1 00:00:00,560 --> 00:00:03,760 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class from how 2 00:00:03,800 --> 00:00:13,760 Speaker 1: Stuff Works dot com. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. 3 00:00:13,800 --> 00:00:17,520 Speaker 1: I'm editor Candice Getson, joined by staff writer Jane mcgram paybook. 4 00:00:18,120 --> 00:00:22,919 Speaker 1: We love getting listener feedback, especially when it's complimentary, but 5 00:00:23,320 --> 00:00:25,320 Speaker 1: we also like it when you guys ask very deep 6 00:00:25,400 --> 00:00:28,200 Speaker 1: and probing questions or something make requests of us. And 7 00:00:28,320 --> 00:00:32,199 Speaker 1: we have one such request from Mike, who unfortunately did 8 00:00:32,200 --> 00:00:34,479 Speaker 1: not include his last name. But Mike, if you hear 9 00:00:34,520 --> 00:00:36,800 Speaker 1: this email and know it to you write us back 10 00:00:36,840 --> 00:00:39,040 Speaker 1: and we'll say your full name on our next podcast. So, 11 00:00:39,240 --> 00:00:42,520 Speaker 1: Mike Rights, I really enjoyed listening to this podcast. I'd 12 00:00:42,520 --> 00:00:46,400 Speaker 1: like to hear more topics about American history. However, why 13 00:00:46,440 --> 00:00:50,360 Speaker 1: not try how reconstruction worked or how slavery worked. These 14 00:00:50,360 --> 00:00:53,120 Speaker 1: topics might be more contentious, but I think the discussions 15 00:00:53,120 --> 00:00:56,400 Speaker 1: would be interesting to listen to. Well, Mike, we love 16 00:00:56,440 --> 00:00:58,360 Speaker 1: American history here and we try to spread the law 17 00:00:58,440 --> 00:01:02,480 Speaker 1: between all different continents, all different eras and civilizations, etcetera, etcetera. 18 00:01:02,480 --> 00:01:04,720 Speaker 1: As long as we mentioned Thomas Jefferson in every podcast, 19 00:01:04,880 --> 00:01:07,639 Speaker 1: but we are going to talk about civil rights today 20 00:01:07,880 --> 00:01:12,200 Speaker 1: at the civil rights movement in particular because US. As 21 00:01:12,240 --> 00:01:14,600 Speaker 1: most of you know, this was sort of a burgeoning 22 00:01:14,800 --> 00:01:19,319 Speaker 1: movement beginning when people started noticing the the inherent evil 23 00:01:19,760 --> 00:01:22,800 Speaker 1: in slavery. But it took a really, really long time 24 00:01:22,920 --> 00:01:26,520 Speaker 1: for things to come full scale and for blacks to 25 00:01:26,560 --> 00:01:29,800 Speaker 1: be given their full civil rights. So it's a very 26 00:01:29,840 --> 00:01:31,959 Speaker 1: complicated history, and we're gonna do our best to cover 27 00:01:32,040 --> 00:01:34,880 Speaker 1: most of it. That's right, And we're gonna start back 28 00:01:35,160 --> 00:01:40,280 Speaker 1: about with the gym crow laws. UM. During reconstruction, Uh, 29 00:01:40,520 --> 00:01:45,759 Speaker 1: the Southern States instituted rules basically that prevented blacks from 30 00:01:45,760 --> 00:01:48,640 Speaker 1: taking advantage of the um the freedom that they had 31 00:01:48,680 --> 00:01:51,840 Speaker 1: just got. And uh so they made rules that that 32 00:01:52,000 --> 00:01:55,000 Speaker 1: separated blacks and whites and restaurants, parks, and theaters, you 33 00:01:55,080 --> 00:01:59,560 Speaker 1: name it, basically. And uh this was later legitimized by 34 00:01:59,560 --> 00:02:02,560 Speaker 1: a super in court case called plus e versus ferguson 35 00:02:02,600 --> 00:02:05,680 Speaker 1: In and it really made it said, it said like 36 00:02:05,760 --> 00:02:08,640 Speaker 1: separate but equal is constitutional. It's fine, you can make 37 00:02:08,720 --> 00:02:11,880 Speaker 1: laws about it. And that's really sad and it's also 38 00:02:12,160 --> 00:02:16,440 Speaker 1: really scary too, because the Constitution added the fourteenth Amendment, 39 00:02:16,520 --> 00:02:20,560 Speaker 1: which made clear that citizenship was to be bestowed on 40 00:02:20,680 --> 00:02:24,560 Speaker 1: freed slaves and equal and that's where we have equal 41 00:02:24,600 --> 00:02:28,600 Speaker 1: and that's where they get the little nitpicky like right, sorry, 42 00:02:28,600 --> 00:02:30,639 Speaker 1: I mean Truman, You're fine. But the problem with the 43 00:02:30,639 --> 00:02:33,000 Speaker 1: fourteen Amendment is that it was never ratified by most 44 00:02:33,000 --> 00:02:37,360 Speaker 1: of the Southern states, and during reconstruction, the South actually 45 00:02:37,400 --> 00:02:42,160 Speaker 1: had military members who came in to oversee that they 46 00:02:42,200 --> 00:02:46,560 Speaker 1: were upholding universal male suffrage, and they weren't. And the 47 00:02:46,600 --> 00:02:48,639 Speaker 1: problem with the Jim Crow laws that Jay was alluding 48 00:02:48,680 --> 00:02:52,200 Speaker 1: to earlier is that they made things inherently difficult for 49 00:02:52,280 --> 00:02:56,359 Speaker 1: freed black men. Sure, they were supposed to be enfranchised, 50 00:02:56,360 --> 00:02:58,160 Speaker 1: but they couldn't vote because when they got to the 51 00:02:58,240 --> 00:03:00,440 Speaker 1: voting booths they were hit with poll tech says, or 52 00:03:00,440 --> 00:03:03,160 Speaker 1: they would hit with literacy tests or all these other 53 00:03:03,200 --> 00:03:05,639 Speaker 1: tricks that white Southerners had up their sleeves to keep 54 00:03:05,680 --> 00:03:09,880 Speaker 1: them from participating in society. It's written, obviously these blacks 55 00:03:09,880 --> 00:03:13,639 Speaker 1: were at a disadvantaged um at a disadvantage because they 56 00:03:13,680 --> 00:03:17,200 Speaker 1: were deprived of the education that it took to have 57 00:03:17,400 --> 00:03:20,440 Speaker 1: literacy at that time. So the Southern Southerners knew exactly 58 00:03:20,480 --> 00:03:23,760 Speaker 1: what they were doing and did is completely unfair rules. 