1 00:00:00,680 --> 00:00:03,760 Speaker 1: Hey, let you know, USA listener, here's a show from 2 00:00:03,880 --> 00:00:14,640 Speaker 1: Nuestros Archivos. 3 00:00:13,039 --> 00:00:16,080 Speaker 2: This past September. I want to go visit Gloria Martinez 4 00:00:16,079 --> 00:00:19,799 Speaker 2: in her home in Bogota, Colombia. Gloria meets me with 5 00:00:19,840 --> 00:00:24,760 Speaker 2: a smile and a warm hug. She's in the small 6 00:00:24,880 --> 00:00:31,440 Speaker 2: rustic kitchen frying up some eggs. It's her birthday today, me, 7 00:00:31,680 --> 00:00:36,840 Speaker 2: he kiss. She jokes that she's turning fifteen. She tells 8 00:00:36,880 --> 00:00:41,160 Speaker 2: me she has mixed feelings about celebrating her birthday. Yes, hell, 9 00:00:45,840 --> 00:00:49,120 Speaker 2: birthdays are really the only thing she celebrates anymore, she says. 10 00:00:49,120 --> 00:00:52,360 Speaker 2: Sometimes she doesn't like to celebrate because everything changed for 11 00:00:52,440 --> 00:00:56,440 Speaker 2: her when something unthinkable happened to her family nearly twelve 12 00:00:56,560 --> 00:01:02,080 Speaker 2: years ago. The story of what happened starts on an 13 00:01:02,080 --> 00:01:06,040 Speaker 2: early February morning in two thousand and eight. Gloria was 14 00:01:06,080 --> 00:01:08,520 Speaker 2: just getting home after working her third shift at the 15 00:01:08,560 --> 00:01:11,920 Speaker 2: soap factory, and her son Danielle was waiting for her. 16 00:01:12,360 --> 00:01:15,920 Speaker 3: He and Melis Mommy Kokonts. 17 00:01:16,720 --> 00:01:19,280 Speaker 2: Danien told his mom he wanted to have breakfast with her. 18 00:01:19,760 --> 00:01:21,640 Speaker 2: He was up early that morning because he was going 19 00:01:21,680 --> 00:01:22,680 Speaker 2: to turn in his resume. 20 00:01:22,920 --> 00:01:27,600 Speaker 3: Julia pro Je di Jo May Gloria told. 21 00:01:27,520 --> 00:01:31,840 Speaker 2: Him, you keep insisting with that. Daniell was nineteen, her 22 00:01:31,920 --> 00:01:34,160 Speaker 2: only son and eager to help out in the house. 23 00:01:34,480 --> 00:01:37,480 Speaker 2: He didn't want Gloria to have to work anymore. But 24 00:01:37,520 --> 00:01:40,360 Speaker 2: despite the family not having much, Clodia tried to tell 25 00:01:40,360 --> 00:01:42,240 Speaker 2: her son he didn't have to get a job. 26 00:01:42,360 --> 00:01:44,880 Speaker 3: Julian Nootia fanist Don de commendos. 27 00:01:46,040 --> 00:01:48,320 Speaker 2: She told him not to worry. There was enough in 28 00:01:48,360 --> 00:01:51,840 Speaker 2: the house. We're to eat, so do three. But he 29 00:01:51,960 --> 00:01:55,320 Speaker 2: had his mindset. So he dressed in his best clothes 30 00:01:55,600 --> 00:01:58,760 Speaker 2: and put on his favorite shirt, a white Yankees jersey 31 00:01:58,800 --> 00:02:05,960 Speaker 2: his sister got him from New York work. He patted 32 00:02:05,960 --> 00:02:08,320 Speaker 2: his cheeks and looked at his mom and said, I 33 00:02:08,360 --> 00:02:11,840 Speaker 2: look good, right, Mom. Then Danielle got down on his 34 00:02:11,919 --> 00:02:15,000 Speaker 2: knees next to his mom and asked her to bless 35 00:02:15,040 --> 00:02:20,880 Speaker 2: him Tommy. She blessed him, but begged him not to go. 36 00:02:21,720 --> 00:02:25,279 Speaker 2: When she hugged him, she had a bad feeling like chills. 37 00:02:25,639 --> 00:02:34,240 Speaker 4: No, no, Mama sent com com for you. 38 00:02:34,720 --> 00:02:38,800 Speaker 2: It was a mother's intuition, she says. Danielle told her 39 00:02:38,840 --> 00:02:41,840 Speaker 2: everything was going to be fine. He grabbed his resume 40 00:02:42,160 --> 00:02:50,080 Speaker 2: and left. That morning. Lunchtime came and he didn't call. 41 00:02:50,760 --> 00:02:54,600 Speaker 2: Hours passed, it started to get dark, and he still 42 00:02:54,760 --> 00:02:58,800 Speaker 2: wasn't home. Gloria tried calling, but his bone was off. 43 00:03:00,280 --> 00:03:03,000 Speaker 3: Us de Woske wolves Wolvesky. 44 00:03:02,840 --> 00:03:06,200 Speaker 2: And Gloria says that's when she started the painful act 45 00:03:06,280 --> 00:03:11,079 Speaker 2: of searching and searching and searching. Vanien never picked up 46 00:03:11,400 --> 00:03:12,560 Speaker 2: and he never came home. 47 00:03:18,160 --> 00:03:21,840 Speaker 1: From Futuro Media and PRX, it's Latino Usa, I'm Maria 48 00:03:21,919 --> 00:03:27,040 Speaker 1: Jojosa today the story of the decade old false positive 49 00:03:27,120 --> 00:03:34,880 Speaker 1: scandal in Colombia and the fight for justice that came afterwards. 50 00:03:38,840 --> 00:03:42,640 Speaker 1: These days Colombia, the country is going through a moment 51 00:03:42,720 --> 00:03:43,680 Speaker 1: of prosperity. 52 00:03:43,960 --> 00:03:47,160 Speaker 5: The Latin American nation is currently enjoying economic growth of 53 00:03:47,240 --> 00:03:48,360 Speaker 5: over six percent. 54 00:03:48,600 --> 00:03:52,200 Speaker 1: The economy is stable, and there's an influx of tourists. 55 00:03:52,480 --> 00:03:56,600 Speaker 2: This year, Columbia hopes to have four million tourists visit. 56 00:03:57,200 --> 00:03:59,320 Speaker 1: All of this comes on the heels of a historic 57 00:03:59,400 --> 00:04:03,360 Speaker 1: twenty six team peace deal between the government and the FARC. 58 00:04:03,760 --> 00:04:08,840 Speaker 1: The Forsas Aramales Revolutionnardies the Colombia. They're a leftist gorilla 59 00:04:08,840 --> 00:04:12,480 Speaker 1: group which the government has been in conflict with for decades. 60 00:04:13,400 --> 00:04:16,400 Speaker 1: But as that modern peace is developing, there are still 61 00:04:16,480 --> 00:04:19,280 Speaker 1: old wounds trying to find a way to scab over. 62 00:04:24,480 --> 00:04:26,640 Speaker 1: At the top of our show, we heard from reporter 63 00:04:26,720 --> 00:04:31,400 Speaker 1: Angelina Moser Salasad. For over a year, Angelina has been 64 00:04:31,400 --> 00:04:34,279 Speaker 1: following the story of a crime that came to light 65 00:04:34,400 --> 00:04:38,600 Speaker 1: in the late oughts, but that today remains unresolved for 66 00:04:38,720 --> 00:04:45,400 Speaker 1: many of the victim's relatives. The Falsos Positivos or the 67 00:04:45,440 --> 00:04:50,320 Speaker 1: false positive scandal involved thousands of extra judicial murders, and 68 00:04:50,839 --> 00:04:53,480 Speaker 1: at the center of it all is the Columbia military. 