1 00:00:01,080 --> 00:00:04,000 Speaker 1: Welcome to Steph you missed in history class from how 2 00:00:04,080 --> 00:00:13,640 Speaker 1: Stuff Works dot com. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. 3 00:00:13,680 --> 00:00:17,319 Speaker 1: I'm Polly Crying and I'm Tracy V. Wilson. Uh, and 4 00:00:17,400 --> 00:00:19,800 Speaker 1: we're going to do a little bit of ancient history today. 5 00:00:19,880 --> 00:00:24,880 Speaker 1: So almost instantly when someone mentions Egypt, uh, the image 6 00:00:24,880 --> 00:00:27,400 Speaker 1: of the pyramids at Giza sort of jumped to mind. 7 00:00:27,520 --> 00:00:30,720 Speaker 1: But Giza is not the only site in Egype pyramids exist, 8 00:00:30,880 --> 00:00:33,280 Speaker 1: and frankly, it was not the first place in Egypt 9 00:00:33,440 --> 00:00:37,080 Speaker 1: pyramids existed. Northwest of the city of Memphis sits the 10 00:00:37,120 --> 00:00:41,080 Speaker 1: Sakara Necropolis, and that has a an older claim to 11 00:00:41,479 --> 00:00:43,720 Speaker 1: this particular piece of history than the Giza site by 12 00:00:43,760 --> 00:00:46,440 Speaker 1: about a hundred years. So we are going to talk 13 00:00:46,479 --> 00:00:50,680 Speaker 1: a little bit today about Uh king yaw sir. That 14 00:00:50,840 --> 00:00:53,000 Speaker 1: is one version of the pronunciation. His name is spelled 15 00:00:53,120 --> 00:00:55,560 Speaker 1: d j O s e Er, and you will hear 16 00:00:55,560 --> 00:01:00,440 Speaker 1: it pronounced in a number of different ways. Um us 17 00:01:00,640 --> 00:01:03,880 Speaker 1: working with basically a dead language here, we have consulted 18 00:01:03,920 --> 00:01:07,319 Speaker 1: many different sources and we have gotten many different variations 19 00:01:07,319 --> 00:01:13,520 Speaker 1: on this name, from jos Er to desert too. You know, 20 00:01:14,000 --> 00:01:16,360 Speaker 1: I mean, you can almost pick your pronunciation. And someone 21 00:01:16,400 --> 00:01:18,840 Speaker 1: out there in some field of expertise on it has 22 00:01:18,959 --> 00:01:20,920 Speaker 1: used it. I think we're gonna go with you, Aser, 23 00:01:22,959 --> 00:01:27,000 Speaker 1: so as often as the case with ancient history. UH. 24 00:01:27,480 --> 00:01:30,280 Speaker 1: Similarly to we we don't have a consensus on how 25 00:01:30,280 --> 00:01:32,840 Speaker 1: to say his name. We don't have a total consistent 26 00:01:32,959 --> 00:01:38,000 Speaker 1: consensus on the biography of Yasser. Um you will, by 27 00:01:38,000 --> 00:01:42,240 Speaker 1: the way, I also see the spelling with a Z sometimes. Yeah. That, 28 00:01:42,400 --> 00:01:44,920 Speaker 1: as we say, often the further you go back, the 29 00:01:45,000 --> 00:01:47,960 Speaker 1: less consistent the information gets. And this is definitely the 30 00:01:47,960 --> 00:01:50,400 Speaker 1: case at this point. So keep that in mind as 31 00:01:50,440 --> 00:01:52,080 Speaker 1: we go forward. We'll try to point out the point 32 00:01:52,120 --> 00:01:55,080 Speaker 1: the parts that are really inconsistent. UH. Yasser was a 33 00:01:55,160 --> 00:01:59,360 Speaker 1: king in Ancient Egypt's third dynasty in the century BC 34 00:01:59,760 --> 00:02:01,840 Speaker 1: s so during the period that was known as sort 35 00:02:01,880 --> 00:02:05,840 Speaker 1: of the Old Kingdom. His parents were probably because of 36 00:02:05,920 --> 00:02:11,200 Speaker 1: Kimwa and Queen Tap, although that is also not entirely certain. 37 00:02:11,880 --> 00:02:14,000 Speaker 1: At this point. It is so long ago that I went. 38 00:02:14,600 --> 00:02:17,320 Speaker 1: I rarely feel the need to double check anything that 39 00:02:17,360 --> 00:02:21,600 Speaker 1: you've handed me, but I went, twenty seventh century b C. 40 00:02:22,120 --> 00:02:25,120 Speaker 1: Let me make sure that's right. For what it's worth. 41 00:02:25,240 --> 00:02:27,480 Speaker 1: I did that to myself several times where I went, 42 00:02:27,520 --> 00:02:30,160 Speaker 1: Did I put those numbers in wrong? It's totally right. 43 00:02:30,440 --> 00:02:33,480 Speaker 1: So the line of succession that led to Yaser's reign 44 00:02:34,040 --> 00:02:37,760 Speaker 1: isn't clear. There's a lot of dispute as to the 45 00:02:37,800 --> 00:02:41,639 Speaker 1: timeline of basically all of the Third Dynasty pharaohs, and 46 00:02:41,880 --> 00:02:45,280 Speaker 1: so far there's not nearly enough solid evidence to clarify 47 00:02:45,480 --> 00:02:49,320 Speaker 1: things with certainty. There's also the problem of different sources 48 00:02:49,360 --> 00:02:52,440 Speaker 1: being inconsistent with one another. So we have sources that 49 00:02:52,440 --> 00:02:55,880 Speaker 1: are sort of the official established sources we use for 50 00:02:55,880 --> 00:02:59,840 Speaker 1: for the uh the line of succession back that far 51 00:03:00,000 --> 00:03:02,880 Speaker 1: it they don't agree with each other. Yeah, And just 52 00:03:02,960 --> 00:03:04,560 Speaker 1: I want to do a quick signbar on the word 53 00:03:04,639 --> 00:03:07,800 Speaker 1: pharaoh's uh. I don't use it so much in this 54 00:03:07,800 --> 00:03:10,320 Speaker 1: outline because that's not a word that was actually being used. 55 00:03:10,600 --> 00:03:13,680 Speaker 1: I think it started to be used somewhere around the 56 00:03:13,840 --> 00:03:16,760 Speaker 1: um I want to say, the eighteenth dynasty. Don't quote 57 00:03:16,760 --> 00:03:18,640 Speaker 1: me on that. I'm going from memory. So if you're like, 58 00:03:18,639 --> 00:03:20,960 Speaker 1: why are they saying king all the time and not pharaoh, 59 00:03:21,080 --> 00:03:24,040 Speaker 1: that's kind of why. I just out of respect for 60 00:03:24,080 --> 00:03:28,399 Speaker 1: sort of that historical divide. But it is possible going 61 00:03:28,440 --> 00:03:31,880 Speaker 1: back to Yasser's ascension to the throne, that he took 62 00:03:31,919 --> 00:03:35,080 Speaker 1: the throne after Nebka, and that Nebka was in fact 63 00:03:35,120 --> 00:03:40,080 Speaker 1: his brother. However, uh now because identity and his position 64 00:03:40,160 --> 00:03:45,040 Speaker 1: in the chronology of ancient Egypt also remains sources of debate. However, 65 00:03:45,080 --> 00:03:49,240 Speaker 1: there is also another pharaoh, Snacht, who may have preceded Josser. 