59 00:03:23,960 --> 00:03:28,120 Speaker 1: And it wasn't just about voting. They also banned interracial marriages, 60 00:03:28,600 --> 00:03:32,160 Speaker 1: and they segregated public places like schools and parks and 61 00:03:32,160 --> 00:03:35,840 Speaker 1: different modes of transportation. And I'm sure you're all incredibly 62 00:03:35,880 --> 00:03:37,600 Speaker 1: familiar with the Rosa Park story, and we'll get to 63 00:03:37,600 --> 00:03:39,640 Speaker 1: that in a little bit. But another example of that, 64 00:03:39,720 --> 00:03:43,920 Speaker 1: like like buses and and vehicles people would take essentially 65 00:03:44,000 --> 00:03:46,680 Speaker 1: to get to these locales that when they arrived they 66 00:03:46,680 --> 00:03:50,400 Speaker 1: would find we're separate but not equal. And we know 67 00:03:50,520 --> 00:03:52,760 Speaker 1: that lynching was a constant thread. The ku Klux Klan 68 00:03:52,880 --> 00:03:56,160 Speaker 1: was alive and well. And the problem with these these 69 00:03:56,240 --> 00:04:00,000 Speaker 1: lynch mobs and uh other violent members of white society, 70 00:04:00,000 --> 00:04:03,000 Speaker 1: it was that when they were called to court, they 71 00:04:03,040 --> 00:04:06,680 Speaker 1: were essentially refused by all white juries who typically found 72 00:04:06,680 --> 00:04:10,160 Speaker 1: them innocent. So it was just a constant cycle. And 73 00:04:11,280 --> 00:04:14,040 Speaker 1: a lot of this violence stemmed from just the strict 74 00:04:14,120 --> 00:04:16,200 Speaker 1: rules even in their society that they formed, Like if 75 00:04:16,240 --> 00:04:18,280 Speaker 1: you but black person looked at a white person the 76 00:04:18,360 --> 00:04:20,800 Speaker 1: wrong way, you could instigate violence that would later be 77 00:04:20,800 --> 00:04:23,640 Speaker 1: acquitted by an all white jury. So I want to 78 00:04:23,640 --> 00:04:25,719 Speaker 1: get back to white Jane was saying earlier about Plessy 79 00:04:25,839 --> 00:04:28,479 Speaker 1: versus Ferguson, because this is such an important precedent to 80 00:04:28,640 --> 00:04:34,039 Speaker 1: the whole civil rights movement, and that happened back in Louisiana. 81 00:04:34,120 --> 00:04:37,160 Speaker 1: Law had forced blacks to ride and segregated rail cars, 82 00:04:37,720 --> 00:04:40,760 Speaker 1: and under the fourteen the Amendment, that really didn't make 83 00:04:40,960 --> 00:04:43,400 Speaker 1: a lot of sense because blacks were supposed to have 84 00:04:43,440 --> 00:04:46,480 Speaker 1: access to all the civil you know, rights and civil 85 00:04:47,320 --> 00:04:50,560 Speaker 1: liberties that the whites had to. So plus you tested 86 00:04:50,600 --> 00:04:53,240 Speaker 1: this boarding a car that was intended for white people. 87 00:04:53,279 --> 00:04:56,080 Speaker 1: Plus it was just one eighth black. Yeah, that's very interesting, 88 00:04:56,120 --> 00:04:58,400 Speaker 1: the fact that he's just only one eight, one eighth 89 00:04:58,440 --> 00:05:02,920 Speaker 1: but was still arrested and a local judge declared him guilty, 90 00:05:03,000 --> 00:05:07,240 Speaker 1: and the US Supreme Court, wildly enough upheld that decision. 91 00:05:07,640 --> 00:05:09,719 Speaker 1: And they were the ones who said that separate but 92 00:05:09,800 --> 00:05:14,920 Speaker 1: equal accommodations did not infringe upon Fourteenth Amendment rights. And 93 00:05:15,400 --> 00:05:18,479 Speaker 1: how many times have we heard that refrain throughout you know, 94 00:05:18,520 --> 00:05:22,760 Speaker 1: civil rights history, Separate but equal, separate equal. That was ultimately, 95 00:05:22,800 --> 00:05:24,440 Speaker 1: you know, this thing that's upt all the wheels in 96 00:05:24,480 --> 00:05:27,200 Speaker 1: motion for the whole movement, and that was not overturned 97 00:05:27,279 --> 00:05:29,600 Speaker 1: until ninety four, which I'm sure you will have heard 98 00:05:29,600 --> 00:05:34,080 Speaker 1: of the Brown versus Board of Education case, and that finally, um, 99 00:05:34,120 --> 00:05:36,039 Speaker 1: the nail in the coffin the plus E saying that 100 00:05:36,160 --> 00:05:40,479 Speaker 1: separate uh is inherently unequal, and so it violated the 101 00:05:40,480 --> 00:05:43,880 Speaker 1: fourteenth Amendment. And the thing about these historic cases is 102 00:05:43,920 --> 00:05:46,760 Speaker 1: really that the people behind them and you know, again 103 00:05:46,839 --> 00:05:50,200 Speaker 1: Brown versus Board of Education probably a court name you've 104 00:05:50,200 --> 00:05:52,600 Speaker 1: heard tossed around, but to really know that the backstory 105 00:05:53,000 --> 00:05:55,920 Speaker 1: an eight year old girl named Lynda Brown. She had 106 00:05:55,960 --> 00:05:58,680 Speaker 1: to ride a school bus about five miles to a 107 00:05:58,760 --> 00:06:02,440 Speaker 1: segregate at school and her her hometown of Topeka. Meanwhile, 108 00:06:02,560 --> 00:06:04,839 Speaker 1: a school for white children was just a few blocks 109 00:06:04,839 --> 00:06:07,640 Speaker 1: away from her house, and it was better staffed, had 110 00:06:07,880 --> 00:06:11,160 Speaker 1: better equipment, better books, things like this. And so her father, 111 00:06:11,680 --> 00:06:14,520 Speaker 1: the Reverend Oliver Brown, decided he was going to try 112 00:06:14,560 --> 00:06:16,840 Speaker 1: to enroll her at that school. It just made sense, 113 00:06:17,680 --> 00:06:19,840 Speaker 1: and he was denied. So he went to the Double 114 00:06:19,880 --> 00:06:24,440 Speaker 1: A c P. And they essentially kept taking the case 115 00:06:24,480 --> 00:06:26,599 Speaker 1: a little bit further, and when they got other families 116 00:06:26,640 --> 00:06:29,159 Speaker 1: involved to to help um with the case as well, 117 00:06:29,240 --> 00:06:31,600 Speaker 1: they did. And again this was ruled on the precedent 118 00:06:31,640 --> 00:06:35,840 Speaker 1: of PLUSY versus ferguson separate not being equal. And here 119 00:06:35,920 --> 00:06:38,359 Speaker 1: was a very very stark example of how it's not 120 00:06:38,520 --> 00:06:40,320 Speaker 1: I mean, you could look at these two schools side 121 00:06:40,320 --> 00:06:42,880 Speaker 1: by side, the staff that was there, Um, what the 122 00:06:42,960 --> 00:06:45,400 Speaker 1: children were entitled to the type of education they were getting, 123 00:06:45,520 --> 00:06:49,680 Speaker 1: And it couldn't be more obvious, that's right. And um 124 00:06:50,200 --> 00:06:52,560 Speaker 1: it delivered sort of a final blow against Plessy because 125 00:06:52,560 --> 00:06:55,680 Speaker 1: there were court cases beforehand that sort of chip away 126 00:06:56,000 --> 00:06:58,680 Speaker 1: at plus e and um. Giving example, there was a 127 00:06:58,720 --> 00:07:02,159 Speaker 1: case in forty six where they banned segregation on interstate 128 00:07:02,200 --> 00:07:04,839 Speaker 1: bus travel. That's going to come into play later, but 129 00:07:04,960 --> 00:07:06,560 Speaker 1: it didn't quite. It wasn't quite the nail of the 130 00:07:06,600 --> 00:07:10,400 Speaker 1: coffin that Brown versus Board was. So when Brown and 131 00:07:10,840 --> 00:07:13,840 Speaker 1: the n double a CP appealed the local judges decision 132 00:07:14,760 --> 00:07:16,560 Speaker 1: that a pow plus the versus frecus and they went 133 00:07:16,600 --> 00:07:18,920 Speaker 1: to the Supreme Court, and like Jane said, in May 134 00:07:18,960 --> 00:07:21,559 Speaker 1: nineteen fifty four, that was when they said the separate 135 00:07:21,600 --> 00:07:26,360 Speaker 1: but equal was unconstitutional and thus began the desegregation of schools. 136 00:07:26,400 --> 00:07:28,840 Speaker 1: And you think, I mean, obviously this was a major 137 00:07:29,640 --> 00:07:32,960 Speaker 1: step in the civil rights movement, but it didn't immediately 138 00:07:33,120 --> 00:07:36,520 Speaker 1: make things better. If anything, it's sort of made hostilities 139 00:07:36,560 --> 00:07:39,120 Speaker 1: worse between the South, at least between blacks and whites. 140 00:07:39,320 --> 00:07:41,400 Speaker 1: And give you example, if you've heard of the Emmett 141 00:07:41,400 --> 00:07:44,160 Speaker 1: Till case. It's an extremely sad case. It happened just 142 00:07:44,200 --> 00:07:46,760 Speaker 1: a few months after the decision was released about Brown 143 00:07:46,800 --> 00:07:49,240 Speaker 1: for support of education. It had to do with a 144 00:07:49,640 --> 00:07:52,880 Speaker 1: just a fourteen year old African American boy whom he 145 00:07:52,960 --> 00:07:54,960 Speaker 1: lived in Chicago at that time, but he was visiting 146 00:07:55,080 --> 00:07:58,640 Speaker 1: the South in Money, Mississippi, UM to visit relatives. And 147 00:07:58,720 --> 00:08:01,520 Speaker 1: he was there for a few days and he was 148 00:08:02,120 --> 00:08:05,360 Speaker 1: hanging out with his friends UM and teasing them. He 149 00:08:05,400 --> 00:08:07,440 Speaker 1: showing them picture of this white girl and saying, Oh, 150 00:08:07,440 --> 00:08:09,560 Speaker 1: that's my girlfriend, blah blah blah. They didn't believe him, 151 00:08:09,760 --> 00:08:11,800 Speaker 1: and they said, oh, why don't you go flirt with 152 00:08:11,800 --> 00:08:14,520 Speaker 1: the white girl inside the store there, And so he did. 153 00:08:14,840 --> 00:08:18,000 Speaker 1: And this caused a lot of problems, it really did, 154 00:08:18,720 --> 00:08:22,400 Speaker 1: because just a couple of nights later, he was kidnapped 155 00:08:22,480 --> 00:08:25,560 Speaker 1: from the house where he was staying and he disappeared 156 00:08:26,040 --> 00:08:28,800 Speaker 1: until his body was found drowned in the river, and 157 00:08:28,920 --> 00:08:31,280 Speaker 1: there was barbed wire around his neck, there was a 158 00:08:31,320 --> 00:08:35,040 Speaker 1: bullet hole and his skull. He had been so badly 159 00:08:35,160 --> 00:08:39,000 Speaker 1: mutilated and then tortured that his body was unrecognizable except 160 00:08:39,040 --> 00:08:41,079 Speaker 1: for a ring that he was wearing and That's how 161 00:08:41,080 --> 00:08:44,840 Speaker 1: they identified him. And it was very obvious who and why, 162 00:08:45,480 --> 00:08:49,720 Speaker 1: Uh this murder happened. Um, somebody was knocking on the 163 00:08:49,720 --> 00:08:51,280 Speaker 1: door in the middle of the night asking to see 164 00:08:51,320 --> 00:08:54,240 Speaker 1: the boy and the uncle the person he was visiting. Uh, 165 00:08:54,280 --> 00:08:57,080 Speaker 1: you know, he couldn't resist them. And uh. And it 166 00:08:57,160 --> 00:08:59,520 Speaker 1: was the husband of the girl that the that Emmett 167 00:08:59,559 --> 00:09:01,520 Speaker 1: had been earning with, and he had come back from 168 00:09:01,520 --> 00:09:03,920 Speaker 1: a trip and found out what happened and found out 169 00:09:03,920 --> 00:09:07,040 Speaker 1: the story and immediately went over and took the boy 170 00:09:07,160 --> 00:09:09,400 Speaker 1: and put him in the car and drove away. And 171 00:09:09,559 --> 00:09:12,200 Speaker 1: this man for Bryant, he was breaking conjunction with the 172 00:09:12,240 --> 00:09:14,840 Speaker 1: owner of this store where the incident took place. And 173 00:09:14,880 --> 00:09:18,360 Speaker 1: that was J. M. Millum. And to be specific for 174 00:09:18,440 --> 00:09:21,920 Speaker 1: what we know exactly what uh Emmett said to the 175 00:09:21,960 --> 00:09:25,320 Speaker 1: woman was bye bye baby when he turned to leave. 