1 00:00:00,960 --> 00:00:03,840 Speaker 1: Hey there everyone, it's me Josh, and for this week's 2 00:00:04,040 --> 00:00:07,520 Speaker 1: s Y s K Selects, I've chosen How the Enlightenment Works. 3 00:00:08,080 --> 00:00:10,400 Speaker 1: And the reason we named it works rather than worked, 4 00:00:10,440 --> 00:00:13,800 Speaker 1: just because we realized during this episode that this battle 5 00:00:13,880 --> 00:00:18,400 Speaker 1: between rationalism and superstition is still going on today. The 6 00:00:18,520 --> 00:00:21,520 Speaker 1: Enlightenment is still going on today. And I've chosen it 7 00:00:21,560 --> 00:00:24,280 Speaker 1: this week because I feel like it explains a lot 8 00:00:24,720 --> 00:00:28,280 Speaker 1: a lot of the division in the world today, not 9 00:00:28,440 --> 00:00:30,160 Speaker 1: just in the United States, not just in the West, 10 00:00:30,160 --> 00:00:33,560 Speaker 1: but all over the world where there's a dividing line 11 00:00:33,560 --> 00:00:36,839 Speaker 1: that is separating people. That this gulf, this wedge is 12 00:00:36,880 --> 00:00:39,839 Speaker 1: getting deeper and deeper, and I think that this is 13 00:00:39,880 --> 00:00:42,960 Speaker 1: the basis of the whole thing. See if you agree, 14 00:00:43,400 --> 00:00:46,800 Speaker 1: If not, it's fine. It's still an interesting episode either way. 15 00:00:46,880 --> 00:00:52,040 Speaker 1: I hope you enjoy. Welcome to Stuff You Should Know, 16 00:00:52,240 --> 00:01:00,760 Speaker 1: a production of My Heart Radios How Stuff Works. Hey, 17 00:01:00,800 --> 00:01:03,720 Speaker 1: and welcome to the podcast. I'm Josh Clark. There's Charles 18 00:01:03,840 --> 00:01:08,319 Speaker 1: w Chuck Bryant and Jerry are So this is Stuff 19 00:01:08,319 --> 00:01:12,520 Speaker 1: you should Know. The Enlightened Ones exactly, the three of us, 20 00:01:13,959 --> 00:01:19,039 Speaker 1: no one else, No, we're the Enlightened Ones. I am 21 00:01:19,080 --> 00:01:20,920 Speaker 1: gonna go ahead and preface this what what I just 22 00:01:20,959 --> 00:01:24,280 Speaker 1: said off the air. This is a very tough subject 23 00:01:24,280 --> 00:01:27,440 Speaker 1: to distill in a thirty to forty five minute podcast 24 00:01:27,600 --> 00:01:31,320 Speaker 1: because volumes of books can be written on the Age 25 00:01:31,319 --> 00:01:33,679 Speaker 1: of Enlightenment and have been and have been. So this 26 00:01:33,680 --> 00:01:36,800 Speaker 1: is this is stuff. There's gonna be a very bird's 27 00:01:36,840 --> 00:01:40,080 Speaker 1: eye view. Yeah, there's a dude named Jonathan Israel who 28 00:01:40,160 --> 00:01:43,840 Speaker 1: just came out with I think this third volume of 29 00:01:44,000 --> 00:01:48,240 Speaker 1: a three volume set on the Enlightenment, and he wrote 30 00:01:48,280 --> 00:01:52,680 Speaker 1: literally several thousand pages of it and it's considered an 31 00:01:52,680 --> 00:01:56,440 Speaker 1: obscure text. Yeah, he probably doesn't even think that he 32 00:01:56,520 --> 00:01:59,760 Speaker 1: covered it in full. No, Betty doesn't. Although he's for 33 00:02:00,040 --> 00:02:03,600 Speaker 1: flame coming right. I think he does have another one coming, 34 00:02:03,640 --> 00:02:07,680 Speaker 1: So maybe it was a second but um he uh 35 00:02:07,720 --> 00:02:11,480 Speaker 1: that that The idea that um, he doesn't think that 36 00:02:11,520 --> 00:02:14,280 Speaker 1: it's done, that it's not finished is actually a pretty 37 00:02:14,400 --> 00:02:18,320 Speaker 1: standard view of the Enlightenment. Like during research for this, 38 00:02:18,800 --> 00:02:24,679 Speaker 1: I realized that there are tons of intellectual arguments going 39 00:02:24,720 --> 00:02:28,239 Speaker 1: on right now, like the Bill Maher thing. Bill Maher 40 00:02:28,320 --> 00:02:31,600 Speaker 1: and Islam. He's been accused of being like a just 41 00:02:31,639 --> 00:02:37,400 Speaker 1: a complete racist, xenophobic dude. Um because of his recent 42 00:02:38,000 --> 00:02:42,680 Speaker 1: statements on Islam. Did you see him and Ben Ben uh? 43 00:02:43,320 --> 00:02:46,720 Speaker 1: Did you see them get into it? Okay, that argument 44 00:02:47,320 --> 00:02:51,239 Speaker 1: is an Enlightenment argument. Yeah, it's like it provided the 45 00:02:51,320 --> 00:02:55,720 Speaker 1: Enlightenment was so massive that the ripple effects are still 46 00:02:55,800 --> 00:02:59,119 Speaker 1: being felt on a daily basis because it was such 47 00:02:59,160 --> 00:03:02,960 Speaker 1: an enormous change in the way humans think that we're 48 00:03:03,000 --> 00:03:06,359 Speaker 1: still trying to sit there and analyze what the heck happened, 49 00:03:07,040 --> 00:03:10,880 Speaker 1: And that is one manifestation of it. Yeah, is is 50 00:03:11,200 --> 00:03:13,840 Speaker 1: like what Bill Maher is saying is, well, you know, 51 00:03:13,960 --> 00:03:16,919 Speaker 1: Islam is a religion or whatever, and therefore it's um 52 00:03:17,200 --> 00:03:20,959 Speaker 1: an athetical to progress and culture and like real thought 53 00:03:21,000 --> 00:03:25,680 Speaker 1: and rationalism. And Ben Ben yeah, Ben Affleck is saying, like, 54 00:03:26,560 --> 00:03:29,440 Speaker 1: you can't say that about a culture, Like each culture 55 00:03:29,480 --> 00:03:31,160 Speaker 1: is its own thing. So what we're seeing there is 56 00:03:31,400 --> 00:03:36,000 Speaker 1: the idea of moral absolutism arguing with moral relativism, and 57 00:03:36,040 --> 00:03:42,640 Speaker 1: that is like textbook Enlightenment argument. Pretty interesting. Sure. Like 58 00:03:42,720 --> 00:03:46,200 Speaker 1: researching this article seriously, I tied together probably ten different 59 00:03:46,240 --> 00:03:49,400 Speaker 1: things that I didn't realize We're connected. Yeah, I love 60 00:03:49,440 --> 00:03:51,360 Speaker 1: it when stuff like that happened. It was the start 61 00:03:51,520 --> 00:03:56,000 Speaker 1: of and you know, the age of Enlightenment. Quote unquote 62 00:03:56,680 --> 00:03:59,600 Speaker 1: started and ended, but it was the birth of just 63 00:03:59,640 --> 00:04:07,000 Speaker 1: a new kind of thought, a new value system, UH, philosophical, scientific, cultural, intellectual, 64 00:04:07,720 --> 00:04:13,080 Speaker 1: basically saying reason over this previous long held belief that 65 00:04:14,080 --> 00:04:16,919 Speaker 1: just strict religious dogma is all you need to worry about, 66 00:04:17,480 --> 00:04:21,080 Speaker 1: don't question anything, don't try and think about science and 67 00:04:21,160 --> 00:04:24,479 Speaker 1: nature and things like that other than just this is 68 00:04:24,560 --> 00:04:27,400 Speaker 1: God's creation and what does it mean in terms of 69 00:04:27,400 --> 00:04:29,919 Speaker 1: religion exactly. So of course it's still going on. But 70 00:04:30,000 --> 00:04:33,080 Speaker 1: it wasn't. It wasn't just that it was definitely Enlightenment 71 00:04:33,279 --> 00:04:38,360 Speaker 1: was the If you're an Enlightenment UM fan, you would 72 00:04:38,400 --> 00:04:42,080 Speaker 1: say Enlightenment was the domination of reason over religion or faith. 