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Speaker 1: Hi there everyone, it's me Josh and for this week's

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Speaker 1: s Y s K Selex, I've chosen so your limbs

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Speaker 1: torn off. Now what. It's a great classic episode filled

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Speaker 1: with neat stories about things like exposed innards and sewing

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Speaker 1: muscles together. It's a good one and it has a

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Speaker 1: really great intro, if I do say so myself. It's

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Speaker 1: from January, so enjoy. Welcome to Stuff you Should Know,

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Speaker 1: a production of My Heart Radios How Stuff Works. Hey,

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Speaker 1: and welcome to the podcast. I'm Josh Clark, and there's

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Speaker 1: Charles w Chuck Bryant and this is stuff you should

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Speaker 1: know because Jerry's over there, King, are you doing buddy?

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Speaker 1: Besides sick, I'm not sick. I'm just I've got a

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Speaker 1: little bit of a bug. But well do you think

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Speaker 1: that's the first step? And yeah, and being sick is

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Speaker 1: saying I'm sick. I definitely believe in psycho somad effects.

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Speaker 1: You know, the mine has an impact on the body. Well,

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Speaker 1: if you can be a hypochondria, actually you can do

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Speaker 1: the opposite, right, yeah, yeah, you can will yourself into

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Speaker 1: not being Anyway, people, the show must go on, And

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Speaker 1: I just want to point out how dedicated my partner.

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Speaker 1: Here's to his craft. Well, I also want to say,

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Speaker 1: I want to promise that it's not going to be

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Speaker 1: like the great six weeks of No. You don't get

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Speaker 1: that was back in the old days, the unhealthy days.

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Speaker 1: I smoked and everything. Yeah, your body didn't know how

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Speaker 1: to heal, so it was enjoying nicotine. Now I'm just

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Speaker 1: like I'm I'm not getting sick. I said it to

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Speaker 1: myself last night, and here I am better than you

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Speaker 1: ever Josh two point oh, thank you. All right, let's

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Speaker 1: do this, Okay, are you ready? Yeah, I got a

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Speaker 1: story for you. I bet I know it. I'll bet

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Speaker 1: you know. Yeah. You saw. His name is Everett Knowles Jr.

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Speaker 1: But everybody called him Eddie two days in a why

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Speaker 1: I find the unwholesome. Yeah, and I didn't know Eddie

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Speaker 1: could be short forever never heard that. I don't think

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Speaker 1: it is. I think he just didn't like his name, Okay,

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Speaker 1: because it seems like you should call him every yeah

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Speaker 1: or heavy ev yea of the big ee something. So

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Speaker 1: he was a little either. He's a little guy, tiny

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Speaker 1: like a little Elvis. Uh. Well, Eddie, we'll call him

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Speaker 1: Eddie because that's what he preferred to be called sure.

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Speaker 1: He was walking home from school one day in Somerville, Massachusetts,

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Speaker 1: which is a suburb of Boston, and he was walking

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Speaker 1: along the railroad tracks and there just happened to be

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Speaker 1: a train loaded with gravel hauling out of the area

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Speaker 1: very slowly while he was walking alongside, and said, you

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Speaker 1: know what, I'm just gonna have a little thrill right

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Speaker 1: now and grab onto this train. And he did. He

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Speaker 1: successfully grabbed onto the train, was hanging with I believe

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Speaker 1: his right arm. Yeah, and uh was having the time

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Speaker 1: of his life just dangling there when he misjudged the

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Speaker 1: distance between the train side the train and the side

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Speaker 1: of a tunnel and he was pulled into the tunnel support,

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Speaker 1: smacked it and hung on for a second before he

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Speaker 1: was dropped off of the train. The train kept going

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Speaker 1: through the tunnel, leaving Eddie kind of crumpled and in

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Speaker 1: a little shivering mass at the mouth of the tunnel.

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Speaker 1: So he stands up and he grabs his arm. He's like, oh,

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Speaker 1: my arm doesn't feel very good, and he starts walking

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Speaker 1: toward town and apparently he walked about a hundred yards

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Speaker 1: uphill when some workers saw him and said, grab that kid.

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Speaker 1: Because he was covered in blood, he was staggering, he

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Speaker 1: looked like he was out of He's clearly in shocks.

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Speaker 1: They grabbed it, ran and got a woman, because at

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Speaker 1: the time, this is n two, a woman was the

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Speaker 1: only one who could provide any kind of initial emergency care.

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Speaker 1: Um and a clerk at I believe some sort of

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Speaker 1: warehouse um came out and started to apply pressure to

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Speaker 1: this boy's wound. But she had a little bit of trouble.

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Speaker 1: When she tried to close the wound with a tournique,

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Speaker 1: she found that his arm was an attached to his

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Speaker 1: body any longer. He's just kind of holding it there.

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Speaker 1: Very Luckily he was wearing a jacket, or else his

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Speaker 1: arm would have been back at the mouth of the tunnel. Man.

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Speaker 1: Can you imagine, like the guy is holding his arm

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Speaker 1: basically to keep it from falling out of his jacket,

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Speaker 1: although he didn't know that, you know, no, he didn't.

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Speaker 1: He was in shock. Luckily, he was still lucid enough

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Speaker 1: to like tell everybody who he was, where he lived,

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Speaker 1: and uh. They called the the hospital, and the hospital

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Speaker 1: scrambled some surgeons. But it wasn't until chuck Um he

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Speaker 1: got to the hospital and they started cutting his jacket

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Speaker 1: off that they realized the extent of the damage. This

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Speaker 1: kid's arm was torn clean off. But the operative word

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Speaker 1: is clean. Yeah, he's right, because Eddie Everett Knowls Jr.

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Speaker 1: Of Somerville, Mass On what May nineteen sixty two, became

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Speaker 1: the first recipient of a full successful limb reattachments, first

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Speaker 1: human recipient. Right. Yeah, it's a good point. They had

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Speaker 1: done that before dogs successfully, and they had they had

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Speaker 1: done all the different surgeries that are required to reattach

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Speaker 1: a limb, but they had never done all of them

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Speaker 1: at once. Like they'd reattach the nerves, they'd reattach bone,

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Speaker 1: they'd reattached blood vessels, but they had never had a

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Speaker 1: full amputation and a human being successfully reattached. And um.

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Speaker 1: From what I read, the doctor was I don't know

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Speaker 1: about excited, but they had been looking for a case

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Speaker 1: because they thought, like, I think we can do this.