176 00:09:25,840 --> 00:09:29,720 Speaker 1: So again not exactly damning words, but in this case, 177 00:09:29,840 --> 00:09:33,200 Speaker 1: you know, they really were for him. And again this 178 00:09:33,280 --> 00:09:36,520 Speaker 1: is another instance of an all white jury not finding 179 00:09:36,640 --> 00:09:38,400 Speaker 1: the guilty party is guilty. And if you look at 180 00:09:38,480 --> 00:09:41,800 Speaker 1: pictures from you know, Roy Bryant and J. M. Millam 181 00:09:41,800 --> 00:09:43,640 Speaker 1: in court, I think Roybrian is sitting there, you know, 182 00:09:43,840 --> 00:09:47,080 Speaker 1: looking completely nonchalant smoking his cigarette. Is that he hasn't 183 00:09:47,080 --> 00:09:49,360 Speaker 1: a care in the world. He woun he knew that 184 00:09:49,400 --> 00:09:53,079 Speaker 1: he would be acquitted, and Emmett told his mother obviously, 185 00:09:53,200 --> 00:09:55,400 Speaker 1: you know when one can assume she must have just 186 00:09:55,480 --> 00:09:59,360 Speaker 1: been heartbroken. But she, I think, very valiantly turned this 187 00:09:59,400 --> 00:10:02,000 Speaker 1: into an opera tunity to advance the civil rights movement. 188 00:10:02,320 --> 00:10:06,439 Speaker 1: And at the boy's funeral, she insisted upon an open casket. 189 00:10:06,559 --> 00:10:09,960 Speaker 1: And again remember his body was start mutilated and they 190 00:10:09,960 --> 00:10:11,599 Speaker 1: found out the couldn't recognize him. He'd been in the 191 00:10:11,679 --> 00:10:13,319 Speaker 1: river for a couple of days. It must have been 192 00:10:13,559 --> 00:10:16,360 Speaker 1: a horrific site to see. And I think that that 193 00:10:16,520 --> 00:10:20,520 Speaker 1: is really what starred, especially younger generations of black Americans 194 00:10:20,559 --> 00:10:22,880 Speaker 1: to say this is wrong. I mean, the year, it 195 00:10:22,960 --> 00:10:25,080 Speaker 1: was wrong all along. But there's a big difference between 196 00:10:25,559 --> 00:10:28,400 Speaker 1: a schoolgirl being denied entrance to his school and this 197 00:10:28,559 --> 00:10:31,520 Speaker 1: sort of very violent atrocity that's occurring under a lot 198 00:10:31,600 --> 00:10:35,320 Speaker 1: that's right. I think it really awakened everybody, the whole nation, really, 199 00:10:35,320 --> 00:10:38,400 Speaker 1: because I remember reading that the image of his mutilated 200 00:10:38,400 --> 00:10:40,800 Speaker 1: body was printed in a magazine at the time, so 201 00:10:41,400 --> 00:10:43,520 Speaker 1: not even just the people who went and saw his 202 00:10:43,559 --> 00:10:45,839 Speaker 1: body in person, but all around the country, people who 203 00:10:45,840 --> 00:10:48,760 Speaker 1: thought that magazine could see, um, how disgusting this was. 204 00:10:48,840 --> 00:10:52,679 Speaker 1: And it's interesting also to compare Emmett Till himself growing 205 00:10:52,760 --> 00:10:55,280 Speaker 1: up in Chicago was not used to the ways of 206 00:10:55,280 --> 00:10:57,760 Speaker 1: the South and the unspoken rules that were going on there, 207 00:10:58,040 --> 00:11:02,480 Speaker 1: and so really, you know, it illustrated for everyone very 208 00:11:02,480 --> 00:11:05,280 Speaker 1: clearly the difference and how not even a teenage boy 209 00:11:05,400 --> 00:11:08,520 Speaker 1: is safe from the violence but the South. And you know, 210 00:11:08,559 --> 00:11:10,640 Speaker 1: we're we're Southerners, and we live in the South today, 211 00:11:10,640 --> 00:11:12,480 Speaker 1: and the House of Works is in Atlanta, and so 212 00:11:12,559 --> 00:11:15,040 Speaker 1: you know, we're we're aware of Southern culture and attitude. 213 00:11:15,360 --> 00:11:18,120 Speaker 1: So we don't mean to constantly be pointing fingers at 214 00:11:18,120 --> 00:11:20,400 Speaker 1: the South, but this is where all the activity was brewing. 215 00:11:20,800 --> 00:11:22,760 Speaker 1: It's important to note too that it was a very 216 00:11:23,080 --> 00:11:26,480 Speaker 1: very stalwart section of the country even though these laws 217 00:11:26,480 --> 00:11:29,880 Speaker 1: were being passed, even though desegregation in schools was made mandatory, 218 00:11:30,520 --> 00:11:33,360 Speaker 1: like like you saw or heard when Jane and I 219 00:11:33,400 --> 00:11:36,600 Speaker 1: podcasted about the Emancipation Proclamation. Takes a long time for 220 00:11:36,640 --> 00:11:40,760 Speaker 1: these things to seep into the collective mindset. And even 221 00:11:40,760 --> 00:11:42,840 Speaker 1: if people know it's the law and black and white 222 00:11:43,160 --> 00:11:45,640 Speaker 1: trying to get people to embrace something, you know, with 223 00:11:45,679 --> 00:11:48,520 Speaker 1: their minds and with their attitudes takes a really long time. 224 00:11:48,559 --> 00:11:53,400 Speaker 1: And especially when you have general unrest among populations, you know, 225 00:11:53,520 --> 00:11:57,000 Speaker 1: that sort of boils up into a mob situation. And 226 00:11:57,040 --> 00:12:01,440 Speaker 1: that's why, very famously, back in September seven, President Dwight 227 00:12:01,520 --> 00:12:05,960 Speaker 1: Eisenhower sent one thousand paratroopers to oversee nine black students 228 00:12:06,080 --> 00:12:09,360 Speaker 1: entering a little Rock high school and arkansob because he knew, 229 00:12:09,559 --> 00:12:11,880 Speaker 1: he