69 00:04:54,320 --> 00:04:55,880 Speaker 1: Angelina takes it from here. 70 00:04:57,600 --> 00:05:00,440 Speaker 2: Since Carlos Mora was a kid, he dreamed of becoming 71 00:05:00,480 --> 00:05:07,880 Speaker 2: a soldier in the Colombian Army CMPRES. He says, ever 72 00:05:07,960 --> 00:05:10,640 Speaker 2: since he was conscious, he wanted to be a soldier. 73 00:05:10,920 --> 00:05:22,680 Speaker 2: He obsessively watched his show Men of Honor, and it 74 00:05:22,760 --> 00:05:25,840 Speaker 2: showed the military doing good things for people, and Carlos 75 00:05:25,880 --> 00:05:28,560 Speaker 2: pictured himself as one of them, in combat boots and 76 00:05:28,600 --> 00:05:32,440 Speaker 2: military fatigues. So as soon as he was old enough, 77 00:05:32,520 --> 00:05:35,120 Speaker 2: he signed up for military school, and then, at the 78 00:05:35,160 --> 00:05:38,800 Speaker 2: age of twenty, his dreams came true. He was selected 79 00:05:38,839 --> 00:05:45,160 Speaker 2: to join the military's intelligence unit, essentially Colombia's ci A. AH, 80 00:05:48,160 --> 00:05:51,240 Speaker 2: Carlos couldn't believe it. He was assigned to an intelligence 81 00:05:51,320 --> 00:05:54,400 Speaker 2: unit that was based in a small town in northern Colombia, 82 00:05:54,720 --> 00:06:00,920 Speaker 2: a town called Okana. The year was two thousand and six. 83 00:06:01,279 --> 00:06:04,599 Speaker 2: Okanya is a small, quaint city where the white church 84 00:06:04,720 --> 00:06:10,560 Speaker 2: pillars rise above terra cotta colored rooftops. When Carlos arrived, 85 00:06:10,680 --> 00:06:15,240 Speaker 2: he shed his army uniform and transformed himself into an undercover. 86 00:06:14,760 --> 00:06:24,240 Speaker 3: Spyc doaes dof. 87 00:06:24,760 --> 00:06:27,600 Speaker 2: He let his hair grow out, got a tattoo, anything 88 00:06:27,640 --> 00:06:30,320 Speaker 2: to not look like a member of the military, because 89 00:06:30,440 --> 00:06:33,400 Speaker 2: Carlos's job was to blend in like a regular civilian. 90 00:06:33,960 --> 00:06:37,240 Speaker 2: For the next three months, he dug up information, helped 91 00:06:37,240 --> 00:06:42,200 Speaker 2: troops pull off operations, and acquired critical intel. Carlos says, 92 00:06:42,320 --> 00:06:48,760 Speaker 2: things are going really well, except there was this one problems. 93 00:06:49,600 --> 00:06:52,640 Speaker 2: There was a problem with the fifteenth Mobile Brigade, the 94 00:06:52,640 --> 00:06:56,120 Speaker 2: brigade Garlos worked for. They weren't giving the results that 95 00:06:56,200 --> 00:06:59,800 Speaker 2: the military command wanted to see Keida Martz, which was 96 00:06:59,839 --> 00:07:07,320 Speaker 2: more combat kills. This was a problem because at this 97 00:07:07,480 --> 00:07:10,400 Speaker 2: time in the conflict, the war between the military and 98 00:07:10,480 --> 00:07:14,080 Speaker 2: the FARC had been dragging for decades and Colombia was 99 00:07:14,120 --> 00:07:17,840 Speaker 2: receiving an unprecedented amount of money from the United States 100 00:07:17,920 --> 00:07:21,640 Speaker 2: to fight the FARC. Military commanders were pressured to show 101 00:07:21,640 --> 00:07:24,200 Speaker 2: that they were winning the war to justify the continued 102 00:07:24,240 --> 00:07:28,760 Speaker 2: military aid. So they would measure performance by counting kills 103 00:07:28,840 --> 00:07:33,320 Speaker 2: in combat, and the fifteenth Mole Brigade was ranked almost last. 104 00:07:36,000 --> 00:07:38,920 Speaker 2: Columbia's body count policy was similar to a policy the 105 00:07:39,080 --> 00:07:42,920 Speaker 2: US implemented in the Vietnam War around nineteen sixty five, 106 00:07:43,480 --> 00:07:47,880 Speaker 2: where the most important thing were dead bodies, enemy bodies. 107 00:07:48,240 --> 00:07:52,320 Speaker 6: Last Wednesday, American forces in Vietnam launched the largest operation 108 00:07:52,440 --> 00:07:52,840 Speaker 6: of the war. 109 00:07:52,960 --> 00:07:55,040 Speaker 2: The number of viet coom killed in the war would 110 00:07:55,120 --> 00:07:59,320 Speaker 2: actually tick across American television sets to reassure the public 111 00:07:59,560 --> 00:08:01,600 Speaker 2: that Erica was winning the war. 112 00:08:02,000 --> 00:08:05,840 Speaker 6: An American casualties were described as white thirty. The Atkan 113 00:08:06,080 --> 00:08:09,520 Speaker 6: reported that so far, forty nine the Atkan have been 114 00:08:09,600 --> 00:08:12,800 Speaker 6: killed in operation junctions. 115 00:08:12,840 --> 00:08:19,600 Speaker 2: In Colombia, the military demanded bodies of guerrilla fighters. To 116 00:08:19,680 --> 00:08:23,000 Speaker 2: boost the performance of the fifteenth Mobile Brigade, the army 117 00:08:23,000 --> 00:08:29,200 Speaker 2: brought in new leadership. Yeah yes, lasses Comin Carlos says, 118 00:08:29,440 --> 00:08:32,560 Speaker 2: that's when things started to change. In Okanya. The fifteenth 119 00:08:32,640 --> 00:08:36,360 Speaker 2: Mobile Brigade immediately started to report a higher number of kills, 120 00:08:36,760 --> 00:08:39,720 Speaker 2: which initially Carlos didn't think much of is Co. 121 00:08:41,520 --> 00:08:41,880 Speaker 7: Mejor. 122 00:08:42,520 --> 00:08:46,240 Speaker 2: He thought, Hey, a new broom must sweep better. Maybe 123 00:08:46,320 --> 00:08:50,280 Speaker 2: that's why he's getting results. But then he started hearing 124 00:08:50,400 --> 00:08:51,679 Speaker 2: things from his informants. 125 00:08:52,080 --> 00:08:53,760 Speaker 7: Comment McKay. 126 00:08:55,360 --> 00:09:00,119 Speaker 5: Los, coroner. 