1 00:00:01,280 --> 00:00:04,320 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,360 --> 00:00:13,560 Speaker 1: of I Heart Radio. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. 3 00:00:13,640 --> 00:00:17,079 Speaker 1: I'm tra c V Wilson and I'm Holly Fry. Way 4 00:00:17,079 --> 00:00:21,159 Speaker 1: back in we had an episode on Edward Jenner and 5 00:00:21,200 --> 00:00:24,600 Speaker 1: the smallpox vaccine. I think that's also been a Saturday 6 00:00:24,680 --> 00:00:30,160 Speaker 1: classic more recently. In that episode, we mentioned Jenner's efforts 7 00:00:30,200 --> 00:00:33,280 Speaker 1: to send the vaccine to anybody who needed it, but 8 00:00:33,360 --> 00:00:36,280 Speaker 1: we really didn't get into any kind of detail about 9 00:00:36,320 --> 00:00:41,760 Speaker 1: what it actually took to distribute the smallpox vaccine around 10 00:00:41,760 --> 00:00:45,360 Speaker 1: the world. We did briefly mention the voyage of Francisco 11 00:00:45,440 --> 00:00:49,400 Speaker 1: Javier de Balmas, who carried the smallpox vaccine from Spain 12 00:00:49,760 --> 00:00:52,879 Speaker 1: to the America's using a chain of young boys who 13 00:00:52,920 --> 00:00:57,440 Speaker 1: acted as living vaccine hosts, and in episode I said 14 00:00:57,440 --> 00:01:00,400 Speaker 1: I wanted to do an episode on that someday. Given 15 00:01:00,440 --> 00:01:03,400 Speaker 1: how much focus there is on vaccines in the world 16 00:01:03,520 --> 00:01:06,720 Speaker 1: right now and on the logistics of actually getting the 17 00:01:06,800 --> 00:01:10,120 Speaker 1: vaccines to the people who need them, this seemed like 18 00:01:10,200 --> 00:01:12,840 Speaker 1: a good time for it. But then, as I was 19 00:01:13,000 --> 00:01:17,600 Speaker 1: researching this expedition, which I imagined as like a straightforward 20 00:01:17,680 --> 00:01:20,440 Speaker 1: one part episode of the show, I kept going down 21 00:01:20,480 --> 00:01:24,160 Speaker 1: a lot of rabbit holes, like how the vaccine got 22 00:01:24,200 --> 00:01:27,120 Speaker 1: to other parts of the world and how it wound 23 00:01:27,160 --> 00:01:29,679 Speaker 1: up already being established in some of the places that 24 00:01:29,720 --> 00:01:32,360 Speaker 1: Bombas went on this expedition, Like he would show up 25 00:01:32,400 --> 00:01:34,560 Speaker 1: somewhere and they would be like, Oh, we're vaccinated already. 26 00:01:34,600 --> 00:01:38,720 Speaker 1: How did that happen? So this grew into a two parter. Today, 27 00:01:39,120 --> 00:01:42,280 Speaker 1: we're going to talk about the smallpox vaccine spread from 28 00:01:42,319 --> 00:01:45,240 Speaker 1: England where Jenner lived, into other parts of the world, 29 00:01:45,600 --> 00:01:48,080 Speaker 1: and we'll set the stage for what led the Spanish 30 00:01:48,080 --> 00:01:51,440 Speaker 1: Empire to launch this huge expedition to take the vaccine 31 00:01:51,440 --> 00:01:53,920 Speaker 1: to its colonies, and the next time we're going to 32 00:01:54,000 --> 00:01:57,440 Speaker 1: talk about the expedition itself and its impact, and just 33 00:01:57,600 --> 00:02:01,440 Speaker 1: as a heads up, the process of vaccinating people for 34 00:02:01,520 --> 00:02:05,720 Speaker 1: smallpox and for propagating that vaccine in the eighteenth and 35 00:02:05,800 --> 00:02:11,280 Speaker 1: nineteenth centuries. That was gross. Like I kind of recapped 36 00:02:11,320 --> 00:02:14,240 Speaker 1: the subject of this episode for some friends, and I 37 00:02:14,280 --> 00:02:15,840 Speaker 1: was like, I'm not going to get into the details 38 00:02:15,840 --> 00:02:18,079 Speaker 1: as we're sitting here having this casual conversation because it's 39 00:02:18,120 --> 00:02:19,919 Speaker 1: kind of gross. And a friend of mine who was 40 00:02:19,960 --> 00:02:21,800 Speaker 1: a nurse, was like, Oh, I know how they did it, 41 00:02:21,840 --> 00:02:26,080 Speaker 1: and now I'm upset. So I've tried to put most 42 00:02:26,160 --> 00:02:30,120 Speaker 1: specific medical details into like one easily skippable part of 43 00:02:30,160 --> 00:02:33,400 Speaker 1: the episode. But it's really not possible to talk about 44 00:02:33,440 --> 00:02:36,280 Speaker 1: the details of this expedition and the challenges they faced 45 00:02:36,320 --> 00:02:40,160 Speaker 1: without referring back to that at least somewhat. So if 46 00:02:40,160 --> 00:02:44,679 Speaker 1: things like sores and bodily fluids and needles really bother you, 47 00:02:46,080 --> 00:02:49,240 Speaker 1: these two episodes might be a little more of a challenge. 48 00:02:49,880 --> 00:02:53,960 Speaker 1: We're not going to repeat the entirety of our smallpox episode, 49 00:02:54,040 --> 00:02:56,120 Speaker 1: but we do need to set the stage with a 50 00:02:56,120 --> 00:02:59,360 Speaker 1: little bit about the disease in its vaccine, including some 51 00:02:59,440 --> 00:03:02,760 Speaker 1: of the details that were not in that episode. So 52 00:03:02,960 --> 00:03:06,120 Speaker 1: smallpox is caused by the very ola virus. It has 53 00:03:06,160 --> 00:03:08,880 Speaker 1: been eradicated in the wild today, but while it was 54 00:03:08,919 --> 00:03:12,639 Speaker 1: circulating freely in the world, it was a devastating illness 55 00:03:13,400 --> 00:03:16,560 Speaker 1: In places that had a long history of smallpox outbreaks, 56 00:03:16,600 --> 00:03:19,359 Speaker 1: it was typically fatal in about one third of cases, 57 00:03:20,240 --> 00:03:22,560 Speaker 1: but when it was introduced into places that had never 58 00:03:22,680 --> 00:03:25,680 Speaker 1: encountered it before, it killed closer to half of the 59 00:03:25,720 --> 00:03:29,600 Speaker 1: people who contracted it. The disease was also particularly deadly 60 00:03:29,639 --> 00:03:32,880 Speaker 1: in babies, with a much higher mortality rate of between 61 00:03:32,919 --> 00:03:37,880 Speaker 1: eighty and People who survived smallpox were typically immune to 62 00:03:37,960 --> 00:03:41,720 Speaker 1: it afterward, but often they had extensive scarring and long 63 00:03:41,840 --> 00:03:46,400 Speaker 1: term health effects. As early as the eleventh century, practitioners 64 00:03:46,480 --> 00:03:50,080 Speaker 1: in Asia developed a technique called vary elation, which used 65 00:03:50,120 --> 00:03:55,000 Speaker 1: material from smallpox stores or scabs to deliberately infect people 66 00:03:55,120 --> 00:03:58,200 Speaker 1: with the disease, and most of the time, people who 67 00:03:58,280 --> 00:04:02,040 Speaker 1: contracted smallpox in this way a milder and less deadly 68 00:04:02,120 --> 00:04:05,800 Speaker 1: infection than they would have otherwise, and vary elation was 69 00:04:05,840 --> 00:04:10,920 Speaker 1: about eighty percent effective. Variolation could still cause fatal complications, 70 00:04:10,920 --> 00:04:15,720 Speaker 1: though it involved transferring material from one person's body to another, 71 00:04:16,000 --> 00:04:19,599 Speaker 1: so if that first person had some other illness that 72 00:04:19,640 --> 00:04:23,479 Speaker 1: could also be transmitted along with the inoculation, and some 73 00:04:23,560 --> 00:04:27,520 Speaker 1: of these illnesses that were otherwise involved were serious. These 74 00:04:27,520 --> 00:04:31,159 Speaker 1: are things like syphilis and hepatitis, and variolation was in 75 00:04:31,279 --> 00:04:35,520 Speaker 1: use for