73 00:04:42,120 --> 00:04:45,080 Speaker 1: It was a value system basically. But there was another 74 00:04:45,120 --> 00:04:50,240 Speaker 1: aspect of the Enlightenment, the domination of UM, the will 75 00:04:50,279 --> 00:04:57,760 Speaker 1: of the people over the monarchy, UM, economic economic change, UM, 76 00:04:58,040 --> 00:05:01,680 Speaker 1: huge economic changes. Think. To Adam Smith, there were a 77 00:05:01,680 --> 00:05:07,120 Speaker 1: lot of like huge monumental changes in the way people thought, UM. 78 00:05:07,160 --> 00:05:10,039 Speaker 1: So much so that modern historians who are trying to 79 00:05:10,120 --> 00:05:13,200 Speaker 1: unpack the Enlightenment still one of the schools of thought 80 00:05:13,360 --> 00:05:16,120 Speaker 1: is that you can't just call it the Enlightenment. It 81 00:05:16,160 --> 00:05:21,680 Speaker 1: happened in too many different places under different circumstances. Um. 82 00:05:21,800 --> 00:05:24,720 Speaker 1: And then the again, like the the different aspects of it, 83 00:05:24,760 --> 00:05:28,159 Speaker 1: the fact that one part of it dealt with governmental change, 84 00:05:28,160 --> 00:05:30,680 Speaker 1: one part of it dealt with religious change, another part 85 00:05:30,440 --> 00:05:34,800 Speaker 1: that with economic change. That they it's been kind of 86 00:05:34,839 --> 00:05:39,280 Speaker 1: distilled into separate compartments. Now, yeah, I mean separate compartments 87 00:05:39,320 --> 00:05:46,599 Speaker 1: somewhere divergent and contradictory. Uh. Occurred nearly simultaneously in the 88 00:05:46,600 --> 00:05:50,920 Speaker 1: eighteenth century in France, Great Britain, Germany, Netherlands, Italy, Spain, Portugal, 89 00:05:51,120 --> 00:05:55,839 Speaker 1: American colonies all over the place. Um. I like to 90 00:05:55,839 --> 00:05:58,760 Speaker 1: say it's the period of time where the world started 91 00:05:59,320 --> 00:06:04,320 Speaker 1: waking up, pulled their heads from their rear ends. Right basically, Well, 92 00:06:04,400 --> 00:06:07,159 Speaker 1: the the the question now, I mean, if you're a 93 00:06:07,200 --> 00:06:14,160 Speaker 1: religious type, you're probably happy about the fruits of the Enlightenment. 94 00:06:14,240 --> 00:06:17,400 Speaker 1: Like everybody points at, the Industrial Revolution is proof positive 95 00:06:17,440 --> 00:06:21,240 Speaker 1: the Enlightenment was great. Where the American experiment proof positive 96 00:06:21,240 --> 00:06:23,720 Speaker 1: the Enlightenment was great. But you probably don't like the 97 00:06:23,760 --> 00:06:26,839 Speaker 1: fact that the world completely turned its back on religion, 98 00:06:26,920 --> 00:06:30,000 Speaker 1: or not completely but largely did. If you're a pro 99 00:06:30,160 --> 00:06:34,000 Speaker 1: Enlightenment type, you're probably saying this was for the best, 100 00:06:34,080 --> 00:06:36,679 Speaker 1: like we were backwards, we emerged from the dark Ages 101 00:06:36,960 --> 00:06:39,800 Speaker 1: thanks to the Enlightenment. Um. And this is the argument 102 00:06:39,839 --> 00:06:43,320 Speaker 1: that's still going on today, like, yes, the Enlightenment changed everything, 103 00:06:43,440 --> 00:06:46,640 Speaker 1: but did it go too far? So that's we'll get 104 00:06:46,640 --> 00:06:49,360 Speaker 1: into all that. But Conger, who wrote this article, I 105 00:06:49,400 --> 00:06:53,040 Speaker 1: think did a very good job of taking the whole 106 00:06:53,080 --> 00:06:56,479 Speaker 1: thing back further than the eighteenth century out of the 107 00:06:56,520 --> 00:07:01,160 Speaker 1: French salons and set the stage for what created the 108 00:07:01,200 --> 00:07:04,560 Speaker 1: basis for this this change in thinking. Yeah, I think 109 00:07:04,600 --> 00:07:07,480 Speaker 1: Kristen did a great job of distilling a complex topic 110 00:07:07,680 --> 00:07:10,440 Speaker 1: down to like an eight page article, but she does 111 00:07:10,480 --> 00:07:12,800 Speaker 1: take it back to Um. There were a couple of 112 00:07:12,840 --> 00:07:16,080 Speaker 1: things that sort of laid the groundwork. Um, well, a 113 00:07:16,160 --> 00:07:18,720 Speaker 1: lot of things, but a couple of them are Mr 114 00:07:19,160 --> 00:07:23,280 Speaker 1: Sir Isaac Newton and the famous story of the apple 115 00:07:23,560 --> 00:07:26,160 Speaker 1: falling on his head, which makes a great story. He 116 00:07:26,160 --> 00:07:28,120 Speaker 1: told a lot of people that I don't know how 117 00:07:29,080 --> 00:07:32,440 Speaker 1: uh factually exactly true that is, but it makes for 118 00:07:32,480 --> 00:07:35,360 Speaker 1: a great story. But either way you want to look 119 00:07:35,400 --> 00:07:38,600 Speaker 1: at it, Isaac Newton looked at the space at some 120 00:07:38,720 --> 00:07:42,560 Speaker 1: point between that apple in the ground and said, there's 121 00:07:42,600 --> 00:07:45,640 Speaker 1: something going on in that empty space. That should be 122 00:07:45,760 --> 00:07:49,280 Speaker 1: explained because that apple doesn't fall up. Something's keeping us 123 00:07:49,320 --> 00:07:51,320 Speaker 1: all rooted here on the ground, and I want to 124 00:07:51,360 --> 00:07:53,200 Speaker 1: look into that. Although if you were a fan of 125 00:07:53,280 --> 00:07:56,520 Speaker 1: David Humes, you would say, uh, well, actually it could 126 00:07:56,520 --> 00:07:59,520 Speaker 1: consumably fall up, because we've never proven it won't fall up. Yeah, 127 00:07:59,600 --> 00:08:02,760 Speaker 1: and him was one of the proponents, were not proponents, 128 00:08:02,760 --> 00:08:06,120 Speaker 1: but uh he was active in the Age of Enlightenment. 129 00:08:07,240 --> 00:08:09,920 Speaker 1: Another thing that really laid the groundwork was the Thirty 130 00:08:10,000 --> 00:08:13,880 Speaker 1: Years of War from six eighteen to sixty eight, which 131 00:08:14,000 --> 00:08:20,240 Speaker 1: pretty much paved the way for Protestant Reformation, and the 132 00:08:20,360 --> 00:08:22,720 Speaker 1: Roman Catholic Church took a lot of the teeth away 133 00:08:22,720 --> 00:08:26,160 Speaker 1: from the Roman Catholic Church first time. Yeah, it was. 134 00:08:26,240 --> 00:08:28,840 Speaker 1: There was a huge change. So what you just described, Chuck, 135 00:08:29,080 --> 00:08:35,040 Speaker 1: is a the foundation for the intellectual branch of of 136 00:08:35,120 --> 00:08:41,120 Speaker 1: the Enlightenment thinking usurping the power from theological thinking. And 137 00:08:41,160 --> 00:08:44,600 Speaker 1: then with the Thirty Year War, the political power was 138 00:08:44,640 --> 00:08:46,880 Speaker 1: taken away from the Church because for the first time 139 00:08:46,920 --> 00:08:50,320 Speaker 1: now the precedent has been set that you, as a citizen, 140 00:08:50,640 --> 00:08:54,200 Speaker 1: your allegiance is not split between church and state. Your 141 00:08:54,240 --> 00:08:57,680 Speaker 1: allegiances first and foremost to the state. And we see 142 00:08:57,679 --> 00:09:02,400 Speaker 1: that still today. Like if somebody uh kills their um, 143 00:09:02,480 --> 00:09:06,480 Speaker 1: their parents or whatever because it's the Seventh Sign and 144 00:09:06,640 --> 00:09:09,959 Speaker 1: Demi Moore's running around and they it turns out that 145 00:09:10,000 --> 00:09:11,960 Speaker 1: they were brother and sister, so you kill them because 146 00:09:11,960 --> 00:09:14,080 Speaker 1: it's the will of God. State says, I don't care. 147 00:09:14,080 --> 00:09:16,319 Speaker 1: If it's the will of God, you can't kill your parents. 