66 00:03:50,280 --> 00:03:53,360 Speaker 1: Just the muddle things further, there's also the possibility that 67 00:03:53,360 --> 00:03:57,000 Speaker 1: those two men were the same person. There are historians 68 00:03:57,080 --> 00:03:59,280 Speaker 1: say they were the same person and the historians that 69 00:03:59,320 --> 00:04:02,680 Speaker 1: say they're too different. People supporting the idea that the 70 00:04:02,720 --> 00:04:05,840 Speaker 1: two of them were the same person is a source 71 00:04:05,960 --> 00:04:09,160 Speaker 1: that shows his horace name or his ruler name, which 72 00:04:09,280 --> 00:04:12,320 Speaker 1: was sacked and that was followed by a name which 73 00:04:12,360 --> 00:04:16,240 Speaker 1: is partially obscured but ends the same way as Nepka. 74 00:04:16,800 --> 00:04:22,120 Speaker 1: So to give a little bit more context for that 75 00:04:22,320 --> 00:04:25,000 Speaker 1: and the quick word on names in each in Egypt, uh, 76 00:04:25,200 --> 00:04:28,119 Speaker 1: names were considered to be incredibly important during this time. 77 00:04:28,920 --> 00:04:30,800 Speaker 1: It was routine for a person to have and used 78 00:04:30,880 --> 00:04:34,599 Speaker 1: multiple names as various situations warranted. If you've had any 79 00:04:34,600 --> 00:04:38,960 Speaker 1: Egyptian mythology, uh, Sometimes to know a person's true name 80 00:04:39,040 --> 00:04:41,400 Speaker 1: is to have power over them. So that's one of 81 00:04:41,440 --> 00:04:43,880 Speaker 1: the reasons that names would shift a little bit, uh. 82 00:04:44,040 --> 00:04:47,560 Speaker 1: But Horace names were some of the earliest king names 83 00:04:47,680 --> 00:04:50,279 Speaker 1: and they were always written as part of a surrect, 84 00:04:50,600 --> 00:04:55,240 Speaker 1: which was sort of a formal rectangular framed representation um, 85 00:04:55,279 --> 00:04:57,919 Speaker 1: almost like a seal. And the idea was that this 86 00:04:58,080 --> 00:05:01,520 Speaker 1: naming convention likened the ru learn to Horace, and it 87 00:05:01,600 --> 00:05:04,280 Speaker 1: put him forth as a physical representation of that god, 88 00:05:04,360 --> 00:05:08,960 Speaker 1: and so he kind of had a godlike position that 89 00:05:09,600 --> 00:05:14,279 Speaker 1: entitled him to rule. So today's focus. Yasser, for example, 90 00:05:14,320 --> 00:05:19,760 Speaker 1: had the Horace name of Nigerikit. I've also consulted people 91 00:05:19,800 --> 00:05:24,440 Speaker 1: and heard it pronounced nijerik it. Very subtle but different, uh, 92 00:05:24,680 --> 00:05:27,240 Speaker 1: and that means divine of body. This is why in 93 00:05:27,240 --> 00:05:30,880 Speaker 1: the case of the Nebka and snached situation, they could 94 00:05:30,880 --> 00:05:35,120 Speaker 1: potentially both be naming the same person. So back to 95 00:05:35,160 --> 00:05:38,599 Speaker 1: the timeline. The Turin king list is a papyrus that 96 00:05:38,640 --> 00:05:40,839 Speaker 1: has been dated to the time of Ramsey's the second 97 00:05:41,000 --> 00:05:43,599 Speaker 1: and he reigned from twelve seventy nine to twelve their 98 00:05:43,680 --> 00:05:47,200 Speaker 1: team BC, which is during the Middle Kingdom. This place 99 00:05:47,279 --> 00:05:49,720 Speaker 1: is Navka at the beginning of the Third dynasty, with 100 00:05:49,800 --> 00:05:56,120 Speaker 1: Yaser being his successor, and another piece of evidence that 101 00:05:56,200 --> 00:06:01,280 Speaker 1: supports that lineage is the Abject King list. This is 102 00:06:01,320 --> 00:06:04,120 Speaker 1: also called the Abdios table, and it's carved on the 103 00:06:04,120 --> 00:06:06,279 Speaker 1: walls with the Temple of ct the first and it 104 00:06:06,400 --> 00:06:09,520 Speaker 1: lists seventy six rulers of ancient Egypt. And these three 105 00:06:09,600 --> 00:06:12,480 Speaker 1: rows of thirty eight cartouches each, so the bottom row 106 00:06:12,560 --> 00:06:14,240 Speaker 1: is kind of a repeat row with the top two 107 00:06:14,320 --> 00:06:17,560 Speaker 1: rows featured the names of kings, and it echoes the 108 00:06:17,560 --> 00:06:20,240 Speaker 1: turn king list in that it features Nebka first and 109 00:06:20,240 --> 00:06:23,400 Speaker 1: then Yasser. Also a pharaoh list, and it's from the 110 00:06:23,480 --> 00:06:25,919 Speaker 1: Rama Side period, and that's the period of rule that 111 00:06:25,960 --> 00:06:30,039 Speaker 1: included eleven different kings named Ramsey's in the nineteen and 112 00:06:30,040 --> 00:06:35,440 Speaker 1: twenty dynasties. This table, uh, it's different from the other two. 113 00:06:35,480 --> 00:06:39,640 Speaker 1: It names Yaser as the first pharaoh of the Third dynasty, 114 00:06:39,680 --> 00:06:44,560 Speaker 1: following his possible father Kasa Kumu. And there are other 115 00:06:45,080 --> 00:06:47,920 Speaker 1: various pieces of evidence and examples. These are just three 116 00:06:47,960 --> 00:06:49,880 Speaker 1: so we could kind of give you the flavor of like. 117 00:06:49,960 --> 00:06:54,880 Speaker 1: This