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Speaker 1: We just need the right case, right exactly, you know.

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Speaker 1: And he called his buddy and he's like, I think

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Speaker 1: we got one. Get in there. They got the They

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Speaker 1: like you said, they'd successfully reattached artery's nerves, bone, that

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Speaker 1: kind of thing, but never all never the whole shebang.

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Speaker 1: So they said, well, we know how to do this. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: if somebody will just come along and present us with

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Speaker 1: an arm pulled leanly off, especially a twelve year old,

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Speaker 1: because that definitely worked at his advantage. Apparently an artery

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Speaker 1: when severed will plug itself up, especially in younger kids.

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Speaker 1: That plugging is way more successful and happens more quickly.

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Speaker 1: So this kid just basically presented like the perfect case.

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Speaker 1: The main artery I guess it is brachial artery leading

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Speaker 1: out of his shoulder was a full like two inches

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Speaker 1: out of the wounds. So like they had a lot

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Speaker 1: to work with and work they did. Uh yeah, and

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Speaker 1: they the arm was on ice and they began working immediately.

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Speaker 1: This is mass general by the way, and um, they

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Speaker 1: started with the arteries and veins, and then the nurse felt, well,

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Speaker 1: they all sort of saw color and they described as

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Speaker 1: a glow kind of came back into the arm. This

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Speaker 1: kid hopped the train, had his arm pulled off, and

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Speaker 1: within two and a half hours they had gotten circulation back. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: and the nurse scrabbed the hand and said, hey, it's warm.

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Speaker 1: That's good, spink and warm. She shook it, made it

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Speaker 1: do the metal sign everybody in the operating theory is laughing.

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Speaker 1: The bone and the muscle and the nerve and the

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Speaker 1: skin um happened in in later surgeries, and the I

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Speaker 1: think the nerve. They made a pretty important decision at

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Speaker 1: the time was to wait on that altogether, uh, and

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Speaker 1: let it heal some more first, which is as it

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Speaker 1: turns out. Actually, as it turns out, most of this

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Speaker 1: was sort of how they do it today. Like they

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Speaker 1: perfected the process from that point through the seventies and

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Speaker 1: in the eighties is when they really started like humming

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Speaker 1: with limb reattachment. The only difference that I saw was

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Speaker 1: and we'll get into it a little more, but um.

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Speaker 1: They reattached the arteries first to get circulation, I guess

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Speaker 1: to keep from more and more tissue dying. Um. And

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Speaker 1: then they reattached the bone by driving a screw and

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Speaker 1: using a hammer they nail the screw into the marrow.

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Speaker 1: And then reattached the arm bone. That what is that femur?

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Speaker 1: No femurs in the leg the leg You think I

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Speaker 1: would looked this up already, Yeah, the upper arm bone.

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Speaker 1: Then they drove that into the other end of the

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Speaker 1: crew normally now though they do they reattach the bone

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Speaker 1: for supervide stability, so when you reattach the arteries and

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Speaker 1: veins and stuff, they won't pull away. Yeah, and he

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Speaker 1: uh it was a success story because he ended up

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Speaker 1: he was uh he couldn't use that hand as his

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Speaker 1: dominant hand any longer, which just said because he was

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Speaker 1: a good picture. Yeah, but he um was able to

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Speaker 1: eventually get enough use out of it to where, uh

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Speaker 1: they said about like a left hander would have use

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Speaker 1: of his right hand. So he just sort of had

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Speaker 1: to switch that up. But for nineteen sixty two, that's

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Speaker 1: pretty successful, especially considering in nineteen sixty was the very

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Speaker 1: first microsurgery performed just two years previously at the University

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Speaker 1: of Vermont. Oh yeah, go catamounts. But um, that's dedication

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Speaker 1: so microso surgery, that's really what we're talking about here.

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Speaker 1: It's the use of a microscope to perform surgery. And

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Speaker 1: when you're attaching, you're essentially sewing together little nerves and

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Speaker 1: blood vessels like a millimeter in diameter. You need a

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Speaker 1: microscope and a tiny, tiny little needle, right, and you're

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Speaker 1: using tiny, tiny little sutra thread which is about is

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Speaker 1: is as big as a hair. That's the stuff you're

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Speaker 1: using to to suture these blood vessels back together. It's

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Speaker 1: not catgut, no, And it's an extremely involved um surgery

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Speaker 1: as you can imagine, but it's step by step. It's

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Speaker 1: like first you do the blood vessels, then you do

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Speaker 1: the arteries, UM, and you do muscles, ligaments, tendons, all

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Speaker 1: this stuff, and you're doing it in this this process.

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Speaker 1: But each each surgery, each part of the procedure is

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Speaker 1: like an enormous surgery in and of itself. So like UM,

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Speaker 1: a limb reattachment which is called um replantation. I thought

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Speaker 1: it was be called like limbery or something. Some people

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Speaker 1: call it that. I'm a limberist. The saucier doctors call

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Speaker 1: it limbery, but UM, it usually is like as on

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Speaker 1: a whole. The replantation surgery can last like an entire day. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: it's it's intensive, UM And I read too that it

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Speaker 1: uh the whole micro surgery. The concept of using a

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Speaker 1: microscope for surgery was not accepted at first, Like doctors

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Speaker 1: and surgeons were like, no, like you, we can't do that.

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Speaker 1: We have to look with our eyes, and so it

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Speaker 1: had to be perfected sort of on the fringe by

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Speaker 1: doctor by surgeons who are willing to like accept this

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Speaker 1: might be the future an experiment in their basements. I guess,

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Speaker 1: so on hapless victim maybe or dogs. Yeah, I didn't

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Speaker 1: get the and I didn't look it up, but I

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Speaker 1: didn't get the impression from this article one way or

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Speaker 1: the other how dogs lost their limbs to begin with, Like,

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Speaker 1: was it accidental and they're like, okay, well this we'll

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Speaker 1: reattach it. Or were they cutting dogs limbs off and

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Speaker 1: then reattaching them, because I'm guessing it was probably the

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Speaker 1: ladder probably. Yeah, I mean we've talked plenty about that

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Speaker 1: kind of topic because I mean, think about it. Why

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Speaker 1: would dogs limbs be pulled off in any more frequency

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Speaker 1: than humans limbs and hence present more cases to practice on.

