This 211 00:12:59,840 --> 00:13:02,280 Speaker 1: is what creates a good relationship. But when one of 212 00:13:02,280 --> 00:13:06,680 Speaker 1: these sides fails, for example, intimacy or you no longer 213 00:13:06,720 --> 00:13:10,720 Speaker 1: feel that passion for someone, or things like conflict and 214 00:13:10,960 --> 00:13:13,800 Speaker 1: cheating piers the harmony of the triangle, that's when the 215 00:13:13,800 --> 00:13:16,480 Speaker 1: relationship is probably going to fail and we might see 216 00:13:16,679 --> 00:13:21,079 Speaker 1: greater degrees of infidelity. So, talking again about this amazing 217 00:13:21,120 --> 00:13:25,200 Speaker 1: psychologist Kelly Campbell, there are a myriad of reasons that 218 00:13:25,280 --> 00:13:27,520 Speaker 1: people cheat, but she's really quick to point out in 219 00:13:27,559 --> 00:13:30,920 Speaker 1: this article that she wrote that it shouldn't actually be demonized. 220 00:13:32,040 --> 00:13:35,080 Speaker 1: She makes this point, we don't know if humans are 221 00:13:35,120 --> 00:13:38,160 Speaker 1: even meant to be monogamous. It's just that some people 222 00:13:38,240 --> 00:13:41,640 Speaker 1: are naturally more in line with those views and others 223 00:13:41,640 --> 00:13:44,400 Speaker 1: are not. So that's kind of the age old question 224 00:13:44,559 --> 00:13:49,080 Speaker 1: does cheating make you a bad person? And our natural 225 00:13:49,160 --> 00:13:51,600 Speaker 1: instinct might be to say, yes, of course it does. 226 00:13:51,640 --> 00:13:53,720 Speaker 1: You shouldn't cheat on someone you love when you have 227 00:13:53,760 --> 00:13:56,840 Speaker 1: a bond with someone, when you have agreed on exclusivity, 228 00:13:57,320 --> 00:14:01,120 Speaker 1: Not honoring that and hurting the other person is pretty terrible. 229 00:14:02,320 --> 00:14:07,640 Speaker 1: But like everything, there's a lot of gray area, and 230 00:14:07,720 --> 00:14:12,160 Speaker 1: I think in some ways there's gray area about whether 231 00:14:13,320 --> 00:14:17,120 Speaker 1: if you've cheated before that makes you a cheater for life, 232 00:14:17,200 --> 00:14:21,120 Speaker 1: or whether cheating on someone is forgivable. Do we kind 233 00:14:21,120 --> 00:14:24,520 Speaker 1: of allow people to make mistakes in relationships if we 234 00:14:24,560 --> 00:14:27,760 Speaker 1: can call cheating that? And something else is like what 235 00:14:27,920 --> 00:14:32,680 Speaker 1: constitutes cheating? And another huge question when really loading them 236 00:14:32,680 --> 00:14:35,320 Speaker 1: off on you is is the evil that we kind 237 00:14:35,320 --> 00:14:39,640 Speaker 1: of assign to cheating purely cultural because of the institution 238 00:14:39,680 --> 00:14:42,840 Speaker 1: of monogamy that's been created by property riots and the 239 00:14:42,960 --> 00:14:46,400 Speaker 1: church and religion. That's what we're going to discuss next. 240 00:14:51,560 --> 00:14:56,040 Speaker 1: The phrase once a cheatah, always a cheatah. Might not 241 00:14:56,240 --> 00:15:01,800 Speaker 1: be true. People can make mistakes, and whether they reoffend 242 00:15:01,840 --> 00:15:04,080 Speaker 1: our guess or cheat again on the same or a 243 00:15:04,080 --> 00:15:07,760 Speaker 1: different partner depends on how they rationalize their actions internally 244 00:15:08,320 --> 00:15:11,600 Speaker 1: and at times unconsciously, And this has a lot to 