1 00:00:01,160 --> 00:00:04,120 Speaker 1: Welcome to steph you missed in history class from how 2 00:00:04,160 --> 00:00:14,160 Speaker 1: Stuff Works dot com. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. 3 00:00:14,280 --> 00:00:18,000 Speaker 1: I'm Tracy Wilson and I'm Holly Frying. Before we jump 4 00:00:18,000 --> 00:00:21,400 Speaker 1: into today's episode, quick announcement, we will be at Salt 5 00:00:21,440 --> 00:00:28,319 Speaker 1: Lake Comic Con fan X March seventeen. Yeah, we're going 6 00:00:28,400 --> 00:00:32,160 Speaker 1: to do a live show. We are, uh, we are 7 00:00:32,240 --> 00:00:35,200 Speaker 1: each on some other panels. I think. Yeah, our live 8 00:00:35,240 --> 00:00:37,559 Speaker 1: show I believe it is on Saturday the eighteenth, and 9 00:00:37,560 --> 00:00:39,839 Speaker 1: then there are other panels. And I will at some 10 00:00:39,880 --> 00:00:41,600 Speaker 1: point when I get a moment to do a little 11 00:00:41,960 --> 00:00:43,920 Speaker 1: right up of when we'll be where and put it 12 00:00:43,960 --> 00:00:47,480 Speaker 1: on our blogs so people can reference that. Yes, so 13 00:00:47,840 --> 00:00:51,639 Speaker 1: if you're in the Salt Lake City area, you can 14 00:00:51,640 --> 00:00:57,200 Speaker 1: come and see us on the seventeenth and eighteenth of March. Yeah, 15 00:00:57,200 --> 00:00:59,520 Speaker 1: and now we'll get into today's topic, which is a 16 00:00:59,640 --> 00:01:05,080 Speaker 1: very very frequent listener request. That's like an understatement. Yeah, 17 00:01:05,240 --> 00:01:08,640 Speaker 1: you could say very about twelve to fourteen more times 18 00:01:08,640 --> 00:01:12,039 Speaker 1: and it would still be maybe underselling how much we 19 00:01:12,080 --> 00:01:16,319 Speaker 1: get this request A lot, a lot. Uh. And this 20 00:01:16,400 --> 00:01:20,039 Speaker 1: is Lady Jane Gray, also known as the Nine Day Queen. 21 00:01:20,600 --> 00:01:23,560 Speaker 1: She came up very briefly in a past episode by 22 00:01:23,640 --> 00:01:27,800 Speaker 1: Katie and Sarah in their their episode Elizabeth the First, 23 00:01:27,840 --> 00:01:32,479 Speaker 1: before she was queen basically for an incredibly short time 24 00:01:32,720 --> 00:01:35,640 Speaker 1: between Edward the sixth and Mary the First, Lady Jane 25 00:01:35,720 --> 00:01:38,319 Speaker 1: was at least nominally the Queen of England and Ireland, 26 00:01:38,720 --> 00:01:40,800 Speaker 1: but whether she had any right at all to that 27 00:01:40,840 --> 00:01:45,720 Speaker 1: title is still the subject of dispute even today. I 28 00:01:45,800 --> 00:01:52,280 Speaker 1: found scholars with polar opposite opinions on that uh And 29 00:01:52,360 --> 00:01:54,320 Speaker 1: really a lot of what goes into the story went 30 00:01:54,360 --> 00:01:56,880 Speaker 1: on behind closed doors and off the record, so different 31 00:01:56,920 --> 00:02:01,600 Speaker 1: accounts of it today present incredibly different interpretations of what happened. 32 00:02:02,640 --> 00:02:04,480 Speaker 1: What we do know is that Lady Jane Gray was 33 00:02:04,520 --> 00:02:07,200 Speaker 1: born in fifteen thirty seven, but her exact date of 34 00:02:07,240 --> 00:02:10,720 Speaker 1: birth is unclear. Her birthday is traditionally noted as having 35 00:02:10,760 --> 00:02:13,760 Speaker 1: taken place in October, the same month as King Edward 36 00:02:13,800 --> 00:02:18,399 Speaker 1: the sixth. Her parents were Henry Gray and Lady Francis Brandon, 37 00:02:19,120 --> 00:02:21,840 Speaker 1: and when Jane was born, Henry Gray was Marcus of 38 00:02:21,880 --> 00:02:24,359 Speaker 1: Dorset and he would later become the Duke of Suffolk, 39 00:02:24,760 --> 00:02:27,320 Speaker 1: and her parents were still pretty young when they had Jane. 40 00:02:27,480 --> 00:02:30,239 Speaker 1: They had married at the ages of just fifteen and sixteen, 41 00:02:30,280 --> 00:02:32,280 Speaker 1: and they were only twenty and twenty one when she 42 00:02:32,360 --> 00:02:35,640 Speaker 1: was born. Jane and her sisters were Henry the seventh 43 00:02:35,800 --> 00:02:40,120 Speaker 1: great granddaughters through their mother Francis, whose mother was Mary Tutor. 44 00:02:40,360 --> 00:02:43,400 Speaker 1: Mary Tutor was Henry the eighth sister, so this made 45 00:02:43,440 --> 00:02:47,760 Speaker 1: them Henry the eighth great nieces. Mary's husband had also 46 00:02:47,840 --> 00:02:50,799 Speaker 1: been one of Henry the Eighth's close friends, so on 47 00:02:50,880 --> 00:02:54,960 Speaker 1: Jane's mother's side, the family was very closely connected to 48 00:02:55,000 --> 00:02:58,239 Speaker 1: the throne. The only reason that Francis had not married 49 00:02:58,280 --> 00:03:01,760 Speaker 1: someone higher up in the noble was that her father 50 00:03:01,919 --> 00:03:03,880 Speaker 1: had been married before, so she had a lot of 51 00:03:03,919 --> 00:03:08,680 Speaker 1: older half siblings to marry off before they got to her. 52 00:03:08,840 --> 00:03:13,840 Speaker 1: And just uh. Two different biographies that I consulted for 53 00:03:13,880 --> 00:03:18,359 Speaker 1: this both started with multiple pages of family trees outlining 54 00:03:18,840 --> 00:03:23,040 Speaker 1: these relationships. So if it was a little confusing, welcome 55 00:03:23,080 --> 00:03:26,640 Speaker 1: to the club, it is a little confusing. Francis and 56 00:03:26,680 --> 00:03:29,760 Speaker 1: her daughters were, at various points very high up in 57 00:03:29,800 --> 00:03:33,160 Speaker 1: the line of succession. Henry the Eighth famously had his 58 00:03:33,240 --> 00:03:36,960 Speaker 1: series of ill feated wives and offspring, and in fifteen 59 00:03:37,040 --> 00:03:40,720 Speaker 1: thirty six, two of those offspring, Mary and Elizabeth, were 60 00:03:40,760 --> 00:03:44,480 Speaker 1: declared illegitimate with no claim to the throne. Because Henry 61 00:03:44,520 --> 00:03:50,200 Speaker 1: had divorced Mary's mother and beheaded Elizabeth's consequently, for about 62 00:03:50,200 --> 00:03:53,600 Speaker 1: a year before Jane's birth, her mother, Francis, was basically 63 00:03:53,680 --> 00:03:56,680 Speaker 1: next in line. Henry the Eighth at that point had 64 00:03:56,720 --> 00:03:59,600 Speaker 1: no sons, his daughters had been declared illegitimate, and he 65 00:03:59,640 --> 00:04:03,400 Speaker 1: had no other surviving siblings, so his niece Francis, while 66 00:04:03,480 --> 00:04:07,480 Speaker 1: not his child, was at least a lawfully begotten child 67 00:04:07,640 --> 00:04:12,280 Speaker 1: and an actual relative. When Edward was born on October twelfth, 68 00:04:12,400 --> 00:04:16,440 Speaker 1: fifteen thirty seven, as his father's legitimate son, he became 69 00:04:16,520 --> 00:04:19,599 Speaker 1: next in line to the throne, making Frances second, since 70 00:04:19,680 --> 00:04:24,160 Speaker 1: Mary and Elizabeth were still viewed as ineligible to rule. However, 71 00:04:24,520 --> 00:04:28,400 Speaker 1: in fifteen forty three, Parliament passed an Act of Succession, 72 00:04:28,839 --> 00:04:33,160 Speaker 1: which received royal assent the following year, and this legislation 73 00:04:33,240 --> 00:04:36,479 Speaker 1: made no mention of Francis or her family, but it 74 00:04:36,600 --> 00:04:39,880 Speaker 1: restored Mary and Elizabeth back to the line of succession, 75 00:04:40,040 --> 00:04:43,920 Speaker 1: regardless of their legitimacy, should their brother die without an heir. 76 00:04:45,160 --> 00:04:48,320 Speaker 1: This Act of Succession also gave Henry the right to 77 00:04:48,480 --> 00:04:51,360 Speaker 1: name a successor by testament or in his will, which 78 00:04:51,360 --> 00:04:54,680 Speaker 1: he did. Henry. The eighth will specified that if his 79 00:04:54,800 --> 00:04:58,520 Speaker 1: children had no male heir, the next in line after Edward, 80 00:04:58,560 --> 00:05:02,240 Speaker 1: Mary and Elizabeth would be Francis's children, since Francis was 81 00:05:02,320 --> 00:05:06,279 Speaker 1: his legitimate niece. The fact that Francis herself was not 82 00:05:06,480 --> 00:05:09,000 Speaker 1: named in the will as being in the line of 83 00:05:09,040 --> 00:05:12,520 Speaker 1: succession apparently annoyed her very greatly, and this is one 84 00:05:12,560 --> 00:05:15,120 Speaker 1: of the reasons why and some versions of this story 85 00:05:15,560 --> 00:05:19,440 Speaker 1: she's the one described as being the mastermind, scheming behind 86 00:05:19,480 --> 00:05:22,240 Speaker 1: the scenes to put her daughter on the throne. So 87 00:05:22,279 --> 00:05:24,880 Speaker 1: from the time she was born, Jane didn't have that 88 00:05:24,920 --> 00:05:28,479 Speaker 1: many steps between herself and the throne, and apart from 89 00:05:28,480 --> 00:05:31,200 Speaker 1: her place in the line of succession, her parents and 90 00:05:31,279 --> 00:05:34,200 Speaker 1: many other people in her life hoped she would marry 91 00:05:34,240 --> 00:05:39,080 Speaker 1: someone quite powerful, perhaps even then Prince Edward himself, so 92 00:05:39,120 --> 00:05:42,359 Speaker 1: they groomed her to that purpose, paying special attention to 93 00:05:42,400 --> 00:05:47,159 Speaker 1: her education. She was quite bookish and very precocious, and 94 00:05:47,240 --> 00:05:51,440 Speaker 1: she developed a widespread reputation as a scholar. She learned 95 00:05:51,480 --> 00:05:54,240 Speaker 1: to speak and write both Latin and Greek, and she 96 00:05:54,320 --> 00:05:58,599 Speaker 1: also spoke free French, Hebrew, and Italian. She was also 97 00:05:58,880 --> 00:06:04,480 Speaker 1: deeply religious, and specifically deeply Protestant, in fifteen forty seven. 98 00:06:04,520 --> 00:06:07,359 Speaker 1: Her parents also placed Jane as a ward in a 99 00:06:07,440 --> 00:06:11,080 Speaker 1: very prominent family, that of Lady Catherine Parr, last wife 100 00:06:11,080 --> 00:06:14,279 Speaker 1: of Henry the eighth and very recently his widow after 101 00:06:14,320 --> 00:06:19,039 Speaker 1: she remarried Thomas Seymour, Baron of Sudley. Sending a child 102 00:06:19,080 --> 00:06:21,480 Speaker 1: to live with a high placed family was a pretty 103 00:06:21,520 --> 00:06:25,159 Speaker 1: typical practice among the nobility, although at age ten, Jane 104 00:06:25,200 --> 00:06:28,920 Speaker 1: was a little younger than usual for this. Lady Catherine 105 00:06:28,960 --> 00:06:33,119 Speaker 1: was also Princess Elizabeth's guardians, so for a time both 106 00:06:33,200 --> 00:06:36,800 Speaker 1: Jane and Elizabeth were raised in the same household. Although 107 00:06:36,800 --> 00:06:38,960 Speaker 1: they did get to know each other, because of the 108 00:06:39,000 --> 00:06:42,880 Speaker 1: difference in their ages, they weren't particularly close, and Elizabeth 109 00:06:43,000 --> 00:06:46,000 Speaker 1: was also completely aware of the fact that Jane was 110 00:06:46,040 --> 00:06:48,680 Speaker 1: a potential threat to her own place in the line 111 00:06:48,680 --> 00:06:53,440 Speaker 1: of succession. Since there were no questions of Jane's legitimacy 112 00:06:53,560 --> 00:06:56,880 Speaker 1: or her parentage to get in the way of her 113 00:06:56,920 --> 00:07:01,280 Speaker 1: approval as a potential monarch, for about a year, Jane 114 00:07:01,320 --> 00:07:04,400 Speaker 1: had access to the same tutors and social interactions as 115 00:07:04,400 --> 00:07:07,200 Speaker 1: Elizabeth did, and it may have been during this time 116 00:07:07,240 --> 00:07:10,080 Speaker 1: that Jane's father and her guardian began planning for a 117 00:07:10,120 --> 00:07:13,720 Speaker 1: potential marriage to Edward, who had become king after Henry 118 00:07:13,760 --> 00:07:18,880 Speaker 1: the Eighth's death on January fifteen forty seven. But Jane's 119 00:07:18,920 --> 00:07:22,880 Speaker 1: time in this household didn't last very long. Catherine Parr 120 00:07:22,920 --> 00:07:27,040 Speaker 1: died due to complications from childbirth and fifty eight, and 121 00:07:27,160 --> 00:07:29,920 Speaker 1: Jane stood in the role of her chief mourner during 122 00:07:29,920 --> 00:07:33,920 Speaker 1: the funeral ceremonies. Afterward, Jane went home for a while, 123 00:07:34,000 --> 00:07:36,520 Speaker 1: but after some back and forth between her father and 124 00:07:36,560 --> 00:07:41,240 Speaker 1: Thomas Seymour, she returned with her. With Catherine's death, her 125 00:07:41,480 --> 00:07:44,920 Speaker 1: royal wealth had reverted back to the crown, so Thomas 126 00:07:45,040 --> 00:07:48,040 Speaker 1: basically wanted to keep Jane as award as a mark 127 00:07:48,080 --> 00:07:50,640 Speaker 1: of his continued status, so it wasn't like he lost 128 00:07:51,200 --> 00:07:55,600 Speaker 1: in one fell swoop all of his marks of social 129 00:07:56,080 --> 00:08:02,720 Speaker 1: well offness. Finally, Jane's father agreed to sent her back 130 00:08:02,760 --> 00:08:05,440 Speaker 1: to Thomas Seymour, but that did not last long either. 