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Speaker 1: I think they were cutting off dog's limbs and then reattaching,

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Speaker 1: which is messed up. Yeah it is. So you were

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Speaker 1: talking about microsurgery. What I saw was um replacing toes

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Speaker 1: for thumbs. Got big sixties. That was a big one.

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Speaker 1: So you had a a thumb on your foot or

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Speaker 1: a big toe on your hand, big toe on your hand,

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Speaker 1: because apparently fifty to seventy of all the utility in

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Speaker 1: your hand is in your thumb. And if you're missing

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Speaker 1: a thumb, you might as well just not have your hand.

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Speaker 1: You don't need a big toe quite as much. You

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Speaker 1: can use a cane or something like that. Thanks to

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Speaker 1: your new toe thumb and um that that became perfected

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Speaker 1: in the sixties toe thumb. That's a good band name. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: And then in the seven these um free flat tissue

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Speaker 1: transfer became a big thing, which is basically going to

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Speaker 1: a part of your body, harvesting an area of your

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Speaker 1: body like under your thigh, your abdomen um, I think

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Speaker 1: you're back, lower back, and then just basically taking the

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Speaker 1: gap and sewing it back together, right, so you have

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Speaker 1: a scar, but you also have a portion of your

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Speaker 1: body that's diminished in size. Um, and then taking that

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Speaker 1: and using it to basically do what we understand as

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Speaker 1: a skin graft, which which requires microsurgery as well. Um,

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Speaker 1: it's just basically taking this part here and putting it

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Speaker 1: back over here where there's a bunch of damage and

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Speaker 1: reattaching all of the nerves and the blood vessels and everything. Yeah.

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Speaker 1: I saw when I was looking up photos of this

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Speaker 1: kind of thing, I came across something that I had

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Speaker 1: never seen before. And I didn't. I didn't get the story,

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Speaker 1: but you could almost. I mean I sort of gathered

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Speaker 1: what was going on just from the photo series. But

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Speaker 1: up someone was degloved on the on their fingers basically

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Speaker 1: from like the hand knuckles forward. All the fingers had

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Speaker 1: no skin, and they from the looks of it, they

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Speaker 1: inserted it into an arm, like into a bicep, the

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Speaker 1: fingers and like they lived there for a while, like

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Speaker 1: inserted under the skin of the arm, and that that

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Speaker 1: skin they later would remove the fingers and it came

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Speaker 1: off as like a big flat skin graph like sticking

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Speaker 1: your hand in an envelope, and uh, eventually formed like

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Speaker 1: webbed fingers and then fingers. That is crazy, But like,

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Speaker 1: I don't know, man, I just saw these photos. I

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Speaker 1: should have done. I mean, it doesn't really have anything

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Speaker 1: to do with this, but it was just remarkable they

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Speaker 1: see someone with their fingers stuck in their bicep under

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Speaker 1: the skin. Like, I'm having trouble visualizing this. I need

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Speaker 1: to see these photos. Yeah, I'll dick him up the

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Speaker 1: show to you. Yeah, if you want to see some

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Speaker 1: really gross stuff, you can just google. Um. Microsurgery or

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Speaker 1: replantation is another one man it's just nasty stuff out,

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Speaker 1: but amazing like that they can. And I looked at

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Speaker 1: so many of them. I kind of got to that

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Speaker 1: point where I was like, well, this isn't gross. This

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Speaker 1: is what the body looks like without skin sometimes, and

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Speaker 1: which is gross. Nuts. I wouldn't grossed out bodies without

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Speaker 1: skin or gross. I don't think so. I think. I

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Speaker 1: think it's the beauty inside. You couldn't desensitize my friend. Well,

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Speaker 1: before we get any further, Chuck, let's do a message break,

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Speaker 1: because I got some good stuff coming up. So, Chuck,

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Speaker 1: we understand microsurgery. Now it's frankensteiny in right, Yeah, you're

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Speaker 1: basically just sewing stuff together. Yeah, because I mean, like,

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Speaker 1: let's say you have a dead person who has a

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Speaker 1: great hand and you have a live person who's got

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Speaker 1: a poor hand. You cut off the live person's hand,

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Speaker 1: cut off the dead person's hand, and attached the live

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Speaker 1: or the dead person's hand and a live person. That's

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Speaker 1: that's Frankensteinian. That's what they're doing. And it's pretty cool cool. Um,

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Speaker 1: but if this ever happens to you, if if say

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Speaker 1: you have a poor hand and that it's no longer

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Speaker 1: attached to your wrist. Yeah, that hand sucks, right and

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Speaker 1: it's all crushed and damaged or whatever. No, no, no,

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Speaker 1: let's say it's intact. And you say, you know what,

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Speaker 1: I think through my shock that I might be a

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Speaker 1: good candidate for replantation of my hand. What do you do? Well,

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Speaker 1: you want to call nine one one immediately, because that's

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Speaker 1: just the first thing you do. You get, go ahead

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Speaker 1: and get folks on the way, or you can ask

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Speaker 1: someone with you to call nine one. That's not putting

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Speaker 1: anyone out. Yeah that's true. If you can't dial, maybe

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Speaker 1: you don't have hands, right, you can tell Sirie to

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Speaker 1: call nine one one. Job. Yeah, I actually changed my

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Speaker 1: series to a dude, so it's not a hurt anymore

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Speaker 1: to an englishman. Actually, yeah, it's kind of fun Reginald.

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Speaker 1: I don't know what his name is actually, but he'll

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Speaker 1: say stuff like, you know, I'll say call Josh and

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Speaker 1: he'll say ringing Josh, oh yeah, instead of calling Yeah,

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Speaker 1: it's classy, kind of fun. Anyway, Um, you want to

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Speaker 1: dial nine one one, get them on the way, and

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Speaker 1: then immediately you want to just try and stabilize the patient.

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Speaker 1: You want to stop the bleeding, either with heavy pressure

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Speaker 1: or a tourniquet above the wound like a sixties female. Yeah, exactly. Uh.