245 00:15:11,640 --> 00:15:14,880 Speaker 1: do with the psychology behind cognitive dissonance. So whether you 246 00:15:14,960 --> 00:15:20,520 Speaker 1: cheat again will depend on how you change your attitude 247 00:15:21,000 --> 00:15:24,640 Speaker 1: towards commitment or your partner after that first act. So 248 00:15:24,880 --> 00:15:28,560 Speaker 1: dissonance reduction following a difficult moral decision can cause people 249 00:15:28,600 --> 00:15:32,400 Speaker 1: to behave either more or less ethically in the future. So, 250 00:15:32,640 --> 00:15:36,520 Speaker 1: using the cheating example, after you cheat on someone, whether 251 00:15:36,560 --> 00:15:39,520 Speaker 1: that behavior becomes more or less likely your cheat in 252 00:15:39,560 --> 00:15:43,840 Speaker 1: the future will differ based on your attitudes and how 253 00:15:44,480 --> 00:15:48,600 Speaker 1: you attempt to justify your ethical choice. So if you 254 00:15:48,680 --> 00:15:51,440 Speaker 1: cheat on someone, especially if you get caught, you'll probably 255 00:15:51,480 --> 00:15:54,640 Speaker 1: feel really terrible. And if you're a good person, a 256 00:15:54,760 --> 00:15:58,200 Speaker 1: moral person, I guess it will conflict with how we 257 00:15:58,320 --> 00:16:01,840 Speaker 1: like to see ourselves trustworthy in a relationship, as good 258 00:16:01,880 --> 00:16:06,440 Speaker 1: as respected, as loyal, So we experience this dissonance between 259 00:16:06,440 --> 00:16:11,280 Speaker 1: the perception of ourselves and our actions. Cognitive dissonance is 260 00:16:11,320 --> 00:16:14,360 Speaker 1: the term in psychology, and we're going to try to 261 00:16:14,400 --> 00:16:19,720 Speaker 1: justify an action by minimizing aspects of the action you 262 00:16:19,720 --> 00:16:22,720 Speaker 1: have chosen. So that's one way that you get over 263 00:16:22,760 --> 00:16:24,720 Speaker 1: that dissonance of cheating. You might say, oh, it's not 264 00:16:24,760 --> 00:16:28,760 Speaker 1: that bad, everyone does it. You minimize the aspects of 265 00:16:28,800 --> 00:16:32,720 Speaker 1: the action. So someone chooses to justify their actions using 266 00:16:32,760 --> 00:16:35,800 Speaker 1: this logic, they will probably do it again because they 267 00:16:35,840 --> 00:16:39,160 Speaker 1: have some form of external justification or validation that is 268 00:16:39,200 --> 00:16:41,960 Speaker 1: brought on by the reinforcement of the belief that it's 269 00:16:42,000 --> 00:16:44,600 Speaker 1: not that bad because other people are doing it, because 270 00:16:44,600 --> 00:16:49,680 Speaker 1: everyone does it, because you know, what do you expect? However, 271 00:16:49,760 --> 00:16:54,560 Speaker 1: if you abscribe cheating to a personal flour and recognize 272 00:16:54,680 --> 00:16:57,080 Speaker 1: that that you know that maybe it's because of your 273 00:16:57,120 --> 00:17:01,600 Speaker 1: self esteem, maybe it's because you know there's tension in 274 00:17:01,640 --> 00:17:04,240 Speaker 1: your relationship that you might be responsible for, you don't 275 00:17:04,240 --> 00:17:08,360 Speaker 1: have open communication that external validation is no longer there. 