doesn't always match up. According to the Turin king list. 118 00:06:54,920 --> 00:06:58,400 Speaker 1: For example, Yasser's reign went on for nineteen years, though 119 00:06:58,480 --> 00:07:00,839 Speaker 1: other sources suggest it may have been longer, and that 120 00:07:01,240 --> 00:07:03,760 Speaker 1: the ways of marking the years are not necessarily the 121 00:07:03,800 --> 00:07:06,760 Speaker 1: same from source to source. Uh. He does appear to 122 00:07:06,800 --> 00:07:09,960 Speaker 1: have extended Egypt's borders south to Oswan, and it's actually 123 00:07:09,960 --> 00:07:12,760 Speaker 1: in Oswan that the first evidence that linked the name 124 00:07:12,840 --> 00:07:17,760 Speaker 1: Yasser to the king's horace name Najarakehet was discovered. An 125 00:07:17,760 --> 00:07:21,240 Speaker 1: inscription that was found in Oswan on the island of Hell, 126 00:07:21,560 --> 00:07:24,680 Speaker 1: claims that the swath of land south of Oswan was 127 00:07:24,760 --> 00:07:28,239 Speaker 1: granted to the priests of the god Canoem of Elephantine 128 00:07:28,360 --> 00:07:32,000 Speaker 1: by the ruler, that ruler being Yasser, and it uses 129 00:07:32,040 --> 00:07:34,600 Speaker 1: Yasser's name in both ways, both his horace name and 130 00:07:34,640 --> 00:07:37,320 Speaker 1: the name Yasser. And it claims that the land grant 131 00:07:37,360 --> 00:07:40,480 Speaker 1: was in exchange for the priest's god ending a seven 132 00:07:40,560 --> 00:07:44,320 Speaker 1: year drought in Egypt. And this carving is a forgery. 133 00:07:44,720 --> 00:07:47,240 Speaker 1: Uh it is legally bunk in terms of property rights. 134 00:07:47,320 --> 00:07:50,520 Speaker 1: This is basically someone claiming that they had authority from 135 00:07:50,560 --> 00:07:53,920 Speaker 1: the king when they did not. However, uh it does 136 00:07:54,080 --> 00:07:59,720 Speaker 1: establish this historical connection between the two monikers. Regardless of 137 00:08:00,000 --> 00:08:03,640 Speaker 1: exactly how things went In terms of the timeline and 138 00:08:03,760 --> 00:08:07,920 Speaker 1: the succession of the kings, the Astor's reign does mark 139 00:08:07,960 --> 00:08:10,400 Speaker 1: the beginning of a period of great peace and economic 140 00:08:10,440 --> 00:08:14,000 Speaker 1: growth for Egypt. The country's resources were organized on a 141 00:08:14,000 --> 00:08:17,760 Speaker 1: really grand scale, allowing for massive projects that employed lots 142 00:08:17,760 --> 00:08:24,040 Speaker 1: of skilled laborers. Architecture became a cultural and governmental focus. 143 00:08:24,080 --> 00:08:27,200 Speaker 1: So it should be no surprise, UH that under you 144 00:08:27,240 --> 00:08:31,320 Speaker 1: Astar's leadership, major advancements were made in the area of 145 00:08:31,360 --> 00:08:34,240 Speaker 1: stone architecture. And this is really why he remains the 146 00:08:34,240 --> 00:08:37,320 Speaker 1: most prominent figure of the Third Dynasty and even the 147 00:08:37,360 --> 00:08:39,400 Speaker 1: Old Kingdom. He's kind of one of the most famous 148 00:08:39,440 --> 00:08:42,880 Speaker 1: of the old Old Kings of Egypt because he is 149 00:08:42,880 --> 00:08:46,800 Speaker 1: credited with the building of Egypt's first pyramid. And before 150 00:08:46,800 --> 00:08:49,360 Speaker 1: we dig into how that project came to be and 151 00:08:49,400 --> 00:08:51,560 Speaker 1: what it is, we're gonna have a quick word from 152 00:08:51,600 --> 00:08:55,800 Speaker 1: a sponsor. So one of the main shifts of the 153 00:08:55,800 --> 00:08:59,120 Speaker 1: Third dynasty from the Second dynasty was this move to 154 00:08:59,320 --> 00:09:02,640 Speaker 1: Memphis as a royal burial spot. This is in part 155 00:09:02,720 --> 00:09:04,880 Speaker 1: due to the fact that this was also the place 156 00:09:04,920 --> 00:09:10,480 Speaker 1: where Egypt's first known pyramid emerged UH prior to the 157 00:09:10,520 --> 00:09:13,400 Speaker 1: reign of Yasser. Though the Sakara site, which sits about 158 00:09:13,440 --> 00:09:16,960 Speaker 1: fifteen miles or twenty four kilometers to the southwest of Cairo, 159 00:09:17,440 --> 00:09:20,240 Speaker 1: and it's part of the Memphis Necropolis was already a 160 00:09:20,240 --> 00:09:24,600 Speaker 1: burial ground. The oldest burials in the Sakara Cemetery sit 161 00:09:24,880 --> 00:09:27,640 Speaker 1: on the north side of the site and they date 162 00:09:27,679 --> 00:09:31,400 Speaker 1: back to the earliest times of Egypt's history, although those 163 00:09:31,400 --> 00:09:34,400 Speaker 1: are not tombs of kings but of other high ranking 164 00:09:34,440 --> 00:09:38,400 Speaker 1: government officials. The earliest tombs are really pits that are 165 00:09:38,679 --> 00:09:41,400 Speaker 1: carved into the hard stone of the bedrock and then 166 00:09:41,440 --> 00:09:47,200 Speaker 1: covered up with other stone, and the intimate design UH 167 00:09:48,000 --> 00:09:52,160 Speaker 1: that became favorable or popular eventually evolved into what are 168 00:09:52,160 --> 00:09:56,760 Speaker 1: called mustabas. These were long, flat buildings with slightly sloped sides. 