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Speaker 1: And once you get the patient um stabilize and they're

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Speaker 1: not going to bleed out there in the kitchen or

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Speaker 1: wherever it is. Um. You want to get the digit

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Speaker 1: or the hand or the limb and put it on ice,

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Speaker 1: but not directly on ice. Put it in a bag

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Speaker 1: and then put that bag on ice. Yeah, you want

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Speaker 1: to pack pack it in ice as much ice as

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Speaker 1: you can find, but you want to make sure that

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Speaker 1: in the bag that you put the the hand or

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Speaker 1: the digit or whatever in there's no ice and there's

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Speaker 1: no water because wall or causes it to shrivel, and

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Speaker 1: that means you won't be able to reattach it. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: and ice you can actually if I put if I

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Speaker 1: cut off my finger and I threw it in a

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Speaker 1: bucket of ice, it could actually get frostbite. Yeah. That's crazy.

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Speaker 1: That is crazy, but it's also pretty cool. Yeah. And

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Speaker 1: you don't want frostbite on your because you know you

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Speaker 1: won't be able to use it anymore. Now. Frostbite is

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Speaker 1: just um dead tissue brought about by exposure to extreme cold.

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Speaker 1: That's right. So after the teacher right there. It is.

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Speaker 1: After you've got it on the ice, in the bag

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Speaker 1: on the ice, you've called mine one one, you've got

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Speaker 1: the bleeding stopped. You want to cross whatever fingers you

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Speaker 1: have remaining and hope that you've got a good hospital

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Speaker 1: nearby with some surgeons that aren't doing much at the

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Speaker 1: moment or who are willing to cancel their schedules and

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Speaker 1: say let's go do this. Yeah, get off the golf course.

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Speaker 1: So when you get to the hospital, there's some things

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Speaker 1: you can expect. If all of your surgeons have coming

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Speaker 1: from the golf course, they should be ready and waiting

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Speaker 1: for you. And Um, like we said, for they're going

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Speaker 1: to reattach the bone to provide stability um for the

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Speaker 1: rest of the surgery. And there's probably still going to

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Speaker 1: be a little bit of a gap there because they

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Speaker 1: need to get in there. Um. And then they start

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Speaker 1: reattaching your your blood vessels, and just like with Eddie Knowles, um,

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Speaker 1: that just gets you know, the blood flow going and

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Speaker 1: essentially makes that limb alive once more, right well, and

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Speaker 1: it also keeps it from further dying. Um. Because Chuck,

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Speaker 1: it turns out that like there is a finite amount

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Speaker 1: of time which is understandable, but we we are aware

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Speaker 1: of how much time a limb can just sit around

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Speaker 1: in the hot sun starting to go you know, fit it. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: and there's so for example, Um, if you have a

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Speaker 1: whole arm or a whole leg cut off, remember death Proof. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: that girl has her legs like sticking out of the

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Speaker 1: window and mad Mike is that his name Kurt Russell?

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Speaker 1: When he some and her legs goes. Um. If she

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Speaker 1: had survived and her leg just laid there out at

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Speaker 1: room temperature, um, it could have been good for six

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Speaker 1: to twelve hours. I imagine you're really pushing it at

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Speaker 1: twelve hours. But if say you have somebody who's like

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Speaker 1: this leg needs to be put on ice and does

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Speaker 1: everything right, it could stay refrigerated for four days and

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00:19:23,800 --> 00:19:27,879
Speaker 1: still be reattached. Yeah. Um. They point out though in

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Speaker 1: this article, ideally you're having that surgery that day. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: but if you within hours, within minutes, they're talking ideally Basically,

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Speaker 1: the sooner the better. As soon as they're ready to go,

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Speaker 1: you should be ready to go as well. But you're right, Um,

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Speaker 1: if that is not the case and you have uh,

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Speaker 1: some good refrigeration going on, you can last for about

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Speaker 1: four days. Yeah, and apparently it's not even necessarily the

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Speaker 1: skin tissue that um that leads to problems and reattachment

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Speaker 1: after being exposed or room temperature. It's muscle degradation. Oh yeah,

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00:19:59,600 --> 00:20:03,240
Speaker 1: interest thing. Uh. So you you get there, you're getting

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Speaker 1: your surgery done. Um, you probably are going to expect

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Speaker 1: to go through that first long surgery bone reattachment, blood vessel,

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Speaker 1: maybe some muscle fiber and sure, and then they'll say

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Speaker 1: we'll put the nerves off for later. Um. And then

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00:20:19,240 --> 00:20:21,199
Speaker 1: later on down the road will be a skin graft

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Speaker 1: of some kind, like a UM free flap surgery like

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Speaker 1: I was talking about. And the free uh refers to

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00:20:30,280 --> 00:20:33,240
Speaker 1: the the free like this part of this tissue from

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Speaker 1: your body has been removed the donor site. Oh, it's

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00:20:36,240 --> 00:20:40,760
Speaker 1: not the cost of the surgery, it's it's been cut free. Right,

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00:20:41,240 --> 00:20:45,520
Speaker 1: And then you have that makes sense and then UM,

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00:20:45,560 --> 00:20:48,880
Speaker 1: it really is simpler than you think. It's reattaching and

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00:20:49,080 --> 00:20:52,760
Speaker 1: hopefully everything takes and you fight the infection off and

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00:20:52,920 --> 00:20:56,560
Speaker 1: you start the rehab process, which, UM, it takes a

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Speaker 1: long time, and it's it's grueling and not fun. It

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00:21:00,520 --> 00:21:03,639
Speaker 1: can be weird at first. Uh. They point out the

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Speaker 1: article and be weird to look down and see your

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Speaker 1: army attached. But I imagine no weirder than looking down

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Speaker 1: and seeing your arm not attached. You know, it would

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00:21:11,960 --> 00:21:14,560
Speaker 1: probably be a comfort to see it reattached. But you're

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Speaker 1: a jerk if you're like, oh, it's kind of crooked. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: but apparently sometimes it can feel a little different, and

374
00:21:21,600 --> 00:21:24,280
Speaker 1: uh that can be a little strange and off putting.