centuries before people really made this connection. About 76 00:04:35,560 --> 00:04:37,799 Speaker 1: two percent of the people who were vary related died 77 00:04:37,880 --> 00:04:41,520 Speaker 1: either from smallpox or from another illness or infection that 78 00:04:41,600 --> 00:04:45,520 Speaker 1: they contracted during the process. It was also possible for 79 00:04:45,600 --> 00:04:49,159 Speaker 1: other people to develop full blown smallpox after exposure to 80 00:04:49,240 --> 00:04:53,080 Speaker 1: someone who had been vary elated. So while variolation was 81 00:04:53,200 --> 00:04:57,039 Speaker 1: safer than an uncontrolled smallpox outbreak, it still had some 82 00:04:57,240 --> 00:05:01,840 Speaker 1: very serious risks the practice the very elations spread first 83 00:05:02,040 --> 00:05:06,080 Speaker 1: from Asia into Africa, and it's possible that enslaved Africans 84 00:05:06,120 --> 00:05:10,680 Speaker 1: practiced it amongst themselves in the America's but Europeans and 85 00:05:10,720 --> 00:05:14,880 Speaker 1: European colonial officials didn't really start to become aware of 86 00:05:14,920 --> 00:05:18,600 Speaker 1: it or involved with it until the eighteenth century. One 87 00:05:18,640 --> 00:05:21,839 Speaker 1: of the biggest early proponents of very elation in Europe 88 00:05:21,920 --> 00:05:24,839 Speaker 1: was Lady Mary Worley Montague, who was the daughter of 89 00:05:24,839 --> 00:05:27,599 Speaker 1: a duke and survived smallpox when she was twenty six. 90 00:05:28,200 --> 00:05:30,840 Speaker 1: A couple of years later, her brother died from it. 91 00:05:31,760 --> 00:05:34,640 Speaker 1: She learned about very elation while her husband was serving 92 00:05:34,680 --> 00:05:38,120 Speaker 1: as the British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire. She had 93 00:05:38,120 --> 00:05:41,159 Speaker 1: her son very elated in seventeen eighteen and her daughter 94 00:05:41,279 --> 00:05:45,240 Speaker 1: in seventeen twenty one, and she became a vocal advocate 95 00:05:45,279 --> 00:05:49,239 Speaker 1: for this practice. Also in seventeen twenty one, vary elation 96 00:05:49,360 --> 00:05:52,359 Speaker 1: became more popular and more widely known in North America 97 00:05:52,520 --> 00:05:56,919 Speaker 1: after a small pox outbreak in Boston, Massachusetts. The Reverend 98 00:05:56,960 --> 00:05:59,880 Speaker 1: Cotton mother learned about vary elation from an enslaved man 99 00:06:00,080 --> 00:06:04,680 Speaker 1: named on Nesmus. Mather and physicians Zabdiel Boylston used vary 100 00:06:04,680 --> 00:06:08,320 Speaker 1: elation to try to control the outbreak. Vary Elation was 101 00:06:08,400 --> 00:06:12,080 Speaker 1: introduced into Chile as early as the seventeen sixties, but 102 00:06:12,160 --> 00:06:15,080 Speaker 1: for the rest of the Spanish colonies in the Americas 103 00:06:15,080 --> 00:06:17,280 Speaker 1: it came a little later. Again, this is like the 104 00:06:17,320 --> 00:06:21,440 Speaker 1: colonial authorities knowledge of it, not necessarily whether enslaved people 105 00:06:21,520 --> 00:06:26,760 Speaker 1: were performing it among themselves. Dr Esteban Morrell administered the 106 00:06:26,800 --> 00:06:30,560 Speaker 1: first documented vary elation in New Spain and what's now 107 00:06:30,640 --> 00:06:34,560 Speaker 1: Mexico in seventeen seventy nine, and the practice was introduced 108 00:06:34,600 --> 00:06:37,279 Speaker 1: into other parts of the Spanish Empire in the seventeen 109 00:06:37,360 --> 00:06:40,760 Speaker 1: seventies and eighties as well. So we noted earlier that 110 00:06:40,880 --> 00:06:44,120 Speaker 1: vary elation was still a risky procedure and efforts to 111 00:06:44,160 --> 00:06:48,080 Speaker 1: introduce it as a preventative measure could have unintended and 112 00:06:48,200 --> 00:06:54,039 Speaker 1: devastating effects beyond complications for individual recipients. In seventeen eighty nine, 113 00:06:54,040 --> 00:06:58,240 Speaker 1: a smallpox outbreak in Australia spread to its Aboriginal peoples 114 00:06:58,279 --> 00:07:02,000 Speaker 1: who had not encountered the disease before the source of 115 00:07:02,040 --> 00:07:05,640 Speaker 1: this outbreak might have been smallpox material that British doctors 116 00:07:05,640 --> 00:07:09,680 Speaker 1: brought to Australia for the purposes of inoculating people, although 117 00:07:09,760 --> 00:07:12,680 Speaker 1: there is some debate about whether that material would have 118 00:07:12,720 --> 00:07:16,320 Speaker 1: still been infective by the time the outbreak started. In 119 00:07:16,360 --> 00:07:20,280 Speaker 1: the late eighteenth century, various people in Europe noticed that 120 00:07:20,480 --> 00:07:25,120 Speaker 1: milk maids seemed to be immune to smallpox. The connection 121 00:07:25,200 --> 00:07:28,440 Speaker 1: here was another viral illness called cow pox, which is 122 00:07:28,520 --> 00:07:33,160 Speaker 1: much milder and less lethal than smallpox. Edward Jenner was 123 00:07:33,240 --> 00:07:35,560 Speaker 1: one of the people who made this connection, and also 124 00:07:35,640 --> 00:07:39,360 Speaker 1: one of the people who tried to intentionally expose people 125 00:07:39,400 --> 00:07:42,360 Speaker 1: to cow pox with the hope of giving them immunity 126 00:07:42,440 --> 00:07:46,720 Speaker 1: to smallpox. The word vaccine actually comes from the Latin 127 00:07:46,720 --> 00:07:49,960 Speaker 1: word for cow For this reason. Jenner did this for 128 00:07:50,000 --> 00:07:53,040 Speaker 1: the first time in seventeen ninety six, and although he 129 00:07:53,080 --> 00:07:55,360 Speaker 1: wasn't the first to try it, or even the first 130 00:07:55,360 --> 00:08:00,520 Speaker 1: to do it successfully, he did devote himself to it afterward. Later, 131 00:08:00,560 --> 00:08:03,760 Speaker 1: he published a pamphlet called an Inquiry into the Causes 132 00:08:03,800 --> 00:08:07,320 Speaker 1: and Effects of Variola Vaccinate, which detailed his work with 133 00:08:07,360 --> 00:08:10,920 Speaker 1: the vaccine and became a major source of information about it. 134 00:08:11,520 --> 00:08:14,680 Speaker 1: He built an immunization clinic in his garden, which he 135 00:08:14,720 --> 00:08:18,520 Speaker 1: called the Temple of Vaccinia, and he sent vaccine samples 136 00:08:18,560 --> 00:08:21,640 Speaker 1: to anyone who asked for it. As Tracy mentioned earlier, 137 00:08:22,280 --> 00:08:25,680 Speaker 1: although it was still possible to transmit other diseases during 138 00:08:25,720 --> 00:08:30,360 Speaker 1: the vaccine process, intentionally exposing someone to cow pox was 139 00:08:30,480 --> 00:08:34,280 Speaker 1: far less risky than vary elation was. So here's what 140 00:08:34,360 --> 00:08:38,600 Speaker 1: this process actually involved, which will be the most squeamish 141 00:08:38,600 --> 00:08:42,400 Speaker 1: part of these episodes. You would start by draining and 142 00:08:42,440 --> 00:08:46,040 Speaker 1: collecting the lymph from an active cow pox sore, and 143 00:08:46,040 --> 00:08:48,760 Speaker 1: then you would use a lancet, a needle, or some 144 00:08:48,960 --> 00:08:52,520 Speaker 1: other instrument to pierce the skin of the vaccine recipient, 145 00:08:52,600 --> 00:08:56,280 Speaker 1: typically on their arm. You would introduce the lymph into 146 00:08:56,320 --> 00:08:59,960 Speaker 1: that opening, and then