127 00:09:00,080 --> 00:09:10,360 Speaker 2: Told Carlos that the army was disappearing innocent civilians. Carlos 128 00:09:10,480 --> 00:09:14,200 Speaker 2: was shocked. Immediately, he sent messages to his commanders telling 129 00:09:14,240 --> 00:09:17,200 Speaker 2: them what he heard, but he didn't hear anything back. 130 00:09:17,760 --> 00:09:22,319 Speaker 2: Nothing silence. He waited two days, and then he approached 131 00:09:22,320 --> 00:09:25,040 Speaker 2: an outside commander who happened to be visiting the base. 132 00:09:29,800 --> 00:09:32,800 Speaker 2: He told Carlos, yes, we know what's going on. Just 133 00:09:32,920 --> 00:09:36,240 Speaker 2: keep doing what you are doing, keep collecting information. We're 134 00:09:36,400 --> 00:09:38,760 Speaker 2: just you know, getting enough evidence to build our case 135 00:09:39,040 --> 00:09:43,320 Speaker 2: to get these corrupt commanders. Essentially, just sit tight and wait. 136 00:09:47,000 --> 00:09:50,760 Speaker 2: Carlos says, nothing happened. In fact, things were getting worse 137 00:09:51,200 --> 00:09:58,160 Speaker 2: every day. He heard about more deaths of civilians. At 138 00:09:58,200 --> 00:10:01,880 Speaker 2: this point, it's late two thousands. Carlos keeps his head 139 00:10:01,960 --> 00:10:04,360 Speaker 2: down for the next couple of months, and then he 140 00:10:04,520 --> 00:10:07,640 Speaker 2: finds out he's being transferred to Bogota, where he's no 141 00:10:07,760 --> 00:10:11,719 Speaker 2: longer a spy. Nobody would pay attention to Carlos for 142 00:10:11,880 --> 00:10:19,320 Speaker 2: almost a year. In February of two thousand and eight, 143 00:10:19,520 --> 00:10:24,240 Speaker 2: about a year after Carlos reported mysterious civilian disappearances, That's 144 00:10:24,400 --> 00:10:26,600 Speaker 2: when Gloria San Daniell went missing. 145 00:10:27,200 --> 00:10:30,959 Speaker 3: Yes, oh you candom For eight. 146 00:10:30,840 --> 00:10:35,640 Speaker 2: Months, Gloria searched. She looked for him in hospitals, police stations, 147 00:10:35,760 --> 00:10:37,360 Speaker 2: and on the streets among the homeless. 148 00:10:37,760 --> 00:10:47,719 Speaker 4: Slo mi rar la craman del dormiel, puerto delkomiell No. 149 00:10:48,120 --> 00:10:50,319 Speaker 2: She says that when she was alone, she would just 150 00:10:50,400 --> 00:10:53,840 Speaker 2: stare at the bed where Daniel slept. Everywhere she looked, 151 00:10:53,880 --> 00:10:56,760 Speaker 2: she saw him. Months and months pass by like this 152 00:10:57,400 --> 00:11:00,720 Speaker 2: until late September two thousand and eight, and Gloria turned 153 00:11:00,760 --> 00:11:08,560 Speaker 2: on the news and the news said there had been 154 00:11:08,679 --> 00:11:12,160 Speaker 2: various reports of missing young men for months, all from 155 00:11:12,240 --> 00:11:15,840 Speaker 2: this one town called Sowatcha, where Gloria lived at the time. 156 00:11:16,360 --> 00:11:19,960 Speaker 2: Sowacha is a town at the periphery of Bogota, composed 157 00:11:20,040 --> 00:11:23,480 Speaker 2: of working class families, and some areas are impoverished and 158 00:11:23,559 --> 00:11:27,400 Speaker 2: neglected and don't even have running water. And now it 159 00:11:27,559 --> 00:11:30,400 Speaker 2: was reported about a dozen of these missing young men 160 00:11:30,840 --> 00:11:33,959 Speaker 2: had been found. They were found shot to death in 161 00:11:34,080 --> 00:11:38,240 Speaker 2: a mass grave in Okana, and there was something strange. 162 00:11:38,600 --> 00:11:41,880 Speaker 2: They were all labeled by the coroner's office as guerrilla 163 00:11:41,960 --> 00:11:52,439 Speaker 2: fighters killed in combat by the Colombian military. Gloria refused 164 00:11:52,480 --> 00:11:55,640 Speaker 2: to believe her son was among the dead. She maintained 165 00:11:55,640 --> 00:12:02,800 Speaker 2: that Daniel was still alive. A week after she saw 166 00:12:02,840 --> 00:12:05,400 Speaker 2: the news on TV, she arrived at home after work 167 00:12:05,960 --> 00:12:08,240 Speaker 2: and all her daughters were there waiting for her. 168 00:12:08,679 --> 00:12:14,120 Speaker 4: Mammy Sto to stay seless all Paso. 169 00:12:14,679 --> 00:12:16,520 Speaker 2: They told her to sit down and brought her a 170 00:12:16,559 --> 00:12:19,800 Speaker 2: glass of juice. They told her to eat something, but 171 00:12:19,880 --> 00:12:23,040 Speaker 2: Gloria said no. She could tell something was wrong. Her 172 00:12:23,120 --> 00:12:27,000 Speaker 2: daughter's eyes were swollen. They had been crying. Her daughters 173 00:12:27,080 --> 00:12:29,480 Speaker 2: hugged her, but none of them could bring themselves to 174 00:12:29,559 --> 00:12:32,679 Speaker 2: say anything, except to tell her it had to do 175 00:12:32,760 --> 00:12:33,719 Speaker 2: with Daniel. 176 00:12:33,600 --> 00:12:39,000 Speaker 3: Your mommy, Mi and Manosiesta Ilouin contrad On and Terra 177 00:12:43,080 --> 00:12:43,920 Speaker 3: Di Sabarsius. 178 00:12:44,320 --> 00:12:47,599 Speaker 2: They told her his body was found buried as a 179 00:12:47,720 --> 00:12:51,880 Speaker 2: John Doe in Ocana, among the other bodies of the 180 00:12:51,960 --> 00:12:56,840 Speaker 2: missing young men from Soacha. When they pulled Dania's body 181 00:12:56,880 --> 00:13:00,400 Speaker 2: out of the grave, he was unrecognizable, but on that 182 00:13:00,520 --> 00:13:04,319 Speaker 2: body was his favorite shirt, a White Yankees Jersey from 183 00:13:04,400 --> 00:13:18,600 Speaker 2: New York. Finding her son's body in Okanya finally allowed 184 00:13:18,640 --> 00:13:22,000 Speaker 2: Gloria to bring her son home to Sowatcha, where she 185 00:13:22,120 --> 00:13:25,480 Speaker 2: buried him. What she didn't know yet was that she 186 00:13:25,640 --> 00:13:36,800 Speaker 2: was not alone. The discovery of the young men's bodies 187 00:13:36,840 --> 00:13:41,319 Speaker 2: in Okanya immediately triggered a series of investigations by the government. 188 00:13:41,440 --> 00:13:45,120 Speaker 2: In October two thousand and eight, people in the military 189 00:13:45,200 --> 00:13:48,320 Speaker 2: were coming forward. Carlos, the soldier we heard from before, 190 00:13:48,600 --> 00:13:51,679 Speaker 2: ended up being a key witness in the investigation. He 191 00:13:51,800 --> 00:13:54,800 Speaker 2: actually received death threats for speaking out publicly about what 192 00:13:54,920 --> 00:13:57,920 Speaker 2: he saw and giving quotes to the press. He had 193 00:13:57,960 --> 00:14:01,640 Speaker 2: to be given a security detail for protection, and there 194 00:14:01,679 --> 00:14:05,480 Speaker 2: were more bodies being discovered across the country in similar circumstances. 