148 00:09:16,559 --> 00:09:20,400 Speaker 1: The state's law is more powerful and more important than 149 00:09:20,520 --> 00:09:23,480 Speaker 1: God's law. That's straight out of the Thirty Years War 150 00:09:23,679 --> 00:09:27,920 Speaker 1: that changed everything. Have very seen the Seventh Sign, Man, 151 00:09:27,960 --> 00:09:31,320 Speaker 1: I saw that, like when it came out. I don't 152 00:09:31,320 --> 00:09:34,960 Speaker 1: remember anything about it. I just remember like one of 153 00:09:34,960 --> 00:09:37,960 Speaker 1: the characters was this kid with down syndrome and he 154 00:09:38,040 --> 00:09:40,080 Speaker 1: murdered his parents because he found out that they were 155 00:09:40,120 --> 00:09:42,600 Speaker 1: brother and sister and he was super religious. They were 156 00:09:43,360 --> 00:09:45,839 Speaker 1: going to execute him. Yeah, when they execute I think 157 00:09:45,840 --> 00:09:49,400 Speaker 1: he was like the last martyr. Man. I'll have to 158 00:09:49,440 --> 00:09:52,400 Speaker 1: check that out again. Yeah, tell me more. Uh So, 159 00:09:52,520 --> 00:09:56,160 Speaker 1: Conger points out even further back about the Dark Ages, 160 00:09:56,200 --> 00:09:58,760 Speaker 1: sort of laying the groundwork which the Dark Ages were 161 00:09:58,800 --> 00:10:01,240 Speaker 1: dark for many reasons. It one of the big ones 162 00:10:01,360 --> 00:10:06,000 Speaker 1: was that the Roman Catholic Church basically ruled everything. Uh. 163 00:10:06,480 --> 00:10:10,120 Speaker 1: Latin was the language, the center of life and academia 164 00:10:10,120 --> 00:10:14,079 Speaker 1: where monasteries and abbeys, you weren't encouraged to get educated 165 00:10:14,520 --> 00:10:20,960 Speaker 1: outside of uh theological uh realms. It was not encouraged. 166 00:10:21,040 --> 00:10:23,160 Speaker 1: Do you have to actually, I want to say, you 167 00:10:23,200 --> 00:10:27,440 Speaker 1: have to be carefully using the term Dark Ages, because uh, 168 00:10:27,559 --> 00:10:31,040 Speaker 1: apparently it is a disparaging label that people on the 169 00:10:31,080 --> 00:10:35,280 Speaker 1: pro Enlightenment side of the argument, the humanists, they say, 170 00:10:35,320 --> 00:10:37,280 Speaker 1: they say, these are the Dark Ages. That was back 171 00:10:37,280 --> 00:10:40,040 Speaker 1: when the Church controlled everything, when everybody was just an ignoramus. 172 00:10:41,320 --> 00:10:45,160 Speaker 1: Once the Enlightenment came along, we emerged from the Dark Ages. Technically, 173 00:10:45,160 --> 00:10:47,439 Speaker 1: once the Renaissance came along, we emerged from the Dark Ages. 174 00:10:47,480 --> 00:10:49,360 Speaker 1: So if you're in a Storian, you call it the 175 00:10:49,360 --> 00:10:52,160 Speaker 1: Middle Ages. But even the Middle Ages are kind of 176 00:10:52,160 --> 00:10:55,480 Speaker 1: sad because it just says these a just kind of 177 00:10:55,520 --> 00:10:58,679 Speaker 1: existed between this important age and this important age. We 178 00:10:58,760 --> 00:11:00,880 Speaker 1: just call those the Middle Ages. But it's better than 179 00:11:00,880 --> 00:11:04,240 Speaker 1: the Dark Ages, like dark Ages. But that's a that's 180 00:11:04,280 --> 00:11:07,920 Speaker 1: a um an argument or a label that a disparaging 181 00:11:08,000 --> 00:11:13,480 Speaker 1: label that UM humanists use. Yeah, unfairly, because there were 182 00:11:13,559 --> 00:11:16,640 Speaker 1: scientists working and laying the groundwork for future science in 183 00:11:16,679 --> 00:11:19,319 Speaker 1: the Dark Ages and congret even mentions them in this article, 184 00:11:19,320 --> 00:11:24,599 Speaker 1: like Thomas Aquinas came up with scholasticism. Yeah, And scholasticism 185 00:11:24,640 --> 00:11:29,480 Speaker 1: is basically the idea that you can understand God even 186 00:11:29,520 --> 00:11:33,679 Speaker 1: more and be even more pure and divine yourself by 187 00:11:33,840 --> 00:11:37,400 Speaker 1: studying nature. Yeah. Roger Bacon was another monk who as 188 00:11:37,440 --> 00:11:40,880 Speaker 1: a proponent of that, and I think, um, that allowed 189 00:11:40,920 --> 00:11:42,400 Speaker 1: them and don't I don't think that's the reason they 190 00:11:42,400 --> 00:11:45,000 Speaker 1: did it, but that allowed them to pursue the scientific 191 00:11:45,920 --> 00:11:49,319 Speaker 1: avenues because it was still tied to God. Another big 192 00:11:49,400 --> 00:11:54,520 Speaker 1: change was, uh, Like I said before, in the not 193 00:11:54,640 --> 00:11:57,959 Speaker 1: so Dark Ages, perhaps Latin was the language, and they 194 00:11:57,960 --> 00:12:01,720 Speaker 1: didn't have something called the printing press until Johann Gutenberg 195 00:12:01,800 --> 00:12:03,800 Speaker 1: came along in fourteen thirty eight and says, you know what, 196 00:12:04,360 --> 00:12:07,280 Speaker 1: everyone should be able to read, start printing stuff in 197 00:12:07,280 --> 00:12:11,120 Speaker 1: your native tongue. Uh. And that led directly to people 198 00:12:11,440 --> 00:12:15,439 Speaker 1: starting to educate themselves. It was the democratization of education 199 00:12:15,559 --> 00:12:18,280 Speaker 1: right exactly. And all of this didn't happen like out 200 00:12:18,320 --> 00:12:21,480 Speaker 1: of the blue, like Roger Bacon and Thomas Aquinas and 201 00:12:21,520 --> 00:12:24,640 Speaker 1: a guy named Leonardo Bruney, they didn't necessarily come up 202 00:12:24,640 --> 00:12:27,680 Speaker 1: with their ideas on their own there was some this 203 00:12:27,840 --> 00:12:31,440 Speaker 1: really seminal thing that happened back in the mid UH 204 00:12:31,440 --> 00:12:35,920 Speaker 1: century where somebody, I don't know who did somebody translated 205 00:12:36,400 --> 00:12:41,400 Speaker 1: Um Aristotle I believe, his works into Latin, and all 206 00:12:41,440 --> 00:12:48,560 Speaker 1: of a sudden, the Greek rational thinkers of antiquity, their 207 00:12:48,600 --> 00:12:52,280 Speaker 1: ideas were suddenly available to the West for the first time. 208 00:12:52,840 --> 00:12:55,240 Speaker 1: And it just so happened that some people started paying 209 00:12:55,240 --> 00:13:00,400 Speaker 1: attention to these things. Leonardo Bruney read Petrarch and revived 210 00:13:00,400 --> 00:13:04,040 Speaker 1: the idea of humanism, which was a huge sea change, 211 00:13:04,040 --> 00:13:08,040 Speaker 1: because humanism says humans are pretty awesome and the fruit 212 00:13:08,080 --> 00:13:10,679 Speaker 1: of our labors, the fruit of our intellect, the fruit 213 00:13:10,720 --> 00:13:14,880 Speaker 1: of everything that we do comes from human ability, not 214 00:13:15,120 --> 00:13:19,000 Speaker 1: God Like, we're not just