if everything went well, the vaccine 147 00:09:00,000 --> 00:09:03,320 Speaker 1: recipient would contract cow pox, and nine or ten days 148 00:09:03,440 --> 00:09:05,640 Speaker 1: later they would have a sore that was ready to 149 00:09:05,720 --> 00:09:09,600 Speaker 1: be harvested to make more vaccine, and then, having recovered 150 00:09:09,600 --> 00:09:12,240 Speaker 1: from cow pox, they would be immune to smallpox for 151 00:09:12,400 --> 00:09:15,840 Speaker 1: years afterward. Jenner actually thought this immunity was for the 152 00:09:15,840 --> 00:09:18,080 Speaker 1: rest of their life, but that turned out not to 153 00:09:18,160 --> 00:09:21,040 Speaker 1: be true. Jenner and others worked out some ways to 154 00:09:21,080 --> 00:09:25,840 Speaker 1: preserve cow pox limp for future use. This included impregnating 155 00:09:25,920 --> 00:09:29,000 Speaker 1: silk threads with lymph and allowing them to dry or 156 00:09:29,200 --> 00:09:32,880 Speaker 1: sealing lymph in vials. Another method was to dry the 157 00:09:32,960 --> 00:09:36,480 Speaker 1: lymph and seal it between glass plates to be reconstituted 158 00:09:36,480 --> 00:09:40,720 Speaker 1: before use. Eventually, people worked out ways to preserve viable 159 00:09:40,800 --> 00:09:43,800 Speaker 1: lymph on the ends of lancets, but none of these 160 00:09:43,840 --> 00:09:47,120 Speaker 1: methods were perfect. The limp flust its potency over time, 161 00:09:47,559 --> 00:09:51,000 Speaker 1: especially in hot or humid weather, and it was extremely 162 00:09:51,080 --> 00:09:54,040 Speaker 1: common for Jenner and others to send vaccine samples that 163 00:09:54,200 --> 00:09:56,080 Speaker 1: just did not work by the time they got to 164 00:09:56,080 --> 00:10:00,840 Speaker 1: the recipient. So the most reliable way to keep a 165 00:10:00,920 --> 00:10:05,560 Speaker 1: viable supply of smallpox vaccine, especially for a long time 166 00:10:05,760 --> 00:10:08,920 Speaker 1: or in hot weather, was by propagating it through the 167 00:10:08,960 --> 00:10:12,040 Speaker 1: people who were being vaccinated. This was also known as 168 00:10:12,080 --> 00:10:15,480 Speaker 1: the arm to arm method. Nine or ten days after 169 00:10:15,520 --> 00:10:18,679 Speaker 1: being vaccinated, people would need to return to the practitioner 170 00:10:18,760 --> 00:10:21,360 Speaker 1: so their lymph could be used to make more vaccines. 171 00:10:21,880 --> 00:10:24,080 Speaker 1: Then those recipients would do the same thing, and that 172 00:10:24,080 --> 00:10:26,559 Speaker 1: would go on and on like a chain. Keeping a 173 00:10:26,640 --> 00:10:31,240 Speaker 1: vaccine program going with this process required some planning numbers 174 00:10:31,320 --> 00:10:33,480 Speaker 1: vary based on the skill of the practitioner and the 175 00:10:33,520 --> 00:10:36,280 Speaker 1: cow pox sre itself. But most of the time you 176 00:10:36,320 --> 00:10:39,760 Speaker 1: could get multiple doses of vaccine from one cow pox sore, 177 00:10:40,520 --> 00:10:42,760 Speaker 1: so at least in theory, the number of people you 178 00:10:42,800 --> 00:10:45,839 Speaker 1: could vaccinate would grow over time, even if you were 179 00:10:45,880 --> 00:10:49,440 Speaker 1: also trying to preserve some lymph as a backup. But 180 00:10:49,679 --> 00:10:52,880 Speaker 1: if people stopped returning to have their lymph collected, or 181 00:10:53,000 --> 00:10:55,720 Speaker 1: if a community ran out of people to vaccinate, the 182 00:10:55,800 --> 00:10:59,040 Speaker 1: chain would break. Cow Pox is also rare enough in 183 00:10:59,080 --> 00:11:00,840 Speaker 1: the wild that it could it takes some time to 184 00:11:00,880 --> 00:11:04,120 Speaker 1: find a new source if the human chain broke. At 185 00:11:04,160 --> 00:11:06,560 Speaker 1: one point, Jenner had to stop his work for two 186 00:11:06,640 --> 00:11:09,559 Speaker 1: years because he ran out of lymph and no active 187 00:11:09,600 --> 00:11:13,679 Speaker 1: cases could be found in cattle. So it was relatively 188 00:11:13,760 --> 00:11:17,840 Speaker 1: easy to introduce smallpox vaccine into places with mild weather 189 00:11:17,960 --> 00:11:22,040 Speaker 1: that we're geographically close to each other, but beyond that 190 00:11:22,120 --> 00:11:24,400 Speaker 1: it got a lot harder. We'll talk about that after 191 00:11:24,440 --> 00:11:34,320 Speaker 1: a sponsor break. Edward Jenner spent so much of his 192 00:11:34,440 --> 00:11:38,199 Speaker 1: time and energy sending people smallpox vaccine that he started 193 00:11:38,200 --> 00:11:42,440 Speaker 1: calling himself the vaccine Clerk to the world. But a 194 00:11:42,600 --> 00:11:46,199 Speaker 1: lot of other people were instrumental in introducing the vaccine 195 00:11:46,240 --> 00:11:49,920 Speaker 1: beyond Britain and Ireland, and some of those introductions were 196 00:11:49,960 --> 00:11:54,240 Speaker 1: pretty complicated. Jean de Carrot was a Swiss physician who 197 00:11:54,280 --> 00:11:56,800 Speaker 1: moved to Vienna because of its prominence in the world 198 00:11:56,800 --> 00:12:01,680 Speaker 1: of medicine. In August of he performed the first smallpox 199 00:12:01,760 --> 00:12:06,120 Speaker 1: vaccination in the Austro Hungarian Empire. He got his limb 200 00:12:06,200 --> 00:12:10,160 Speaker 1: from another Swiss physician, Alexander Gaspar mar Sette, who was 201 00:12:10,240 --> 00:12:13,120 Speaker 1: living in Edinburgh and had become close friends with Jenner, 202 00:12:13,720 --> 00:12:18,280 Speaker 1: and after his first successful vaccination, Caro aggressively distributed the 203 00:12:18,320 --> 00:12:22,599 Speaker 1: vaccine into Central Europe, Russia and Eastern Asia. Jean de 204 00:12:22,679 --> 00:12:26,120 Speaker 1: Caro was also involved in introducing the vaccine into the 205 00:12:26,160 --> 00:12:30,360 Speaker 1: Ottoman Empire. He was at a banquet with Mary and 206 00:12:30,400 --> 00:12:34,800 Speaker 1: William Hamilton Nesbit, whose daughter Mary was married to Thomas Bruce, 207 00:12:34,880 --> 00:12:37,800 Speaker 1: the seventh Earl of Elgin. Yes, this is the same 208 00:12:37,920 --> 00:12:40,199 Speaker 1: elegin that we talked about in our two part are 209 00:12:40,200 --> 00:12:44,680 Speaker 1: on the Parthenon Marbles. After this banquet, the Nasbits told 210 00:12:44,720 --> 00:12:48,480 Speaker 1: the Elgins about this vaccine. Elgin wrote to Ko in 211 00:12:48,480 --> 00:12:51,800 Speaker 1: September of eight hundred to ask for example, when he 212 00:12:51,880 --> 00:12:54,720 Speaker 1: got it. Elgin used that sample to vaccinate his son 213 00:12:55,040 --> 00:12:58,480 Speaker 1: and then used his son's vaccine site to start vaccinating 214 00:12:58,520 --> 00:13:04,120 Speaker 1: other people. Elgin's introduced a large scale vaccination program in Constantinople, 215 00:13:04,160 --> 00:13:07,719 Speaker 1: and they also carried the vaccine to Greece. Meanwhile, to 216 00:13:08,000 --> 00:13:11,960 Speaker 1: English doctors Joseph A. Marshall and John Walker worked with 217 00:13:12,040 --> 00:13:15,240 Speaker 1: Jenner to get passage aboard the HMS and Demian, where 218 00:13:15,240 --> 00:13:19,120 Speaker 1: they introduced the vaccine to Minorca, Gibraltar, and Malta. Over 219 00:13:19,160 --> 00:13:22,360 Speaker 1: the last few months of eighteen hundred. As all this 220 00:13:22,440 --> 00:13:26,520 Speaker 1: was happening, the vaccine was also being introduced in North America. 