131 00:08:06,080 --> 00:08:09,480 Speaker 1: In fifteen forty nine, Thomas Seymour was arrested and charged 132 00:08:09,480 --> 00:08:12,360 Speaker 1: with treason in an alleged plot to kidnap the King 133 00:08:12,440 --> 00:08:16,360 Speaker 1: and Mary Elizabeth himself. He had also, at one point 134 00:08:16,360 --> 00:08:19,760 Speaker 1: the year before, been found embracing her too much scandal. 135 00:08:20,520 --> 00:08:23,520 Speaker 1: He was executed on March twentie and Jane once again 136 00:08:23,600 --> 00:08:28,600 Speaker 1: went home in October of fifteen fifty one. So a 137 00:08:28,640 --> 00:08:31,720 Speaker 1: couple of years later, Jane's father became the Duke of Suffolk, 138 00:08:31,800 --> 00:08:34,600 Speaker 1: and this gave Jane a lot more access to the 139 00:08:34,679 --> 00:08:38,040 Speaker 1: highest echelons of the nobility without needing to be someone 140 00:08:38,080 --> 00:08:41,040 Speaker 1: else's ward to get there, and from that point she 141 00:08:41,120 --> 00:08:43,559 Speaker 1: was often at court still with a lot of the 142 00:08:43,600 --> 00:08:47,040 Speaker 1: people around her angling for her to marry the king eventually. 143 00:08:47,600 --> 00:08:49,920 Speaker 1: At this point they were both only fourteen years old, 144 00:08:49,960 --> 00:08:52,600 Speaker 1: and while it wasn't unheard of for people to get 145 00:08:52,640 --> 00:08:56,640 Speaker 1: married that young, especially among the nobility and the monarchy, 146 00:08:57,000 --> 00:09:00,240 Speaker 1: all the various approvals that would be required for a 147 00:09:00,360 --> 00:09:03,600 Speaker 1: royal marriage to take place stood in the way, along 148 00:09:03,640 --> 00:09:08,000 Speaker 1: with their being lots of other potential candidates for Edward's wife, 149 00:09:08,280 --> 00:09:10,959 Speaker 1: all of whom would, in one way or another, suit 150 00:09:11,080 --> 00:09:14,360 Speaker 1: some kind of political end, so in addition to obstacles, 151 00:09:14,360 --> 00:09:19,720 Speaker 1: there was competition. However, wiping all of this off the 152 00:09:19,720 --> 00:09:22,240 Speaker 1: slate is the fact that Edward's health started to fail 153 00:09:22,320 --> 00:09:25,640 Speaker 1: and so the idea of him marrying Jane completely fell apart. 154 00:09:26,040 --> 00:09:28,040 Speaker 1: And we're going to talk about that after we first 155 00:09:28,040 --> 00:09:36,480 Speaker 1: paused for a little sponsor break. Edward the sixth had 156 00:09:36,520 --> 00:09:39,160 Speaker 1: only been nine years old when his father, Henry the 157 00:09:39,200 --> 00:09:43,040 Speaker 1: eighth died, and at first Edward Seymour, the Duke of Somerset, 158 00:09:43,080 --> 00:09:47,439 Speaker 1: had been Edwards regent. However, if that last name, Seymour 159 00:09:47,559 --> 00:09:51,960 Speaker 1: sounded familiar, Edward Seymour's youngest brother was Thomas Seymour, the 160 00:09:52,000 --> 00:09:54,040 Speaker 1: same one we talked about before the break, who was 161 00:09:54,080 --> 00:09:57,440 Speaker 1: executed for treason after an alleged plot to kidnap the king. 162 00:09:58,480 --> 00:10:02,720 Speaker 1: His brother's regency not last long after that. The Duke 163 00:10:02,760 --> 00:10:07,199 Speaker 1: of Somerset's replacement as regent was John Dudley. John Dudley 164 00:10:07,320 --> 00:10:09,760 Speaker 1: was the Duke of Northumberland, who had a lot of 165 00:10:09,800 --> 00:10:12,760 Speaker 1: influence over the young king, understandably because he was still 166 00:10:12,800 --> 00:10:17,640 Speaker 1: at that point a child. In some accounts, literally everything 167 00:10:17,679 --> 00:10:21,240 Speaker 1: that happened with Jane after this point was a result 168 00:10:21,640 --> 00:10:27,000 Speaker 1: of Northumberland's nefarious scheming and his undue influence over the King. 169 00:10:27,600 --> 00:10:31,400 Speaker 1: But in other accounts, as Edward gained in some experience 170 00:10:31,440 --> 00:10:34,440 Speaker 1: and some maturity, he was taking the initiative for at 171 00:10:34,520 --> 00:10:39,079 Speaker 1: least some of it on his own. In November two, 172 00:10:39,480 --> 00:10:43,000 Speaker 1: King Edward the six got sick and by the following February, 173 00:10:43,360 --> 00:10:46,280 Speaker 1: people were becoming seriously concerned about how long he was 174 00:10:46,320 --> 00:10:49,240 Speaker 1: going to live. In the opinion of his doctors, he 175 00:10:49,280 --> 00:10:53,120 Speaker 1: had tuberculosis, and although he did recover somewhat, it was 176 00:10:53,160 --> 00:10:56,920 Speaker 1: clear that he was still very ill. As the king's 177 00:10:56,960 --> 00:11:00,400 Speaker 1: health declined, Northumberland started trying to figure out how to 178 00:11:00,480 --> 00:11:03,360 Speaker 1: secure his own claim to power, since it was not 179 00:11:03,600 --> 00:11:07,480 Speaker 1: likely he would have nearly such an advantageous place if 180 00:11:07,600 --> 00:11:11,640 Speaker 1: Mary or Elizabeth became queen, and this was especially true 181 00:11:12,120 --> 00:11:15,000 Speaker 1: since if the line of succession proceeded as planned to 182 00:11:15,200 --> 00:11:18,640 Speaker 1: marry he would be basically out because he was a 183 00:11:18,640 --> 00:11:22,320 Speaker 1: Protestant and she was Catholic. At the same time, Jane, 184 00:11:22,480 --> 00:11:25,640 Speaker 1: her parents, and the many other interested parties around her 185 00:11:26,040 --> 00:11:30,439 Speaker 1: abandoned the idea of her marrying this ailing king. They're 186 00:11:30,440 --> 00:11:33,360 Speaker 1: marrying in his dying soon after having not produced an 187 00:11:33,360 --> 00:11:36,040 Speaker 1: air with Jane. Wasn't a risk that any of them 188 00:11:36,040 --> 00:11:40,720 Speaker 1: were willing to take. It's not entirely clear who first 189 00:11:40,760 --> 00:11:44,800 Speaker 1: proposed the idea that Jane should marry Lord Guilford Dudley. 