169 00:09:57,520 --> 00:10:01,280 Speaker 1: Mustabas had burial chambers that were dug der ground beneath them, 170 00:10:01,320 --> 00:10:03,160 Speaker 1: as well as a number of rooms that could be 171 00:10:03,280 --> 00:10:05,559 Speaker 1: entered by the living to pay respects for the dead, 172 00:10:06,200 --> 00:10:09,040 Speaker 1: and the first two dynasties of Egypt buried their kings 173 00:10:09,040 --> 00:10:12,880 Speaker 1: in mastabas. South of the oldest tombs is where the 174 00:10:13,000 --> 00:10:16,200 Speaker 1: Yasser Pyramid was built, and you'll also see it named 175 00:10:16,240 --> 00:10:18,840 Speaker 1: as the step pyramid in some sources. I think that's 176 00:10:18,840 --> 00:10:21,880 Speaker 1: what I remember it being called UH when it came 177 00:10:21,960 --> 00:10:26,760 Speaker 1: up in the sort of the that Egyptian pyramid overview 178 00:10:27,000 --> 00:10:33,000 Speaker 1: of school Initially, his final earthly resting place was planned 179 00:10:33,040 --> 00:10:36,040 Speaker 1: as a mastaba, in line with what earlier leaders have 180 00:10:36,120 --> 00:10:40,920 Speaker 1: been doing, but Yasser's vizier in Potep is credited with 181 00:10:41,000 --> 00:10:43,240 Speaker 1: the shift and design that actually wound up creating the 182 00:10:43,240 --> 00:10:47,880 Speaker 1: first pyramid. So basically, at some point in the process, 183 00:10:48,880 --> 00:10:52,680 Speaker 1: uh Emma Tip and Yasser decided that they should build 184 00:10:52,679 --> 00:10:56,280 Speaker 1: a smaller mastaba on top of the first one, and 185 00:10:56,320 --> 00:10:59,400 Speaker 1: then why not do another and a few more So 186 00:10:59,559 --> 00:11:04,160 Speaker 1: event truly, uh it looked similar to a Mesopotamian zigaratte, 187 00:11:05,240 --> 00:11:08,560 Speaker 1: like the mastabas that were traditional up until Yaser's rule. 188 00:11:08,840 --> 00:11:12,120 Speaker 1: There's a series of underground tunnels and shafts beneath the 189 00:11:12,160 --> 00:11:14,760 Speaker 1: base of the pyramid, and trying to sus out their 190 00:11:14,800 --> 00:11:18,200 Speaker 1: initial design had a number of challenges because, as is 191 00:11:18,240 --> 00:11:20,360 Speaker 1: so often the case, looters at some point had dug 192 00:11:20,400 --> 00:11:23,960 Speaker 1: their own tunnels to get to them, and a huge 193 00:11:23,960 --> 00:11:27,240 Speaker 1: shift in construction techniques also took place in the building 194 00:11:27,440 --> 00:11:31,640 Speaker 1: of Yaser's tomb. So this project marks the introduction of 195 00:11:31,800 --> 00:11:35,160 Speaker 1: true stone architecture into their record, and im Hotep is 196 00:11:35,520 --> 00:11:39,280 Speaker 1: basically credited as its inventor. So prior to this point, 197 00:11:39,320 --> 00:11:42,640 Speaker 1: most mastabas were made with a combination of primarily mud 198 00:11:42,679 --> 00:11:46,840 Speaker 1: bricks and some stone. Uh, combining the durability of an 199 00:11:46,920 --> 00:11:50,800 Speaker 1: all stone construction with the pre existing aesthetic taste. I 200 00:11:50,960 --> 00:11:53,480 Speaker 1: sort of love this. Uh. It's like they didn't want 201 00:11:53,480 --> 00:11:56,400 Speaker 1: to jar people's perception of it too much by making 202 00:11:56,440 --> 00:11:59,560 Speaker 1: it look completely different, even though they were using different materials. 203 00:11:59,600 --> 00:12:04,160 Speaker 1: So the rock was actually carved pretty artfully to look 204 00:12:04,200 --> 00:12:07,360 Speaker 1: like materials that were commonly used prior to that time, 205 00:12:07,440 --> 00:12:10,080 Speaker 1: So it had a softer look where they would carve 206 00:12:10,200 --> 00:12:14,760 Speaker 1: reed and wood grain and softer material tones into it, 207 00:12:14,880 --> 00:12:18,520 Speaker 1: so it would still have that same aesthetic transition. So 208 00:12:18,960 --> 00:12:21,760 Speaker 1: while we tend to think of pyramids as like singular 209 00:12:21,880 --> 00:12:26,920 Speaker 1: entities that are self contained within themselves, they're really more 210 00:12:26,960 --> 00:12:30,600 Speaker 1: a part of a greater grouping of buildings, their temples 211 00:12:30,600 --> 00:12:33,360 Speaker 1: and similar other structures that are part of them also, 212 00:12:33,559 --> 00:12:38,160 Speaker 1: and Yasir's step pyramid was what set this trend. Yeah. 213 00:12:38,200 --> 00:12:42,599 Speaker 1: By the time Yasser died in about b c E. 214 00:12:43,400 --> 00:12:46,280 Speaker 1: The pyramid that im Hotep had been building for him 215 00:12:46,320 --> 00:12:48,880 Speaker 1: was two d and four ft high, which about sixty 216 00:12:48,880 --> 00:12:53,720 Speaker 1: two It had six step layers stacked atop one another, 217 00:12:54,320 --> 00:12:57,240 Speaker 1: and this complex to give a sense of what Tracy 218 00:12:57,280 --> 00:12:59,240 Speaker 1: was talking about when saying this is not a singular 219 00:12:59,240 --> 00:13:02,840 Speaker 1: building had swelled to the size of a large town. 220 00:13:03,200 --> 00:13:06,520 Speaker 1: It took up about forty acres. If you do hecktears, 221 00:13:06,559 --> 00:13:10,760 Speaker 1: that's about sixteen and it included multiple supporting buildings to 222 00:13:10,880 --> 00:13:16,040 Speaker 1: serve as temples in other places of worship. A thirty 223 00:13:16,040 --> 00:13:20,240 Speaker 1: foot high, so a ten meter wall surrounds this vast complex. 224 00:13:20,600 --> 00:13:22,960 Speaker 1: And this wall actually is fascinating, and that it has 225 00:13:23,040 --> 00:13:25,680 Speaker 1: fourteen doors, but only one of them is a real door. 226 00:13:26,320 --> 00:13:31,839 Speaker 1: The others are presumably aesthetic. The chamber where the ruler 227 00:13:31,960 --> 00:13:35,079 Speaker 1: was buried was made of pink granite and abutted by 228 00:13:35,160 --> 00:13:41,840 Speaker 1: beautifully tiled rooms depicting the king in various rituals and ceremonies. Yeah, 229 00:13:41,880 --> 00:13:44,360 Speaker 1: and one of them he is apparently running a race. 230 00:13:44,480 --> 00:13:47,000 Speaker 1: And I don't know why I love that, but I do. 231 00:13:47,880 --> 00:13:52,560 Speaker 1: I think I know why. Yes, uh. And of course, 232 00:13:53,200 --> 00:13:56,880 Speaker 1: as Tracey mentioned earlier, Yasir's burial complex, like so many 233 00:13:56,880 --> 00:14:00,480 Speaker 1: in Egypt, was eventually looted at some point. The only 234 00:14:00,520 --> 00:14:02,800 Speaker 1: remaining evidence that we believed to be of the ruler 235 00:14:02,880 --> 00:14:06,560 Speaker 1: himself is his left foot, which was found in a tunnel. 