221 00:13:27,120 --> 00:13:30,600 Speaker 1: Jenner sent samples of smallpox lymph to Newfoundland and early 222 00:13:30,640 --> 00:13:33,600 Speaker 1: eighteen hundred at the request of his friend John Clinch. 223 00:13:34,320 --> 00:13:37,280 Speaker 1: Clinch used the threads that he received to vaccinate his 224 00:13:37,360 --> 00:13:40,520 Speaker 1: family and then from there to vaccinate roughly seven hundred 225 00:13:40,600 --> 00:13:44,760 Speaker 1: other people in Newfoundland. Benjamin Waterhouse, who was a professor 226 00:13:44,840 --> 00:13:49,280 Speaker 1: at Harvard Medical School, also requested Jenner's lymph in eighteen hundred, 227 00:13:49,600 --> 00:13:53,480 Speaker 1: which he used to vaccinate his son. Then he used 228 00:13:53,520 --> 00:13:57,120 Speaker 1: that son's vaccination site to prepare the vaccine for another son. 229 00:13:57,960 --> 00:14:01,680 Speaker 1: After these and other successful vaccine nations, Waterhouse gave some 230 00:14:01,760 --> 00:14:05,760 Speaker 1: of the vaccine to then Vice President Thomas Jefferson. This 231 00:14:05,880 --> 00:14:08,960 Speaker 1: actually took them a few tries. The vaccine kept breaking 232 00:14:09,000 --> 00:14:12,760 Speaker 1: down in the Virginia heat until Jefferson devised a nested 233 00:14:12,840 --> 00:14:15,000 Speaker 1: box that used a layer of water to keep the 234 00:14:15,000 --> 00:14:19,960 Speaker 1: inner contents cool. Once he had working vaccine, Jefferson tested 235 00:14:20,000 --> 00:14:24,400 Speaker 1: it on his family and his enslaved workforce. After Jefferson 236 00:14:24,440 --> 00:14:29,760 Speaker 1: became president, he and Waterhouse started planning mass vaccination campaigns, 237 00:14:29,800 --> 00:14:32,920 Speaker 1: and Waterhouse tried to maintain a monopoly on the vaccine 238 00:14:32,960 --> 00:14:36,520 Speaker 1: for his own financial gain. This did not really work 239 00:14:36,520 --> 00:14:39,680 Speaker 1: out for him, though. Getting the vaccine from Britain to 240 00:14:39,800 --> 00:14:44,160 Speaker 1: northeast North America was relatively easy. A packet ship could 241 00:14:44,160 --> 00:14:46,800 Speaker 1: make the journey in roughly twenty to thirty days, and 242 00:14:46,880 --> 00:14:49,080 Speaker 1: during that time it was in the cool climate of 243 00:14:49,080 --> 00:14:53,760 Speaker 1: the North Atlantic. So when Waterhouse tried to make himself 244 00:14:53,800 --> 00:14:56,920 Speaker 1: the sole source of vaccine in the United States, people 245 00:14:56,960 --> 00:14:59,360 Speaker 1: just started writing directly to Jenner to get it from 246 00:14:59,440 --> 00:15:03,240 Speaker 1: him instead. I love that. Uh. During all of this, 247 00:15:03,360 --> 00:15:07,160 Speaker 1: Jefferson also started using the vaccine as a diplomatic tool 248 00:15:07,240 --> 00:15:12,560 Speaker 1: with indigenous nations Europeans. Introduction of smallpox into the America's 249 00:15:12,640 --> 00:15:17,640 Speaker 1: has been absolutely devastating to indigenous people's so then using 250 00:15:17,640 --> 00:15:20,800 Speaker 1: a vaccine as a diplomatic gesture is really horrifying from 251 00:15:20,800 --> 00:15:24,960 Speaker 1: a human rights perspective. Jefferson also ordered the Lewis and 252 00:15:25,000 --> 00:15:28,120 Speaker 1: Clark expedition to carry a supply of the vaccine with them, 253 00:15:28,240 --> 00:15:32,240 Speaker 1: but in Lewis's words, their supply had quote lost its 254 00:15:32,320 --> 00:15:34,680 Speaker 1: virtue by the time they got it, and there is 255 00:15:34,720 --> 00:15:38,760 Speaker 1: no record of the expedition actually vaccinating anyone. And eighteen 256 00:15:38,800 --> 00:15:43,160 Speaker 1: o one, Empress Dowager Marie Fyodorovna, the widow of Zar Paul, 257 00:15:43,240 --> 00:15:47,360 Speaker 1: the first requested smallpox lymph from Prussia, and then that 258 00:15:47,400 --> 00:15:50,760 Speaker 1: was used to immanize orphans in Moscow. The first to 259 00:15:50,800 --> 00:15:54,600 Speaker 1: be vaccinated was a young boy from Moscow Foundling Home, 260 00:15:54,680 --> 00:15:59,080 Speaker 1: who the Empress renamed Vaccinoff. Vaccinoff was then granted a 261 00:15:59,160 --> 00:16:02,240 Speaker 1: lifetime pen Shin have mixed feelings on that whole thing. 262 00:16:02,920 --> 00:16:06,400 Speaker 1: To all, the successful vaccine introductions that we have talked 263 00:16:06,440 --> 00:16:09,760 Speaker 1: about so far have been over relatively short and relatively 264 00:16:09,800 --> 00:16:14,440 Speaker 1: cool distances. For longer, hotter trips, things became a lot 265 00:16:14,480 --> 00:16:17,560 Speaker 1: more complicated than just putting some threads of vaccine on 266 00:16:17,600 --> 00:16:21,600 Speaker 1: a packet ship. Jenner tried to send multiple samples of 267 00:16:21,680 --> 00:16:25,280 Speaker 1: vaccine to the Indian subcontinent by sea, all of which 268 00:16:25,280 --> 00:16:29,240 Speaker 1: were either lost in shipwrecks or lost their potency before arriving. 269 00:16:30,040 --> 00:16:33,760 Speaker 1: So he started trying to persuade Lord Hobart, Secretary of 270 00:16:33,800 --> 00:16:36,880 Speaker 1: State for War and the Colonies, to send the vaccine 271 00:16:36,960 --> 00:16:40,720 Speaker 1: using twenty unvaccinated people who would act as a living 272 00:16:40,800 --> 00:16:44,400 Speaker 1: chain of hosts. When Hobart didn't really seem interested in 273 00:16:44,400 --> 00:16:47,960 Speaker 1: doing this, Jenner offered to pay for it himself, and 274 00:16:48,040 --> 00:16:50,720 Speaker 1: he only let this subject drop when he learned that 275 00:16:50,760 --> 00:16:55,840 Speaker 1: the vaccine had been successfully introduced into India, which was 276 00:16:55,920 --> 00:16:58,840 Speaker 1: also thanks to John de Caro, who we talked about earlier. 277 00:16:59,520 --> 00:17:03,200 Speaker 1: Carol had started getting his vaccine LIMP from Italy rather 278 00:17:03,280 --> 00:17:07,159 Speaker 1: than from Britain. He sent some from Vienna to Constantinople 279 00:17:07,160 --> 00:17:10,480 Speaker 1: which is now Istanbul, where somebody was vaccinated with it. 280 00:17:11,000 --> 00:17:14,119 Speaker 1: That person then traveled to Baghdad, where their LIMP was 281 00:17:14,200 --> 00:17:18,040 Speaker 1: used to immunize someone else. That person traveled from Baghdad 282 00:17:18,119 --> 00:17:21,440 Speaker 1: to the port city of Bastra. From there, the vaccine 283 00:17:21,480 --> 00:17:24,560 Speaker 1: was carried by sea to Bombay now known as Mumbai 284 00:17:25,040 --> 00:17:29,160 Speaker 1: on a ship appropriately called the Recovery with Vaccines administered 285 00:17:29,280 --> 00:17:32,480 Speaker 1: on the ship to keep the chain going. The first 286 00:17:32,640 --> 00:17:36,840 Speaker 1: successful vaccination record on the Indian subcontinent was administered on 287 00:17:36,920 --> 00:17:41,480 Speaker 1: June fourteenth, eighteen o two. The recipient was Anna dust Tall, 288 00:17:41,840 --> 00:17:44,199 Speaker 1: age three, who was the daughter of a servant in 289 00:17:44,240 --> 00:17:48,280 Speaker 1: a British captain's household. More than one thousand other people 290 00:17:48,320 --> 00:17:51,320 Speaker 1: were vaccinated in Bombay over the next four months, and 291 00:17:51,400 --> 00:17:55,200 Speaker 1: from there the vaccine was introduced to other parts of India. 