276 00:17:09,240 --> 00:17:11,439 Speaker 1: If you say to yourself that you've cheated because of 277 00:17:11,480 --> 00:17:17,240 Speaker 1: situational and internal factors, you can control that behavior and 278 00:17:17,440 --> 00:17:19,119 Speaker 1: you can see that it was a mistake that you 279 00:17:19,160 --> 00:17:22,120 Speaker 1: don't want to make again. This is when long lasting 280 00:17:22,200 --> 00:17:25,200 Speaker 1: change is possible because you've created and you counter belief 281 00:17:25,240 --> 00:17:29,200 Speaker 1: about yourself that does not include cheating on a partner. 282 00:17:29,760 --> 00:17:32,119 Speaker 1: You've decided this is not who I am. It was 283 00:17:32,160 --> 00:17:35,480 Speaker 1: because of a situational factor or because of something I 284 00:17:35,520 --> 00:17:38,159 Speaker 1: can control, like poor levels of confidence, and I can 285 00:17:38,280 --> 00:17:42,000 Speaker 1: change that. So this is called self persuasion, and it 286 00:17:42,040 --> 00:17:45,320 Speaker 1: creates a long lasting attitude change that results from this 287 00:17:45,400 --> 00:17:49,640 Speaker 1: self justification. So if someone's cheated on you and you've 288 00:17:49,640 --> 00:17:52,720 Speaker 1: decided to forgive them, firstly, God bless you forgiveness always, 289 00:17:53,600 --> 00:17:56,040 Speaker 1: but if you're worried about whether they're going to cheat again, 290 00:17:56,440 --> 00:17:59,440 Speaker 1: it's probably important to talk to them about how they 291 00:17:59,440 --> 00:18:03,160 Speaker 1: see their now. If they say, oh, you know, it 292 00:18:03,240 --> 00:18:05,720 Speaker 1: wasn't that bad, I think it's a lot more common 293 00:18:05,720 --> 00:18:08,360 Speaker 1: than you think. I guess it was just to slip up, 294 00:18:08,800 --> 00:18:11,520 Speaker 1: they probably will do it again. But if they say, oh, 295 00:18:11,560 --> 00:18:13,359 Speaker 1: my gosh, it's just not who I am. That was 296 00:18:13,400 --> 00:18:15,400 Speaker 1: such a mistake. I think it was because of this 297 00:18:15,440 --> 00:18:18,480 Speaker 1: issue in our relationship that I want to fix. I've 298 00:18:18,480 --> 00:18:20,480 Speaker 1: decided that, like, this isn't who I want to be. 299 00:18:21,119 --> 00:18:23,600 Speaker 1: It was because of this, then it's unlikely that they'll 300 00:18:23,640 --> 00:18:26,479 Speaker 1: do it again. So it really depends on the route 301 00:18:26,720 --> 00:18:30,639 Speaker 1: a person chooses to take. Do they seek external or 302 00:18:30,720 --> 00:18:34,119 Speaker 1: internal justification for their actions in order to minimize their guilt. 303 00:18:34,760 --> 00:18:40,080 Speaker 1: And if that person feels no guilt, well, it might 304 00:18:40,119 --> 00:18:44,119 Speaker 1: be because the relationship, well, the relationship you're in is 305 00:18:44,119 --> 00:18:47,120 Speaker 1: with maybe a narcissist or someone with a pretty sinister 306 00:18:47,200 --> 00:18:50,760 Speaker 1: personality trait that has manifested in infidelity, and you probably 307 00:18:50,800 --> 00:18:52,840 Speaker 1: shouldn't stay with that person if they've hurt you and 308 00:18:52,840 --> 00:18:57,120 Speaker 1: they don't feel guilty. Red flag, big red flag, get 309 00:18:57,119 --> 00:19:00,159 Speaker 1: out of there. I think it is always important, though, 310 00:19:00,200 --> 00:19:03,359 Speaker 1: to remember that humans make mistakes, and that includes your partner. 