195 00:14:06,840 --> 00:14:11,560 Speaker 2: All this momentum investigations, news reports culminates into this one 196 00:14:11,960 --> 00:14:13,400 Speaker 2: powerful moment. 197 00:14:14,600 --> 00:14:21,360 Speaker 8: Avido negli Hensia, Palta, recuilo, gonos prosentos in Pierre barse 198 00:14:22,800 --> 00:14:29,640 Speaker 8: yesu A Permitiu calgunas personas pul and starring Cursus and Creamines. 199 00:14:30,280 --> 00:14:34,400 Speaker 2: President Albero Rive, most popular for his hardline stance against 200 00:14:34,440 --> 00:14:38,240 Speaker 2: the Gerrilla, is dressed in a gray pinstriped suit. He 201 00:14:38,320 --> 00:14:41,000 Speaker 2: gets on TV with a Colombian flag and all his 202 00:14:41,240 --> 00:14:45,200 Speaker 2: top military brass behind him. He announces the dismissal of 203 00:14:45,280 --> 00:14:49,720 Speaker 2: almost thirty of his own military officers from his conduct. 204 00:14:49,800 --> 00:14:54,000 Speaker 1: Sontres Senor Hennais Cuatro coronellies. 205 00:14:55,600 --> 00:14:59,320 Speaker 2: This is the biggest military purge in Colombia in a decade. 206 00:15:00,560 --> 00:15:04,760 Speaker 2: Five months later, the Colombian Justice Department investigations conclude that 207 00:15:04,880 --> 00:15:09,280 Speaker 2: the Colombian Army kidnapped mostly young men from rural areas 208 00:15:09,440 --> 00:15:13,200 Speaker 2: or poor urban neighborhoods, dressed them up in guerrilla fatigues, 209 00:15:13,520 --> 00:15:16,840 Speaker 2: and then murdered them. They passed off the murdered young 210 00:15:16,960 --> 00:15:20,040 Speaker 2: men as guerrillez in an effort to inflate the body count, 211 00:15:20,640 --> 00:15:24,160 Speaker 2: and soldiers could be rewarded for reporting kills with days 212 00:15:24,240 --> 00:15:34,240 Speaker 2: off of promotion or even money. It's hard to say 213 00:15:34,400 --> 00:15:38,080 Speaker 2: exactly how many were killed, but according to Human Rights Watch, 214 00:15:38,520 --> 00:15:40,800 Speaker 2: between two thousand and two and two thousand and eight, 215 00:15:41,400 --> 00:15:46,600 Speaker 2: army brigades across Colombia systematically murdered more than three thousand civilians. 216 00:15:47,360 --> 00:15:53,320 Speaker 2: Some accounts say it could be double this. The people 217 00:15:53,360 --> 00:15:56,680 Speaker 2: who were killed came to be known as false positives 218 00:15:57,160 --> 00:16:01,120 Speaker 2: because they were recorded as enemies killed in combat, when 219 00:16:01,160 --> 00:16:04,800 Speaker 2: in reality they were just civilians in the wrong place 220 00:16:05,360 --> 00:16:19,440 Speaker 2: at the wrong time. Coming up on Latino USA. 221 00:16:20,080 --> 00:16:24,080 Speaker 1: Eleven years have passed and a lot has changed for Colombia, 222 00:16:24,800 --> 00:16:27,520 Speaker 1: but for the families of the victims, one thing has 223 00:16:27,560 --> 00:17:32,800 Speaker 1: remained constant. They're still looking for justice. Stay with us, Yes, hey, 224 00:17:33,080 --> 00:17:36,840 Speaker 1: we're back. And when we left off, the Colombian Justice 225 00:17:36,880 --> 00:17:41,960 Speaker 1: Department had determined that the military had systematically killed thousands 226 00:17:42,040 --> 00:17:45,680 Speaker 1: of innocent civilians in an effort to inflate their numbers 227 00:17:46,040 --> 00:17:50,480 Speaker 1: of combat kills. The fallout was huge, and it would 228 00:17:50,520 --> 00:17:55,040 Speaker 1: later become known as Lescandlo de ros falsos Positivos, or 229 00:17:55,520 --> 00:18:03,399 Speaker 1: the Scandal of the False Positives. This would end up 230 00:18:03,480 --> 00:18:06,920 Speaker 1: as one of the ugliest stains on President Uribe's administration. 231 00:18:07,800 --> 00:18:11,399 Speaker 1: According to the Colombian government, over one thousand army members 232 00:18:11,440 --> 00:18:15,120 Speaker 1: would be arrested and convicted of crimes related to the scandal. 233 00:18:16,440 --> 00:18:20,040 Speaker 1: But over a decade later, many families are still seeking 234 00:18:20,320 --> 00:18:25,440 Speaker 1: justice and answers. Angelina Mosher Salasar is going to take 235 00:18:25,440 --> 00:18:25,880 Speaker 1: it from here. 236 00:18:33,200 --> 00:18:37,159 Speaker 2: It's a Friday morning, August thirty first, twenty eighteen. The 237 00:18:37,280 --> 00:18:40,119 Speaker 2: taxi drops me off on a busy sidewalk out in 238 00:18:40,200 --> 00:18:44,119 Speaker 2: front of a gray square building, the Palo Kemo Courthouse. Yes, 239 00:18:45,080 --> 00:18:47,800 Speaker 2: aside from the signage, there's nothing about the building that 240 00:18:47,920 --> 00:18:52,159 Speaker 2: suggests it's a courthouse. No pillars, no grandeur. It's a 241 00:18:52,240 --> 00:18:54,080 Speaker 2: basic three story building. 242 00:18:58,400 --> 00:18:59,199 Speaker 3: That Colonel Jay. 243 00:19:03,640 --> 00:19:07,320 Speaker 2: Gloria Martinez is out front with her small, rectangular glasses 244 00:19:07,400 --> 00:19:10,439 Speaker 2: and curly blonde hair pulled back into a tight ponytail. 245 00:19:11,040 --> 00:19:13,560 Speaker 2: She says she almost didn't make it this morning because 246 00:19:13,600 --> 00:19:24,639 Speaker 2: the bus was late. She's nervous. Sa Gloria says she's tired, 247 00:19:24,800 --> 00:19:27,320 Speaker 2: and I tell her not to worry, but she says 248 00:19:27,400 --> 00:19:30,719 Speaker 2: she's a bit nervous as well. Gloria is here at 249 00:19:30,760 --> 00:19:33,440 Speaker 2: the courthouse for a hearing in her son Daniel's case, 250 00:19:33,720 --> 00:19:36,520 Speaker 2: and she's afraid she's late, and she's looking for her lawyer, 251 00:19:36,920 --> 00:19:41,080 Speaker 2: Fernando Rodriguez Gecan. She doesn't see him, and she doesn't 252 00:19:41,160 --> 00:19:43,200 Speaker 2: know what courtroom they're in, so she gives them a 253 00:19:43,280 --> 00:19:51,760 Speaker 2: call Miovao. She's stressed looking around as she dials, and 254 00:19:52,000 --> 00:19:54,920 Speaker 2: as the phone rings, she says he'll probably say he's busy. 255 00:19:57,560 --> 00:20:00,960 Speaker 2: He does answer, but Fernando, her lawyer, tells her he's 256 00:20:01,000 --> 00:20:03,720 Speaker 2: not at the courthouse. He hasn't even left his office 257 00:20:03,760 --> 00:20:06,480 Speaker 2: yet and the hearing is going to start in twenty 258 00:20:06,520 --> 00:20:13,160 Speaker 2: five minutes, seals La Polsia No, so without the lawyer, 259 00:20:13,480 --> 00:20:15,880 Speaker 2: Gloria goes to a call window to figure out where 260 00:20:15,960 --> 00:20:16,159 Speaker 2: to go. 261 00:20:16,560 --> 00:20:21,000 Speaker 3: This school per senor rests found pass and sakia. 