292 00:17:55,480 --> 00:17:58,639 Speaker 1: Beyond this, the vaccine was introduced into several other parts 293 00:17:58,640 --> 00:18:01,800 Speaker 1: of the world. Again use these armed arm chains of 294 00:18:01,880 --> 00:18:05,399 Speaker 1: hosts in the early nineteenth century. Sometimes this was after 295 00:18:05,560 --> 00:18:09,600 Speaker 1: other efforts had already failed. For example, the first shipment 296 00:18:09,640 --> 00:18:13,560 Speaker 1: of vaccine since U Batavia, which is now Jakarta, Indonesia, 297 00:18:13,720 --> 00:18:16,840 Speaker 1: had lost its potency by the time it arrived. A 298 00:18:17,000 --> 00:18:21,440 Speaker 1: second successful attempt in eighteen o four involved twelve children 299 00:18:21,480 --> 00:18:24,520 Speaker 1: who formed an armed arm chain during the sea voyage. 300 00:18:25,000 --> 00:18:29,800 Speaker 1: The first successful smallpox vaccinations in Australia were also administered 301 00:18:29,800 --> 00:18:32,760 Speaker 1: in May of that year, although it's not totally clear 302 00:18:32,840 --> 00:18:35,439 Speaker 1: which of the attempts to send the vaccine there was 303 00:18:35,480 --> 00:18:39,840 Speaker 1: the successful one. In eighteen hundred, Portuguese authorities called for 304 00:18:39,920 --> 00:18:44,000 Speaker 1: vaccination to be introduced into its colony in Brazil, but 305 00:18:44,080 --> 00:18:47,960 Speaker 1: its roundabout way of doing so took five years. A 306 00:18:48,000 --> 00:18:51,560 Speaker 1: group of enslaved children was transported from Baia to Lisbon 307 00:18:51,680 --> 00:18:53,440 Speaker 1: so that they could act as an arm to arm 308 00:18:53,520 --> 00:18:57,000 Speaker 1: chain on the return trip back to Brazil, and then 309 00:18:57,080 --> 00:18:59,679 Speaker 1: in March of eighteen o four that plan was activated 310 00:18:59,720 --> 00:19:02,760 Speaker 1: and the Prince Regent had his sons vaccinated in Lisbon 311 00:19:03,040 --> 00:19:05,160 Speaker 1: to form the first link in that arm to arm 312 00:19:05,280 --> 00:19:08,800 Speaker 1: chain as they traveled back to South America. Got About 313 00:19:08,840 --> 00:19:12,040 Speaker 1: the same time, Britain was trying to introduce the vaccine 314 00:19:12,040 --> 00:19:16,040 Speaker 1: to Fort Marlborough in western Indonesia, and this involved a 315 00:19:16,119 --> 00:19:18,560 Speaker 1: chain of four and five year old children from the 316 00:19:18,600 --> 00:19:22,600 Speaker 1: Bengal Military Orphan Society. Many of these were either the 317 00:19:22,760 --> 00:19:26,360 Speaker 1: orphaned children of British soldiers or they were the children 318 00:19:26,440 --> 00:19:29,640 Speaker 1: of British soldiers born out of wedlock to Indian mothers. 319 00:19:30,240 --> 00:19:34,240 Speaker 1: These children departed aboard the Carmarthen in December of eighteen 320 00:19:34,240 --> 00:19:37,080 Speaker 1: o three in the care of two Indian nurses, and 321 00:19:37,119 --> 00:19:40,320 Speaker 1: they arrived at the fort in February of eighteen o four. 322 00:19:41,000 --> 00:19:44,760 Speaker 1: After successful vaccinations at the fort, the children were returned 323 00:19:44,840 --> 00:19:48,199 Speaker 1: back to the Orphan society. You have probably noticed that 324 00:19:48,359 --> 00:19:50,840 Speaker 1: most of the armed to arm vaccination chains that we 325 00:19:50,880 --> 00:19:54,320 Speaker 1: have talked about used children as hosts, and there were 326 00:19:54,320 --> 00:19:58,800 Speaker 1: several reasons for this. One was that widespread smallpox outbreaks 327 00:19:58,800 --> 00:20:02,360 Speaker 1: tended to recur with several years in between, so young 328 00:20:02,440 --> 00:20:05,600 Speaker 1: children were the least likely to have already been exposed. 329 00:20:06,040 --> 00:20:08,920 Speaker 1: If you tried to vaccinate someone who was already immune, 330 00:20:09,520 --> 00:20:12,080 Speaker 1: no cow pox store would develop and that would break 331 00:20:12,080 --> 00:20:15,880 Speaker 1: the chain. And another was more of a publicity angle, 332 00:20:16,119 --> 00:20:18,480 Speaker 1: and many parts of the world there was a lot 333 00:20:18,640 --> 00:20:21,879 Speaker 1: of resistance to the idea of injecting people with something 334 00:20:21,920 --> 00:20:25,040 Speaker 1: that had come from an animal. In general, there were 335 00:20:25,080 --> 00:20:28,360 Speaker 1: just a lot of different social and cultural and religious 336 00:20:28,440 --> 00:20:32,919 Speaker 1: objections to the whole idea of vaccination, so children were 337 00:20:33,000 --> 00:20:36,240 Speaker 1: often seen as innocent and pure, and often when the 338 00:20:36,359 --> 00:20:40,400 Speaker 1: vaccine was introduced into a new location, the first recipients 339 00:20:40,440 --> 00:20:45,000 Speaker 1: were intentionally chosen to be children from quote good families, 340 00:20:45,280 --> 00:20:47,800 Speaker 1: to sort of serve as an example for the rest 341 00:20:47,800 --> 00:20:50,800 Speaker 1: of the community. Before we take a quick break, we 342 00:20:50,840 --> 00:20:53,400 Speaker 1: have a couple of other quick points to note. One 343 00:20:53,520 --> 00:20:56,360 Speaker 1: was that even though it was geographically close to other 344 00:20:56,440 --> 00:20:59,720 Speaker 1: places where the vaccine was already in use, Japan was 345 00:20:59,760 --> 00:21:04,040 Speaker 1: really satively late in receiving the vaccine. Japan's borders at 346 00:21:04,040 --> 00:21:06,000 Speaker 1: this point were closed to most of the rest of 347 00:21:06,040 --> 00:21:08,760 Speaker 1: the world, and even the Chinese and the Dutch, who 348 00:21:08,760 --> 00:21:12,040 Speaker 1: had trading privileges with Japan, were not allowed to bring 349 00:21:12,160 --> 00:21:16,359 Speaker 1: children into port. Various efforts to send preserved lymph to 350 00:21:16,440 --> 00:21:21,399 Speaker 1: Japan failed before viable vaccine finally arrived in eighteen forty nine. 351 00:21:21,640 --> 00:21:24,520 Speaker 1: The other is that they're just really does not seem 352 00:21:24,600 --> 00:21:28,159 Speaker 1: to have been a meaningful effort to introduce the vaccine 353 00:21:28,280 --> 00:21:32,280 Speaker 1: or knowledge about the vaccine into Sub Saharan Africa during 354 00:21:32,280 --> 00:21:35,600 Speaker 1: all this. If there was such an effort, I sure 355 00:21:35,680 --> 00:21:39,320 Speaker 1: did not find it in my search. As we noted earlier, 356 00:21:39,520 --> 00:21:42,320 Speaker 1: vary elation had been established in many parts of Africa 357 00:21:42,359 --> 00:21:47,960 Speaker 1: for centuries before Jenner started propagating his vaccine. Most documented 358 00:21:48,040 --> 00:21:51,960 Speaker 1: efforts to try to control smallpox in Sub Saharan Africa 359 00:21:52,080 --> 00:21:57,040 Speaker 1: focus on vary elation rather than vaccination. The shift to 360 00:21:57,160 --> 00:22:00,800 Speaker 1: vaccination seems to have followed the Scramble for Africa, in 361 00:22:00,840 --> 00:22:04,720 Speaker 1: which European nations divided the continent of Africa up amongst 362 00:22:04,760 --> 00:22:08,240 Speaker 1: themselves in the late nineteenth and early twenty centuries. The 363 00:22:08,320 --> 00:22:13,400 Speaker 1: earliest clear records of smallpox vaccine campaigns in Sub Saharan 