311 00:19:03,480 --> 00:19:07,080 Speaker 1: There is no use, ever, I think, holding your partner 312 00:19:07,119 --> 00:19:10,000 Speaker 1: to the standard of perfection because you'll kind of always 313 00:19:10,000 --> 00:19:12,040 Speaker 1: be let down. You've got to love someone for who 314 00:19:12,080 --> 00:19:15,840 Speaker 1: they are, not who you want them to be. And 315 00:19:16,000 --> 00:19:21,600 Speaker 1: while infidelity is far from perfection, far I don't think 316 00:19:21,600 --> 00:19:23,800 Speaker 1: you should always totally write off your partner because they've 317 00:19:23,880 --> 00:19:28,080 Speaker 1: cheated in the past or they cheated before in your relationship. 318 00:19:28,160 --> 00:19:31,520 Speaker 1: Obviously this is your call, but like we've said, sometimes 319 00:19:31,600 --> 00:19:34,439 Speaker 1: cheating can be because of low self esteem, or they 320 00:19:34,520 --> 00:19:36,800 Speaker 1: might feel as if they need attention from someone outside 321 00:19:36,800 --> 00:19:42,080 Speaker 1: of the relationship to feel desirable or worthy. I think 322 00:19:42,160 --> 00:19:44,280 Speaker 1: that kind of makes it seem like it's your fault 323 00:19:44,359 --> 00:19:46,400 Speaker 1: that you should have been like hyping them up day 324 00:19:46,400 --> 00:19:49,520 Speaker 1: and day night. But I think it's important to recognize 325 00:19:49,560 --> 00:19:52,840 Speaker 1: that whilst the cheatah is ultimately at fault, there are 326 00:19:52,880 --> 00:19:55,600 Speaker 1: things that can drive someone to cheat. So while we 327 00:19:55,680 --> 00:19:58,560 Speaker 1: are evaluating the mistakes that cheats are making, it's also 328 00:19:58,680 --> 00:20:01,840 Speaker 1: important to consider the type mistakes that lead people to 329 00:20:01,920 --> 00:20:03,480 Speaker 1: cheat and whether it maybe you could have done it 330 00:20:03,520 --> 00:20:06,480 Speaker 1: as well. And if you are in a relationship, you 331 00:20:06,480 --> 00:20:08,520 Speaker 1: should be sure to kind of encourage your partner and 332 00:20:08,520 --> 00:20:10,800 Speaker 1: communicate to them that they are good enough and deserving 333 00:20:10,800 --> 00:20:14,200 Speaker 1: of your love. You know, I think your kind of 334 00:20:14,280 --> 00:20:17,760 Speaker 1: role is to provide the security in a relationship. But again, 335 00:20:18,800 --> 00:20:21,919 Speaker 1: not your fault. If someone cheats on you, it's not 336 00:20:21,960 --> 00:20:24,440 Speaker 1: because you didn't love them enough. That's kind of stupid. 337 00:20:24,480 --> 00:20:27,240 Speaker 1: But again I think if someone oversteps your boundary or 338 00:20:27,320 --> 00:20:30,280 Speaker 1: hurts you, like I said, not your fault, I think, 339 00:20:30,800 --> 00:20:33,040 Speaker 1: And in no way does the philosophy of people make 340 00:20:33,119 --> 00:20:36,840 Speaker 1: mistakes mean you should just forgive and forget, especially if 341 00:20:36,880 --> 00:20:39,960 Speaker 1: it's caused lasting damage or you think this person could 342 00:20:40,000 --> 00:20:42,960 Speaker 1: do it again. I think your peace is probably not 343 00:20:43,080 --> 00:20:47,280 Speaker 1: worth staying with them, and maybe it will cause you 344 00:20:47,320 --> 00:20:50,320 Speaker 1: guys to reassess your relationship and communicate better, but that 345 00:20:50,400 --> 00:20:54,359 Speaker 1: might not always be an option. Now, let's introduce some 346 00:20:54,480 --> 00:20:58,400 Speaker 1: social psychology into the mix, which is my favorite. So 347 00:20:58,560 --> 00:21:02,720 Speaker 1: we've looked at by all or evolutionary psychology. We've looked 348 00:21:02,720 --> 00:21:07,200 Speaker 1: at personality in terms of narcissism, and at behavioral psychology. 