236 00:14:07,000 --> 00:14:10,240 Speaker 1: It's mummified of course, and also found in the underground 237 00:14:10,240 --> 00:14:13,640 Speaker 1: passages UH was the body of a small child, a 238 00:14:13,679 --> 00:14:16,280 Speaker 1: mummified child estimated to be about eight years old, and 239 00:14:16,360 --> 00:14:19,200 Speaker 1: that was in an alabaster coffin uh. There were also 240 00:14:19,320 --> 00:14:22,480 Speaker 1: numerous stone bases, some with names of previous rulers etched 241 00:14:22,480 --> 00:14:27,760 Speaker 1: into them. There's also a life sized statue of the 242 00:14:27,840 --> 00:14:30,600 Speaker 1: ruler that was recovered in the complex during a British 243 00:14:30,600 --> 00:14:33,720 Speaker 1: exploration of the site and the early half of the 244 00:14:33,760 --> 00:14:37,640 Speaker 1: twentieth century. That statue, which was found in a limestone 245 00:14:37,720 --> 00:14:40,960 Speaker 1: cellar near the pyramid, is in the Egyptian Museum in 246 00:14:41,000 --> 00:14:44,440 Speaker 1: Cairo now and it's the oldest known life size sculpture 247 00:14:44,680 --> 00:14:48,760 Speaker 1: from the Egyptian culture. It's believed that this sculpture may 248 00:14:48,760 --> 00:14:52,400 Speaker 1: have been used in he Said festivals, so offerings can 249 00:14:52,440 --> 00:14:55,280 Speaker 1: be made to it. So the king's jubilee, which is 250 00:14:55,320 --> 00:14:58,160 Speaker 1: what the heb said was also called, celebrated his reign 251 00:14:58,520 --> 00:15:01,840 Speaker 1: when he was alive. This also offered him the opportunity 252 00:15:01,880 --> 00:15:04,640 Speaker 1: to reaffirm his ability to rule, sort of, that he 253 00:15:04,720 --> 00:15:08,280 Speaker 1: was still this uh fit and vigorous person that could 254 00:15:08,280 --> 00:15:14,040 Speaker 1: absolutely handle the job. And then after death, these this 255 00:15:14,240 --> 00:15:18,160 Speaker 1: statue presumably was still made offerings, and the idea at 256 00:15:18,200 --> 00:15:20,520 Speaker 1: that point was that the spirit of the king would 257 00:15:20,560 --> 00:15:23,200 Speaker 1: partake of the offerings in you know, a spiritual other 258 00:15:23,240 --> 00:15:25,720 Speaker 1: worldly sense, and then at the end of the day, 259 00:15:25,760 --> 00:15:29,800 Speaker 1: the attending priests to the king, to the deceased king, 260 00:15:29,880 --> 00:15:34,240 Speaker 1: would enjoy these offerings in the physical sense. The south 261 00:15:34,360 --> 00:15:36,920 Speaker 1: tomb of the complex, which is separate from the pyramid, 262 00:15:37,040 --> 00:15:41,000 Speaker 1: is where the king's removed pero restored. His mummy was 263 00:15:41,080 --> 00:15:44,120 Speaker 1: placed into the pyramid to the north, and one theory 264 00:15:44,120 --> 00:15:47,200 Speaker 1: about this dual placement, which was being laid to rest 265 00:15:47,280 --> 00:15:50,920 Speaker 1: in a southern and a northern tomb, was symbolic and 266 00:15:50,920 --> 00:15:53,840 Speaker 1: that it was representative of the lands of Upper and 267 00:15:53,920 --> 00:15:57,200 Speaker 1: Lower Egypt. M Hotep, who as we said, was the 268 00:15:57,240 --> 00:16:00,840 Speaker 1: grand architect of the tomb, had started it was a commoner, 269 00:16:00,880 --> 00:16:03,480 Speaker 1: but then had obviously risen to a very trusted position 270 00:16:04,240 --> 00:16:08,200 Speaker 1: within the government and with Yasser himself. But architecture was 271 00:16:08,240 --> 00:16:11,240 Speaker 1: not his only talent. He was also an astronomer. He 272 00:16:11,280 --> 00:16:14,880 Speaker 1: was ascribed he was a doctor. Long after his death 273 00:16:14,880 --> 00:16:17,240 Speaker 1: he was named the patron of scribes, and then even 274 00:16:17,320 --> 00:16:20,720 Speaker 1: later in Egypt's late period, he was deified as a 275 00:16:20,720 --> 00:16:23,480 Speaker 1: god at Memphis and a priesthood grew in service of 276 00:16:23,560 --> 00:16:26,080 Speaker 1: him there, focusing on the belief that he served as 277 00:16:26,120 --> 00:16:29,720 Speaker 1: a bridge between the gods and the healing of humans. 278 00:16:30,680 --> 00:16:33,800 Speaker 1: And we actually there's a kind of interesting side note 279 00:16:34,360 --> 00:16:37,440 Speaker 1: in that we are not sure of im Hotep's final 280 00:16:37,520 --> 00:16:40,560 Speaker 1: resting place. His mummy has never been located. It is 281 00:16:40,600 --> 00:16:46,400 Speaker 1: believed that he is somewhere in uh Sakara in most 282 00:16:46,440 --> 00:16:52,160 Speaker 1: likely Yasser's pyramid complex UH and there have been various excavations, 283 00:16:52,200 --> 00:16:55,240 Speaker 1: some of which think that they might have found where 284 00:16:55,280 --> 00:16:59,040 Speaker 1: im Hotep was laid to rest in. Others are not 285 00:16:59,120 --> 00:17:00,800 Speaker 1: sure that we found it yet. But that's sort of 286 00:17:00,800 --> 00:17:03,240 Speaker 1: an ongoing thing. We'll talk about it a little more 287 00:17:03,240 --> 00:17:05,600 Speaker 1: in the next section about sort of the precarious nature 288 00:17:05,720 --> 00:17:10,199 Speaker 1: of you know, ancient sites like this and how losing 289 00:17:10,240 --> 00:17:12,600 Speaker 1: them we're going to lose the potential to discover some 290 00:17:12,680 --> 00:17:15,000 Speaker 1: of these the answers to some of these questions that 291 00:17:15,080 --> 00:17:18,680 Speaker 1: we have. So MP's final resting place still the jury 292 00:17:18,720 --> 00:17:21,600 Speaker 1: is still out, and that's still being investigated with various 293 00:17:21,680 --> 00:17:26,720 Speaker 1: leads UH in various stages of development. Right what we 294 00:17:26,800 --> 00:17:29,520 Speaker 1: do know is that for two thousand years after the 295 00:17:29,520 --> 00:17:33,600 Speaker 1: death of Yassir m Hoteps design styles would be emulated, copied, 296 00:17:33,640 --> 00:17:37,159 Speaker 1: and revised. They just appear all over the tombs for 297 00:17:37,280 --> 00:17:42,160 Speaker 1: Egypt's royalty. Yeah, eventually it evolved into that smooth look 298 00:17:42,240 --> 00:17:45,600 Speaker 1: that we see on like the pyramids at Giza. Uh. 299 00:17:45,640 --> 00:17:48,920 Speaker 1: But he really set the standard and started that whole 300 00:17:49,040 --> 00:17:52,080 Speaker 1: architectural upheaval. And we're going to talk about kind of 301 00:17:52,119 --> 00:17:55,000 Speaker 1: what's going on in the modern day and some restoration 302 00:17:55,040 --> 00:17:58,440 Speaker 1: efforts around this step pyramid. But before we do, let's 303 00:17:58,440 --> 00:18:01,000 Speaker 1: have a word from a sponsor to return to the 304 00:18:01,040 --> 00:18:04,880 Speaker 1: world of pyramids. Because the water table has risen, there's 305 00:18:04,960 --> 00:18:08,199 Speaker 1: wind that just routinely sweeps through the Egyptian desert, and 306 00:18:08,280 --> 00:18:10,920 Speaker 1: there was also an earthquake that measured five point nine 307 00:18:10,920 --> 00:18:14,680 Speaker 1: on the Richter scale. In along with you know, the 308 00:18:14,760 --> 00:18:18,440 Speaker 1: ordinary passage of time, the Alser Pyramids started to show 309 00:18:18,480 --> 00:18:21,920 Speaker 1: really serious where and the Egyptian government started to explore 310 00:18:21,960 --> 00:18:26,240 Speaker 1: ways to help preserve the important historical treasure. The pyramid 311 00:18:26,280 --> 00:18:29,000 Speaker 1: has been closed to the public and historical experts for 312 00:18:29,040 --> 00:18:34,280 Speaker 1: decades because it's so delicate and dangerous. At this point, Yeah, 313 00:18:34,320 --> 00:18:39,879 Speaker 1: there are definitely some things falling. Uh. However, since that 314 00:18:41,440 --> 00:18:45,240 Speaker 1: earthquakes sort of put in painful focus the fact that 315 00:18:45,400 --> 00:18:47,920 Speaker 1: something needed to be done if they were gonna really 316 00:18:47,960 --> 00:18:51,679 Speaker 1: preserve this historic site. And there have been multiple restoration 317 00:18:51,760 --> 00:18:55,640 Speaker 1: efforts mounted to save the Ausser Pyramid, but this project 318 00:18:55,720 --> 00:19:00,560 Speaker 1: has constantly been plagued by issues um The a In structure, 319 00:19:00,600 --> 00:19:02,640 Speaker 1: as we said, has been in a really precarious state 320 00:19:02,680 --> 00:19:05,679 Speaker 1: for decades uh and multiple teams have been trying to 321 00:19:05,760 --> 00:19:08,840 Speaker 1: figure out ways that they can preserve it, and occasionally 322 00:19:08,880 --> 00:19:12,200 Speaker 1: engineering teams have been given access to gather information about 323 00:19:12,200 --> 00:19:14,080 Speaker 1: the status of the structure, but for the most part 324 00:19:14,440 --> 00:19:16,439 Speaker 1: there is still a lot of guessing. Every team that 325 00:19:16,480 --> 00:19:18,479 Speaker 1: has gone in has sort of found surprises that they 326 00:19:18,480 --> 00:19:24,159 Speaker 1: did not anticipate. In twenty eleven, a UNESCO report stated 327 00:19:24,200 --> 00:19:27,280 Speaker 1: that the updates to the structure didn't quote absorb any 328 00:19:27,400 --> 00:19:31,880 Speaker 1: load and that they weren't actually helping with the structural stability. 329 00:19:32,080 --> 00:19:35,640 Speaker 1: And at one point a Welsh engineering firm called Sintech 330 00:19:35,760 --> 00:19:39,000 Speaker 1: was called in and they specialize in anchor systems for 331 00:19:39,080 --> 00:19:43,920 Speaker 1: restoration and reinforcement of historical buildings. For example, they worked 332 00:19:43,920 --> 00:19:47,240 Speaker 1: on the restoration of Windsor Castle after a fire damage 333 00:19:47,280 --> 00:19:51,159 Speaker 1: the structure and some of the art there. During the 334 00:19:51,280 --> 00:19:54,439 Speaker 1: unrest in Egypt starting in twenty eleven, the project was 335 00:19:54,520 --> 00:19:57,879 Speaker 1: also plagued by looting and financial issues and all of 336 00:19:57,920 --> 00:20:03,080 Speaker 1: the work was briefly suspended. Once in Tech got back 337 00:20:03,080 --> 00:20:05,960 Speaker 1: to work, they launched this plan to buttress the structure 338 00:20:06,000 --> 00:20:09,440 Speaker 1: by using a massive balloon to support it from within, 339 00:20:09,680 --> 00:20:11,840 Speaker 1: because it was really quite dangerous for men to be 340 00:20:11,920 --> 00:20:14,840 Speaker 1: in there. Uh. And then they were able to implant 341 00:20:14,880 --> 00:20:17,119 Speaker 1: some anchors to give the step pyramid a little bit 342 00:20:17,119 --> 00:20:20,720 Speaker 1: of support that it hadn't had previously. A company called 343 00:20:20,760 --> 00:20:24,200 Speaker 1: Sharbondi is the most recent group contracted to manage the 344 00:20:24,280 --> 00:20:28,040 Speaker 1: reconstruction of the pyramid, and the competency of the