364 00:22:13,440 --> 00:22:17,679 Speaker 1: Africa really start with European colonial administrations in the early 365 00:22:17,720 --> 00:22:22,280 Speaker 1: twentieth century, rather than when we're talking about decades before that. 366 00:22:22,760 --> 00:22:25,920 Speaker 1: We'll talk about what led to the Balmast expedition specifically 367 00:22:26,040 --> 00:22:36,040 Speaker 1: after we first take a quick sponsor break. Since we're 368 00:22:36,040 --> 00:22:39,080 Speaker 1: going to be talking about Spain's efforts to vaccinate its 369 00:22:39,160 --> 00:22:42,360 Speaker 1: colonies against smallpox, we want to touch on a little 370 00:22:42,359 --> 00:22:46,840 Speaker 1: bit about the diseases history in the America's Europeans introduced 371 00:22:46,880 --> 00:22:50,240 Speaker 1: smallpox into the America's in the sixteenth century, and the 372 00:22:50,400 --> 00:22:53,720 Speaker 1: likely earliest case was on the island of Hispaniola in 373 00:22:54,240 --> 00:22:58,720 Speaker 1: eighteen The first documented transmission on a South American continent 374 00:22:58,880 --> 00:23:02,560 Speaker 1: was reportedly from an enslaved African who had been transported 375 00:23:02,600 --> 00:23:06,879 Speaker 1: there by Panfeo di Narvez of Spain in fifty Because 376 00:23:06,880 --> 00:23:09,720 Speaker 1: the indigenous people of the Americas had never been exposed 377 00:23:09,760 --> 00:23:13,199 Speaker 1: to smallpox, they had no natural immunity to it, and 378 00:23:13,240 --> 00:23:17,639 Speaker 1: the results were especially devastating and destructive. For example, the 379 00:23:17,680 --> 00:23:21,160 Speaker 1: Aztec Empire numbered at least twenty six million people at 380 00:23:21,160 --> 00:23:24,439 Speaker 1: the start of the Spanish conquest of the America's By 381 00:23:24,480 --> 00:23:28,080 Speaker 1: sixteen twenty, their population was reduced to roughly one point 382 00:23:28,119 --> 00:23:31,560 Speaker 1: six million, with smallpox being a leading cause of death. 383 00:23:32,480 --> 00:23:35,600 Speaker 1: This happened long before the development of the smallpox vaccine, 384 00:23:35,680 --> 00:23:39,400 Speaker 1: and while there are reports of enslaved Africans practicing variolation 385 00:23:39,480 --> 00:23:43,160 Speaker 1: in the America's, it was also before European and colonial 386 00:23:43,200 --> 00:23:46,399 Speaker 1: governments were really aware of the practice. In the late 387 00:23:46,440 --> 00:23:51,520 Speaker 1: eighteenth century, multiple members of the Spanish royal family contracted smallpox. 388 00:23:51,880 --> 00:23:55,240 Speaker 1: King Carlos the Fort's brother Gabrielle and his sister in 389 00:23:55,320 --> 00:23:59,600 Speaker 1: law Maria Anna Victoria both died along with their newborn son. 390 00:24:00,680 --> 00:24:03,920 Speaker 1: Queen Maria Luisa and one of their daughters contracted smallpox 391 00:24:03,960 --> 00:24:08,040 Speaker 1: and later recovered, but their daughter, Maria Teresa, died of 392 00:24:08,040 --> 00:24:11,359 Speaker 1: it in seventeen ninety four at the age of only three. 393 00:24:11,840 --> 00:24:14,000 Speaker 1: In response to all of this, the King and Queen 394 00:24:14,040 --> 00:24:16,560 Speaker 1: decided to have the rest of the royal family vary 395 00:24:16,560 --> 00:24:21,959 Speaker 1: related and on November seventeen, the King decreed that the 396 00:24:22,000 --> 00:24:26,280 Speaker 1: general populations should be very elated as well. Then in 397 00:24:26,359 --> 00:24:30,119 Speaker 1: seventeen an Italian doctor sent the king a copy of 398 00:24:30,280 --> 00:24:33,880 Speaker 1: Edward Jenner's book on vaccination. Many of the people who 399 00:24:33,880 --> 00:24:37,520 Speaker 1: had been very elated in Spain after that sevent decree, 400 00:24:37,600 --> 00:24:41,520 Speaker 1: had experienced scarring and other complications, so the King was 401 00:24:41,600 --> 00:24:44,160 Speaker 1: invested in the idea of moving to a safer way 402 00:24:44,160 --> 00:24:47,600 Speaker 1: of preventing smallpox. Within a year of the King getting 403 00:24:47,600 --> 00:24:51,760 Speaker 1: a copy of Jenner's book, vaccination was widely available in Spain. 404 00:24:52,520 --> 00:24:57,480 Speaker 1: At the same time, multiple smallpox outbreaks were affecting Spain's 405 00:24:57,520 --> 00:25:01,280 Speaker 1: colonies in the Americas, and the member of eighteen o two, 406 00:25:01,400 --> 00:25:04,040 Speaker 1: the city government of Santa Fe de Bogota and what's 407 00:25:04,040 --> 00:25:08,199 Speaker 1: now Colombia, wrote to the King warning of this outbreak 408 00:25:08,280 --> 00:25:12,000 Speaker 1: and asking for financial help and fighting an epidemic. This 409 00:25:12,160 --> 00:25:16,080 Speaker 1: probably was not the only such communication that the king received, 410 00:25:16,240 --> 00:25:19,120 Speaker 1: but it's the one that's most often cited as inspiring 411 00:25:19,240 --> 00:25:22,120 Speaker 1: him to figure out a way to get the smallpox 412 00:25:22,200 --> 00:25:25,880 Speaker 1: vaccine to the Spanish colonies. Part of the King's motivation 413 00:25:25,960 --> 00:25:30,280 Speaker 1: for all of this was definitely humanitarian. Smallpox was contagious 414 00:25:30,320 --> 00:25:33,560 Speaker 1: and deadly, and he did want to save lives, but 415 00:25:33,600 --> 00:25:37,280 Speaker 1: there were also huge political and economic benefits to controlling 416 00:25:37,400 --> 00:25:41,400 Speaker 1: or eliminating smallpox. It's also clear that there were business 417 00:25:41,440 --> 00:25:44,560 Speaker 1: people and advisers to the King who thought that Vaccinating 418 00:25:44,600 --> 00:25:49,000 Speaker 1: the colonies most at risk people, including indigenous people, would 419 00:25:49,080 --> 00:25:53,360 Speaker 1: ultimately bring more wealth to the Spanish Empire. The Napoleonic 420 00:25:53,400 --> 00:25:55,920 Speaker 1: Wars began in eighteen o three, which made this whole 421 00:25:55,960 --> 00:25:59,920 Speaker 1: situation even more urgent. Smallpox was already known to Deva 422 00:26:00,040 --> 00:26:04,280 Speaker 1: state armies and navies during wartime, so Carlos the Fourth 423 00:26:04,359 --> 00:26:08,320 Speaker 1: directed the Council of the Indies, which governed Spain's colonies 424 00:26:08,320 --> 00:26:11,240 Speaker 1: in the Americas, to assess whether it would be possible 425 00:26:11,520 --> 00:26:16,200 Speaker 1: to introduce generous smallpox vaccine there. The Council's chief minister, 426 00:26:16,400 --> 00:26:21,160 Speaker 1: Francisco Ricana, saw the advice of Guatemalan doctor Jose Flores. 