349 00:21:07,280 --> 00:21:11,119 Speaker 1: But what constitutes cheating and why is it that we 350 00:21:11,200 --> 00:21:14,639 Speaker 1: are so disproving of it? So there are obvious reasons 351 00:21:15,680 --> 00:21:17,880 Speaker 1: we don't like cheating, because it hurts us and it's 352 00:21:17,920 --> 00:21:22,240 Speaker 1: awful and it sucks. But is that reaction only because 353 00:21:22,280 --> 00:21:27,600 Speaker 1: we have been trained to expect monogamy? Is the rejection 354 00:21:27,840 --> 00:21:30,880 Speaker 1: of cheating behaviors something that is culturally ingrained in us. 355 00:21:32,080 --> 00:21:35,320 Speaker 1: I also think people have different conceptions of what cheating is, 356 00:21:35,359 --> 00:21:39,680 Speaker 1: and that's important to set up first. For some, if 357 00:21:39,920 --> 00:21:41,840 Speaker 1: their partner were to spend time with someone else in 358 00:21:41,840 --> 00:21:46,719 Speaker 1: a non sexual way, but you know, for a company, 359 00:21:46,760 --> 00:21:49,280 Speaker 1: that could be you know, something just non sexual, like 360 00:21:49,320 --> 00:21:54,280 Speaker 1: I said, that could be deemed as cheating, whereas for others, 361 00:21:55,200 --> 00:21:57,200 Speaker 1: things like kissing or floating might not be a big 362 00:21:57,240 --> 00:22:00,879 Speaker 1: deal or in context where you know, maybe they go 363 00:22:00,960 --> 00:22:03,160 Speaker 1: and see strippers or they're making out with a friend 364 00:22:03,320 --> 00:22:05,160 Speaker 1: or a friend of the same gender. These things may 365 00:22:05,200 --> 00:22:09,919 Speaker 1: be okay in some relationships and not others. I do 366 00:22:10,000 --> 00:22:12,880 Speaker 1: have kind of a problem with like guys being like, oh, yeah, 367 00:22:12,920 --> 00:22:14,920 Speaker 1: you know, my girlfriend like kissed another girl, but it's 368 00:22:14,960 --> 00:22:18,959 Speaker 1: not cheating, because they kind of like undervalue especially if 369 00:22:18,960 --> 00:22:23,720 Speaker 1: that woman's bisexual, because they undervalue the sexual urges, Like 370 00:22:23,960 --> 00:22:25,280 Speaker 1: you know, I don't know. I think it's like a 371 00:22:25,280 --> 00:22:27,320 Speaker 1: bit problematic to be like, oh, just because it's like 372 00:22:27,359 --> 00:22:30,520 Speaker 1: between two women, I'm less offended, whereas if it was 373 00:22:30,520 --> 00:22:32,560 Speaker 1: with a man, because I see women as less of 374 00:22:32,600 --> 00:22:38,280 Speaker 1: a threat because I don't actually respect my girlfriend's sexuality anyhow, 375 00:22:38,720 --> 00:22:42,880 Speaker 1: A bit of a segue, But I think that line 376 00:22:42,880 --> 00:22:45,520 Speaker 1: of what you see is cheating or not is highly subjective, 377 00:22:45,520 --> 00:22:47,399 Speaker 1: and it's based on what you decide as a couple. 378 00:22:47,800 --> 00:22:50,240 Speaker 1: I don't think that it's something that you can determine 379 00:22:50,280 --> 00:22:53,240 Speaker 1: by trial and error, like at all, set those boundaries 380 00:22:53,680 --> 00:22:57,240 Speaker 1: and make them clear. But kind of that second part 381 00:22:57,240 --> 00:22:59,840 Speaker 1: we're talking about, is cheating that bad and do our 382 00:23:00,040 --> 00:23:03,399 Speaker 1: reactions to it only come about because of certain social norms? 