vessels for God's brilliance to 215 00:13:19,040 --> 00:13:22,040 Speaker 1: be shown through. If you create something, you come up 216 00:13:22,040 --> 00:13:25,439 Speaker 1: with a work of art because God did that. You 217 00:13:25,520 --> 00:13:27,840 Speaker 1: did that, and let's figure out how you did it. 218 00:13:28,520 --> 00:13:32,320 Speaker 1: That's humanism. And this is what the Renaissance started to 219 00:13:32,360 --> 00:13:34,880 Speaker 1: revive and was a huge change, like, maybe we should 220 00:13:34,880 --> 00:13:37,800 Speaker 1: start paying attention to ourselves a little more exactly, let's 221 00:13:37,800 --> 00:13:42,080 Speaker 1: explore the human condition. Yeah, Um Aristotle was not a 222 00:13:42,120 --> 00:13:47,160 Speaker 1: heretic because he tied his geocentric universe ideas to God 223 00:13:47,600 --> 00:13:50,560 Speaker 1: as well. Um, he thought the universe was composed of 224 00:13:50,600 --> 00:13:54,760 Speaker 1: ten separate crystal spears, and beyond the tenth sphere that 225 00:13:54,880 --> 00:14:00,720 Speaker 1: was Heaven and God. Uh. Copernicus um Shah pretty said no, 226 00:14:01,040 --> 00:14:05,120 Speaker 1: that's not true. The universe is infinite. Uh. And he 227 00:14:05,240 --> 00:14:10,080 Speaker 1: was pretty alone in that thinking. Early on, he faced 228 00:14:10,080 --> 00:14:13,720 Speaker 1: a lot of criticism from like every every religion, Protestants 229 00:14:13,800 --> 00:14:16,920 Speaker 1: and Catholics. Yep, it was a They thought it was 230 00:14:16,920 --> 00:14:19,280 Speaker 1: a dangerous way of thinking because he didn't make room 231 00:14:19,320 --> 00:14:21,440 Speaker 1: for God in the cosmos. And it definitely was a 232 00:14:21,520 --> 00:14:24,600 Speaker 1: dangerous way of thinking to the Church. Like the Protestant 233 00:14:24,640 --> 00:14:27,520 Speaker 1: Reformation was going on, you had the Thirty Years War 234 00:14:27,680 --> 00:14:31,800 Speaker 1: coming down the pike, you had Copernicus Um thanks to 235 00:14:31,840 --> 00:14:37,200 Speaker 1: this revival of interest in astronomy and yeah, starting to 236 00:14:37,200 --> 00:14:40,360 Speaker 1: to look at the the universe around us and finding 237 00:14:40,680 --> 00:14:44,600 Speaker 1: even like symbolic stuff like, um, who was it? Kepler, 238 00:14:45,160 --> 00:14:49,640 Speaker 1: he was an assistant to Tycho Brahe and Kepler figured 239 00:14:49,680 --> 00:14:54,320 Speaker 1: out that the planets uh revolve around the Sun in 240 00:14:54,400 --> 00:14:58,760 Speaker 1: an ellipse. Yeah. Well, the Church, the Holy Roman Church, 241 00:14:58,840 --> 00:15:01,440 Speaker 1: said that the circle was a symbol of perfection. So 242 00:15:01,480 --> 00:15:05,080 Speaker 1: of course everything revolves around the Earth in a circle. 243 00:15:05,400 --> 00:15:07,520 Speaker 1: Not only did things not revolve around the Earth, it 244 00:15:07,600 --> 00:15:09,720 Speaker 1: revolved around the Sun. And they didn't even do that 245 00:15:09,760 --> 00:15:12,160 Speaker 1: in a circle. They did an ellipse. So the church 246 00:15:12,280 --> 00:15:15,000 Speaker 1: is just losing its mind because all these people are 247 00:15:15,000 --> 00:15:19,160 Speaker 1: coming forward saying everything that you're saying over here is 248 00:15:19,200 --> 00:15:23,160 Speaker 1: starting to prove to smell like bs. And the church 249 00:15:23,240 --> 00:15:26,280 Speaker 1: is losing its power left and right, both politically and intellectually. 250 00:15:26,280 --> 00:15:30,600 Speaker 1: It's losing its authority. Yeah, Galileo even recanted uh because 251 00:15:30,600 --> 00:15:33,320 Speaker 1: he was accused of heresy for his theory that the 252 00:15:33,360 --> 00:15:36,240 Speaker 1: Earth rotates on its axis. So he said, I'll take 253 00:15:36,240 --> 00:15:39,400 Speaker 1: it all back. I didn't mean that. Please don't kill me, 254 00:15:39,560 --> 00:15:43,160 Speaker 1: He's like, but just make sure my manuscripts survive. So 255 00:15:43,280 --> 00:15:47,680 Speaker 1: we were talking about Bacon. He is a creator of 256 00:15:47,680 --> 00:15:50,880 Speaker 1: the scientific method, and he says, you know what, we 257 00:15:51,160 --> 00:15:55,320 Speaker 1: should use experiments to actually try and explain things, and 258 00:15:55,360 --> 00:15:58,040 Speaker 1: so it's I think it's high time we have a 259 00:15:58,080 --> 00:16:01,000 Speaker 1: method for doing so. So that was its is Bacon. Yes, 260 00:16:01,080 --> 00:16:04,160 Speaker 1: I wonder if he was related to Roger Bacon. I 261 00:16:04,160 --> 00:16:06,320 Speaker 1: don't know. They were separated by a few centuries, but 262 00:16:06,440 --> 00:16:10,200 Speaker 1: they could have been fam Sure. I think so uh, 263 00:16:10,240 --> 00:16:13,960 Speaker 1: and he was did you ever take philosophy in college? No? Um, 264 00:16:14,000 --> 00:16:15,960 Speaker 1: I think I might have. I didn't get much out 265 00:16:15,960 --> 00:16:17,360 Speaker 1: of it if I did, because I don't remember. I 266 00:16:17,400 --> 00:16:21,720 Speaker 1: took one class. We'd studied Descartes um a lot. I've 267 00:16:21,800 --> 00:16:23,840 Speaker 1: grown to be a little more interested in it, but 268 00:16:24,320 --> 00:16:29,600 Speaker 1: I like them more. I like like existential crisis philosophy, 269 00:16:29,680 --> 00:16:32,080 Speaker 1: like Nick Bostrom stuff, and I don't know what that is, 270 00:16:32,240 --> 00:16:36,400 Speaker 1: just basically how the world's gonna end. Okay, this stuff is. 271 00:16:36,520 --> 00:16:39,400 Speaker 1: I think like Descartes is interesting, but I'm not like 272 00:16:39,440 --> 00:16:42,160 Speaker 1: a I'm not. It doesn't light my fire. Yeah, it 273 00:16:42,240 --> 00:16:43,480 Speaker 1: was all right. I think I made an a in 274 00:16:43,520 --> 00:16:46,080 Speaker 1: that class actually because it interested me at the time. 275 00:16:46,120 --> 00:16:48,160 Speaker 1: But I never took a follow up class. It just 276 00:16:48,200 --> 00:16:50,600 Speaker 1: took the intro. So it clearly didn't mean that much 277 00:16:50,640 --> 00:16:53,080 Speaker 1: to me. But I get it. Well. Yeah, And what 278 00:16:53,200 --> 00:17:00,320 Speaker 1: dey Cart was saying is our experience is not It's 279 00:17:00,360 --> 00:17:03,880 Speaker 1: not what you thought. Like mind and matter are two 280 00:17:03,920 --> 00:17:07,160 Speaker 1: different things, and of the human experience as a subjective 281 00:17:07,200 --> 00:17:10,280 Speaker 1: experience and the mind, what the mind produces is different 282 00:17:10,560 --> 00:17:14,720 Speaker 1: than what is reality and really kind of um that 283 00:17:14,840 --> 00:17:17,520 Speaker 1: changed things tremendously too, So You've got all these people 284 00:17:17,560 --> 00:17:20,080 Speaker 1: like contributing to this. We haven't even reached the eighteenth 285 00:17:20,080 --> 00:17:24,040 Speaker 1: century yet. Like the groundwork is definitely being late and 286 00:17:24,080 --> 00:17:27,520 Speaker 1: it's still being laid. Um as far as the like 287 00:17:27,560 --> 00:17:31,919 Speaker 1: the government goes. John locke Um was one of the 288 00:17:31,960 --> 00:17:34,960 Speaker 1: people who contributed to the idea of the social contract 289 00:17:35,680 --> 00:17:39,159 Speaker 1: and social contract. There was Hobbes Lock and later on 290 00:17:39,280 --> 00:17:43,320 Speaker 1: Rousso and others contribute to this idea that humans are 291 00:17:43,359 --> 00:17:46,679 Speaker 1: born with natural rights. You're born free, I'm born free, 292 00:17:46,840 --> 00:17:50,560 Speaker 1: even Jerry's born free, look at her. And to form 293 00:17:50,600 --> 00:17:54,320 Speaker 1: a society, you give up some of these natural rights. 