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Speaker 1: It's not like, oh, I'm just like I was before, right,

376
00:21:28,720 --> 00:21:31,600
Speaker 1: you know, better than ever? Um and Tom wrote this

377
00:21:31,600 --> 00:21:35,440
Speaker 1: one my good friend time chief, he said. He also

378
00:21:35,480 --> 00:21:39,040
Speaker 1: talked about something called cross transfer. This was mind blowing,

379
00:21:39,119 --> 00:21:43,880
Speaker 1: which is basically like if if just re plantation is Frankensteinian,

380
00:21:44,240 --> 00:21:47,680
Speaker 1: this is even more so. Yeah, I didn't quite get

381
00:21:48,760 --> 00:21:53,000
Speaker 1: the purpose of the hand. Uh, Basically, you're getting a

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00:21:53,000 --> 00:21:56,080
Speaker 1: a left hand on your right arm. Let's say, Uh,

383
00:21:56,200 --> 00:21:59,159
Speaker 1: so your thumb and your pinky would be in weird places, right,

384
00:21:59,200 --> 00:22:03,840
Speaker 1: your palms still facing the right direction, but thumb is switched. Yeah. Yeah,

385
00:22:03,840 --> 00:22:06,280
Speaker 1: but what's what's the point of that if you have

386
00:22:06,440 --> 00:22:08,439
Speaker 1: a bad hand and a good hand. I don't know

387
00:22:08,480 --> 00:22:10,920
Speaker 1: if that's they only had like a left hand available

388
00:22:10,960 --> 00:22:13,280
Speaker 1: at the time. I don't know that one. I got

389
00:22:13,320 --> 00:22:18,080
Speaker 1: the other one where basically they take your lower leg

390
00:22:18,840 --> 00:22:21,359
Speaker 1: beneath your knee. So like, if your upper leg is

391
00:22:21,440 --> 00:22:23,240
Speaker 1: damaged and your lower leg is fine, let's just say

392
00:22:23,240 --> 00:22:25,800
Speaker 1: your upper leg is wasted for whatever reason, but your

393
00:22:25,800 --> 00:22:28,919
Speaker 1: lower leg is fine. They'll cut it off, the lower

394
00:22:29,000 --> 00:22:33,320
Speaker 1: leg and basically turn it around right, and then your

395
00:22:33,359 --> 00:22:38,160
Speaker 1: knee becomes locked. Your calf muscles then serve the function

396
00:22:38,200 --> 00:22:41,080
Speaker 1: that your thigh muscles used to, and your knee joint

397
00:22:41,119 --> 00:22:43,720
Speaker 1: is now in your ankle. Then you also are going

398
00:22:43,760 --> 00:22:46,560
Speaker 1: to be wearing a prosthetic obviously because you have no

399
00:22:46,680 --> 00:22:51,000
Speaker 1: thime muscles um and you're turned around foot which is

400
00:22:51,000 --> 00:22:55,680
Speaker 1: now backwards. Is extra support for that prosthetic foot or leg,

401
00:22:55,720 --> 00:22:59,560
Speaker 1: your limb. It's pretty cool. It's basically saying, like, how

402
00:22:59,600 --> 00:23:02,040
Speaker 1: can we take this and use it to even better

403
00:23:02,119 --> 00:23:05,120
Speaker 1: utility now that its original purpose has been destroyed? Yeah,

404
00:23:05,160 --> 00:23:07,439
Speaker 1: it's pretty cool. Yeah. I tried to find photos of

405
00:23:07,480 --> 00:23:12,280
Speaker 1: a cross transferred hand, but I couldn't find any photos,

406
00:23:12,440 --> 00:23:16,280
Speaker 1: and weirdly, pictures of Madonna kept popping up. Does she

407
00:23:16,359 --> 00:23:20,840
Speaker 1: have something I don't know? Dude? Like, I tried all

408
00:23:20,840 --> 00:23:24,120
Speaker 1: sorts of Google searches. And she images of her kept

409
00:23:24,160 --> 00:23:26,640
Speaker 1: popping up, So I don't know, maybe she's got two

410
00:23:26,720 --> 00:23:30,600
Speaker 1: left feet or something. She does not what was said

411
00:23:30,640 --> 00:23:35,040
Speaker 1: in uh Waiting for Guffman. Uh he literally had two

412
00:23:35,119 --> 00:23:36,800
Speaker 1: left feet. It was kind of a dumb joke, was it?

413
00:23:36,920 --> 00:23:41,280
Speaker 1: I thought it was. Yeah, So, Josh, that's one way

414
00:23:41,320 --> 00:23:44,880
Speaker 1: we talked about microsurgery. But there's perhaps another even better way,

415
00:23:45,400 --> 00:24:03,359
Speaker 1: which will cover right after this message break. Al Right,

416
00:24:03,480 --> 00:24:08,880
Speaker 1: so we've discussed how you can have surgery, but there

417
00:24:08,920 --> 00:24:11,879
Speaker 1: may be an actual way to regrow things. Yeah, this

418
00:24:11,960 --> 00:24:14,920
Speaker 1: is far, by far the more preferable of the two. Yeah,

419
00:24:14,960 --> 00:24:18,200
Speaker 1: like fingers, but not like you know, you can't lose

420
00:24:18,240 --> 00:24:20,240
Speaker 1: a whole finger and regrow. It's got to be above

421
00:24:20,760 --> 00:24:22,520
Speaker 1: the bone. Like let's say you get the tip of

422
00:24:22,560 --> 00:24:25,959
Speaker 1: your finger, like your fingernail cut off right and you

423
00:24:26,000 --> 00:24:29,439
Speaker 1: can't find it. And even better, this just involves like

424
00:24:29,560 --> 00:24:33,720
Speaker 1: dumping a magic powder on that that wound. So if

425
00:24:33,760 --> 00:24:36,639
Speaker 1: you if you have your finger cut off below the nail,

426
00:24:36,800 --> 00:24:39,640
Speaker 1: right below the nail, which happened to a guy in Cincinnati,

427
00:24:40,119 --> 00:24:42,720
Speaker 1: um in two thousand and five who owned a hobby shop. Yeah,

428
00:24:42,800 --> 00:24:45,480
Speaker 1: I used to love those places, man, I go in

429
00:24:45,600 --> 00:24:48,400
Speaker 1: and be like, I just want all the model airplanes

430
00:24:48,400 --> 00:24:50,760
Speaker 1: and everything. Yeah, Eddie's Trick Shop in Atlanta was my

431
00:24:50,800 --> 00:24:56,320
Speaker 1: go to, which I've just discovered still exists. Um, not

432
00:24:56,400 --> 00:24:58,520
Speaker 1: too far from my house. Is it a magic shop?