190 00:11:45,120 --> 00:11:48,240 Speaker 1: He was the fourth and only unmarried son of John Dudley, 191 00:11:48,320 --> 00:11:52,160 Speaker 1: Duke of Northumberland. It may have been Northumberland's scheme to 192 00:11:52,240 --> 00:11:54,960 Speaker 1: connect the family to somebody who was in the line 193 00:11:54,960 --> 00:11:57,640 Speaker 1: of succession, albeit not at the top of the list. 194 00:11:58,160 --> 00:12:00,880 Speaker 1: But there's a whole other school of thought on this 195 00:12:01,040 --> 00:12:05,200 Speaker 1: that it was really William Parr, Marquis of Northampton, who 196 00:12:05,240 --> 00:12:09,520 Speaker 1: initially hatch this plan. William Parr had wealth and property 197 00:12:09,559 --> 00:12:12,360 Speaker 1: that were at stake which he would lose if Mary 198 00:12:12,440 --> 00:12:15,480 Speaker 1: followed Edward on the throne. So according to this theory, 199 00:12:16,080 --> 00:12:22,160 Speaker 1: Northampton thought that if Jane Gray married Northumberland's son, Northumberland 200 00:12:22,160 --> 00:12:25,120 Speaker 1: would be more likely to back her own claim to 201 00:12:25,160 --> 00:12:28,920 Speaker 1: the throne, and that would help Northampton protect his own 202 00:12:29,000 --> 00:12:33,960 Speaker 1: financial interests. Regardless of whose idea it was, the betrothal 203 00:12:34,000 --> 00:12:38,080 Speaker 1: of Jane and Guilford was announced on April fifteen fifty three. 204 00:12:38,600 --> 00:12:42,160 Speaker 1: On May, at the age of fifteen, Jane Gray married 205 00:12:42,200 --> 00:12:45,480 Speaker 1: Lord Guilford Dudley in a triple wedding that made multiple 206 00:12:45,520 --> 00:12:50,559 Speaker 1: connections among the Dudley's and other families. Guilford Dudley's sister, Catherine, 207 00:12:50,559 --> 00:12:53,280 Speaker 1: married Henry Hastings, who was an heir to an earl, 208 00:12:54,160 --> 00:12:57,600 Speaker 1: and Jane's sister, also named Catherine, married the heir to 209 00:12:57,679 --> 00:13:01,080 Speaker 1: another earl, although the king himself was too ill to 210 00:13:01,120 --> 00:13:04,800 Speaker 1: attend these proceedings, the Triple wedding was hugely attended by 211 00:13:04,800 --> 00:13:09,679 Speaker 1: the English nobility. Meanwhile, as his father had done before him, 212 00:13:10,040 --> 00:13:13,080 Speaker 1: Edward the sixth was writing a will to specify who 213 00:13:13,120 --> 00:13:15,760 Speaker 1: should follow him on the throne, and there's a lot 214 00:13:15,760 --> 00:13:19,520 Speaker 1: of speculation into how much input he had into this will. 215 00:13:19,880 --> 00:13:22,400 Speaker 1: As we said before, it's often retold that this was 216 00:13:22,480 --> 00:13:28,240 Speaker 1: almost entirely Northumberland's influence. But Edward was also raised as 217 00:13:28,280 --> 00:13:30,920 Speaker 1: a Protestant, and he knew that if his half sister 218 00:13:31,040 --> 00:13:34,400 Speaker 1: Mary followed him on the throne, she would roll back 219 00:13:34,440 --> 00:13:38,320 Speaker 1: what he saw as the progress of Protestantism in England 220 00:13:38,400 --> 00:13:42,680 Speaker 1: and would oversee the return of Catholicism. So while it's 221 00:13:42,720 --> 00:13:47,240 Speaker 1: incredibly likely that Northumberland had at least some influence over 222 00:13:47,280 --> 00:13:50,760 Speaker 1: the young monarch, who was both ill and as we've noted, 223 00:13:51,040 --> 00:13:54,640 Speaker 1: not particularly old at this point, he almost certainly had 224 00:13:54,640 --> 00:13:59,120 Speaker 1: a real interest in the outcome. On June twelfth, Edward 225 00:13:59,160 --> 00:14:02,200 Speaker 1: met with lawyer and judges and instructed them to take 226 00:14:02,280 --> 00:14:05,720 Speaker 1: legal steps to make Jane his heir, skipping over his 227 00:14:05,760 --> 00:14:10,040 Speaker 1: half sisters Mary and Elizabeth. He struck through a previous 228 00:14:10,080 --> 00:14:13,640 Speaker 1: provision in which Francis, Jane's mother would rule as governor 229 00:14:13,679 --> 00:14:17,600 Speaker 1: in the absence of male heirs. A patent outlining this 230 00:14:17,720 --> 00:14:21,280 Speaker 1: new line of succession was signed on June one, making 231 00:14:21,320 --> 00:14:24,680 Speaker 1: it official, at least on paper, that if Edward didn't survive, 232 00:14:25,240 --> 00:14:28,200 Speaker 1: Jane would be queen. As we mentioned at the top 233 00:14:28,240 --> 00:14:32,240 Speaker 1: of the show, different accounts take completely different tax on 234 00:14:32,280 --> 00:14:35,440 Speaker 1: whether he had any right to do this. Some of 235 00:14:35,480 --> 00:14:38,200 Speaker 1: them cite the President of Henry the Eighth's own will, 236 00:14:38,400 --> 00:14:41,280 Speaker 1: which did specify who should follow him on the throne, 237 00:14:41,920 --> 00:14:44,200 Speaker 1: but that Act of Succession that had come out in 238 00:14:44,280 --> 00:14:48,440 Speaker 1: fifteen forty three and fifteen forty four clearly specified that 239 00:14:48,560 --> 00:14:51,600 Speaker 1: Mary followed Edward in the line of succession. There was 240 00:14:51,680 --> 00:14:56,160 Speaker 1: also a fifteen forty seven Treasons Act that specified that 241 00:14:56,400 --> 00:15:00,120 Speaker 1: changing the line of succession as it was outlined in 242 00:15:00,200 --> 00:15:03,840 Speaker 1: the previous Act of Succession was high treason, so even 243 00:15:03,920 --> 00:15:06,040 Speaker 1: at the time and the opinions of some of the 244 00:15:06,120 --> 00:15:09,120 Speaker 1: judges who were involved in this, the only way that 245 00:15:09,280 --> 00:15:12,760 Speaker 1: Edward would have the actual authority to name Jane as 246 00:15:12,880 --> 00:15:16,240 Speaker 1: his successor would be for Parliament to repeal the Act 247 00:15:16,280 --> 00:15:19,440 Speaker 1: of succession he was king, but that did not mean 248 00:15:19,440 --> 00:15:22,800 Speaker 1: that he was above the law. Edward did, in fact 249 00:15:22,920 --> 00:15:26,280 Speaker 1: issue ritz to summon Parliament in September of that year, 250 00:15:27,000 --> 00:15:30,040 Speaker 1: most likely to do that very thing, get rid of 251 00:15:30,040 --> 00:15:32,360 Speaker 1: the Act of Succession so he would have the legal 252 00:15:32,440 --> 00:15:37,240 Speaker 1: leeway to name Jane his heir. However, in spite of 253 00:15:37,360 --> 00:15:40,200 Speaker 1: doctors and healers being called in to try to keep 254 00:15:40,280 --> 00:15:44,000 Speaker 1: him alive until the parliament convened, or perhaps because of it, 255 00:15:44,040 --> 00:15:46,960 Speaker 1: given how many medical treatments of the day were actually 256 00:15:47,040 --> 00:15:52,120 Speaker 1: quite harmful, Edward died on July sixty three, and in 257 00:15:52,160 --> 00:15:55,720 Speaker 1: spite of the questionable legality of it all, Jane was 258 00:15:55,840 --> 00:15:59,560 Speaker 1: named queen on July seven. The Mayor of London, the 259 00:15:59,600 --> 00:16:03,239 Speaker 1: city magistrates, and the guard all swore oaths of allegiance 260 00:16:03,280 --> 00:16:08,560 Speaker 1: to her. Edward's half sister, Mary, however, did not, even 261 00:16:08,560 --> 00:16:11,600 Speaker 1: though attempts were made to keep Edward's death a secret 262 00:16:11,800 --> 00:16:16,280 Speaker 1: until Jane's succession was secure. Those attempts were not very successful, 263 00:16:16,320 --> 00:16:20,280 Speaker 1: and Mary heard about it. Elizabeth presumably did as well, 264 00:16:20,320 --> 00:16:23,600 Speaker 1: but she stayed out of this whole thing. Mary must 265 00:16:23,760 --> 00:16:26,160 Speaker 1: a force to march to London to try to assert 266 00:16:26,240 --> 00:16:29,080 Speaker 1: her own claim to the throne, and on July eight 267 00:16:29,280 --> 00:16:32,720 Speaker 1: she proclaimed herself queen from her estates in East Anglia. 