294 00:17:54,760 --> 00:17:57,080 Speaker 1: For example, one one thing that you give up is 295 00:17:57,119 --> 00:18:02,800 Speaker 1: your right to kill and retribution. Uh. Any society typically 296 00:18:02,840 --> 00:18:06,480 Speaker 1: demands a state monopoly on violence, which means that if 297 00:18:06,480 --> 00:18:10,240 Speaker 1: somebody kills your family member, you don't go kill that person. 298 00:18:10,480 --> 00:18:12,320 Speaker 1: You go to the state and say that guy killed 299 00:18:12,359 --> 00:18:15,439 Speaker 1: my family member, triumph convictim, and kill him on my 300 00:18:15,520 --> 00:18:18,280 Speaker 1: behalf because there's a state monopoly on violence. So that's 301 00:18:18,320 --> 00:18:21,440 Speaker 1: a natural right that you give up, I think appropriately 302 00:18:21,480 --> 00:18:24,040 Speaker 1: so and for the better, but as part of the 303 00:18:24,119 --> 00:18:27,960 Speaker 1: social contract and so uh, the idea that that humans 304 00:18:28,000 --> 00:18:31,440 Speaker 1: had these rights and that society in turn had rights 305 00:18:31,520 --> 00:18:35,520 Speaker 1: because humans gave them rights. Um. That was a big 306 00:18:35,720 --> 00:18:38,400 Speaker 1: basis of enlightenment thinking that would be added to later 307 00:18:38,480 --> 00:18:41,000 Speaker 1: on too. Yeah. And Locke also was one of the 308 00:18:41,040 --> 00:18:44,680 Speaker 1: first champions of uh, what would kind of become nurture 309 00:18:44,720 --> 00:18:48,280 Speaker 1: over nature his idea of the tabu larassa that when 310 00:18:48,400 --> 00:18:51,360 Speaker 1: humans are born, their minds are clean slate and they 311 00:18:51,359 --> 00:18:55,040 Speaker 1: are shaped by experience and education and not some preordained 312 00:18:55,119 --> 00:18:58,520 Speaker 1: thing that you're born with. And uh, this French intellect 313 00:18:58,920 --> 00:19:02,119 Speaker 1: gobbled that stuff up. As name was Francois Marie Arouette, 314 00:19:02,200 --> 00:19:05,080 Speaker 1: and he went by a name you might know, Voltaire, 315 00:19:05,760 --> 00:19:07,800 Speaker 1: and he really loved this stuff and went back to 316 00:19:07,840 --> 00:19:10,720 Speaker 1: France with all these ideals and said, we got to 317 00:19:10,760 --> 00:19:14,040 Speaker 1: get on this and let's uh, you know, we can't 318 00:19:14,040 --> 00:19:16,119 Speaker 1: go out in the streets right now and talk about 319 00:19:16,119 --> 00:19:18,320 Speaker 1: the stuff, but we can meet in private and homes 320 00:19:18,359 --> 00:19:21,040 Speaker 1: like a Tupperware party, and we'll call them salons and 321 00:19:21,040 --> 00:19:24,879 Speaker 1: we'll we'll talk about these radical ideas and um, in 322 00:19:24,920 --> 00:19:27,760 Speaker 1: this new way of thinking in the privacy of homes 323 00:19:27,760 --> 00:19:51,800 Speaker 1: for those that are willing to host it. So he chuck, 324 00:19:51,920 --> 00:19:55,639 Speaker 1: Voltaire has been lit up. He was in England from 325 00:19:57,040 --> 00:20:00,640 Speaker 1: seventeen twenty nine, living in exile because he was already 326 00:20:00,640 --> 00:20:03,359 Speaker 1: critical of the French monarchy. While he was there he 327 00:20:03,440 --> 00:20:08,080 Speaker 1: ran into the ideas of lock of apparently Descartes as well. 328 00:20:08,760 --> 00:20:13,000 Speaker 1: He he basically got turned onto rationalism and he was 329 00:20:13,119 --> 00:20:15,159 Speaker 1: primed and ready for it. Like this guy was just 330 00:20:15,600 --> 00:20:18,080 Speaker 1: waiting for these ideas to pour into him, and when 331 00:20:18,119 --> 00:20:21,800 Speaker 1: they did, he became a lightning rod for what we 332 00:20:21,880 --> 00:20:25,760 Speaker 1: think of as the Enlightenment. Like Voltaire was the main 333 00:20:25,880 --> 00:20:29,600 Speaker 1: dude to start from what I understand. Yeah, and um, 334 00:20:29,720 --> 00:20:31,639 Speaker 1: like we mentioned the salons, they had to do this 335 00:20:31,680 --> 00:20:36,680 Speaker 1: in private because Louis the four that right, Yeah, getting 336 00:20:36,680 --> 00:20:39,600 Speaker 1: better at that. Uh he he was pretty hard on 337 00:20:41,440 --> 00:20:44,000 Speaker 1: to try. He didn't like that kind of talk. It 338 00:20:44,119 --> 00:20:48,040 Speaker 1: threatened him for a good reason. Uh well, yeah, I 339 00:20:48,080 --> 00:20:51,200 Speaker 1: mean the reason why. It's like the power was taken 340 00:20:51,200 --> 00:20:53,720 Speaker 1: from the church in place more in the monarchy. But 341 00:20:53,800 --> 00:20:56,000 Speaker 1: in very short order, people said, you know, we're not 342 00:20:56,040 --> 00:20:58,080 Speaker 1: really that fond of the monarchy either. We think we 343 00:20:58,119 --> 00:21:00,680 Speaker 1: should rule ourselves, or at least a leed people to 344 00:21:00,760 --> 00:21:03,520 Speaker 1: rule ourselves. To this divine right of kings. Things seems 345 00:21:03,600 --> 00:21:05,800 Speaker 1: kind of hinky now that we think about it. So 346 00:21:05,960 --> 00:21:09,000 Speaker 1: the monarchies were threatened as well by the Enlightenment. So yeah, 347 00:21:09,040 --> 00:21:13,080 Speaker 1: the monarchy, like the dumb masses that stayed under their 348 00:21:13,119 --> 00:21:16,560 Speaker 1: thumb and any kind of like radical thought or original 349 00:21:16,600 --> 00:21:21,520 Speaker 1: thought was super dangerous. It sounds familiar exactly. It is 350 00:21:21,560 --> 00:21:24,520 Speaker 1: interesting how you talked about. I think there are periods 351 00:21:24,520 --> 00:21:26,800 Speaker 1: of time where things like the Age of Enlightenment keep 352 00:21:26,840 --> 00:21:29,920 Speaker 1: popping up. That's like the nineteen sixties and the United States, 353 00:21:29,960 --> 00:21:32,360 Speaker 1: and I think, like you said, we're in one right now. 354 00:21:32,400 --> 00:21:35,000 Speaker 1: I think we're in probably more than even the sixties 355 00:21:35,080 --> 00:21:37,000 Speaker 1: right now. Yeah, And I think there are periods where 356 00:21:37,040 --> 00:21:42,320 Speaker 1: that lulls, like maybe the nineteen eighties where they're the seventies, 357 00:21:42,359 --> 00:21:45,320 Speaker 1: remember Disco, like a dumbing down of things. Yeah, just 358 00:21:45,400 --> 00:21:48,360 Speaker 1: people not caring or whatever. Yeah, it's weird and cyclical. 