427 00:26:21,880 --> 00:26:25,240 Speaker 1: In addition to being an experienced doctor, Flores had seen 428 00:26:25,280 --> 00:26:29,520 Speaker 1: the devastating effects of smallpox in the Spanish colonies firsthand, 429 00:26:30,000 --> 00:26:33,679 Speaker 1: and he had overseen vary elation campaigns in Guatemala in 430 00:26:33,720 --> 00:26:36,960 Speaker 1: the seventeen eighties and nineties, so even before the king 431 00:26:37,040 --> 00:26:41,439 Speaker 1: had started his vary elation program in Spain, Flora's very 432 00:26:41,480 --> 00:26:45,880 Speaker 1: elation campaign had focused primarily on Maya communities, especially those 433 00:26:45,920 --> 00:26:49,840 Speaker 1: living in densely populated areas outside the capital city of 434 00:26:49,960 --> 00:26:54,440 Speaker 1: Nueva Guatemala. He prioritized inoculating people who were too young 435 00:26:54,560 --> 00:26:58,159 Speaker 1: to have been exposed to smallpox in earlier epidemics. He 436 00:26:58,240 --> 00:27:00,679 Speaker 1: also seems to have tried to be positive to the 437 00:27:00,680 --> 00:27:03,480 Speaker 1: needs of the people he was inoculating. When it was 438 00:27:03,520 --> 00:27:06,240 Speaker 1: reported that children and their parents were frightened by the 439 00:27:06,280 --> 00:27:09,600 Speaker 1: medical instruments that were used for the procedure, he developed 440 00:27:09,600 --> 00:27:12,879 Speaker 1: an alternative that used a poultice made from beetles to 441 00:27:12,960 --> 00:27:16,520 Speaker 1: irritate the skin rather than using instruments to cut or 442 00:27:16,600 --> 00:27:20,680 Speaker 1: pierce it. Yeah, sometimes his sensitivity, I would say, got 443 00:27:20,720 --> 00:27:24,760 Speaker 1: to the point of almost being patronizing, which isn't entirely surprising, 444 00:27:24,800 --> 00:27:28,080 Speaker 1: but like he did consistently take care to be like, 445 00:27:29,160 --> 00:27:33,239 Speaker 1: don't traumatize people while you're doing this. Right, If you 446 00:27:33,280 --> 00:27:37,440 Speaker 1: make them too afraid to be inoculated, none of this works. Right. 447 00:27:38,640 --> 00:27:42,119 Speaker 1: So Flores had left Guatemala in seventeen nineties six, and 448 00:27:42,119 --> 00:27:45,120 Speaker 1: then he had studied medicine all over Europe, and when 449 00:27:45,119 --> 00:27:49,199 Speaker 1: he learned about Jenner's vaccination that used cow pox, he 450 00:27:49,280 --> 00:27:52,359 Speaker 1: had written to his colleagues back in Guatemala about it. 451 00:27:52,800 --> 00:27:57,280 Speaker 1: These colleagues conducted a systematic search of all the cattle 452 00:27:57,359 --> 00:28:00,399 Speaker 1: in the region, and they found no active cases of 453 00:28:00,400 --> 00:28:04,359 Speaker 1: cow pox among them. This isn't really surprising that they 454 00:28:04,400 --> 00:28:06,760 Speaker 1: looked at all the cattle and didn't find any cow pox. 455 00:28:06,920 --> 00:28:10,119 Speaker 1: As we noted earlier, cow pox is relatively rare in 456 00:28:10,119 --> 00:28:13,080 Speaker 1: the wild, and it's also mostly found in Europe and 457 00:28:13,119 --> 00:28:15,680 Speaker 1: Asia and not in other parts of the world. So 458 00:28:15,800 --> 00:28:18,359 Speaker 1: when the Council of the Indies asked for Flora's to 459 00:28:18,359 --> 00:28:21,280 Speaker 1: give his advice, his thoughts were based on both his 460 00:28:21,320 --> 00:28:24,240 Speaker 1: experiences in Guatemala and from what he had learned while 461 00:28:24,240 --> 00:28:27,600 Speaker 1: he was studying in Europe. He suspected that a broader 462 00:28:27,640 --> 00:28:30,880 Speaker 1: search for cow pox elsewhere in the Spanish colonies would 463 00:28:30,920 --> 00:28:34,520 Speaker 1: also turn up nothing. He knew that preserved vaccine lymph 464 00:28:34,600 --> 00:28:36,960 Speaker 1: was not likely to survive the voyage from Spain to 465 00:28:36,960 --> 00:28:41,360 Speaker 1: the America's, so he proposed two voyages, one to the 466 00:28:41,400 --> 00:28:45,520 Speaker 1: Caribbean and Central America and the other to South America. 467 00:28:45,680 --> 00:28:49,320 Speaker 1: He recommended that each ship used multiple redundant methods to 468 00:28:49,400 --> 00:28:54,080 Speaker 1: carry smallpox vaccine, so with preserved lymph, with cattle, and 469 00:28:54,160 --> 00:28:58,160 Speaker 1: with an arm to arm chain of vaccinated children. Flora's 470 00:28:58,200 --> 00:29:01,880 Speaker 1: also recommended a system for keeping up with who had 471 00:29:01,920 --> 00:29:04,720 Speaker 1: been vaccinated and who had not. At this point in 472 00:29:04,800 --> 00:29:08,520 Speaker 1: history of the Catholic Church had enormous influence over everyday 473 00:29:08,520 --> 00:29:11,840 Speaker 1: life in Spain and in its colonies, and clergy were 474 00:29:11,840 --> 00:29:15,719 Speaker 1: already responsible for documenting things like baptisms and deaths, so 475 00:29:15,800 --> 00:29:19,600 Speaker 1: Flora's recommended that priests be the ones to keep vaccine 476 00:29:19,600 --> 00:29:23,360 Speaker 1: registries as part of this whole project. He also recommended 477 00:29:23,440 --> 00:29:28,280 Speaker 1: framing vaccination almost as a sacrament, with vaccine lymph being 478 00:29:28,400 --> 00:29:33,080 Speaker 1: stored in churches along with consecrated oil and other religious items. 479 00:29:33,480 --> 00:29:36,600 Speaker 1: At this point, medical schools and hospitals were already well 480 00:29:36,720 --> 00:29:40,040 Speaker 1: established in Spain's colonies, with the first medical schools having 481 00:29:40,040 --> 00:29:43,760 Speaker 1: been established by the Dominican Order in the sixteenth century. 482 00:29:43,800 --> 00:29:48,240 Speaker 1: So Flora's recommended training these existing doctors in administering vaccines 483 00:29:48,320 --> 00:29:51,520 Speaker 1: and in collecting, preserving, and distributing the lymph to keep 484 00:29:51,520 --> 00:29:55,280 Speaker 1: the cycle going. He also recommended that the vaccines be 485 00:29:55,320 --> 00:29:59,200 Speaker 1: given at no cost to the recipients, and he repeatedly 486 00:29:59,280 --> 00:30:02,840 Speaker 1: stressed that anyone who is administering vaccines should take great 487 00:30:02,880 --> 00:30:07,719 Speaker 1: care not to frighten or traumatize their recipients, particularly indigenous 488 00:30:07,720 --> 00:30:11,280 Speaker 1: recipients who were likely to be suspicious or fearful of 489 00:30:11,320 --> 00:30:19,280 Speaker 1: Spanish authorities. Justifiably so. Really, the Council of the Indies 490 00:30:19,320 --> 00:30:22,920 Speaker 1: agreed to a plan. On March eighteen o three, the 491 00:30:23,000 --> 00:30:26,400 Speaker 1: King signed a Royal Edict for the Spanish Royal Philanthropic 492 00:30:26,520 --> 00:30:30,440 Speaker 1: Expedition of the Vaccine a few months later on June. 493 00:30:30,760 --> 00:30:34,360 Speaker 1: On September one, instructions were sent out to the rest 494 00:30:34,400 --> 00:30:38,160 Speaker 1: of the Empire and forming authorities and all these colonies 495 00:30:38,200 --> 00:30:41,560 Speaker 1: that the expedition was coming, and giving them instructions on 496 00:30:41,600 --> 00:30:44,760 Speaker 1: how to prepare and what to do when the expedition 497 00:30:44,840 --> 00:30:48,880 Speaker 1: got there. The whole thing was extremely well planned and organized, 498 00:30:48,960 --> 00:30:53,720 Speaker 1: with one exception, the instructions didn't say anything about how 499 00:30:53,760 --> 00:30:56,600 Speaker 1: to pay for it. This led to a range of 500 00:30:56,600 --> 00:31:00,520 Speaker 1: disputes about everything from establishing a budget for a newly 501 00:31:00,560 --> 00:31:04,600 Speaker 1: created vaccine board to offering lodging while the expedition was there. 