268 00:16:33,160 --> 00:16:35,400 Speaker 1: She wrote to the council to instruct them to do 269 00:16:35,480 --> 00:16:38,080 Speaker 1: the same, and her letter to them arrived two days later. 270 00:16:38,760 --> 00:16:42,480 Speaker 1: Jane learned that she was queen at Northumberland's estate outside 271 00:16:42,480 --> 00:16:45,560 Speaker 1: London on the ninth. Her husband was there, along with 272 00:16:45,560 --> 00:16:49,080 Speaker 1: her parents and some of the Royal Council. Reportedly, her 273 00:16:49,120 --> 00:16:52,240 Speaker 1: response was that she accepted the crown quote if what 274 00:16:52,360 --> 00:16:55,800 Speaker 1: has been given to me is lawfully mine. In some 275 00:16:55,840 --> 00:16:59,200 Speaker 1: accounts she then fainted, and another she just fell to 276 00:16:59,240 --> 00:17:04,000 Speaker 1: the ground and upt This fainting and or crying came 277 00:17:04,000 --> 00:17:07,160 Speaker 1: to be used as evidence that Jane was very young, 278 00:17:07,480 --> 00:17:12,120 Speaker 1: wholly innocent, completely overwhelmed by circumstance, and was basically a 279 00:17:12,119 --> 00:17:16,040 Speaker 1: totally help helpless pawn of her parents and Northumberland. But 280 00:17:16,160 --> 00:17:19,919 Speaker 1: modern scholars have taken a different interpretation that it was 281 00:17:19,960 --> 00:17:23,960 Speaker 1: a very visible and intentional demonstration of her claim that 282 00:17:24,040 --> 00:17:26,840 Speaker 1: she had not been seeking this throne herself that had 283 00:17:26,880 --> 00:17:30,000 Speaker 1: been bestowed upon her unsought. She didn't really have the 284 00:17:30,040 --> 00:17:34,120 Speaker 1: means to have a press conference to issue that statement, 285 00:17:34,680 --> 00:17:36,480 Speaker 1: so instead she fell to the ground and cried, so 286 00:17:36,480 --> 00:17:40,920 Speaker 1: it would be obvious to everyone from Northumberland's estate, Jane 287 00:17:40,960 --> 00:17:43,520 Speaker 1: went to the White Tower of London to formally take 288 00:17:43,560 --> 00:17:47,719 Speaker 1: possession of it as monarch. Almost immediately, though, things started 289 00:17:47,720 --> 00:17:50,119 Speaker 1: to fall apart as Mary made her own move for 290 00:17:50,160 --> 00:17:54,240 Speaker 1: the throne, and possibly because Northumberland was hugely out of 291 00:17:54,240 --> 00:17:57,880 Speaker 1: favor with the general public, Mary was finding huge support. 292 00:17:58,400 --> 00:18:01,720 Speaker 1: The size of her force grew quickly, including through five 293 00:18:01,840 --> 00:18:05,359 Speaker 1: royal ships that mutinied with their men, forcing their officers 294 00:18:05,400 --> 00:18:10,080 Speaker 1: to go over to Mary's side. Northumberland started to rally 295 00:18:10,080 --> 00:18:12,920 Speaker 1: a force to head Mary off on her way to London, 296 00:18:13,080 --> 00:18:16,199 Speaker 1: and Jane's father was initially supposed to lead it, but 297 00:18:16,280 --> 00:18:19,840 Speaker 1: he was becoming increasingly ill, so Northumberland took charge of 298 00:18:19,880 --> 00:18:23,679 Speaker 1: it himself, but he was so out of favor, and 299 00:18:23,760 --> 00:18:27,639 Speaker 1: this whole plot was becoming so increasingly a point of 300 00:18:27,680 --> 00:18:32,200 Speaker 1: contention that his men continually deserted him, and the idea 301 00:18:32,359 --> 00:18:35,480 Speaker 1: that he would steadfastly support Jane if she was married 302 00:18:35,520 --> 00:18:38,480 Speaker 1: to his son did not wind up holding up. By 303 00:18:38,560 --> 00:18:41,760 Speaker 1: July eighteenth, he only had three men left, and one 304 00:18:41,800 --> 00:18:45,920 Speaker 1: of them was Jane's ailing father. He abandoned his efforts 305 00:18:45,920 --> 00:18:48,480 Speaker 1: to protect James's claim to the throne on the nineteenth 306 00:18:48,480 --> 00:18:52,000 Speaker 1: of July, at which point she was removed. He formally 307 00:18:52,080 --> 00:18:56,520 Speaker 1: proclaimed Mary Queen on the twentie Jane stayed in the 308 00:18:56,560 --> 00:18:59,480 Speaker 1: Tower of London, though now instead of being the monarch, 309 00:19:00,040 --> 00:19:01,960 Speaker 1: she was a prisoner. And we're going to talk about 310 00:19:02,000 --> 00:19:05,240 Speaker 1: the aftermath and how Jane came to become a cultural figure, 311 00:19:05,600 --> 00:19:09,919 Speaker 1: after we first take a little break for a sponsive break. 312 00:19:15,400 --> 00:19:17,520 Speaker 1: Mary the first, who would go on to be known 313 00:19:17,560 --> 00:19:22,280 Speaker 1: as Bloody Mary, formally entered London on August three, fififty three, 314 00:19:22,600 --> 00:19:25,760 Speaker 1: and as the Protestants and this story had feared, she 315 00:19:25,840 --> 00:19:29,800 Speaker 1: did return Catholicism to the monarchy and to the country. Really, 316 00:19:30,119 --> 00:19:33,200 Speaker 1: she would later refer to fifteen fifty three as her 317 00:19:33,320 --> 00:19:37,240 Speaker 1: miracle year. Trials for the accused, who were charged with 318 00:19:37,320 --> 00:19:39,800 Speaker 1: treason for their role in trying to make Jane queen 319 00:19:40,320 --> 00:19:43,639 Speaker 1: started on August eighteen. By that point, the Duke of 320 00:19:43,680 --> 00:19:47,040 Speaker 1: Northumberland and many of his sons and supporters had been 321 00:19:47,080 --> 00:19:51,320 Speaker 1: imprisoned in the tower since July. All of the accused 322 00:19:51,320 --> 00:19:54,360 Speaker 1: were convicted in Northumberland, and two of his men were 323 00:19:54,400 --> 00:20:00,880 Speaker 1: sentenced to death. Those executions were carried out on August May. Mary, however, 324 00:20:01,080 --> 00:20:04,359 Speaker 1: didn't really want Jane to be executed, even though they 325 00:20:04,359 --> 00:20:07,920 Speaker 1: were on totally opposite sides