359 00:21:48,520 --> 00:21:51,800 Speaker 1: I've read I read this article um called Things Fall Apart, 360 00:21:51,960 --> 00:21:55,159 Speaker 1: How social Media leads to a less stable world. It 361 00:21:55,240 --> 00:21:58,119 Speaker 1: was by a guy named Curtis Howland, H. L and 362 00:21:58,240 --> 00:22:01,040 Speaker 1: DY and it's on Knowledge at War there like the 363 00:22:01,040 --> 00:22:04,320 Speaker 1: Warton Business School website, and it was basically saying it 364 00:22:04,359 --> 00:22:06,359 Speaker 1: wasn't I thought it was condemning social media and this 365 00:22:06,359 --> 00:22:10,040 Speaker 1: guy was just basically stating matter of factly that social 366 00:22:10,040 --> 00:22:15,320 Speaker 1: media erodes the state, and that now we have ways 367 00:22:15,400 --> 00:22:18,720 Speaker 1: to connect with other people in ways that are more 368 00:22:18,760 --> 00:22:21,800 Speaker 1: important to us than, say, our allegiance to the state. 369 00:22:22,000 --> 00:22:26,000 Speaker 1: So you may feel, um, you may feel more connected 370 00:22:26,040 --> 00:22:30,679 Speaker 1: to somebody over Hello Kitty and your fondness for Hello Kitty, 371 00:22:30,720 --> 00:22:34,160 Speaker 1: more than you would identify yourself as saying American. And 372 00:22:34,240 --> 00:22:36,880 Speaker 1: with social media, you're able to connect with other people 373 00:22:36,920 --> 00:22:39,159 Speaker 1: who feel the same way, and so you form on 374 00:22:39,240 --> 00:22:44,360 Speaker 1: social media basically bodies that supersede the state in your opinion, 375 00:22:44,520 --> 00:22:47,720 Speaker 1: no boundaries exactly. And as this happens, more and more 376 00:22:47,720 --> 00:22:51,080 Speaker 1: of the states, what's called sovereignty erodes more and more 377 00:22:51,119 --> 00:22:54,480 Speaker 1: and more um and it becomes a less and less 378 00:22:54,520 --> 00:22:57,719 Speaker 1: stable world. The guy's point was that, yes, while it's 379 00:22:57,800 --> 00:23:00,760 Speaker 1: very unstable and things are much more dangerous streaming periods 380 00:23:00,800 --> 00:23:04,240 Speaker 1: like this, it's it's basically just a period of upheaval 381 00:23:04,400 --> 00:23:07,400 Speaker 1: and change and then eventually things stabilize again. But what 382 00:23:07,440 --> 00:23:10,000 Speaker 1: this guy was saying, using this as an example, is 383 00:23:10,040 --> 00:23:13,439 Speaker 1: that we're in a like right now, possibly on the 384 00:23:13,480 --> 00:23:17,680 Speaker 1: cusp of a period of tremendous fundamental change in the world. 385 00:23:18,359 --> 00:23:22,520 Speaker 1: I see that every day Yeah, it's pretty interesting time 386 00:23:22,560 --> 00:23:25,919 Speaker 1: to be alive. Yeah, a little scary to me. Yeah, well, 387 00:23:25,960 --> 00:23:28,040 Speaker 1: I mean it's like the guy said, it's it's more 388 00:23:28,160 --> 00:23:33,720 Speaker 1: dangerous than your average time because change frequently comes out 389 00:23:33,720 --> 00:23:38,480 Speaker 1: of spasms of violence or um upheaval, like just where 390 00:23:38,480 --> 00:23:41,680 Speaker 1: nobody's in charge because there's a power struggle going on, 391 00:23:42,080 --> 00:23:47,360 Speaker 1: or our normal structures are being eroded. It's interesting, it's 392 00:23:47,400 --> 00:23:51,640 Speaker 1: super interesting. Uh So back to the Salons, We're back 393 00:23:51,640 --> 00:23:56,960 Speaker 1: to the age of Enlightenment, the traditional age of Enlightenment. Uh, 394 00:23:57,000 --> 00:23:59,960 Speaker 1: the Salons, the members were known. There was a group 395 00:24:00,000 --> 00:24:03,399 Speaker 1: of people known as the philosophics. Uh. We've mentioned a 396 00:24:03,440 --> 00:24:06,919 Speaker 1: few of them. Rousseau, did Hero, Voltaire, Um. How do 397 00:24:06,920 --> 00:24:10,440 Speaker 1: you pronounce that? Is that it's not montgue is it Montesquieu? 398 00:24:10,640 --> 00:24:17,320 Speaker 1: Montesquieu um. And they were they're kind of skeptics and 399 00:24:17,359 --> 00:24:22,520 Speaker 1: critics of not everything, but the establishment of government or 400 00:24:22,560 --> 00:24:25,440 Speaker 1: the way government was at the time, especially the church. 401 00:24:26,400 --> 00:24:30,679 Speaker 1: Hated the church. Yeah, like Voltaire especially hated the church 402 00:24:30,880 --> 00:24:33,280 Speaker 1: in the very fact that it even existed. And a 403 00:24:33,280 --> 00:24:39,000 Speaker 1: lot of the enlightened Uh ones were deists um and 404 00:24:39,080 --> 00:24:42,480 Speaker 1: deism basically, I like the way Conger put it, um 405 00:24:42,520 --> 00:24:45,280 Speaker 1: in a big picture way. They believe in a clockmaker God, 406 00:24:45,320 --> 00:24:48,399 Speaker 1: which means maybe God created everything and set things in motion. 407 00:24:48,680 --> 00:24:50,119 Speaker 1: But then I was like, all right, that's it. I'm 408 00:24:50,160 --> 00:24:54,040 Speaker 1: out right. I'm not getting my fingers and all the 409 00:24:54,040 --> 00:24:57,520 Speaker 1: pies of everyone. And it's you have free will basically 410 00:24:58,080 --> 00:25:02,840 Speaker 1: after you're born. Um, which again was pretty dangerous to 411 00:25:02,880 --> 00:25:06,080 Speaker 1: the religious establishment. Yeah. So you've got the basis. You've 412 00:25:06,119 --> 00:25:09,679 Speaker 1: got the foundation of um, the Holy Roman Empire in 413 00:25:09,720 --> 00:25:15,399 Speaker 1: the West losing tons of power, and and um political 414 00:25:15,480 --> 00:25:18,679 Speaker 1: and intellectually, you've got the monarchy now being assaulted by 415 00:25:18,720 --> 00:25:22,920 Speaker 1: the French salons who are planning the seeds of democracy. 416 00:25:23,440 --> 00:25:27,280 Speaker 1: Like Monascu for example. Uh wrote in seventy eight The 417 00:25:27,320 --> 00:25:30,439 Speaker 1: Spirit of the Laws, and he basically proposed the idea 418 00:25:30,600 --> 00:25:33,360 Speaker 1: of a separation of powers. He's like the first guy 419 00:25:33,400 --> 00:25:35,560 Speaker 1: to do that. He's the French lawyer who was in 420 00:25:35,560 --> 00:25:38,280 Speaker 1: the salon scene. And Um, all of a sudden, it's 421 00:25:38,280 --> 00:25:40,119 Speaker 1: like separation of power. What are you talking about? No, 422 00:25:40,240 --> 00:25:43,320 Speaker 1: you've got a monarch and what the monarch says is right. 