company 345 00:20:28,080 --> 00:20:32,560 Speaker 1: has unfortunately been called into question. An advocacy group claims 346 00:20:32,640 --> 00:20:37,359 Speaker 1: that that they've never restored a historical and archaeological site 347 00:20:37,359 --> 00:20:39,600 Speaker 1: and thus it's just not the right group for the job. 348 00:20:40,240 --> 00:20:43,720 Speaker 1: They've also been claims the company was already other under 349 00:20:43,760 --> 00:20:48,159 Speaker 1: investigation for other jobs that weren't properly handled, and I 350 00:20:48,720 --> 00:20:52,359 Speaker 1: feel compelled to say we don't know the veracity of 351 00:20:52,359 --> 00:20:55,560 Speaker 1: those claims. There have been a lot of a lot 352 00:20:55,600 --> 00:20:59,359 Speaker 1: of accusations leveled and that is still being investigated. Uh. 353 00:20:59,400 --> 00:21:05,160 Speaker 1: And in more, concerns about Sharbagi were raised the work 354 00:21:05,200 --> 00:21:07,800 Speaker 1: being done on the Pyramids facade, which you can see 355 00:21:08,040 --> 00:21:10,919 Speaker 1: there are pictures of it, and will post some of 356 00:21:10,960 --> 00:21:15,240 Speaker 1: them on Pinterest. UH look too many people, to be 357 00:21:15,600 --> 00:21:18,080 Speaker 1: far too modern and really quite out of step with 358 00:21:18,119 --> 00:21:21,000 Speaker 1: the rest of the historic site. The texture and the 359 00:21:21,080 --> 00:21:23,399 Speaker 1: color of the new materials do not really match the 360 00:21:23,440 --> 00:21:26,800 Speaker 1: rest of the pyramid. The new sections are much smoother 361 00:21:26,880 --> 00:21:30,480 Speaker 1: and much lighter in color than the surrounding facade. And 362 00:21:30,560 --> 00:21:37,320 Speaker 1: there's concern that UH one, this is uh adding more 363 00:21:37,720 --> 00:21:41,320 Speaker 1: to the structure than is normally allowed in the sort 364 00:21:41,359 --> 00:21:45,440 Speaker 1: of restoration guidelines. I think it's something like five new 365 00:21:45,480 --> 00:21:47,479 Speaker 1: material can be added, and this seems like much more 366 00:21:47,520 --> 00:21:51,040 Speaker 1: than that. And there's also concern that adding the things 367 00:21:51,040 --> 00:21:53,719 Speaker 1: that they are adding are actually doing some interior damage 368 00:21:53,760 --> 00:21:55,920 Speaker 1: to the structure and once again putting too much load 369 00:21:55,960 --> 00:22:01,200 Speaker 1: on it. In September, the UNESCO World Herited Censer contacted 370 00:22:01,280 --> 00:22:05,959 Speaker 1: Egypt's Ministry of Antiquities. Concerns about the restoration led them 371 00:22:06,000 --> 00:22:09,760 Speaker 1: to ask if recommendations that UNESCO issued in twleven had 372 00:22:09,800 --> 00:22:13,800 Speaker 1: been followed, and UNESCO also requested a detailed report of 373 00:22:13,800 --> 00:22:17,440 Speaker 1: the project's status. Mahmoud Al the Mahdi, who is Egypt's 374 00:22:17,480 --> 00:22:21,919 Speaker 1: Antiquities Minister and has been since June. Has defended the 375 00:22:21,920 --> 00:22:26,600 Speaker 1: work of this group. Michael Gobriel Farid I maybe just 376 00:22:26,720 --> 00:22:29,800 Speaker 1: pronouncing that, who is executive director of the project, has 377 00:22:29,880 --> 00:22:32,720 Speaker 1: told the press that in fact the pyramid is being 378 00:22:32,720 --> 00:22:35,280 Speaker 1: restored to its original look and that things are progressing 379 00:22:35,320 --> 00:22:39,439 Speaker 1: exactly as they should. There haven't been a lot of 380 00:22:39,600 --> 00:22:43,160 Speaker 1: updates in the last several months. Uh, at the fall 381 00:22:43,200 --> 00:22:45,919 Speaker 1: of was not that long ago compared to when we 382 00:22:45,960 --> 00:22:48,960 Speaker 1: are recording this, so we don't at this point. No, 383 00:22:49,160 --> 00:22:52,159 Speaker 1: the fate of what the world's oldest pyramid is going 384 00:22:52,200 --> 00:22:56,880 Speaker 1: to be. Yeah, it's actually uh the oldest standing stone building. 385 00:22:57,000 --> 00:22:59,879 Speaker 1: According to some accounts, it's the oldest that we know of, 386 00:23:00,000 --> 00:23:02,200 Speaker 1: and we we don't know. So I imagine this is 387 00:23:02,240 --> 00:23:03,600 Speaker 1: one of those things where we're going to get lots 388 00:23:03,640 --> 00:23:06,040 Speaker 1: of updates in the coming years, which will be interesting 389 00:23:06,119 --> 00:23:09,600 Speaker 1: and hopefully it will be good news because if we 390 00:23:09,640 --> 00:23:12,720 Speaker 1: lose this sighte we lose some history that we're still 391 00:23:12,760 --> 00:23:16,560 Speaker 1: trying to uncover and understand. Uh. So that's the scoop 392 00:23:17,240 --> 00:23:21,600 Speaker 1: on the first Pyramid and King Yassir, who you may 393 00:23:21,640 --> 00:23:24,760 Speaker 1: have heard about to some degree at some point in school. 