383 00:23:04,040 --> 00:23:07,000 Speaker 1: So it feels like we've spent the past century making 384 00:23:07,040 --> 00:23:11,119 Speaker 1: a slew of progressive social changes that kind of undermine 385 00:23:11,280 --> 00:23:17,400 Speaker 1: the sanctity of monogamy. I think it's more open and 386 00:23:17,480 --> 00:23:20,119 Speaker 1: more common for couples to talk about the nature of 387 00:23:20,119 --> 00:23:23,440 Speaker 1: their relationship than ever before, and I think we've reached 388 00:23:23,440 --> 00:23:25,719 Speaker 1: a stage where relationships aren't as black and white as 389 00:23:25,800 --> 00:23:29,840 Speaker 1: society has perhaps previously expected them to be. This is 390 00:23:29,880 --> 00:23:32,800 Speaker 1: something really interesting that my friend Carolina, a friend of 391 00:23:32,800 --> 00:23:36,600 Speaker 1: the show, told me. There's this idea in gender psychology 392 00:23:36,640 --> 00:23:39,560 Speaker 1: and in gender studies that monogamy arose because of laws 393 00:23:39,600 --> 00:23:43,240 Speaker 1: around property and the influence of religion. So men wanted 394 00:23:43,280 --> 00:23:46,480 Speaker 1: to ensure that the offspric they were passing their inheritance 395 00:23:46,560 --> 00:23:51,000 Speaker 1: onto were actually theirs, and so cheating became more taboo, 396 00:23:51,119 --> 00:23:55,800 Speaker 1: especially for women, because it would undermine male sexual, emotional, economic, 397 00:23:55,840 --> 00:24:00,520 Speaker 1: and physical authority. Also, as religious teachings made sex more 398 00:24:00,520 --> 00:24:04,240 Speaker 1: conservative and wanted it to become more sacred. This restricted 399 00:24:04,280 --> 00:24:07,159 Speaker 1: sex and intimacy into marriage, and people were shamed for 400 00:24:07,240 --> 00:24:10,040 Speaker 1: breaking that sanctity of one man, one wife and their 401 00:24:10,119 --> 00:24:14,560 Speaker 1: kind of marriage. Ben So, I think the cultural humiliation 402 00:24:14,640 --> 00:24:17,600 Speaker 1: and pressure not to cheat throughout history because of the 403 00:24:17,640 --> 00:24:22,600 Speaker 1: influence of these institutions and influences, has perhaps created the 404 00:24:22,680 --> 00:24:28,640 Speaker 1: feelings we have now around cheating. Obviously it still naturally 405 00:24:28,640 --> 00:24:31,919 Speaker 1: doesn't feel good, but emotions and reactions are, as we know, 406 00:24:32,000 --> 00:24:35,639 Speaker 1: culturally conditioned in many ways from your parents, from your peers, 407 00:24:35,680 --> 00:24:39,320 Speaker 1: from the media. And if history had promoted polyamory and 408 00:24:39,440 --> 00:24:42,520 Speaker 1: multiple sexual partners or no marriage, maybe as a way 409 00:24:42,520 --> 00:24:45,720 Speaker 1: to increase population and keep greater harmony, and that was 410 00:24:45,760 --> 00:24:49,960 Speaker 1: our history, maybe these ideas around cheating, which by the way, 411 00:24:50,000 --> 00:24:53,600 Speaker 1: it still see as pretty fucking apparent, but maybe those 412 00:24:53,640 --> 00:24:56,879 Speaker 1: ideas around cheating would be less negative in the idea 413 00:24:56,920 --> 00:24:59,480 Speaker 1: of sleeping with someone else or having emotional intimacy with 414 00:24:59,600 --> 00:25:04,000 Speaker 1: someone else would be more accepted. I hope that we've 415 00:25:04,119 --> 00:25:07,880 Speaker 1: enjoyed this kind of quick episode on the psychology of cheating. 