knew what happened, that's right. And this was again 230 00:12:11,960 --> 00:12:14,439 Speaker 1: a very dramatic scene like on the on the television 231 00:12:14,440 --> 00:12:17,560 Speaker 1: and everything for the whole nation to see how bad 232 00:12:17,559 --> 00:12:22,360 Speaker 1: things were. Yes, and so we see the sort of 233 00:12:22,400 --> 00:12:25,800 Speaker 1: violence being committed against the black community, and how did 234 00:12:25,840 --> 00:12:30,360 Speaker 1: they respond well with civil disobedience. And this is perhaps 235 00:12:30,360 --> 00:12:33,000 Speaker 1: one of the wisest maneuvers I think any group of 236 00:12:33,080 --> 00:12:35,440 Speaker 1: people has has really made, because to fight back with 237 00:12:35,559 --> 00:12:39,880 Speaker 1: violence with non violence is a very shocking and a 238 00:12:40,200 --> 00:12:42,800 Speaker 1: brave thing to do. It sort of inherited the ideas 239 00:12:42,800 --> 00:12:46,920 Speaker 1: of Gandhi uh very popular at that time. And one 240 00:12:46,960 --> 00:12:49,960 Speaker 1: of the examples of civil disobedience that was very popular 241 00:12:50,000 --> 00:12:53,800 Speaker 1: and effective were these things called students, where um black 242 00:12:53,880 --> 00:12:57,200 Speaker 1: youths usually we go into all white establishments, or at 243 00:12:57,240 --> 00:12:59,319 Speaker 1: least establishments that had all white sections, such as a 244 00:12:59,440 --> 00:13:01,520 Speaker 1: counter that will what's good, tod it, and they would 245 00:13:01,520 --> 00:13:04,600 Speaker 1: ask to be served um. And they had a code 246 00:13:04,600 --> 00:13:06,920 Speaker 1: of non violence, where like even if they were being 247 00:13:07,120 --> 00:13:10,079 Speaker 1: hit or whatever, they could not respond with any violence, 248 00:13:10,160 --> 00:13:14,480 Speaker 1: and they couldn't insult anyone else, etcetera, etcetera. One of 249 00:13:14,480 --> 00:13:17,920 Speaker 1: the most famous cases of civil disobedience that we mentioned 250 00:13:17,960 --> 00:13:20,960 Speaker 1: earlier and stuff we'd come back to is Rose Apart 251 00:13:21,760 --> 00:13:25,520 Speaker 1: and this happened in Montgomery, Alabama. It was December first, 252 00:13:25,720 --> 00:13:30,000 Speaker 1: nineteen after a day of work. She sat down on 253 00:13:30,040 --> 00:13:33,000 Speaker 1: the bus and when enough white sported that she was, 254 00:13:33,120 --> 00:13:34,960 Speaker 1: you know, being forced by code to give up her seat, 255 00:13:35,320 --> 00:13:37,560 Speaker 1: she refused. And I think a lot of people think 256 00:13:37,600 --> 00:13:39,080 Speaker 1: that she did this on the spur of the moment, 257 00:13:39,320 --> 00:13:43,520 Speaker 1: and there was no sudden floyda and thinking that she 258 00:13:43,840 --> 00:13:46,720 Speaker 1: very you know, resolutely refused to give up pro seed, 259 00:13:46,760 --> 00:13:48,920 Speaker 1: I think paints her as at a larger than life figure. 260 00:13:48,960 --> 00:13:51,240 Speaker 1: And while she certainly was a heroic figure in the movement, 261 00:13:51,520 --> 00:13:54,439 Speaker 1: she had gone to courses on civil disobedient I don't know. 262 00:13:54,440 --> 00:13:56,800 Speaker 1: I think that raises her estimation in my eyes is like, 263 00:13:56,840 --> 00:13:58,840 Speaker 1: oh that's you know, this is just planned out and 264 00:13:58,880 --> 00:14:00,960 Speaker 1: she had the guts to do This wasn't just she 265 00:14:01,040 --> 00:14:03,880 Speaker 1: was having a bad day, you know exactly. Yeah, from 266 00:14:03,920 --> 00:14:07,720 Speaker 1: that perspective, she's even even larger or larger life. So 267 00:14:07,920 --> 00:14:12,880 Speaker 1: and this was actually part of a bus boycott movement 268 00:14:13,000 --> 00:14:18,560 Speaker 1: Bliss's started. Yeah, so UM activists in Montgomery, the city 269 00:14:18,600 --> 00:14:22,040 Speaker 1: where this happened, they started a Montgomery Improvement Association and 270 00:14:22,080 --> 00:14:24,440 Speaker 1: this I started a boycott and this lasted for over 271 00:14:24,480 --> 00:14:27,880 Speaker 1: a year, UM until the courts finally made the city 272 00:14:27,960 --> 00:14:31,280 Speaker 1: UM desegregate, and it was a huge success. UM. You know, 273 00:14:31,320 --> 00:14:33,400 Speaker 1: it was one of the first big successes for the 274 00:14:33,440 --> 00:14:38,240 Speaker 1: civil rights movement, especially the UM civil disobedience movement as well. 275 00:14:38,440 --> 00:14:41,280 Speaker 1: And this is when a famous figure Martin Luther King Jr. 276 00:14:41,280 --> 00:14:43,280 Speaker 1: Came into play as well. He was a pastor in 277 00:14:43,320 --> 00:14:45,720 Speaker 1: a church in Montgomery during the time of the boycott 278 00:14:45,840 --> 00:14:48,880 Speaker 1: and UM when that was successful. Actually, I should mention 279 00:14:48,920 --> 00:14:50,880 Speaker 1: that during the boycott he was faced with a lot 280 00:14:50,880 --> 00:14:53,640 Speaker 1: of dangers. Well, his home was actually bombed that year 281 00:14:53,720 --> 00:14:56,480 Speaker 1: when he wasn't there, I believe. And Um, once the 282 00:14:56,480 --> 00:14:59,440 Speaker 1: boycott was finally successful, he was elected the first president 283 00:14:59,480 --> 00:15:02,760 Speaker 1: of the Southern Christian Leadership Council and this focus on 284 00:15:02,840 --> 00:15:06,560 Speaker 1: peaceful poet protest and became a major force in the movement. 