262 00:20:22,320 --> 00:20:25,280 Speaker 2: Gloria walks up to a plexiglass window and presents the 263 00:20:25,359 --> 00:20:28,359 Speaker 2: paper she got in the mail, her citation for the hearing. 264 00:20:29,000 --> 00:20:29,360 Speaker 3: The man. 265 00:20:29,560 --> 00:20:31,920 Speaker 2: He looks at the paper and tells her which courtroom 266 00:20:31,960 --> 00:20:34,560 Speaker 2: she needs to go to, and with that she had 267 00:20:34,600 --> 00:20:41,920 Speaker 2: towards the entrance of the courthouse. After her son's death, 268 00:20:42,040 --> 00:20:44,720 Speaker 2: Gloria became a part of a group called the Mothers 269 00:20:44,760 --> 00:20:47,720 Speaker 2: of Zawatcha, a support group of relatives of the young 270 00:20:47,800 --> 00:20:51,359 Speaker 2: men who were killed by the military and became false positives. 271 00:20:52,840 --> 00:20:55,600 Speaker 2: For the last eleven years, this group has been active 272 00:20:55,640 --> 00:20:59,360 Speaker 2: in seeking justice for their loved ones because even though 273 00:20:59,440 --> 00:21:02,840 Speaker 2: the government did an investigation and sent people to prison, 274 00:21:03,320 --> 00:21:06,119 Speaker 2: there are many families who still have not had their 275 00:21:06,240 --> 00:21:08,760 Speaker 2: day in court, who still don't know who killed the 276 00:21:08,880 --> 00:21:13,200 Speaker 2: relatives like Gloria, and that's why she's here today. Months 277 00:21:13,320 --> 00:21:16,200 Speaker 2: after burying her son, she filed a lawsuit against the 278 00:21:16,240 --> 00:21:19,240 Speaker 2: government to get some answers, and that was over a 279 00:21:19,359 --> 00:21:23,479 Speaker 2: decade ago, but nothing really has happened since then. Her 280 00:21:23,560 --> 00:21:27,399 Speaker 2: hearings have been canceled and delayed. So today she's hoping 281 00:21:27,480 --> 00:21:30,119 Speaker 2: that the case will move forward. She's about to go 282 00:21:30,240 --> 00:21:45,040 Speaker 2: in to face the military lawyers alone. She's afraid the 283 00:21:45,119 --> 00:21:48,640 Speaker 2: court is going to ask where her lawyer is. Technically, 284 00:21:48,800 --> 00:21:51,400 Speaker 2: Gloria has two lawyers, but then though from the Human 285 00:21:51,480 --> 00:21:55,560 Speaker 2: Rights Collective and Maria himis from the Prosecutor's office, and 286 00:21:55,680 --> 00:21:57,120 Speaker 2: neither of them are here. 287 00:22:00,720 --> 00:22:06,679 Speaker 3: Ki kittays that's tige. 288 00:22:07,560 --> 00:22:11,920 Speaker 2: Gloria is visibly distraught. She's fighting back tears. She doesn't 289 00:22:11,960 --> 00:22:15,600 Speaker 2: want to go inside, but we go anyways with no lawyer, 290 00:22:15,720 --> 00:22:21,080 Speaker 2: but we go through security. We're looking for the courtroom, 291 00:22:21,160 --> 00:22:23,960 Speaker 2: but there are a lot of doors without numbers, and 292 00:22:24,040 --> 00:22:28,399 Speaker 2: Gloria is having trouble finding where to go. After walking 293 00:22:28,440 --> 00:22:30,840 Speaker 2: around a bit, she decides to ask a security guard 294 00:22:30,960 --> 00:22:33,760 Speaker 2: standing in the doorway for directions. He takes a look 295 00:22:33,800 --> 00:22:40,160 Speaker 2: at her paper. He mumbles something about how the whole 296 00:22:40,240 --> 00:22:44,320 Speaker 2: courthouse has been rearranged. We follow the man down the hallway. 297 00:22:44,880 --> 00:22:49,160 Speaker 2: He's holding Gloria's paper and then Gloria sees the courtroom. 298 00:22:54,480 --> 00:22:58,520 Speaker 2: The door is closed. She tries the handle and it's locked. 299 00:22:59,440 --> 00:23:02,880 Speaker 2: She doesn't know she's allowed to enter. There's no one there. 300 00:23:03,840 --> 00:23:05,680 Speaker 2: She looks up and there's a paper taped to the 301 00:23:05,720 --> 00:23:14,159 Speaker 2: front of the door. She reads and the paper states 302 00:23:14,240 --> 00:23:17,200 Speaker 2: that this courtroom is not in session today and will 303 00:23:17,240 --> 00:23:21,600 Speaker 2: not be until September third. The reason comp time. People 304 00:23:21,640 --> 00:23:30,880 Speaker 2: are off. There is no hearing, all that anxiety, all 305 00:23:30,960 --> 00:23:47,600 Speaker 2: that worry and nothing. We're back outside on that busy sidewalks. 306 00:23:51,040 --> 00:23:53,399 Speaker 2: Lodia bumps into someone she knows and gives her a 307 00:23:53,480 --> 00:23:58,240 Speaker 2: big hug. The woman is elegant, finally dressed, matching pantsuit, heels, 308 00:23:58,320 --> 00:24:01,399 Speaker 2: hair nails done. She was going in the opposite direction. 309 00:24:02,119 --> 00:24:04,520 Speaker 2: Gloria tells her she had a hearing today, but they 310 00:24:04,640 --> 00:24:11,359 Speaker 2: canceled it. The woman tells Gloria that she's not the 311 00:24:11,480 --> 00:24:14,760 Speaker 2: only one. People came today from even further away. She 312 00:24:14,880 --> 00:24:17,520 Speaker 2: tells Gloria that she needs to file a complaint against 313 00:24:17,560 --> 00:24:20,160 Speaker 2: the court because they didn't notify her with ample time. 314 00:24:21,560 --> 00:24:26,119 Speaker 2: Then she sees me, sees the recorder and mouths estas Grando, 315 00:24:26,840 --> 00:24:32,240 Speaker 2: are you recording? And just like that she's gone. 316 00:24:33,760 --> 00:24:34,480 Speaker 6: Tell I. 317 00:24:36,280 --> 00:24:39,160 Speaker 2: Asked Gloria who she is, and she says that woman 318 00:24:39,280 --> 00:24:42,520 Speaker 2: is my other lawyer, Maria High missed from the prosecutor's office. 