502 00:31:05,280 --> 00:31:09,080 Speaker 1: Although the Royal Philanthropic Vaccine Expedition did not wind up 503 00:31:09,120 --> 00:31:13,960 Speaker 1: following all of Flores's advice, what followed has been described 504 00:31:14,000 --> 00:31:18,520 Speaker 1: as the world's first global public health campaign. Although it 505 00:31:18,600 --> 00:31:20,360 Speaker 1: we'll talk about in Part two, and as we already 506 00:31:20,400 --> 00:31:23,720 Speaker 1: kind of mentioned, it wasn't entirely global. It was about 507 00:31:24,560 --> 00:31:29,640 Speaker 1: mostly Spain and Spain's colonies. And we'll get into more 508 00:31:29,640 --> 00:31:32,840 Speaker 1: about that next time. In the meantime, do you have 509 00:31:32,840 --> 00:31:35,120 Speaker 1: a listener mail? Yeah, I do have listener mail. This 510 00:31:35,160 --> 00:31:37,720 Speaker 1: is from Carl and this is um. This this email 511 00:31:37,760 --> 00:31:40,240 Speaker 1: is from a while ago. I have some emails from 512 00:31:40,240 --> 00:31:42,520 Speaker 1: a while ago that I I flagged to read and 513 00:31:42,560 --> 00:31:45,960 Speaker 1: then that I had didn't actually read them. This goes 514 00:31:46,040 --> 00:31:49,120 Speaker 1: all the way back to our episode on Jim Thorpe 515 00:31:49,360 --> 00:31:53,240 Speaker 1: from last November, and Carl says, Dear Holly and Tracy. 516 00:31:53,480 --> 00:31:56,120 Speaker 1: As someone who has lived in Oklahoma since two thousand 517 00:31:56,160 --> 00:31:59,360 Speaker 1: one and works for university that started as a Cherokee 518 00:31:59,360 --> 00:32:02,600 Speaker 1: women's ementary school, I listened to your three part Jim 519 00:32:02,640 --> 00:32:04,960 Speaker 1: Thorpe episode with great interest. I thought I would reach 520 00:32:05,000 --> 00:32:08,320 Speaker 1: out and share a curious piece of information connected to 521 00:32:08,400 --> 00:32:12,600 Speaker 1: Thorpe that you might appreciate. From two thousand one, I 522 00:32:12,600 --> 00:32:15,320 Speaker 1: worked at one of the busiest public libraries and Tulsa. 523 00:32:15,960 --> 00:32:18,880 Speaker 1: Shortly after I started working there, I was asked by 524 00:32:18,920 --> 00:32:21,960 Speaker 1: a patron to find books about Jim Thorpe. I was 525 00:32:22,000 --> 00:32:25,240 Speaker 1: surprised to not find any on the shelf, so I 526 00:32:25,280 --> 00:32:29,480 Speaker 1: steered them towards some databases to find other resources. Later, 527 00:32:29,520 --> 00:32:31,680 Speaker 1: I asked one of my co workers about the situation, 528 00:32:31,720 --> 00:32:34,080 Speaker 1: and they informed me that this was a problem that 529 00:32:34,160 --> 00:32:38,560 Speaker 1: had been ongoing for many years. The library continually bought 530 00:32:38,680 --> 00:32:42,440 Speaker 1: books on Jim Thorpe, but some unknown person would routinely 531 00:32:42,680 --> 00:32:46,640 Speaker 1: vandalize the books soon after they hit the shelves, blacking 532 00:32:46,640 --> 00:32:49,960 Speaker 1: out Thorpe's name and defacing photos of him. Of course, 533 00:32:50,000 --> 00:32:53,480 Speaker 1: the books then had to be withdrawn. This happened across 534 00:32:53,560 --> 00:32:57,840 Speaker 1: all twenty five branches of the Tulsa City County Library System, 535 00:32:57,880 --> 00:33:00,160 Speaker 1: and it continued through most of my tenure. They are 536 00:33:00,560 --> 00:33:04,239 Speaker 1: as I was transitioning my career into academic libraries, they 537 00:33:04,280 --> 00:33:06,720 Speaker 1: were finally starting to be able to keep the books 538 00:33:06,760 --> 00:33:09,480 Speaker 1: on the shelf. We assume that the vandal had either 539 00:33:09,600 --> 00:33:13,080 Speaker 1: moved out of Tulsa or passed away. As I listened 540 00:33:13,120 --> 00:33:16,280 Speaker 1: to the podcast, I kept wondering what the vandals motivation 541 00:33:16,400 --> 00:33:19,600 Speaker 1: might have been. Were they carrying a grudge about Thorpe's 542 00:33:19,640 --> 00:33:22,920 Speaker 1: position on the sac and Fox Constitution matter, where they 543 00:33:23,000 --> 00:33:25,960 Speaker 1: upset about the Olympics, where they connected to the family 544 00:33:26,040 --> 00:33:29,760 Speaker 1: dispute over his remains. Were they simply acting out of racism. 545 00:33:29,800 --> 00:33:32,280 Speaker 1: Since they were never caught, it will remain a mystery. 546 00:33:32,840 --> 00:33:34,920 Speaker 1: I remain a faithful listener and hope you still have 547 00:33:35,000 --> 00:33:37,720 Speaker 1: the knitted postcard I sent you a few years back. 548 00:33:38,200 --> 00:33:41,400 Speaker 1: I also continue to hope that you will put out 549 00:33:41,400 --> 00:33:45,760 Speaker 1: an episode about the San Patricio's a k a. St. 550 00:33:45,760 --> 00:33:49,080 Speaker 1: Patrick's Battalion on your list. They were American soldiers, mostly 551 00:33:49,120 --> 00:33:52,080 Speaker 1: of Irish descent, who defected and fought on the Mexican 552 00:33:52,120 --> 00:33:55,200 Speaker 1: side during the Mexican American War. Keep up the great 553 00:33:55,240 --> 00:33:58,120 Speaker 1: work and happy holidays to you and yours. Because this 554 00:33:58,200 --> 00:34:00,880 Speaker 1: email is from so long ago, this is from Carl, 555 00:34:00,960 --> 00:34:04,640 Speaker 1: So thank you Carl so much for sending this. For 556 00:34:04,680 --> 00:34:07,880 Speaker 1: a couple of reasons. What what a fascinating and weird 557 00:34:08,400 --> 00:34:14,360 Speaker 1: mystery about the fate of books on JIMP Library System. UM, 558 00:34:14,400 --> 00:34:17,480 Speaker 1: I am deeply curious if any of our other listeners 559 00:34:17,560 --> 00:34:20,680 Speaker 1: have worked in libraries and are like, oh man, we 560 00:34:20,800 --> 00:34:26,439 Speaker 1: started having this problem with books on Jim Thorpe Uh 561 00:34:26,480 --> 00:34:31,520 Speaker 1: that it's just weird ums as a thing that a 562 00:34:31,560 --> 00:34:33,560 Speaker 1: person would take it upon themselves to do. And also 563 00:34:33,640 --> 00:34:35,879 Speaker 1: I just I also wanted to note I do have 564 00:34:35,960 --> 00:34:42,000 Speaker 1: that postcard. It is sitting over with UM. I have 565 00:34:42,080 --> 00:34:45,400 Speaker 1: that postcard and I don't remember the person's name. Somebody 566 00:34:45,440 --> 00:34:50,200 Speaker 1: sent us the postcard where they they drew a picture 567 00:34:50,640 --> 00:34:54,759 Speaker 1: of um a fictional band named Margie and the Love 568 00:34:54,920 --> 00:34:59,120 Speaker 1: Bond tintometers after our brother versus Margarine episode. And I 569 00:34:59,160 --> 00:35:01,640 Speaker 1: have both of those displayed in my little home office 570 00:35:02,160 --> 00:35:04,080 Speaker 1: because I love them. So. Thank you, Carl, thank you 571 00:35:04,120 --> 00:35:06,600 Speaker 1: for this email. I am glad that the books are 572 00:35:06,680 --> 00:35:10,680 Speaker 1: no longer being defaced because that sounds like an upsetting 573 00:35:10,760 --> 00:35:15,359 Speaker 1: thing for everybody involved. Having worked in a library. This 574 00:35:15,440 --> 00:35:21,080 Speaker 1: is my whole side note, uh fret over it. Aside 575 00:35:21,080 --> 00:35:24,960 Speaker 1: from all of the like racist and social implications of it, 576 00:35:25,480 --> 00:35:30,160 Speaker 1: library budgets are not expansive. That really stinks. To have 577 00:35:30,360 --> 00:35:36,120 Speaker 1: the expenditures be defaced immediately would be incredibly frustrating. Yeah, 578 00:35:36,280 --> 00:35:40,120 Speaker 1: please do not deface library books. Um. So again, thank 579 00:35:40,160 --> 00:35:43,040 Speaker 1: you Carl for that email. 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