in terms of religion and 326 00:20:08,000 --> 00:20:10,399 Speaker 1: in terms of who should be on the throne, and 327 00:20:10,440 --> 00:20:13,440 Speaker 1: in some accounts Jane had actually been rude to marry 328 00:20:13,600 --> 00:20:17,719 Speaker 1: over her Catholic faith. Mary mostly saw Jane as upawn 329 00:20:18,080 --> 00:20:20,520 Speaker 1: and not really that much of a threat, so Jane 330 00:20:20,560 --> 00:20:23,800 Speaker 1: eventually was allowed some freedom in the tower, including being 331 00:20:23,840 --> 00:20:26,840 Speaker 1: allowed to walk in the Queen's gardens, starting the December 332 00:20:26,880 --> 00:20:31,320 Speaker 1: after she was imprisoned. However, that changed the following February 333 00:20:31,640 --> 00:20:35,199 Speaker 1: in fifteen fifty four, Jane's father joined what came to 334 00:20:35,240 --> 00:20:39,040 Speaker 1: be known as Thomas Wyatt's Rebellion against Mary, and even 335 00:20:39,080 --> 00:20:41,159 Speaker 1: though they had nothing to do with this rebellion, the 336 00:20:41,200 --> 00:20:44,800 Speaker 1: fact that it happened and involved Jane's father meant that 337 00:20:44,920 --> 00:20:48,560 Speaker 1: Jane and her husband were no longer viewed as harmless innocence. 338 00:20:49,240 --> 00:20:52,720 Speaker 1: They were both beheaded on February twelve of fifteen fifty four. 339 00:20:53,320 --> 00:20:56,639 Speaker 1: She was just sixteen at the time. Jane's father was 340 00:20:56,680 --> 00:21:00,800 Speaker 1: beheaded for his role on February. There are a lot 341 00:21:00,840 --> 00:21:03,280 Speaker 1: of people who get beheaded in this story. That's why 342 00:21:03,280 --> 00:21:08,240 Speaker 1: the whole Bloody marything. Yet the beheadings continue long after 343 00:21:08,280 --> 00:21:12,240 Speaker 1: this story is over. Because of the role of religion 344 00:21:12,440 --> 00:21:16,639 Speaker 1: in this whole saga and Jane's own steadfast devotion, she 345 00:21:16,720 --> 00:21:20,119 Speaker 1: wound up being regarded as a Protestant martyr. While she 346 00:21:20,240 --> 00:21:22,800 Speaker 1: was imprisoned in the tower, she wrote letters to her 347 00:21:22,840 --> 00:21:25,480 Speaker 1: family and her New Testament, and in her prayer book, 348 00:21:26,000 --> 00:21:29,200 Speaker 1: she wrote to her sister in one of these books, quote, 349 00:21:29,720 --> 00:21:32,800 Speaker 1: I have here sent you, good sister Catherine, a book which, 350 00:21:32,840 --> 00:21:36,280 Speaker 1: although it be not outwardly trend with gold, yet inwardly 351 00:21:36,440 --> 00:21:39,560 Speaker 1: it is more worth than precious stones. It is the book, 352 00:21:39,560 --> 00:21:42,320 Speaker 1: dear sister, of the law of the Lord. It is 353 00:21:42,359 --> 00:21:46,200 Speaker 1: his testament and last Will, which he bequeathed unto us wretches, 354 00:21:46,320 --> 00:21:48,560 Speaker 1: which shall lead you to the path of eternal joy. 355 00:21:49,080 --> 00:21:51,159 Speaker 1: And if you with a good mind read it, and 356 00:21:51,240 --> 00:21:53,720 Speaker 1: with an earnest mind do you purpose to follow it, 357 00:21:53,720 --> 00:21:57,359 Speaker 1: It shall bring you to an immortal and everlasting life. 358 00:21:57,600 --> 00:22:00,679 Speaker 1: It shall teach you to live, and learn you to die. 359 00:22:01,040 --> 00:22:03,480 Speaker 1: Before her death, she sent this New Testament to her sister, 360 00:22:04,480 --> 00:22:07,840 Speaker 1: and while awaiting her execution, Jane claimed that she had 361 00:22:07,880 --> 00:22:10,560 Speaker 1: simply accepted the throne that was offered to her, she 362 00:22:10,600 --> 00:22:13,720 Speaker 1: had not sought it herself, which she did to try 363 00:22:13,720 --> 00:22:20,000 Speaker 1: to decouple this concept of treasonous from Protestant. Protestant propaganda 364 00:22:20,080 --> 00:22:23,080 Speaker 1: after her death reiterated the idea that she was wholly 365 00:22:23,119 --> 00:22:28,240 Speaker 1: innocent and a religious murder. Once Elizabeth the First, a Protestant, 366 00:22:28,280 --> 00:22:32,520 Speaker 1: became queen, the idea that Jane herself was treacherous mostly faded. 367 00:22:33,480 --> 00:22:38,119 Speaker 1: Lady Jane Gray became a highly highly romanticized figure after 368 00:22:38,160 --> 00:22:41,400 Speaker 1: her death. Overall, we don't have a lot of her 369 00:22:41,480 --> 00:22:45,000 Speaker 1: letters or her personal papers, and it's unclear whether any 370 00:22:45,040 --> 00:22:47,800 Speaker 1: of the paintings and engravings that were made of her 371 00:22:48,320 --> 00:22:51,280 Speaker 1: uh during her lifetime or shortly after it are really 372 00:22:51,400 --> 00:22:54,159 Speaker 1: of her. A lot of them are just labeled Jane 373 00:22:54,240 --> 00:22:56,960 Speaker 1: with no other identifying information, so we know it's a 374 00:22:57,040 --> 00:22:59,439 Speaker 1: Jane who lived around that time, but not whether it 375 00:22:59,480 --> 00:23:03,000 Speaker 1: was this Jane um. Apparently there was a painting that 376 00:23:03,119 --> 00:23:05,760 Speaker 1: was very clearly labeled that it was Jane the Queen, 377 00:23:06,119 --> 00:23:10,840 Speaker 1: but that painting has been lost. The only eyewitness account 378 00:23:10,880 --> 00:23:13,919 Speaker 1: of her appearance in writing that contains any detail at 379 00:23:13,920 --> 00:23:17,040 Speaker 1: all was probably a forgery made for an early twentieth 380 00:23:17,040 --> 00:23:21,800 Speaker 1: century biography. So for a lot of people, their mental 381 00:23:21,960 --> 00:23:26,119 Speaker 1: image of Lady Jane Jane's so For a lot of people, 382 00:23:26,359 --> 00:23:29,080 Speaker 1: their mental image of Lady Jane Gray comes from Paul 383 00:23:29,160 --> 00:23:33,719 Speaker 1: Delarochia's portrait The Execution of Lady Jane Gray, which dates 384 00:23:33,760 --> 00:23:37,240 Speaker 1: back to eighteen thirty three, so centuries after all of 385 00:23:37,280 --> 00:23:40,439 Speaker 1: this happened. So it was really easy, given all of 386 00:23:40,480 --> 00:23:43,720 Speaker 1: this lack of concrete information, for her to become kind 387 00:23:43,720 --> 00:23:47,680 Speaker 1: of a blank slate for the heroine in tragic stories 388 00:23:47,720 --> 00:23:51,439 Speaker 1: and poems. This was especially true around seventeen fourteen and 389 00:23:51,480 --> 00:23:55,000 Speaker 1: seventeen fifteen, around the time of the first Jacobite Uprising, which, 390 00:23:55,040 --> 00:23:57,920 Speaker 1: to recap, was a challenge by the House of Stewart 391 00:23:58,200 --> 00:24:01,720 Speaker 1: against the reigning House of Hanover. Because Jane's story was 392 00:24:01,760 --> 00:24:04,919 Speaker 1: all about the line of succession and religious divisions between 393 00:24:04,960 --> 00:24:08,840 Speaker 1: Protestants and Catholics, it mirrored the political situation at the time, 394 00:24:08,920 --> 00:24:13,119 Speaker 1: and it became incredibly popular. Edward Young's poem The Force 395 00:24:13,200 --> 00:24:17,560 Speaker 1: of Religion or Vanquished Love was first published in seventeen fourteen. 