285 00:15:07,120 --> 00:15:10,120 Speaker 1: And King didn't stay in Montgomery, ended up moving to 286 00:15:10,160 --> 00:15:13,000 Speaker 1: Atlanta for a while, and then we know that eventually 287 00:15:13,280 --> 00:15:17,880 Speaker 1: he went over to Birmingham. But while he was starting 288 00:15:17,960 --> 00:15:20,120 Speaker 1: and and it was the sort of burgeoning effort of 289 00:15:20,160 --> 00:15:24,280 Speaker 1: the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, we really see this rolling 290 00:15:24,320 --> 00:15:28,120 Speaker 1: effort with with bus boycotts and nationwide protests and and 291 00:15:28,200 --> 00:15:31,600 Speaker 1: sit in and all of this to sort of gently 292 00:15:31,800 --> 00:15:35,680 Speaker 1: buck the Supreme courts, you know, ruling and decisions and 293 00:15:35,720 --> 00:15:38,240 Speaker 1: to really draw attention to what was happening in the 294 00:15:38,280 --> 00:15:40,160 Speaker 1: South and to point out, you know, we're the ones 295 00:15:40,520 --> 00:15:43,360 Speaker 1: who have these rides that are being taken away from 296 00:15:43,440 --> 00:15:45,920 Speaker 1: us or not being honored, and we're not fighting back 297 00:15:46,000 --> 00:15:48,200 Speaker 1: like the white community. You know, we're doing this very 298 00:15:48,320 --> 00:15:50,720 Speaker 1: very gently as it were. Yeah, that's true. And he 299 00:15:50,760 --> 00:15:53,360 Speaker 1: faced a lot of criticism from both sides. Um was 300 00:15:53,400 --> 00:15:56,560 Speaker 1: surprising to me, Uh, was the fact that fellow pastors 301 00:15:56,560 --> 00:16:00,200 Speaker 1: in Birmingham were attacking him for being too extremist. And 302 00:16:00,280 --> 00:16:03,520 Speaker 1: he wrote, um, one time he was arrested while he's 303 00:16:03,560 --> 00:16:05,320 Speaker 1: arrested a few times, but at one point he was 304 00:16:05,360 --> 00:16:07,760 Speaker 1: in the Birmingham jail. He wrote the infamous letter from 305 00:16:07,760 --> 00:16:12,000 Speaker 1: Birmingham Jailed to his fellow pastors who were criticizing him. 306 00:16:12,040 --> 00:16:14,720 Speaker 1: And one of my favorite lines from that famous document is, 307 00:16:14,880 --> 00:16:17,359 Speaker 1: so the question is not whether we will be extremists, 308 00:16:17,360 --> 00:16:19,600 Speaker 1: but what kind of extremists we will be? And I 309 00:16:19,640 --> 00:16:22,600 Speaker 1: think that's very inspiring UM personally. And one of my 310 00:16:22,640 --> 00:16:26,000 Speaker 1: favorite lines, my favorite line is justice too long? Is 311 00:16:26,080 --> 00:16:29,800 Speaker 1: justice tons? Yeah? And I think it really speaks to 312 00:16:30,200 --> 00:16:34,320 Speaker 1: King's perspective on the movement. So while we have King 313 00:16:34,400 --> 00:16:37,360 Speaker 1: and civil disobedience going on and all of the followers 314 00:16:37,400 --> 00:16:39,960 Speaker 1: that are following him, we also should mention another group, 315 00:16:40,080 --> 00:16:43,960 Speaker 1: the freedom writers. And on May fourth nine, this was 316 00:16:44,000 --> 00:16:47,120 Speaker 1: there a group of people I've several different races, and 317 00:16:47,160 --> 00:16:49,720 Speaker 1: they were going to make sort of a cross country 318 00:16:49,800 --> 00:16:53,160 Speaker 1: or across south really statement that's right, And they were 319 00:16:53,200 --> 00:16:56,880 Speaker 1: testing some rules that were recently instituted. Like I mentioned before, 320 00:16:56,880 --> 00:17:00,600 Speaker 1: this for as early as there was a was a 321 00:17:00,640 --> 00:17:03,720 Speaker 1: ban on segregation on interstate bus travel. Well in nineteen 322 00:17:03,800 --> 00:17:06,040 Speaker 1: sixty there was another decision related to this where they 323 00:17:06,040 --> 00:17:08,679 Speaker 1: extended the role to bus terminals. UM and so the 324 00:17:08,760 --> 00:17:12,240 Speaker 1: terminals themselves had to be desegregated as well. And so 325 00:17:12,680 --> 00:17:15,240 Speaker 1: this group of freedom writers that Kandis was talking about, 326 00:17:15,320 --> 00:17:18,240 Speaker 1: um whites and blacks banded together to really test this ruling. 327 00:17:18,280 --> 00:17:19,520 Speaker 1: And they kind of knew what they were doing. They 328 00:17:19,560 --> 00:17:21,480 Speaker 1: knew that the South is not ready for this. They 329 00:17:21,560 --> 00:17:24,200 Speaker 1: knew they were getting into and they rowed from Washington, 330 00:17:24,280 --> 00:17:27,199 Speaker 1: d C. To New Orleans and along the way they 331 00:17:27,240 --> 00:17:30,080 Speaker 1: were beaten. Their busses were stoned, their tires were slashed. 332 00:17:30,160 --> 00:17:32,920 Speaker 1: Three hundred of them were arrested, and the bus never 333 00:17:33,000 --> 00:17:36,960 Speaker 1: finished the trap. That's right. It sounded like such a scary, 334 00:17:37,400 --> 00:17:39,720 Speaker 1: uh thing to go on, this crusade that they went 335 00:17:39,720 --> 00:17:42,800 Speaker 1: on because they were beaten. You know, the bus was firebombed. 336 00:17:42,800 --> 00:17:45,520 Speaker 1: They can't even imagine like how scary was to be there. 