433
00:24:59,000 --> 00:25:01,480
Speaker 1: It's it's like everything. Like they had models and had

434
00:25:01,520 --> 00:25:04,800
Speaker 1: magic kits, they had you know, whoopee cushions was sort

435
00:25:04,840 --> 00:25:07,359
Speaker 1: of like a catch all. Yeah. I liked both of those,

436
00:25:07,359 --> 00:25:12,840
Speaker 1: but I never went to one that was the same. Yeah. Anyway, Um,

437
00:25:12,960 --> 00:25:15,520
Speaker 1: this guy, this hobby shop owner, as far as we know,

438
00:25:15,600 --> 00:25:19,160
Speaker 1: he sold no magic items. Um, he was demonstrating why

439
00:25:19,200 --> 00:25:21,840
Speaker 1: a motor was very dangerous in an RC plane. He

440
00:25:21,840 --> 00:25:24,240
Speaker 1: did a good job, I guess, and cut his finger off,

441
00:25:24,960 --> 00:25:30,359
Speaker 1: and uh apparently his brother was had something to do

442
00:25:30,440 --> 00:25:33,760
Speaker 1: with finger with tissue regeneration and said, yeah, he was

443
00:25:33,760 --> 00:25:35,720
Speaker 1: in the biz. Yeah. And the guy went to the

444
00:25:35,760 --> 00:25:37,919
Speaker 1: doctor the hospital, and doctors like, we'll give you a

445
00:25:37,920 --> 00:25:41,720
Speaker 1: skin graft to just kind of cover this weirdness, but um,

446
00:25:41,760 --> 00:25:45,359
Speaker 1: you know, you lost your finger t s. And the

447
00:25:45,440 --> 00:25:47,960
Speaker 1: guy's brother was like, don't give the skin graph just yet.

448
00:25:48,080 --> 00:25:51,640
Speaker 1: Come over. I'll give you a beer, and UM, I'm

449
00:25:51,640 --> 00:25:54,880
Speaker 1: gonna put some I'm gonna put some something that's called

450
00:25:54,920 --> 00:25:59,560
Speaker 1: extracellular matrix on your wound, and let's see what happens.

451
00:25:59,800 --> 00:26:03,240
Speaker 1: And they did, Yeah, and magic happened. Then it regrew.

452
00:26:03,480 --> 00:26:08,480
Speaker 1: The guy not only regrew his finger, he regrew apparently

453
00:26:08,520 --> 00:26:13,160
Speaker 1: not the bone, but very surprisingly the nail bed and fingernail,

454
00:26:13,320 --> 00:26:15,520
Speaker 1: which apparently, like you don't grow a nail bed back,

455
00:26:16,119 --> 00:26:17,879
Speaker 1: Like even if you cut off just the tip of

456
00:26:17,880 --> 00:26:20,919
Speaker 1: your finger, like that, nail beds never growing back. This

457
00:26:20,960 --> 00:26:24,760
Speaker 1: guy's nail bed grow back. That's awesome. Yeah. Extra cellular

458
00:26:24,920 --> 00:26:28,959
Speaker 1: matrix is awesome. Um. That's basically like the glue that

459
00:26:29,000 --> 00:26:33,280
Speaker 1: holds ourselves together. And um, not just us, plants and

460
00:26:33,359 --> 00:26:37,840
Speaker 1: animals and trees and they all have it uh in it. Uh,

461
00:26:38,080 --> 00:26:40,680
Speaker 1: it's functions outside the body cells. That's why it's called

462
00:26:40,720 --> 00:26:44,400
Speaker 1: extra cellular obviously. And it's collagen. We talked a lot

463
00:26:44,400 --> 00:26:48,440
Speaker 1: about collagen, the protein that's um, you know, super good

464
00:26:48,480 --> 00:26:52,679
Speaker 1: for all kinds of things, especially growing skin. Yeah, like

465
00:26:52,760 --> 00:26:56,800
Speaker 1: you know it's in skin cream and stuff like that. Sure. Um,

466
00:26:56,880 --> 00:26:59,199
Speaker 1: so typically what they use is uh, this was a

467
00:26:59,200 --> 00:27:04,000
Speaker 1: powder from pig bladder. But um, I've seen I saw

468
00:27:04,040 --> 00:27:06,280
Speaker 1: a video on the New York Time site that showed

469
00:27:06,280 --> 00:27:10,720
Speaker 1: how they do it today. And this is mainly for um. Like, Uh,

470
00:27:10,800 --> 00:27:13,919
Speaker 1: let's say you got you didn't want a skin graft

471
00:27:14,680 --> 00:27:16,600
Speaker 1: for some reason, or it wasn't possible to get a

472
00:27:16,640 --> 00:27:18,800
Speaker 1: skin graft and you you've lost all the skin on

473
00:27:18,840 --> 00:27:22,600
Speaker 1: your thigh. They would get a pig bladder and they

474
00:27:22,640 --> 00:27:27,320
Speaker 1: they spread it out and they remove all the cells basically, yeah,

475
00:27:27,359 --> 00:27:31,240
Speaker 1: because this stuff doesn't have pig cells. No, don't harvested

476
00:27:31,240 --> 00:27:33,960
Speaker 1: from a pig body. Yeah, but they still remove the

477
00:27:34,000 --> 00:27:36,240
Speaker 1: cells in all the DNA with like a chemical bath,

478
00:27:36,680 --> 00:27:39,520
Speaker 1: and basically what's remaining is the matrix in it. They

479
00:27:39,560 --> 00:27:41,480
Speaker 1: end up drying it out and it looks like and

480
00:27:41,520 --> 00:27:43,080
Speaker 1: cut it into sheets and it looks like a sheet

481
00:27:43,119 --> 00:27:46,520
Speaker 1: of like parchment paper and then they will put that

482
00:27:46,680 --> 00:27:49,960
Speaker 1: on your leg and it immediately just starts going to work. Yeah.

483
00:27:50,320 --> 00:27:53,399
Speaker 1: They used to think that extracellular matrix was just something

484
00:27:53,440 --> 00:27:56,760
Speaker 1: that provided structure for cells to grow around like a

485
00:27:56,800 --> 00:28:00,280
Speaker 1: fetal in the fetus. Yeah, because if you're if you're

486
00:28:00,280 --> 00:28:03,879
Speaker 1: in the fetus and like something happens, you lose a toe.