423 00:25:43,840 --> 00:25:45,960 Speaker 1: And as a result of this kind of thinking, the 424 00:25:46,000 --> 00:25:50,960 Speaker 1: seeds of democracy are planted, and then a hostility toward religion, um, 425 00:25:51,000 --> 00:25:54,159 Speaker 1: of almost any kind that you still see today, like 426 00:25:54,200 --> 00:25:57,320 Speaker 1: in the form of like Bill Maher or Richard Dawkins 427 00:25:57,880 --> 00:26:02,200 Speaker 1: or formerly Christopher Hitchens. Um. All of this started coming 428 00:26:02,200 --> 00:26:05,960 Speaker 1: out of the French salons. Yeah, um, all right, after 429 00:26:05,960 --> 00:26:07,760 Speaker 1: this message, we're going to talk a little bit about 430 00:26:07,800 --> 00:26:11,520 Speaker 1: how the Age of Enlightenment manifested itself in different parts 431 00:26:11,520 --> 00:26:28,399 Speaker 1: of the world. So we've mainly been in Europe this 432 00:26:28,440 --> 00:26:33,199 Speaker 1: whole time. Uh. In France there was an emphasis on 433 00:26:33,240 --> 00:26:36,639 Speaker 1: the arts. Uh. In England they had a more emphasis 434 00:26:36,760 --> 00:26:40,440 Speaker 1: on UM. Science and economics. You mentioned Adam Smith at 435 00:26:40,440 --> 00:26:45,000 Speaker 1: the beginning, Uh, Scottish man and night Uh some ninety 436 00:26:45,080 --> 00:26:47,880 Speaker 1: six in seventeen seventy six wrote his Wealth of Nations, 437 00:26:48,880 --> 00:26:54,520 Speaker 1: which basically said the government should not interfere with matters 438 00:26:54,560 --> 00:26:59,359 Speaker 1: of finance and economics. There should be uh, the invisible 439 00:26:59,359 --> 00:27:01,879 Speaker 1: hand guiding all these principles. Yeah. I read this article 440 00:27:01,920 --> 00:27:05,040 Speaker 1: and by this guy who's explaining that change, and thought, 441 00:27:05,160 --> 00:27:08,719 Speaker 1: like before that, it was that whole social contract thing, 442 00:27:08,760 --> 00:27:11,520 Speaker 1: like Rousseau saying, you know, the the it's this is 443 00:27:11,560 --> 00:27:14,960 Speaker 1: an interplay between citizens and citizens and citizens and their government, 444 00:27:15,440 --> 00:27:19,520 Speaker 1: and the government's role is to protect um, the rights 445 00:27:19,560 --> 00:27:23,840 Speaker 1: of people. What Hume said is the government is legitimate, 446 00:27:24,200 --> 00:27:27,160 Speaker 1: and so we're not human, but Smith, it's the government's 447 00:27:27,280 --> 00:27:30,159 Speaker 1: legitimate and so far as it steps out of people's 448 00:27:30,200 --> 00:27:33,920 Speaker 1: affairs and let's free trade take place. Which that might 449 00:27:33,920 --> 00:27:37,720 Speaker 1: sound familiar if you um subscribe to republican or conservative 450 00:27:38,000 --> 00:27:41,960 Speaker 1: or libertarian ideology. You know, like the whole laz A 451 00:27:42,080 --> 00:27:46,479 Speaker 1: fair attitude of government is what's what legitimizes government, and 452 00:27:46,520 --> 00:27:49,920 Speaker 1: the government that medals in someone's affairs is an illegitimate 453 00:27:49,960 --> 00:27:54,840 Speaker 1: government as far as classical economic thought goes. Yeah, and 454 00:27:54,880 --> 00:27:57,080 Speaker 1: we talked about that in our stuff you should know 455 00:27:57,080 --> 00:27:59,480 Speaker 1: Guide to the Economy, Yeah, which we got an email 456 00:27:59,560 --> 00:28:01,800 Speaker 1: someone bought that the other day. Yeah, that that was 457 00:28:01,840 --> 00:28:05,600 Speaker 1: seventeen hours long or something. And then also in Scotland, 458 00:28:05,840 --> 00:28:09,119 Speaker 1: um was David Hume, who's like my favorite philosopher of 459 00:28:09,160 --> 00:28:11,680 Speaker 1: all time, just because he's like a he's the only 460 00:28:11,680 --> 00:28:13,760 Speaker 1: when he studied, he's a meeting. Now he's a meeting. 461 00:28:13,760 --> 00:28:15,840 Speaker 1: But he's the only one who's ever really spoken to 462 00:28:15,880 --> 00:28:19,480 Speaker 1: me of the Enlightenment philosophers. And Hume was this meat 463 00:28:19,480 --> 00:28:24,520 Speaker 1: and potatoes dude who basically said, like, show me the proof. Yeah, 464 00:28:24,560 --> 00:28:27,280 Speaker 1: he was a skeptic. He was an empiricist. Like he said, 465 00:28:27,320 --> 00:28:29,520 Speaker 1: you basically can't believe anything that you can't see with 466 00:28:29,520 --> 00:28:33,479 Speaker 1: your own eyes. My belief in his philosophy has been 467 00:28:33,520 --> 00:28:37,600 Speaker 1: eroded with the idea that, like consciousness is a subjective experience, 468 00:28:38,080 --> 00:28:42,840 Speaker 1: like just totally subjective basically. But I like his his idea, 469 00:28:42,960 --> 00:28:47,480 Speaker 1: and it was like the the cause and effect right, 470 00:28:47,640 --> 00:28:49,960 Speaker 1: Like I think he used like billiards as an example, 471 00:28:50,120 --> 00:28:53,080 Speaker 1: where you hit a ball like you're playing a ball, 472 00:28:53,680 --> 00:28:55,840 Speaker 1: you hit like the eight ball with the Q ball, 473 00:28:56,360 --> 00:28:59,520 Speaker 1: Like you can predict where that's gonna go, like where 474 00:28:59,560 --> 00:29:01,400 Speaker 1: the ball is gonna go based on how you hit 475 00:29:01,400 --> 00:29:04,280 Speaker 1: it with the cue ball. But the Humes point is 476 00:29:04,280 --> 00:29:07,560 Speaker 1: is you can't say for certain that that's what's going 477 00:29:07,600 --> 00:29:12,080 Speaker 1: to happen. You're basing that strictly on previous experience rather 478 00:29:12,160 --> 00:29:15,719 Speaker 1: than proof that this is what will happen. So we 479 00:29:15,800 --> 00:29:19,560 Speaker 1: can't prove that hitting that cue ball will make this 480 00:29:19,640 --> 00:29:21,760 Speaker 1: eight ball go in a certain direction ahead of time. 481 00:29:22,200 --> 00:29:23,880 Speaker 1: And so therefore we've come up with this thing called 482 00:29:23,920 --> 00:29:27,560 Speaker 1: cause and effect, which basically serves as a stop gap 483 00:29:27,840 --> 00:29:30,880 Speaker 1: between what we think will happen and the phenomenon we've 484 00:29:30,920 --> 00:29:33,880 Speaker 1: already observed like, in other words, you can't say for 485 00:29:33,920 --> 00:29:36,240 Speaker 1: certain the sun is gonna come up tomorrow just because 486 00:29:36,240 --> 00:29:39,560 Speaker 1: it's already come up so many days before. And the 487 00:29:39,600 --> 00:29:41,920 Speaker 1: reason why it's because we don't have empirical proof. And 488 00:29:41,960 --> 00:29:44,280 Speaker 1: I liked him for that. So you don't think the 489 00:29:44,280 --> 00:29:46,880 Speaker 1: sun will come up tomorrow necessarily. That's It's not the 490 00:29:46,960 --> 00:29:50,800 Speaker 1: point that I think it won't come up tomorrow. It's 491 00:29:51,040 --> 00:29:53,840 Speaker 1: what human is saying, is we we we can't prove 492 00:29:53,920 --> 00:29:56,840 Speaker 1: that it will. We we you can't prove that it 493 00:29:56,880 --> 00:30:01,440 Speaker 1: will just based on previous experience. Well, Thomas Jefferson and 494 00:30:01,480 --> 00:30:05,240 Speaker 1: John Adams were on board that train to a certain degree. Uh. 495 00:30:05,240 --> 00:30:08,480 Speaker 1: And we mentioned earlier that most of the establishment was 496 00:30:08,520 --> 00:30:11,840 Speaker 1: pretty threatened by most of these ideas and the people 497 00:30:11,880 --> 00:30:14,760 Speaker 1: in power, but not everybody. Uh. Some people wanted to 498 00:30:14,800 --> 00:30:18,040 Speaker 1: get on the Enlightenment train because I think it was 499 00:30:18,880 --> 00:30:23,760 Speaker 1: progressive and maybe made them seem um open to ideas 500 00:30:24,120 --> 00:30:28,200 Speaker 1: and modern perhaps um. Empress of Russia Catherine the Great 501 00:30:28,320 --> 00:30:31,360 Speaker 1: was one of those who had a lot of dealings 502 00:30:31,400 --> 00:30:36,000 Speaker 1: with the philosophs, and Frederick the Great of Prussia even 503 00:30:36,080 --> 