319 00:24:43,359 --> 00:24:46,439 Speaker 2: Maria is here today at the courthouse for other cases, 320 00:24:47,000 --> 00:24:51,119 Speaker 2: but not for Gloria's. Gloria says her case has been 321 00:24:51,160 --> 00:24:53,040 Speaker 2: delayed more than five times. 322 00:24:53,359 --> 00:24:55,160 Speaker 3: Someone's going on by someone. 323 00:24:57,520 --> 00:25:00,600 Speaker 2: Gloria says that this delay is more the same thing 324 00:25:02,960 --> 00:25:08,400 Speaker 2: when it's what Gloria describes as being put on standby, 325 00:25:08,880 --> 00:25:11,760 Speaker 2: being right at the beginning, as if almost no time 326 00:25:11,960 --> 00:25:23,720 Speaker 2: has gone by since her son disappeared. And around the 327 00:25:23,800 --> 00:25:26,119 Speaker 2: same time that I go with Gloria to her hearing 328 00:25:26,240 --> 00:25:29,159 Speaker 2: at the courthouse, there's actually something else being put in 329 00:25:29,280 --> 00:25:32,560 Speaker 2: place for people like her to get some closure. A 330 00:25:32,640 --> 00:25:35,520 Speaker 2: peace tribunal has agreed to hear her case and that 331 00:25:35,640 --> 00:25:39,320 Speaker 2: of other victims of the false positive scandal. That tribunal 332 00:25:39,560 --> 00:25:45,400 Speaker 2: is called La Hurrias, which stands for the Special Jurisdiction 333 00:25:45,760 --> 00:25:50,359 Speaker 2: for Peace or the Hip for short significa HIP is 334 00:25:50,440 --> 00:25:56,639 Speaker 2: the Marten Significa is. The HIP was created by the 335 00:25:56,720 --> 00:26:00,840 Speaker 2: Colombian government in twenty sixteen under President Juan Manuel Santos. 336 00:26:01,280 --> 00:26:04,000 Speaker 2: It was an essential part of the Historic Peace Accords 337 00:26:04,040 --> 00:26:07,480 Speaker 2: between the government and the FARC. The tribunal is based 338 00:26:07,520 --> 00:26:11,200 Speaker 2: on restorative justice and the idea is to bring people 339 00:26:11,320 --> 00:26:16,040 Speaker 2: to testify about crimes committed during an almost sixty year conflict. 340 00:26:16,680 --> 00:26:19,399 Speaker 2: Because the goal of the tribunal is to establish the 341 00:26:19,520 --> 00:26:23,199 Speaker 2: truth of what happened. For people who do come forward 342 00:26:23,359 --> 00:26:26,840 Speaker 2: and assume responsibility for their crimes, it's possible to get 343 00:26:26,840 --> 00:26:33,600 Speaker 2: a more lenient sentence or even amnesty. And in the 344 00:26:33,640 --> 00:26:36,600 Speaker 2: summer of twenty eighteen, the HEP decides to try the 345 00:26:36,720 --> 00:26:44,359 Speaker 2: cases involved in the false positive scandal. I corresponds, so 346 00:26:44,680 --> 00:26:47,760 Speaker 2: I wanted to know how the military plan to approach 347 00:26:48,240 --> 00:26:54,000 Speaker 2: the opening of old wounds. One of the people in 348 00:26:54,119 --> 00:26:57,520 Speaker 2: charge of defending military officers in the false positive cases 349 00:26:58,080 --> 00:27:03,399 Speaker 2: is the Assistant Director of Military Defense, Nelson Sanchez. It 350 00:27:03,560 --> 00:27:05,200 Speaker 2: was raining when I pulled up in front of the 351 00:27:05,320 --> 00:27:08,960 Speaker 2: offices of the Military Legal Defense, a building that looked 352 00:27:09,000 --> 00:27:14,719 Speaker 2: more like an old airline hangar than an office spaces 353 00:27:15,680 --> 00:27:18,960 Speaker 2: right out of the gate. Sanchez wants to clarify semantics. 354 00:27:20,400 --> 00:27:26,520 Speaker 7: Jose K Getes, Columbia is primero siertos. 355 00:27:28,320 --> 00:27:31,240 Speaker 2: He says to me. Look, I know you're not Colombian, 356 00:27:31,520 --> 00:27:34,440 Speaker 2: and it is difficult for you to understand certain phrases 357 00:27:34,560 --> 00:27:38,680 Speaker 2: used in Colombia, like the term false positives. He says, 358 00:27:38,760 --> 00:27:41,480 Speaker 2: the term is wrong. It's being used now as an 359 00:27:41,560 --> 00:27:44,320 Speaker 2: umbrella term for any death involving the military. 360 00:27:44,560 --> 00:27:50,320 Speaker 7: It is called called is a keto falsity. 361 00:27:50,800 --> 00:27:54,760 Speaker 2: Sanchos argues there were just eleven false positive cases, just 362 00:27:54,840 --> 00:28:05,960 Speaker 2: the men who disappeared from Soacha, and he says those 363 00:28:06,080 --> 00:28:08,800 Speaker 2: who were involved in the crimes have all been convicted. 364 00:28:09,359 --> 00:28:12,280 Speaker 2: He says the other desks the media reported on linked 365 00:28:12,320 --> 00:28:15,040 Speaker 2: to the military weren't part of the scheme to inflate 366 00:28:15,080 --> 00:28:18,840 Speaker 2: the numbers of combat kills. I sat there a little stunned. 367 00:28:19,359 --> 00:28:22,800 Speaker 2: I asked him to clarify what he considers the false 368 00:28:22,880 --> 00:28:23,719 Speaker 2: positive cases. 369 00:28:24,560 --> 00:28:29,680 Speaker 3: Okay, if you need case LoQ sus Cassos. 370 00:28:30,320 --> 00:28:40,600 Speaker 7: Well, okay, algunoslies. 371 00:28:41,080 --> 00:28:45,320 Speaker 2: Sanche says, maybe he hasn't been sufficiently clear. Yes, some 372 00:28:45,600 --> 00:28:49,360 Speaker 2: members of the military were guilty of misconduct, but they 373 00:28:49,400 --> 00:28:57,280 Speaker 2: were isolated cases, just a few bad apples. The scope 374 00:28:57,320 --> 00:29:00,600 Speaker 2: of the crimes that Sanchez was suggesting was so drastically 375 00:29:00,720 --> 00:29:03,280 Speaker 2: different from what's been reported by investigators. 376 00:29:03,720 --> 00:29:04,680 Speaker 9: He's clearly wrong. 377 00:29:05,200 --> 00:29:07,760 Speaker 2: I talked to a lawyer and human rights expert Jose 378 00:29:07,920 --> 00:29:11,720 Speaker 2: Miguel Vivanco, the director of Human Rights Watch America's division, 379 00:29:12,200 --> 00:29:16,040 Speaker 2: and he says statistics from Colombia's very own Department of 380 00:29:16,280 --> 00:29:20,680 Speaker 2: Justice suggest that the number of soldiers involved were much 381 00:29:20,800 --> 00:29:22,680 Speaker 2: higher than what Sanchez is suggesting. 