487
00:28:04,280 --> 00:28:06,639
Speaker 1: If you are a fetus, if you're in the fetal

488
00:28:06,640 --> 00:28:10,000
Speaker 1: position in the womb and you lose a toe, that

489
00:28:10,080 --> 00:28:13,400
Speaker 1: toes growing back. Yeah, you know, you grow a vestigial

490
00:28:13,520 --> 00:28:17,800
Speaker 1: tail that goes away. Your feet and hands start out

491
00:28:17,800 --> 00:28:19,840
Speaker 1: being webbed, so you're growing a lot of stuff and

492
00:28:19,880 --> 00:28:22,840
Speaker 1: then getting rid of it. But you can also regrows

493
00:28:22,880 --> 00:28:25,359
Speaker 1: stuff that you're not supposed to lose up to the

494
00:28:25,359 --> 00:28:28,399
Speaker 1: age of about two, and then I think the general

495
00:28:28,440 --> 00:28:32,040
Speaker 1: ideas that the extra show matrix just kind of goes

496
00:28:32,080 --> 00:28:35,879
Speaker 1: dormant in humans, right, But they thought that it was

497
00:28:36,000 --> 00:28:39,160
Speaker 1: just structure, and then they realize that no, this is

498
00:28:39,200 --> 00:28:43,440
Speaker 1: actually creating some sort of signal to the rest of

499
00:28:43,480 --> 00:28:48,040
Speaker 1: the body to say, hey, don't scar regrow instead, And

500
00:28:48,160 --> 00:28:50,720
Speaker 1: it goes and recruits stem cells and says, come over here,

501
00:28:50,760 --> 00:28:54,080
Speaker 1: and let's rebuild this finger. This hobby shop accident was

502
00:28:54,120 --> 00:28:59,440
Speaker 1: too ironic. Let's reward this man with a regrown finger,

503
00:28:59,640 --> 00:29:02,520
Speaker 1: and don't forget the nail bed. That's what ex cellular

504
00:29:02,600 --> 00:29:05,160
Speaker 1: matrix says to everything else. Yeah, and it's uh, it's

505
00:29:05,200 --> 00:29:08,080
Speaker 1: pretty cool. The problem with um why you can't normally

506
00:29:08,280 --> 00:29:11,840
Speaker 1: just regrow a finger is because when something like that happens,

507
00:29:11,840 --> 00:29:15,640
Speaker 1: the trauma happens, your body says it recognizes it, and

508
00:29:15,800 --> 00:29:19,280
Speaker 1: the immune system kicks in and it's gonna swell up

509
00:29:19,360 --> 00:29:22,520
Speaker 1: and get inflamed, and scar tissue is gonna start to form,

510
00:29:23,080 --> 00:29:27,400
Speaker 1: and extra cellular matrix prevents the inflammation, prevents scar tissue

511
00:29:27,440 --> 00:29:30,720
Speaker 1: from forming and basically tells the body like, no, I'm

512
00:29:30,720 --> 00:29:33,800
Speaker 1: just gonna grow like normally, right, not scar tissue, just

513
00:29:34,080 --> 00:29:36,920
Speaker 1: regular old cells. But like you said, after a certain age,

514
00:29:37,400 --> 00:29:40,120
Speaker 1: it just goes away, Like we have the extra cellular

515
00:29:40,160 --> 00:29:45,200
Speaker 1: matrix still, but it's function or its ability to trigger

516
00:29:45,400 --> 00:29:50,360
Speaker 1: regrowth is just becomes dormant or something happens to it.

517
00:29:50,640 --> 00:29:55,360
Speaker 1: And with this pick bladder stuff, um, they're they're starting

518
00:29:55,360 --> 00:29:57,720
Speaker 1: to wonder, is there a way that we can just

519
00:29:57,760 --> 00:30:00,960
Speaker 1: trigger this naturally in the body. And if that's the case,

520
00:30:01,000 --> 00:30:04,960
Speaker 1: then say hello to regrowing a whole head. I mean

521
00:30:05,000 --> 00:30:07,960
Speaker 1: you never know, because they pointed out that like deer

522
00:30:08,040 --> 00:30:12,160
Speaker 1: can regrow antlers and um, things like that, and they're

523
00:30:12,680 --> 00:30:19,560
Speaker 1: so different than us cellularly, right because it has bone, cartilage, yeah, skin, sure, Um,

524
00:30:19,680 --> 00:30:23,000
Speaker 1: all those things are in your hand, your arm, your leg,

525
00:30:23,920 --> 00:30:25,920
Speaker 1: and you would need to regrow all those two for

526
00:30:26,040 --> 00:30:31,120
Speaker 1: something to really be considered regrown. You can't just regrow

527
00:30:31,200 --> 00:30:33,520
Speaker 1: the leg but not the bone. It'd still be impressive,

528
00:30:33,560 --> 00:30:36,600
Speaker 1: but you're like it's kind of flopping there. Have you

529
00:30:36,640 --> 00:30:39,520
Speaker 1: ever seen the picture of that UFC fighter who's like

530
00:30:39,640 --> 00:30:42,640
Speaker 1: kicking the guy and he breaks his own leg and

531
00:30:42,680 --> 00:30:47,880
Speaker 1: it's just like almost like a cartoon or mcgahey. Oh yeah,

532
00:30:47,920 --> 00:30:51,400
Speaker 1: well it's mcgahey. Yeah. Yeah, that's stuff. UM triggers the

533
00:30:51,440 --> 00:30:56,440
Speaker 1: old mirror neurons big time. Makes me weak. Uh So

534
00:30:56,480 --> 00:31:00,600
Speaker 1: that's basically I mean, they've they've been experimenting with war

535
00:31:00,680 --> 00:31:04,200
Speaker 1: veterans Iraqi war veterans. Uh. And actually the New York

536
00:31:04,200 --> 00:31:06,240
Speaker 1: Times video, I saw that it was a war veteran

537
00:31:06,280 --> 00:31:09,760
Speaker 1: who was having this done to his thigh. Yeah right,

538
00:31:10,760 --> 00:31:14,960
Speaker 1: I think it was skin and tendons and yeah, and

539
00:31:15,000 --> 00:31:17,120
Speaker 1: it was you know, it looked an early but it

540
00:31:17,160 --> 00:31:21,960
Speaker 1: was functioning and that counts. You got anything else? No,

541
00:31:22,040 --> 00:31:24,800
Speaker 1: I think that's it. There's literally nothing else to say

542
00:31:24,800 --> 00:31:29,240
Speaker 1: about I agree, sir. All right. Uh well, then if

543
00:31:29,240 --> 00:31:32,160
Speaker 1: you want to learn more about replantation, you can type

544
00:31:32,200 --> 00:31:35,080
Speaker 1: that word into the search bar how stuff works dot

545
00:31:35,160 --> 00:31:37,680
Speaker 1: com and it'll bring up a couple of cool things

546
00:31:38,080 --> 00:31:41,720
Speaker 1: at the very least. Also, UM, type in extracellular matrix,

547
00:31:41,800 --> 00:31:44,400
Speaker 1: which is pretty cool sounding. Um, and that'll bring up

548
00:31:44,400 --> 00:31:47,960
Speaker 1: another article too. And uh since I said those things,

549
00:31:48,040 --> 00:31:52,320
Speaker 1: it's time for listener mail. That's right, I'm gonna call

550
00:31:52,360 --> 00:31:56,360
Speaker 1: this correction. You get these from time to time, and

551
00:31:56,440 --> 00:31:58,800
Speaker 1: we like to read him. Yeah, from time to time.