394 00:23:25,280 --> 00:23:27,520 Speaker 1: I don't think I ever got much on him because 395 00:23:27,600 --> 00:23:29,720 Speaker 1: he was new to me when I reached adulthood, so 396 00:23:30,840 --> 00:23:34,080 Speaker 1: there's always something new. Or I had friends that said, oh, 397 00:23:34,200 --> 00:23:35,840 Speaker 1: I kind of heard his name in relation in the 398 00:23:35,840 --> 00:23:40,080 Speaker 1: first pyramid and that was about it. So hopefully more 399 00:23:40,119 --> 00:23:42,479 Speaker 1: in depth info than you had before. And now I 400 00:23:42,520 --> 00:23:46,200 Speaker 1: also have some listener mail. This one is from our 401 00:23:46,200 --> 00:23:50,280 Speaker 1: listener Caroline, and she wrote us a really fun letter 402 00:23:50,400 --> 00:23:52,879 Speaker 1: about Hetty Green, and she says, Dear Holly and Tracy, 403 00:23:53,040 --> 00:23:54,919 Speaker 1: part of my job as an attorney is to conduct 404 00:23:55,040 --> 00:23:58,000 Speaker 1: legal research on a wide range of topics. Imagine my 405 00:23:58,040 --> 00:24:01,840 Speaker 1: surprise when researching the issue of domicile the state and 406 00:24:01,920 --> 00:24:05,639 Speaker 1: individual resides in for purposes of establishing diversity of citizenship 407 00:24:05,720 --> 00:24:08,720 Speaker 1: under federal law, when I came across a case involving 408 00:24:08,760 --> 00:24:11,400 Speaker 1: former podcast topic Hetty Green in the case of State 409 00:24:11,480 --> 00:24:16,680 Speaker 1: of Texas versus State of Florida three oh six US nine. 410 00:24:17,600 --> 00:24:21,960 Speaker 1: After Hetty's son, Edward HR. Green died, the states of Texas, Florida, 411 00:24:22,040 --> 00:24:26,040 Speaker 1: New York, and the Commonwealth of Massachusetts fought among themselves 412 00:24:26,080 --> 00:24:28,440 Speaker 1: over which state Ned was domiciled in at the time 413 00:24:28,440 --> 00:24:31,200 Speaker 1: of his death. Although he died in New York. Neda 414 00:24:31,240 --> 00:24:35,120 Speaker 1: owned property and had tangible personal property in Texas, New York, Florida, 415 00:24:35,160 --> 00:24:38,760 Speaker 1: and Massachusetts when he died. The reason for this massive 416 00:24:38,840 --> 00:24:41,280 Speaker 1: legal battle was that each state had a rival claim 417 00:24:41,359 --> 00:24:44,800 Speaker 1: for the death taxes upon his estate of approximately forty 418 00:24:44,800 --> 00:24:48,040 Speaker 1: four million, three forty eight thousand, five hundred dollars, which 419 00:24:48,040 --> 00:24:51,000 Speaker 1: he had inherited from his mother. The case was heard 420 00:24:51,000 --> 00:24:53,200 Speaker 1: by the U. S. Supreme Court in nineteen thirty nine, 421 00:24:53,280 --> 00:24:55,960 Speaker 1: which found ned was domiciled in Massachusetts at the time 422 00:24:55,960 --> 00:24:58,600 Speaker 1: of his death. Had each of the four states been 423 00:24:58,640 --> 00:25:02,080 Speaker 1: able to claim of state taxes, is the entire forty 424 00:25:02,080 --> 00:25:04,360 Speaker 1: four million plus would not have been sufficient to cover 425 00:25:04,400 --> 00:25:07,160 Speaker 1: the tax bill. Hetty would like to have taken any 426 00:25:07,200 --> 00:25:09,639 Speaker 1: steps to avoid paying taxes while she was alive, but 427 00:25:09,720 --> 00:25:13,600 Speaker 1: having the entire estate taken in this way, Hetty's probably 428 00:25:13,680 --> 00:25:16,280 Speaker 1: rolling over in her grave. Knowing background of this case 429 00:25:16,320 --> 00:25:19,440 Speaker 1: made the morning research and case law analysis much more enjoyable. 430 00:25:19,840 --> 00:25:21,879 Speaker 1: That is so cool. I never would have stumbled across 431 00:25:22,320 --> 00:25:25,919 Speaker 1: those levels of detail and probably would have struggled to 432 00:25:25,960 --> 00:25:28,679 Speaker 1: comprehend because I will confess that when I read legal things, 433 00:25:29,119 --> 00:25:31,800 Speaker 1: I get a little glassy eyed. So thanks for breaking 434 00:25:31,800 --> 00:25:34,439 Speaker 1: that down for us, Caroline and kind of explaining it 435 00:25:34,520 --> 00:25:36,920 Speaker 1: and also just bringing it to our attention. So if 436 00:25:36,960 --> 00:25:39,760 Speaker 1: you would like to write to us about legal things 437 00:25:39,840 --> 00:25:42,800 Speaker 1: or otherwise, you can do so at History Podcast at 438 00:25:42,800 --> 00:25:45,280 Speaker 1: housetof works dot com. You can also connect with us 439 00:25:45,280 --> 00:25:48,119 Speaker 1: at Facebook dot com, slash mist in history, on Twitter 440 00:25:48,240 --> 00:25:51,480 Speaker 1: at Miston History at Miston History dot tumbler dot com, 441 00:25:52,000 --> 00:25:54,560 Speaker 1: on pinterest dot com slash missed in history. And if 442 00:25:54,640 --> 00:25:58,640 Speaker 1: you want to visit our spreadshirt store to buy shirts 443 00:25:58,800 --> 00:26:01,919 Speaker 1: or bags, or phone cases or any number of other goodies, 444 00:26:01,960 --> 00:26:04,280 Speaker 1: you can do so at missed in History dot spreadshirt 445 00:26:04,359 --> 00:26:07,160 Speaker 1: dot com. If you would like to research a little 446 00:26:07,160 --> 00:26:08,919 Speaker 1: bit more about what we talked about today, you can 447 00:26:08,960 --> 00:26:11,480 Speaker 1: go to our parents site, how stuff works. Take the 448 00:26:11,520 --> 00:26:14,480 Speaker 1: word pyramid into the search bar and you will get 449 00:26:14,600 --> 00:26:18,520 Speaker 1: how pyramids work. Uh, it does mention this pyramid. Uh 450 00:26:18,880 --> 00:26:21,919 Speaker 1: search pyramid for a bit. And if you would like 451 00:26:21,960 --> 00:26:23,639 Speaker 1: to visit us, you can do so at missed in 452 00:26:23,760 --> 00:26:26,160 Speaker 1: history dot com. And we've got show notes there, We've 453 00:26:26,160 --> 00:26:28,960 Speaker 1: got an archive of all of our episodes. UH a 454 00:26:29,000 --> 00:26:32,320 Speaker 1: few other little goodies here and there, And if you 455 00:26:32,320 --> 00:26:34,840 Speaker 1: would like to research almost anything your heart desires, you 456 00:26:34,880 --> 00:26:37,080 Speaker 1: can do that again at our parents site, how stuff Works, 457 00:26:37,160 --> 00:26:44,600 Speaker 1: or visit us and Mr history dot com for more 458 00:26:44,640 --> 00:26:47,240 Speaker 1: on this and thousands of other topics. It how stuff 459 00:26:47,280 --> 00:27:00,240 Speaker 1: works dot com.