396 00:24:18,280 --> 00:24:21,600 Speaker 1: Three editions of that poem came out in under two years. 397 00:24:22,119 --> 00:24:24,919 Speaker 1: The Tragedy of Lady Jane Gray was first staged in 398 00:24:25,000 --> 00:24:28,720 Speaker 1: seventeen fifteen by playwright Nicholas Rowe, which was his last 399 00:24:28,760 --> 00:24:32,320 Speaker 1: play and the most successful play of the season. As 400 00:24:32,320 --> 00:24:33,840 Speaker 1: we said at the top of the show, there's a 401 00:24:33,880 --> 00:24:37,800 Speaker 1: lot of detail we just don't have about Lady Jane Gray, 402 00:24:38,000 --> 00:24:41,400 Speaker 1: and a lot of people imagine her and have depicted 403 00:24:41,440 --> 00:24:46,240 Speaker 1: her as this sort of completely lacking agency teenage waif 404 00:24:47,040 --> 00:24:50,280 Speaker 1: who was pushed from place to place by parents and 405 00:24:50,359 --> 00:24:55,920 Speaker 1: guardians and Northumberland and everyone else. But given her intelligence 406 00:24:55,920 --> 00:24:58,639 Speaker 1: and her education and the fact that she had been 407 00:24:58,720 --> 00:25:03,000 Speaker 1: immersed in a very cutthroat nobility since her birth, it's 408 00:25:03,240 --> 00:25:07,040 Speaker 1: unlikely that she was the totally unresisting pawn that she's 409 00:25:07,119 --> 00:25:11,520 Speaker 1: often depicted as. A lot of more contemporary scholars have 410 00:25:11,520 --> 00:25:15,480 Speaker 1: have compared her behavior to other people who were within 411 00:25:15,880 --> 00:25:20,360 Speaker 1: the nobility and the monarchy and the ways that they 412 00:25:20,400 --> 00:25:26,080 Speaker 1: displayed their own sort of cunning efforts to define themselves 413 00:25:26,480 --> 00:25:28,560 Speaker 1: and are like, yeah, she, yeah, she There were a 414 00:25:28,600 --> 00:25:32,480 Speaker 1: lot of things she didn't have control over, but you know, 415 00:25:32,600 --> 00:25:36,959 Speaker 1: her continual assertion of her religious faith and the fact 416 00:25:37,080 --> 00:25:40,920 Speaker 1: that she deliberately did things to try to distance her 417 00:25:40,920 --> 00:25:45,040 Speaker 1: religion from treason against the monarchy, Like these were all 418 00:25:45,800 --> 00:25:49,320 Speaker 1: proactive steps she took for herself that were quite smart, uh, 419 00:25:49,480 --> 00:25:55,160 Speaker 1: to to try to keep keep the Protestant faith from 420 00:25:55,160 --> 00:25:58,520 Speaker 1: being tarnished by her role in all of this. Yeah, 421 00:25:58,520 --> 00:26:01,359 Speaker 1: that that whole cutthroat and love the monarchy and the 422 00:26:02,000 --> 00:26:08,520 Speaker 1: royal whole more. Ass is why I think I always 423 00:26:08,520 --> 00:26:10,600 Speaker 1: have a disconnect where I kind of don't get it 424 00:26:11,560 --> 00:26:14,280 Speaker 1: because I feel like, and granted I'm looking at this 425 00:26:14,320 --> 00:26:16,680 Speaker 1: from a very modern perspective, but I feel like if 426 00:26:16,760 --> 00:26:18,479 Speaker 1: I were involved in all of that, I'd be like, 427 00:26:19,359 --> 00:26:22,000 Speaker 1: that's cool, I don't need to rain. That's I'm just 428 00:26:22,040 --> 00:26:24,600 Speaker 1: gonna go over here and have like maybe a little 429 00:26:24,640 --> 00:26:28,280 Speaker 1: shop and be alive. That sounds fine. Yeah, but I 430 00:26:28,320 --> 00:26:30,240 Speaker 1: guess and you are raised to believe that it is 431 00:26:30,280 --> 00:26:32,920 Speaker 1: your birthright and that that's the most important thing on earth, 432 00:26:34,880 --> 00:26:36,840 Speaker 1: you would be more invested in it, unless like a 433 00:26:36,960 --> 00:26:39,720 Speaker 1: hippie like me, that's like, that's cool, let's just leave 434 00:26:39,760 --> 00:26:43,920 Speaker 1: this alone. Don't need to have any of that. Yeah, 435 00:26:43,960 --> 00:26:46,760 Speaker 1: Like that's it kind of gets on a couple of 436 00:26:46,760 --> 00:26:48,719 Speaker 1: things get on my nerves. One is that a lot 437 00:26:48,800 --> 00:26:52,280 Speaker 1: of the very basic summaries of this whole thing leave 438 00:26:52,400 --> 00:26:56,479 Speaker 1: out that she was actually a relative. They make it 439 00:26:56,520 --> 00:27:00,440 Speaker 1: sound almost like she was a hapless teenager plucked out 440 00:27:00,440 --> 00:27:03,600 Speaker 1: of nowhere and stuck into the line of succession, which 441 00:27:03,640 --> 00:27:06,960 Speaker 1: that is not really the case, um. And the other 442 00:27:07,080 --> 00:27:11,080 Speaker 1: is how many just seemed to portray her as a 443 00:27:11,160 --> 00:27:17,240 Speaker 1: blank slate of parental ambition, uh who had no say, 444 00:27:17,240 --> 00:27:19,080 Speaker 1: and it would really we know that she was quite 445 00:27:19,200 --> 00:27:24,040 Speaker 1: quite intelligent and that she corresponded with scholars uh in 446 00:27:24,040 --> 00:27:26,879 Speaker 1: in Britain and on the continent like she had. She 447 00:27:27,000 --> 00:27:31,040 Speaker 1: had a lot more going on than just um a 448 00:27:32,240 --> 00:27:37,199 Speaker 1: political pond for other people to stick somewhere. We have 449 00:27:37,600 --> 00:27:40,560 Speaker 1: a bit of business before we jump to listener mail. Yeah, 450 00:27:40,600 --> 00:27:44,600 Speaker 1: this march, lots of podcasts are encouraging folks to try 451 00:27:44,680 --> 00:27:49,320 Speaker 1: lots of other podcasts. It is uh called tripod hashtag 452 00:27:49,359 --> 00:27:53,040 Speaker 1: tripod spelled t r y pod, not tripod like on 453 00:27:53,080 --> 00:27:56,720 Speaker 1: a camera. One of the podcasts that I have enjoyed 454 00:27:57,119 --> 00:28:00,880 Speaker 1: a whole whole lot is Welcome to Night Bail, which 455 00:28:00,960 --> 00:28:06,200 Speaker 1: is very different from our own podcast. It is a 456 00:28:06,200 --> 00:28:12,560 Speaker 1: a fiction told through a local radio broadcast, UM, with 457 00:28:12,600 --> 00:28:15,800 Speaker 1: a cast of characters who I genuinely love. The one 458 00:28:16,359 --> 00:28:21,080 Speaker 1: episode came out uh not that long ago and was 459 00:28:21,280 --> 00:28:24,239 Speaker 1: genuinely touching and moving in so many ways. Anyway, I 460 00:28:24,280 --> 00:28:27,960 Speaker 1: love it a whole whole lot. So if you go 461 00:28:28,000 --> 00:28:30,919 Speaker 1: onto Twitter search the hashtag tripod t R y p 462 00:28:31,040 --> 00:28:33,399 Speaker 1: o D. You will find lots of shows that people 463 00:28:33,440 --> 00:28:36,479 Speaker 1: are talking about and recommending, so you can find new 464 00:28:36,520 --> 00:28:39,640 Speaker 1: stuff to listen to yourself. And I do also have 465 00:28:39,920 --> 00:28:43,920 Speaker 1: some listener mail. Uh. This is a subject that a 466 00:28:43,960 --> 00:28:46,360 Speaker 1: lot of people have written to us about, So I'm 467 00:28:46,400 --> 00:28:50,040 Speaker 1: just picking one of the ones, one of the things 468 00:28:50,480 --> 00:28:52,160 Speaker 1: that has come in, and it is from Kate, and 469 00:28:52,200 --> 00:28:53,840 Speaker 1: I think this might actually be the first one that 470 00:28:53,920 --> 00:28:56,600 Speaker 1: came in. Kate says, love the podcast. I've learned so 471 00:28:56,680 --> 00:28:59,320 Speaker 1: much driving to and from work and look forward to 472 00:28:59,400 --> 00:29:01,840 Speaker 1: learning a lot more were I live in Wisconsin and 473 00:29:01,840 --> 00:29:05,400 Speaker 1: found the butter versus Marjarine episode very interesting. Is my 474 00:29:05,440 --> 00:29:09,280 Speaker 1: mother could remember driving uh to Illinois with her mother 475 00:29:09,360 --> 00:29:12,160 Speaker 1: to stuck up for Marjarine for their family and friends. 476 00:29:12,440 --> 00:29:15,680 Speaker 1: Apparently Wisconsin is still enforcing a not that old law 477 00:29:15,720 --> 00:29:19,360 Speaker 1: about butter quality, and people are still smuggling contraband butter 478 00:29:19,400 --> 00:29:23,040 Speaker 1: into the states. We have standards and fancy imported butter 479 00:29:23,280 --> 00:29:26,240 Speaker 1: totally doesn't measure up. Here's a link to a story 480 00:29:26,320 --> 00:29:30,200 Speaker 1: that aired yesterday. Yesterday at that point was February four, UH, 481 00:29:30,240 --> 00:29:32,479 Speaker 1: and she says, I hope you find this as amusing 482 00:29:32,520 --> 00:29:34,800 Speaker 1: as I do. Kate, we have gotten so many links 483 00:29:34,800 --> 00:29:38,640 Speaker 1: to different versions of this story. And basically, the long 484 00:29:38,680 --> 00:29:40,959 Speaker 1: and short of it is a lot of people are 485 00:29:41,000 --> 00:29:45,440 Speaker 1: drinking something that is called bulletproof tea or bulletproof coffee, 486 00:29:45,800 --> 00:29:49,120 Speaker 1: which involves putting butter. Yeah, that kind of had like 487 00:29:49,120 --> 00:29:52,400 Speaker 1: a big surge in popularity a couple of years ago. Yeah, 488 00:29:52,920 --> 00:29:56,800 Speaker 1: there's still people hanging onto that. Yep, and everybody's uh. 489 00:29:57,040 --> 00:30:00,640 Speaker 1: The the go to is UH is grass fed butter, 490 00:30:00,720 --> 00:30:03,280 Speaker 1: which is kind of hard to find, and the favorite, 491 00:30:03,280 --> 00:30:07,800 Speaker 1: apparently in this particular area UM is Carrie Gold pure 492 00:30:07,840 --> 00:30:12,280 Speaker 1: Irish butter. And the issue is that there's a state 493 00:30:12,360 --> 00:30:14,880 Speaker 1: law that requires butter that's sold in Wisconsin to be 494 00:30:14,960 --> 00:30:17,400 Speaker 1: tested by experts and then it's supposed to get a 495 00:30:17,480 --> 00:30:20,560 Speaker 1: letter grade for quality. But since this butter is from Ireland, 496 00:30:20,600 --> 00:30:22,640 Speaker 1: it's not tested in the United States, and it's not 497 00:30:22,680 --> 00:30:26,440 Speaker 1: getting scorts and disappearing from people's grocery store shelves, and 498 00:30:26,480 --> 00:30:29,160 Speaker 1: they are quite upset about it. So a whole lot 499 00:30:29,200 --> 00:30:31,200 Speaker 1: of folks have told us about that. I thought we 500 00:30:31,240 --> 00:30:33,320 Speaker 1: would share it with the rest of you. I will 501 00:30:33,360 --> 00:30:35,600 Speaker 1: briefly tell the story of how much I've kind of 502 00:30:35,680 --> 00:30:38,120 Speaker 1: laughed when the whole butter in your coffee trend begin. 503 00:30:39,360 --> 00:30:41,640 Speaker 1: You and I have a utual friend who has always 504 00:30:41,680 --> 00:30:45,320 Speaker 1: put butter in her coffee? Is it, Lily? It is? 505 00:30:45,520 --> 00:30:48,000 Speaker 1: And the funny thing is that, like I have, would 506 00:30:48,000 --> 00:30:50,080 Speaker 1: be at her house many times when she would entertain, 507 00:30:50,480 --> 00:30:52,600 Speaker 1: and she would always put butter in people's coffee. People 508 00:30:52,600 --> 00:30:54,520 Speaker 1: would go on and on about how delicious it was, 509 00:30:55,680 --> 00:30:56,960 Speaker 1: and then they would say, what do you put in 510 00:30:56,960 --> 00:30:58,520 Speaker 1: this coffee to make it so yummy? And she would 511 00:30:58,680 --> 00:31:00,240 Speaker 1: have a butter in it, and they would act like 512 00:31:00,720 --> 00:31:04,760 Speaker 1: she had said she had put like dog hair in it, 513 00:31:05,320 --> 00:31:07,360 Speaker 1: butter in the coffee. And now butter is this big 514 00:31:07,360 --> 00:31:09,840 Speaker 1: popular thing, and it corrects me up every time somebody 515 00:31:09,880 --> 00:31:14,440 Speaker 1: talks about it. I um, I have never tried butter 516 00:31:14,520 --> 00:31:17,320 Speaker 1: in my coffee or in my tea, but I have, 517 00:31:18,320 --> 00:31:22,600 Speaker 1: you know, read uh, descriptions of various cultures who like, 518 00:31:22,680 --> 00:31:26,320 Speaker 1: that's the standard thing is having uh, you know, as 519 00:31:26,360 --> 00:31:30,360 Speaker 1: some kind of buttery beverage that is hot uh. And 520 00:31:30,440 --> 00:31:33,520 Speaker 1: I imagine that it's probably quite good, but I have 521 00:31:33,600 --> 00:31:37,720 Speaker 1: never personally tried it myself. It's pretty yummy. So if 522 00:31:37,760 --> 00:31:39,600 Speaker 1: you would like to write to us about this or 523 00:31:39,600 --> 00:31:42,320 Speaker 1: any other podcast where history podcasts at how stuff works 524 00:31:42,360 --> 00:31:45,360 Speaker 1: dot com. 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