552
00:31:59,400 --> 00:32:01,400
Speaker 1: Hey guys, Jerry loved the work you do. I love

553
00:32:01,440 --> 00:32:03,480
Speaker 1: listening to the show. I wanted to write in though,

554
00:32:03,480 --> 00:32:07,400
Speaker 1: with a correction regarding Lewis and Clark. I'm working towards

555
00:32:07,480 --> 00:32:11,480
Speaker 1: my PhD in art history and I am particularly interested

556
00:32:11,800 --> 00:32:14,160
Speaker 1: in the history of medicine and disease. On the middle

557
00:32:14,200 --> 00:32:16,440
Speaker 1: of the show, Josh mentioned that the Adventure Party inadvertently

558
00:32:16,480 --> 00:32:19,320
Speaker 1: discovered syphilis had not been known to Europeans up to

559
00:32:19,440 --> 00:32:21,680
Speaker 1: that point. This is actually not the quite the case.

560
00:32:21,720 --> 00:32:25,240
Speaker 1: Syphilis goes back pretty far in European history. It was

561
00:32:25,280 --> 00:32:28,040
Speaker 1: first documented in the late fifteenth century after a conflict

562
00:32:28,040 --> 00:32:31,040
Speaker 1: between France and Italy, and remained an issue for europe

563
00:32:31,760 --> 00:32:39,000
Speaker 1: peaking around the mid nineteenth century. Nineteenth century. Yeah, okay,

564
00:32:39,320 --> 00:32:41,320
Speaker 1: Josh did have part of it right though, when he

565
00:32:41,360 --> 00:32:43,840
Speaker 1: said that the party blamed it on Native American groups.

566
00:32:44,160 --> 00:32:46,880
Speaker 1: Early on, everyone wanted to blame the disease on everyone else.

567
00:32:47,040 --> 00:32:50,840
Speaker 1: No surprises here. But after that initial conflict, the French

568
00:32:50,880 --> 00:32:55,520
Speaker 1: referred to syphilis as the Neapolitan sickness, while the Italians

569
00:32:55,560 --> 00:32:59,280
Speaker 1: named it the French sickness, a trend that continued as

570
00:32:59,280 --> 00:33:04,200
Speaker 1: the stuff spread. You you if you're interested. It's really

571
00:33:04,240 --> 00:33:08,400
Speaker 1: fascinating stuff, especially the cures that became popular. Mercury was

572
00:33:08,480 --> 00:33:13,240
Speaker 1: a really nasty one. History of Syphilis by Claude Catel

573
00:33:14,040 --> 00:33:16,160
Speaker 1: is a pretty good reference. She read a book called

574
00:33:16,160 --> 00:33:19,280
Speaker 1: the History of Syphilis. Somebody wrote a book called the

575
00:33:19,320 --> 00:33:22,320
Speaker 1: History of Syphilis. Anyway, I just wanted and that was

576
00:33:22,440 --> 00:33:27,440
Speaker 1: Claude q u e accent of Google t e L.

577
00:33:28,240 --> 00:33:31,120
Speaker 1: So he's French. That is nice. Isn't that what that's called?

578
00:33:32,000 --> 00:33:34,560
Speaker 1: I don't remember anymore. I don't either. Anybody just wanted

579
00:33:34,560 --> 00:33:39,120
Speaker 1: to put it out. Car song. Yeah, that is from Katherine.

580
00:33:39,200 --> 00:33:44,600
Speaker 1: I'm sorry, Kathleen Pierce into disease. Thanks very very in

581
00:33:44,720 --> 00:33:47,760
Speaker 1: paintings about disease. I guess so thanks a lot for

582
00:33:47,880 --> 00:33:50,320
Speaker 1: letting us know that. Kathleen. I feel like I've been

583
00:33:50,360 --> 00:33:53,720
Speaker 1: set straight. Uh. If you want to set us straight,

584
00:33:53,880 --> 00:34:01,840
Speaker 1: we like to be corrected, right, Yeah, and nothing better. Uh.

585
00:34:02,040 --> 00:34:04,040
Speaker 1: All you have to do is tweet to us to

586
00:34:04,160 --> 00:34:07,600
Speaker 1: initiate contact. You can tweet to us using our handle

587
00:34:07,800 --> 00:34:10,360
Speaker 1: s y s K podcast. You can go on to Facebook.

588
00:34:10,400 --> 00:34:12,360
Speaker 1: That's another great way to contact us. Yeah, you can

589
00:34:12,440 --> 00:34:17,040
Speaker 1: complain there. Uh, we people love doing that. We're at

590
00:34:17,080 --> 00:34:19,480
Speaker 1: Facebook dot com slash Stuff you Should Know. You can

591
00:34:19,480 --> 00:34:22,080
Speaker 1: send us an email to stuff Podcasts at how stuff

592
00:34:22,080 --> 00:34:25,640
Speaker 1: Works dot com and although you can't complain, uh, you

593
00:34:25,680 --> 00:34:32,760
Speaker 1: can enjoy our website Stuff you Shouldn't dot Com. Stuff

594
00:34:32,760 --> 00:34:34,719
Speaker 1: you Should Know is a production of iHeart Radios. How

595
00:34:34,760 --> 00:34:37,399
Speaker 1: Stuff Works for more podcasts for my heart Radio because

596
00:34:37,440 --> 00:34:39,920
Speaker 1: at the iHeart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you

597
00:34:39,960 --> 00:34:41,120
Speaker 1: listen to your favorite shows