337 00:17:46,000 --> 00:17:49,280 Speaker 1: But the bright side is that their efforts caught the 338 00:17:49,320 --> 00:17:53,000 Speaker 1: attention of the Kennedy administration. So after Kennedy started turning 339 00:17:53,040 --> 00:17:55,560 Speaker 1: an eye to what was going on, he decided that 340 00:17:55,600 --> 00:17:57,679 Speaker 1: he was going to take a more active role. You know, 341 00:17:57,760 --> 00:17:59,760 Speaker 1: as we know, the Supreme Court hadn't been exactly up 342 00:17:59,760 --> 00:18:03,400 Speaker 1: to off. So Kennedy comes into play and he proposed 343 00:18:03,440 --> 00:18:05,520 Speaker 1: it the civil Rights spell and just share support for 344 00:18:05,560 --> 00:18:08,440 Speaker 1: the spell. Two d fifty thousand people of all races 345 00:18:08,720 --> 00:18:11,600 Speaker 1: participated in They marched on Washington and that is when 346 00:18:12,160 --> 00:18:14,640 Speaker 1: King made the famous I have a dream speech. That's 347 00:18:14,720 --> 00:18:18,200 Speaker 1: right and UM. Actually JFK was assassinated before the bill 348 00:18:18,280 --> 00:18:20,800 Speaker 1: could finally go through, but luckily his successor L. B. 349 00:18:20,960 --> 00:18:24,440 Speaker 1: J Um, he helped push it along because he knew 350 00:18:24,440 --> 00:18:26,800 Speaker 1: it was important. And not only a civil rights Act 351 00:18:26,840 --> 00:18:29,840 Speaker 1: of four UM, but the Voting Rights Act of the 352 00:18:30,040 --> 00:18:33,720 Speaker 1: year later UM, the first one forbid discrimination of in 353 00:18:34,040 --> 00:18:37,840 Speaker 1: public accommodations and so likely said before this this happened 354 00:18:37,880 --> 00:18:39,800 Speaker 1: sort of with the Supreme Court cases, but it was 355 00:18:39,880 --> 00:18:42,280 Speaker 1: up to the executive branch to really enforce it, and 356 00:18:42,320 --> 00:18:45,520 Speaker 1: so these were really important UM. And also what they 357 00:18:45,520 --> 00:18:48,760 Speaker 1: did was they threatened to withhold federal funds from communities 358 00:18:49,119 --> 00:18:51,960 Speaker 1: where they persisted in segregation. And that was a real 359 00:18:52,040 --> 00:18:54,400 Speaker 1: key in getting things moving. So as all of this 360 00:18:54,440 --> 00:18:57,600 Speaker 1: is happening, Jane mentioned before media coverage, and I think 361 00:18:57,600 --> 00:19:00,640 Speaker 1: it's really important to mention that that was a valuable 362 00:19:00,640 --> 00:19:03,840 Speaker 1: tool in the civil rights movement, having those pictures splashed across, 363 00:19:03,880 --> 00:19:06,000 Speaker 1: you know, the front pages of newspapers, having them on TV, 364 00:19:06,359 --> 00:19:10,199 Speaker 1: being able to see all of those people in Washington 365 00:19:10,480 --> 00:19:13,560 Speaker 1: there to support the bill. And as we know, the 366 00:19:13,640 --> 00:19:16,159 Speaker 1: graphic images of of Emmett Hill help, the images of 367 00:19:16,200 --> 00:19:19,960 Speaker 1: Martin Luther King, the images of the arrests and the protests, 368 00:19:20,359 --> 00:19:24,520 Speaker 1: and people's minds really I think began to change about 369 00:19:24,960 --> 00:19:27,639 Speaker 1: the Black community and the bills that were coming across 370 00:19:27,720 --> 00:19:30,280 Speaker 1: to support them. And something else that I think really 371 00:19:30,320 --> 00:19:34,560 Speaker 1: helped out were the children's protests that took place. And 372 00:19:34,640 --> 00:19:37,879 Speaker 1: it came to a point at which there just wasn't 373 00:19:38,359 --> 00:19:43,160 Speaker 1: enough time and enough manpower to have adults constantly protesting, 374 00:19:43,200 --> 00:19:45,280 Speaker 1: because after all, you know, these these are parents, these 375 00:19:45,400 --> 00:19:47,880 Speaker 1: these are workers, but with homes and bills to pay. 376 00:19:48,240 --> 00:19:51,159 Speaker 1: So they asked children to participate in the protests, and 377 00:19:51,240 --> 00:19:55,400 Speaker 1: even children were arrested, if you can believe that. And 378 00:19:55,560 --> 00:19:58,479 Speaker 1: at one point the city came in with fire hoses 379 00:19:58,520 --> 00:20:01,679 Speaker 1: and tried hosing them down to get them, you know, 380 00:20:01,760 --> 00:20:04,280 Speaker 1: off off the grounds and the forest. The fire hoses 381 00:20:04,320 --> 00:20:06,520 Speaker 1: was so strong, so much water pressure that children like 382 00:20:06,560 --> 00:20:08,600 Speaker 1: swept to their feet, they were knocked down. And people 383 00:20:08,600 --> 00:20:11,560 Speaker 1: saw these images and were just outraged. So when the 384 00:20:11,600 --> 00:20:14,160 Speaker 1: time came that the bills were passed by by Johnson. 385 00:20:14,400 --> 00:20:17,480 Speaker 1: I think people were more ready to accept that, yeah, 386 00:20:17,600 --> 00:20:20,000 Speaker 1: it is time for this, because you're committing atrocities not 387 00:20:20,080 --> 00:20:23,399 Speaker 1: only toward grown people, but young children as well. Another 388 00:20:23,560 --> 00:20:25,400 Speaker 1: really interesting story that had to do with the young 389 00:20:25,560 --> 00:20:27,560 Speaker 1: black children has to do with a church that was 390 00:20:27,560 --> 00:20:30,000 Speaker 1: bombed in Birmingham. This happened and sixty three was a 391 00:20:30,040 --> 00:20:33,240 Speaker 1: year before the Civil Rights Act. But um in Birmingham, 392 00:20:33,280 --> 00:20:35,720 Speaker 1: there's this major church and it was a target because 393 00:20:35,720 --> 00:20:37,320 Speaker 1: it was a meeting place for a lot of civil 394 00:20:37,400 --> 00:20:40,440 Speaker 1: rights leaders like Martin Luther King and members of the 395 00:20:40,480 --> 00:20:45,560 Speaker 1: KKK actually threw bombs inside. I think it only killed 396 00:20:45,680 --> 00:20:47,760 Speaker 1: four people, but those before people happened to be young 397 00:20:47,800 --> 00:20:51,560 Speaker 1: girls like eleven and fourteen, I believe, And it's it 398 00:20:51,640 --> 00:20:54,760 Speaker 1: was also a terrible image, a very starking image to see. 399 00:20:55,520 --> 00:20:58,480 Speaker 1: And so I think that there was a time when 400 00:20:58,600 --> 00:21:01,520 Speaker 1: the black community was really trying to uphold Martin Luther 401 00:21:01,640 --> 00:21:05,760 Speaker 1: King's standards