382 00:29:23,160 --> 00:29:30,640 Speaker 9: Over one three hundred soldiers and low ranking officers have 383 00:29:31,080 --> 00:29:37,280 Speaker 9: been convicted of false positives and they have served time 384 00:29:37,840 --> 00:29:38,480 Speaker 9: in prison. 385 00:29:39,080 --> 00:29:43,360 Speaker 2: Thirteen hundred. This is a number of military personnel that 386 00:29:43,520 --> 00:29:48,600 Speaker 2: Colombia's Attorney General sent to prison, not accused, not indicted, 387 00:29:48,960 --> 00:29:50,000 Speaker 2: sent to prison. 388 00:29:50,720 --> 00:29:59,920 Speaker 9: Unfortunately, this practice compromise and involve virtually all brigades in Ala, 389 00:30:00,000 --> 00:30:03,120 Speaker 9: every single army division across Columbia. 390 00:30:10,560 --> 00:30:14,160 Speaker 2: The facts, the evidence, the convicted cases from regions all 391 00:30:14,280 --> 00:30:17,760 Speaker 2: over Colombia, it all points to one thing that this 392 00:30:17,960 --> 00:30:22,440 Speaker 2: practice was widespread, not isolated cases. Like the military lawyer 393 00:30:22,600 --> 00:30:23,600 Speaker 2: Sanchez suggests. 394 00:30:24,200 --> 00:30:29,760 Speaker 9: The total number of innocent civilians that were killed during 395 00:30:29,840 --> 00:30:34,800 Speaker 9: that period is over three thousand people. This is one 396 00:30:34,840 --> 00:30:41,560 Speaker 9: of the worst episodes of mass atrocities in Western Hemisphere 397 00:30:41,760 --> 00:30:43,400 Speaker 9: in recent decades. 398 00:30:43,840 --> 00:30:47,600 Speaker 2: And that's why the Colombian Peace Tribunal known as the HIP, 399 00:30:48,000 --> 00:30:52,320 Speaker 2: agreed to hear the false positive cases. For the tribunal 400 00:30:52,800 --> 00:30:56,520 Speaker 2: their challenge is to accomplish what Colombia's ordinary courts could not. 401 00:30:57,360 --> 00:30:59,840 Speaker 2: Even though the courts convicted over a thousand people in 402 00:31:00,000 --> 00:31:03,120 Speaker 2: relation to the false positive crimes, most of those were 403 00:31:03,200 --> 00:31:07,600 Speaker 2: lower level soldiers and officers. Commanders, generals, and others in 404 00:31:07,720 --> 00:31:11,840 Speaker 2: charge were able to act with impunity. The Tribunal's goal 405 00:31:11,920 --> 00:31:15,520 Speaker 2: is to rectify that injustice by hearing testimony from victims, 406 00:31:15,600 --> 00:31:19,880 Speaker 2: families and military members. Their hope is to finally get 407 00:31:19,920 --> 00:31:24,840 Speaker 2: the full story of what happened. Alex Commandante laes elinid 408 00:31:24,840 --> 00:31:30,360 Speaker 2: Al Maru Montoya. In September twenty eighteen, one month after 409 00:31:30,400 --> 00:31:34,520 Speaker 2: I spoke to the Military Defense, it's announced that Mario Montoya, 410 00:31:34,920 --> 00:31:37,600 Speaker 2: the head of the military when the false positive scandal 411 00:31:37,640 --> 00:31:43,360 Speaker 2: became public, has agreed to come forward and speak. This 412 00:31:43,880 --> 00:31:47,520 Speaker 2: was a big moment. He was so far the highest 413 00:31:47,640 --> 00:31:51,120 Speaker 2: ranking military official who agreed to speak at the tribunal. 414 00:31:51,840 --> 00:31:55,040 Speaker 2: For many victims families, this signal that the tribunal was 415 00:31:55,120 --> 00:32:00,600 Speaker 2: seeking answers from the top chain of command. On a 416 00:32:00,680 --> 00:32:04,360 Speaker 2: Thursday morning, Montoya arrived at the hip. He sat at 417 00:32:04,400 --> 00:32:08,080 Speaker 2: the front table, flanked by his lawyers on both sides. 418 00:32:09,280 --> 00:32:12,600 Speaker 2: Many victims family members were in the audience watching. He 419 00:32:12,720 --> 00:32:15,440 Speaker 2: stated his name and identification. 420 00:32:14,960 --> 00:32:19,920 Speaker 3: Number style Minore Mario Montoya. 421 00:32:19,480 --> 00:32:25,440 Speaker 2: ID, but that was all he said. From that moment on, 422 00:32:25,680 --> 00:32:29,120 Speaker 2: the lawyers and the magistrates took over, and Montoya's lawyer 423 00:32:29,240 --> 00:32:31,920 Speaker 2: echoed a sentiment I had heard before. 424 00:32:32,080 --> 00:32:36,960 Speaker 5: Las Unia's tactic as mayors no sons ordinas del commandante 425 00:32:37,080 --> 00:32:39,280 Speaker 5: de l Hercito Sinoelas. 426 00:32:40,120 --> 00:32:43,920 Speaker 2: Montoya's lawyer said high ranking officials like Montoya were not 427 00:32:44,080 --> 00:32:47,560 Speaker 2: directly in charge of lower units and that basically he 428 00:32:47,600 --> 00:32:51,040 Speaker 2: should not be held responsible for the individuals that committed 429 00:32:51,080 --> 00:32:54,960 Speaker 2: the crimes. It was a frustrating statement in a moment 430 00:32:55,000 --> 00:33:02,320 Speaker 2: where people wanted to hear more about what happened. And 431 00:33:02,480 --> 00:33:10,760 Speaker 2: then in June twenty nineteen, NOUS the media aired leaked testimony. 432 00:33:10,400 --> 00:33:13,680 Speaker 7: Iike look Mortez and Combati. 433 00:33:14,040 --> 00:33:17,200 Speaker 2: Gabriel Rincon was a colonel in the fifteenth Mobile Brigade 434 00:33:17,280 --> 00:33:20,959 Speaker 2: in Okanya. Grgarlos Mora, the intelligence officer from the beginning 435 00:33:21,000 --> 00:33:24,800 Speaker 2: of our story, was stationed and he told the tribunal 436 00:33:25,120 --> 00:33:28,240 Speaker 2: his job was legalizing the killings. 437 00:33:28,080 --> 00:33:32,800 Speaker 7: Mandalas Cordinardio the Corino Quezieira trus. 438 00:33:35,560 --> 00:33:38,360 Speaker 2: In his testimony, he said the victims were brought to him, 439 00:33:38,480 --> 00:33:42,080 Speaker 2: already dead, and what he would do was rubber stamped 440 00:33:42,120 --> 00:33:45,200 Speaker 2: the paperwork that they were killed in combat. 441 00:33:46,680 --> 00:33:47,440 Speaker 7: Girijeos. 