416 00:25:09,280 --> 00:25:12,639 Speaker 1: I think cheating, you know, as hard as it is, 417 00:25:12,760 --> 00:25:15,040 Speaker 1: is kind of common in our twenties as we're testing 418 00:25:15,040 --> 00:25:18,880 Speaker 1: out our boundaries and how we communicate with partners and 419 00:25:19,480 --> 00:25:23,439 Speaker 1: kind of experiencing sex and intimacy and emotional disclosure for 420 00:25:23,520 --> 00:25:25,879 Speaker 1: the first time. We hear a lot of stories about it. 421 00:25:25,880 --> 00:25:29,640 Speaker 1: Perhaps you've experienced it, so I hope this kind of 422 00:25:29,720 --> 00:25:33,399 Speaker 1: shed some light on why it happens, the reasons around 423 00:25:33,440 --> 00:25:36,080 Speaker 1: why people cheat, but also kind of expresses that I 424 00:25:36,119 --> 00:25:39,560 Speaker 1: don't think it's ever someone's like the person who's been 425 00:25:39,640 --> 00:25:43,200 Speaker 1: cheated on's fault. There are so many theories that explain 426 00:25:43,960 --> 00:25:47,640 Speaker 1: why people are driven to cheat, but so few theories 427 00:25:48,040 --> 00:25:51,840 Speaker 1: that kind of put that blame on the partner. And 428 00:25:51,880 --> 00:25:54,760 Speaker 1: I think especially interesting about this is this idea of 429 00:25:54,840 --> 00:25:57,760 Speaker 1: like that culturally conditioned idea of monogamy, and whether we 430 00:25:57,800 --> 00:26:01,800 Speaker 1: would see cheating as less bad if history had been different, 431 00:26:02,080 --> 00:26:05,000 Speaker 1: if we didn't have the influence of property rights or religion. 432 00:26:06,040 --> 00:26:08,160 Speaker 1: Obviously that's a bit of a fantasy, but just kind 433 00:26:08,160 --> 00:26:11,640 Speaker 1: of something to think about anyhow. Another episode. I also 434 00:26:11,680 --> 00:26:14,639 Speaker 1: just want to quickly say I got my Spotify wrapped 435 00:26:14,680 --> 00:26:17,439 Speaker 1: for my podcast this year and there was just so 436 00:26:17,520 --> 00:26:20,960 Speaker 1: much love you guys. You've all been listening so much 437 00:26:21,000 --> 00:26:24,159 Speaker 1: and I really really appreciate it like a lot. I 438 00:26:24,160 --> 00:26:25,960 Speaker 1: think at one point we were like twenty fourth in 439 00:26:26,000 --> 00:26:29,480 Speaker 1: the charts in Australia, which is like insane considering I 440 00:26:29,520 --> 00:26:32,520 Speaker 1: recall this on my phone in my Cambra bedroom. So 441 00:26:32,720 --> 00:26:35,159 Speaker 1: thank you so much. And if you do like the 442 00:26:35,200 --> 00:26:38,280 Speaker 1: podcasts and you feel called to support it more, please 443 00:26:38,320 --> 00:26:40,720 Speaker 1: let write us a review on Apple Podcasts it really 444 00:26:40,720 --> 00:26:44,040 Speaker 1: helps the community and the show kind of grow, brings 445 00:26:44,080 --> 00:26:47,400 Speaker 1: more people into, bring new ideas, what they want to discuss, 446 00:26:47,560 --> 00:26:50,399 Speaker 1: and hopefully they get something out of it like you have. 447 00:26:51,040 --> 00:26:54,880 Speaker 1: So thanks again for listening. Next week we're talking about 448 00:26:54,920 --> 00:26:58,720 Speaker 1: the psychology of loneliness another sad one, so I hope 449 00:26:58,760 --> 00:27:00,920 Speaker 1: we're all ready for that. Zero