of civil disobedience and non violence. But after 402 00:21:05,840 --> 00:21:08,800 Speaker 1: a while, after these atrocities continue to, you know, pummel 403 00:21:08,840 --> 00:21:11,479 Speaker 1: their efforts and try to break away at their morale 404 00:21:11,560 --> 00:21:14,240 Speaker 1: and their cause. There came a point when people said 405 00:21:14,920 --> 00:21:17,840 Speaker 1: this this might not be working for us anymore. And 406 00:21:18,040 --> 00:21:20,840 Speaker 1: keep in mind, this isn't the entire community that we're 407 00:21:20,840 --> 00:21:24,080 Speaker 1: talking about, a subset that's right. And like I said before, 408 00:21:24,359 --> 00:21:26,960 Speaker 1: King actually faced criticism from both sides. Some people thought 409 00:21:27,000 --> 00:21:29,119 Speaker 1: he's too extremist, some people thought he wasn't extremist, n 410 00:21:30,400 --> 00:21:33,520 Speaker 1: right exactly. And Um Malcolm X was one such person 411 00:21:33,600 --> 00:21:37,320 Speaker 1: represented the more radical side of the movement. Um he 412 00:21:37,440 --> 00:21:40,320 Speaker 1: actually called some of King's tactics criminal. He said it 413 00:21:40,320 --> 00:21:43,320 Speaker 1: was criminal for for King to teach non violence in 414 00:21:43,359 --> 00:21:45,879 Speaker 1: the face of violence. And you can see his point 415 00:21:45,960 --> 00:21:48,800 Speaker 1: that it's like it seems to be ineffective. And you 416 00:21:48,840 --> 00:21:50,480 Speaker 1: can look at the progress and you can say, oh, 417 00:21:50,480 --> 00:21:53,199 Speaker 1: look at these acts that were passed, etcetera, etcetera, but 418 00:21:53,200 --> 00:21:55,280 Speaker 1: look at all the violence that that's happening too, and 419 00:21:55,320 --> 00:21:58,640 Speaker 1: we need to do more. And I think there came 420 00:21:58,680 --> 00:22:01,400 Speaker 1: appointment violence was with out with violence. We think of 421 00:22:01,480 --> 00:22:05,440 Speaker 1: the Watts riots that occurred in l A. And so 422 00:22:05,760 --> 00:22:08,800 Speaker 1: we have these two almost competing legacies. If you look 423 00:22:08,800 --> 00:22:10,679 Speaker 1: at the Malcolm X legacy and the Martin Luther King 424 00:22:10,880 --> 00:22:13,520 Speaker 1: legacy and compare them side by side, this violence versus 425 00:22:13,560 --> 00:22:16,080 Speaker 1: non violence. And we know that even though these bills 426 00:22:16,080 --> 00:22:19,320 Speaker 1: were passed in the late sixties or the mid sixties, 427 00:22:19,400 --> 00:22:22,040 Speaker 1: even that wasn't the end, and there were still in 428 00:22:22,080 --> 00:22:24,320 Speaker 1: justice going on. And going back to your favorite line 429 00:22:24,359 --> 00:22:26,879 Speaker 1: from from King just as too long delayed as justice 430 00:22:26,920 --> 00:22:28,200 Speaker 1: to nine. You know, it to a lot of people, 431 00:22:28,440 --> 00:22:30,879 Speaker 1: all this violence going on was justice delayed, you know, 432 00:22:30,960 --> 00:22:32,600 Speaker 1: and they felt that we needed to do more. And 433 00:22:32,640 --> 00:22:36,320 Speaker 1: that's an understandable, uh sentiment to have. And I don't 434 00:22:36,320 --> 00:22:38,320 Speaker 1: think you can never wrap up any discussion about the 435 00:22:38,359 --> 00:22:40,440 Speaker 1: civil rights movement, because I think that there are still 436 00:22:40,480 --> 00:22:43,320 Speaker 1: plenty of arguments to exist that it's still a movement 437 00:22:43,520 --> 00:22:46,760 Speaker 1: that is going on today. I think that when Obama 438 00:22:47,040 --> 00:22:50,440 Speaker 1: was elected President of the State, I think that really 439 00:22:50,480 --> 00:22:53,560 Speaker 1: clinched a lot of people's minds. Maybe we are moving 440 00:22:53,680 --> 00:22:56,359 Speaker 1: towards the end the civil rights movement. Maybe this is 441 00:22:56,400 --> 00:22:59,560 Speaker 1: an end cap to a struggle for true equality. So 442 00:22:59,640 --> 00:23:02,640 Speaker 1: I think it will be really interesting to to watch 443 00:23:03,040 --> 00:23:07,560 Speaker 1: how our nation continues to embrace other other races and 444 00:23:07,680 --> 00:23:10,439 Speaker 1: and evolve together. And I certainly don't want to, you know, 445 00:23:11,080 --> 00:23:13,239 Speaker 1: project any of my beliefs onto this. I think it's 446 00:23:13,320 --> 00:23:15,880 Speaker 1: up for our listeners ultimately to decide how they feel 447 00:23:15,920 --> 00:23:19,160 Speaker 1: about you know how history has ended or just begun 448 00:23:19,320 --> 00:23:21,960 Speaker 1: or still evolving. I think, you know, history is a 449 00:23:22,080 --> 00:23:25,160 Speaker 1: very organic and living thing, and maybe the civil rights 450 00:23:25,160 --> 00:23:28,280 Speaker 1: movement isn't over. Maybe the timeline is only in the middle, 451 00:23:28,640 --> 00:23:30,800 Speaker 1: as long as we're not going backwards, I think, yeah, 452 00:23:30,920 --> 00:23:33,600 Speaker 1: that's important exactly. But obviously there's so much more to 453 00:23:33,680 --> 00:23:36,400 Speaker 1: learn about civil rights and Martin Luther King and other 454 00:23:36,400 --> 00:23:39,360 Speaker 1: famous historical figures like Malcolm X, so you can read 455 00:23:39,440 --> 00:23:44,000 Speaker 1: much more about them at how stuff works dot com. 456 00:23:44,040 --> 00:23:46,440 Speaker 1: For more on this and thousands of other topics, is 457 00:23:46,480 --> 00:23:49,399 Speaker 1: that how stuff works dot com. Let us know what 458 00:23:49,440 --> 00:23:52,560 Speaker 1: you think, Send an email to podcast at how stuff 459 00:23:52,560 --> 00:23:59,560 Speaker 1: works dot com.