442 00:33:48,960 --> 00:33:52,080 Speaker 2: It didn't matter if they were guerria fighters or civilians 443 00:33:52,320 --> 00:33:54,760 Speaker 2: or people who weren't involved in the conflict at all. 444 00:33:55,440 --> 00:33:58,680 Speaker 2: He would label the dead as guerrilla fighters. And Rincon 445 00:33:58,760 --> 00:34:01,840 Speaker 2: said he did it because he was under pressure, direct 446 00:34:01,960 --> 00:34:06,080 Speaker 2: pressure from Heneral Mario Mono, the head of the military, 447 00:34:08,920 --> 00:34:12,960 Speaker 2: testified that Montoya told him he didn't want injured enemy fighters, 448 00:34:13,239 --> 00:34:16,080 Speaker 2: he wanted enemy kills in combat. 449 00:34:18,280 --> 00:34:18,760 Speaker 7: Combat. 450 00:34:22,239 --> 00:34:39,480 Speaker 2: He wanted leaders of blood. Since then, more cases have 451 00:34:39,560 --> 00:34:43,040 Speaker 2: been added to the false Positives dossier and more former 452 00:34:43,200 --> 00:34:47,600 Speaker 2: military officers have come forward to testify. As for Montoya, 453 00:34:48,160 --> 00:34:50,880 Speaker 2: many victims families have asked that he be removed from 454 00:34:50,920 --> 00:34:53,280 Speaker 2: the hip where he could get a more lenient sentence 455 00:34:53,800 --> 00:34:57,120 Speaker 2: and sent to criminal court, but the hip has refused. 456 00:35:00,280 --> 00:35:03,480 Speaker 2: In October twenty nineteen, over a year after they started 457 00:35:03,520 --> 00:35:06,920 Speaker 2: focusing on the false positive cases, the hips summoned the 458 00:35:06,960 --> 00:35:10,239 Speaker 2: relatives of the victims. They gave them the testimonies from 459 00:35:10,320 --> 00:35:12,760 Speaker 2: members of the military who had come forward. 460 00:35:13,480 --> 00:35:21,400 Speaker 4: Matus Garcias, Alas, Senoras, Marius Esposas, Ermanas mano qunus. 461 00:35:22,680 --> 00:35:23,800 Speaker 3: Public, I can't to see you. 462 00:35:24,440 --> 00:35:28,520 Speaker 2: Overwhelmingly, the relatives who spoke were frustrated by members of 463 00:35:28,560 --> 00:35:30,600 Speaker 2: the military's version of events. 464 00:35:31,040 --> 00:35:35,840 Speaker 4: With Bueno Dias, Mino Martinez im Joan Martin. 465 00:35:35,920 --> 00:35:38,719 Speaker 2: Gloria was one of the family members who spoke. She 466 00:35:38,840 --> 00:35:41,040 Speaker 2: started off by speaking about her son. 467 00:35:41,200 --> 00:35:45,160 Speaker 3: Madam Psar Qami Mionico Adon. 468 00:35:47,239 --> 00:35:50,080 Speaker 2: Gloria went on to say she wasn't satisfied with what 469 00:35:50,200 --> 00:35:58,920 Speaker 2: she heard. She said the testimonies were only a version 470 00:35:58,960 --> 00:36:06,239 Speaker 2: of the truth, weren't the whole story. At the end 471 00:36:06,280 --> 00:36:08,759 Speaker 2: of the hearing, the hip told the public they will 472 00:36:08,800 --> 00:36:11,800 Speaker 2: be reviewing all the information they received and they'll be 473 00:36:11,840 --> 00:36:14,880 Speaker 2: delivering a report with everything they learned from the hearings. 474 00:36:15,680 --> 00:36:19,239 Speaker 2: The report will also name who is responsible and they 475 00:36:19,280 --> 00:36:22,200 Speaker 2: will have to go before the tribunal and answer for 476 00:36:22,360 --> 00:36:29,320 Speaker 2: their crimes. But for now, there's no date set for 477 00:36:29,440 --> 00:36:35,560 Speaker 2: when that report will come out. With its emphasis on 478 00:36:35,680 --> 00:36:39,080 Speaker 2: restorative justice, the hip is trying to do something new. 479 00:36:39,760 --> 00:36:42,960 Speaker 2: Even the building the tribunal hears cases in looks modern 480 00:36:43,120 --> 00:36:46,680 Speaker 2: and shiny. It's built out of glass and steel, unlike 481 00:36:46,719 --> 00:36:50,680 Speaker 2: the old concrete courthouse where Gloria was lost. Just trying 482 00:36:50,719 --> 00:36:54,720 Speaker 2: to find her courtroom, but it's still working out the kinks, 483 00:36:55,480 --> 00:36:58,719 Speaker 2: and while the hip searches for the truth, people like 484 00:36:58,800 --> 00:37:01,279 Speaker 2: Gloria continue to wait. 485 00:37:11,840 --> 00:37:16,360 Speaker 1: Since we finished reporting, more bodies linked to the false Positives' 486 00:37:16,400 --> 00:37:20,840 Speaker 1: crimes have been found. The Colombian magazine Semana reports that 487 00:37:21,000 --> 00:37:23,880 Speaker 1: the HEB has uncovered a mass grave of up to 488 00:37:24,040 --> 00:37:28,239 Speaker 1: fifty more bodies that with information based on testimony from 489 00:37:28,320 --> 00:37:48,160 Speaker 1: a military officer. This episode was reported by Angelina Moser 490 00:37:48,239 --> 00:37:51,839 Speaker 1: Salasara and edited by Fernanda Camrena and Sophia Palisa Car 491 00:37:52,160 --> 00:37:56,800 Speaker 1: with help from Joanneluna. The Latino USA team includes Andrea 492 00:37:56,880 --> 00:38:02,320 Speaker 1: Lopez Grussado, Marta Martinez, Mike Sargent, Daisy Condredras, Victoria Estrada, 493 00:38:02,520 --> 00:38:07,040 Speaker 1: Renaldo Leans Junior, Patricia Sulbaran, with help from Raoul Berees. 494 00:38:07,320 --> 00:38:11,480 Speaker 1: Our editorial director is Fernande Santos. Our director of engineering 495 00:38:11,560 --> 00:38:14,400 Speaker 1: is Stephanie Lebau. Our senior engineer is Julia Caruso. Our 496 00:38:14,400 --> 00:38:18,200 Speaker 1: associate engineers are Gabriel Lebias and jj Carubin. Our marketing 497 00:38:18,320 --> 00:38:21,680 Speaker 1: manager is Luis Luna or New York Women's Foundation Fellow 498 00:38:21,960 --> 00:38:25,520 Speaker 1: is Elizabeth Loental Torres. Our theme music was composed by 499 00:38:25,560 --> 00:38:28,760 Speaker 1: Zanga Rubinos. I'm your host and executive producer Maria Jojosa 500 00:38:29,160 --> 00:38:31,480 Speaker 1: join us on our next episode. You can also find 501 00:38:31,560 --> 00:38:35,759 Speaker 1: us on your social media and I Say no trayas Jiao. 502 00:38:40,680 --> 00:38:45,000 Speaker 5: Latino USA is made possible in part by the Ford Foundation, 503 00:38:45,640 --> 00:38:49,600 Speaker 5: working with visionaries on the front lines of social change worldwide, 504 00:38:50,080 --> 00:38:55,120 Speaker 5: the John D. And Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, and Hispanics 505 00:38:55,200 --> 00:38:55,960 Speaker 5: and Philanthropy