00:30:37,760 Speaker 1: had Voltaire over and said, you know what, don't you 504 00:30:37,760 --> 00:30:40,640 Speaker 1: come and live here and he did, Yeah, he said 505 00:30:40,760 --> 00:30:44,840 Speaker 1: for free, and he said for free. He said, Okay, 506 00:30:45,200 --> 00:30:47,000 Speaker 1: I'm just trying to think of Prussian money, but I 507 00:30:47,000 --> 00:30:53,800 Speaker 1: have no idea. The prawlers the proval that's way better. Uh. 508 00:30:53,840 --> 00:30:56,640 Speaker 1: It was also happening in Germany, um, all over the 509 00:30:56,640 --> 00:31:00,360 Speaker 1: world with Emmanuel Kant. He was one of the first 510 00:31:00,440 --> 00:31:03,880 Speaker 1: champions of freedom of the of the press. And his 511 00:31:04,000 --> 00:31:07,760 Speaker 1: motto is one that I love, dare to know. And 512 00:31:08,280 --> 00:31:11,480 Speaker 1: again he was just challenging people go out there and 513 00:31:11,560 --> 00:31:15,880 Speaker 1: learn about something and don't just accept, uh, what these 514 00:31:15,920 --> 00:31:19,960 Speaker 1: religious leaders are telling you you have to accept. And actually, um, 515 00:31:20,000 --> 00:31:24,040 Speaker 1: he came up with this idea called the categorical imperative. Basically, 516 00:31:24,120 --> 00:31:26,800 Speaker 1: can't gave the world the idea that there is such 517 00:31:26,840 --> 00:31:30,080 Speaker 1: a thing as moral absolutes right. And I guess he 518 00:31:30,120 --> 00:31:33,400 Speaker 1: didn't give the world that because the Judeo Christian ethic 519 00:31:33,600 --> 00:31:36,040 Speaker 1: and most religious ethics say that there is such a 520 00:31:36,080 --> 00:31:38,920 Speaker 1: thing as right or wrong. And today you have that 521 00:31:39,040 --> 00:31:42,320 Speaker 1: argument of is there such a thing as moral absolutism 522 00:31:42,720 --> 00:31:46,000 Speaker 1: or is moral or cultural relativism a thing. That's the 523 00:31:46,120 --> 00:31:48,440 Speaker 1: argument that's that one of the arguments that's playing out 524 00:31:48,520 --> 00:31:52,920 Speaker 1: right now in the intellectual world. I just think that's 525 00:31:52,920 --> 00:31:56,480 Speaker 1: fascinating to it totally is uh So, what does this 526 00:31:56,520 --> 00:32:00,320 Speaker 1: all lead to? Eventually, it's going to lead to warm 527 00:32:00,400 --> 00:32:03,160 Speaker 1: because any time there is well not any time, but 528 00:32:03,360 --> 00:32:07,000 Speaker 1: a lot of times, when there's a uprising of radical thought, 529 00:32:07,600 --> 00:32:10,480 Speaker 1: people are gonna want to take action. And it happened 530 00:32:10,560 --> 00:32:13,200 Speaker 1: in the United States by way of the American Revolution 531 00:32:13,960 --> 00:32:16,560 Speaker 1: and in France by way of the French Revolution. And 532 00:32:16,600 --> 00:32:20,280 Speaker 1: they had different results, to say the least, they were 533 00:32:20,320 --> 00:32:26,280 Speaker 1: both experimentations in this new idea of democracy. Yeah, pretty much, um, 534 00:32:26,520 --> 00:32:29,600 Speaker 1: and yeah, the American one worked out pretty well, some 535 00:32:29,680 --> 00:32:33,480 Speaker 1: would say the French one not so much, because apparently 536 00:32:33,600 --> 00:32:37,200 Speaker 1: robes Pierre, who was the head of the Jacobin Party 537 00:32:37,600 --> 00:32:41,000 Speaker 1: that took power during the French Revolution, robes Pierre was 538 00:32:41,040 --> 00:32:44,440 Speaker 1: a follower of Rousseau. Remember, Rousseau contributed to the social 539 00:32:44,480 --> 00:32:48,400 Speaker 1: Contract by saying, um, the people will something and then 540 00:32:48,440 --> 00:32:50,560 Speaker 1: it's up to the people in charge to carry out 541 00:32:50,600 --> 00:32:53,200 Speaker 1: that well. And so rose Pierre took that to mean 542 00:32:53,240 --> 00:32:56,000 Speaker 1: that the people stormed the best deal and overthrew the monarchy. 543 00:32:56,320 --> 00:32:58,480 Speaker 1: And so it was his job as the head of 544 00:32:58,520 --> 00:33:01,080 Speaker 1: the Jacobin Party, which is now a power to kill 545 00:33:01,200 --> 00:33:05,040 Speaker 1: everybody who wasn't down with the revolution, and so thousands 546 00:33:05,080 --> 00:33:07,600 Speaker 1: and thousands of French people lost their lives at the 547 00:33:07,640 --> 00:33:11,200 Speaker 1: guillotine UM as a result during this reign of terror. 548 00:33:11,480 --> 00:33:15,480 Speaker 1: So some people would say, America, uh, founded itself based 549 00:33:15,520 --> 00:33:19,840 Speaker 1: on democratic principles, and UM, let's not pay attention to 550 00:33:19,880 --> 00:33:22,480 Speaker 1: some of these darker spots over here and just pay 551 00:33:22,520 --> 00:33:25,400 Speaker 1: attention to the democratic experiment. And it worked out great. 552 00:33:25,960 --> 00:33:29,000 Speaker 1: And then the French one, there's a revolution. They tried 553 00:33:29,000 --> 00:33:33,120 Speaker 1: to install democratic ideals and thousands of people had their 554 00:33:33,160 --> 00:33:36,200 Speaker 1: heads chopped off, so it didn't work quite as well well. 555 00:33:36,200 --> 00:33:38,600 Speaker 1: And some people say that effectively killed the age of 556 00:33:38,680 --> 00:33:42,000 Speaker 1: Enlightenment as we know it the French Revolution because the 557 00:33:42,080 --> 00:33:46,600 Speaker 1: chaos and violence that erupted, uh was in certain circles 558 00:33:46,600 --> 00:33:49,160 Speaker 1: blamed on the Enlightenment and proof that we can't self 559 00:33:49,200 --> 00:33:51,680 Speaker 1: govern and these are radical ideas and that's why we 560 00:33:51,720 --> 00:33:54,960 Speaker 1: got stomped on. UM. Have you ever heard the theory 561 00:33:54,960 --> 00:33:59,600 Speaker 1: that the French Revolution was due to moldy bread? No? Uh, 562 00:33:59,640 --> 00:34:03,360 Speaker 1: there's one theory that people got ahold of bad bread, 563 00:34:03,560 --> 00:34:07,560 Speaker 1: so it was ergo poisoning. And basically we're tripping on acid. 564 00:34:07,880 --> 00:34:11,000 Speaker 1: On July fourteen s nine when they decided to storm 565 00:34:11,080 --> 00:34:13,160 Speaker 1: the best deal. That was one of the explanations for 566 00:34:13,160 --> 00:34:16,680 Speaker 1: the sale and witchcraft trials. Ye, crazy, I hadn't heard that. 567 00:34:18,280 --> 00:34:22,000 Speaker 1: So they were like, let's it's go time, So let's 568 00:34:22,000 --> 00:34:25,280 Speaker 1: get this party started. But like I said, some people 569 00:34:25,320 --> 00:34:28,480 Speaker 1: say that ended the age of Enlightenment as we know it. Uh, 570 00:34:28,880 --> 00:34:32,960 Speaker 1: Romanticism was soon ushered in and was way more appealing 571 00:34:33,040 --> 00:34:38,560 Speaker 1: to the common folk, um than this weird radical thoughts 572 00:34:39,000 --> 00:34:42,120 Speaker 1: that were going on before. Well, it was the Romanticism 573 00:34:42,160 --> 00:34:46,040 Speaker 1: was the first time people questioned the idea on a 574 00:34:46,120 --> 00:34:51,920 Speaker 1: large scale that maybe the rationalism of and the humanism 575 00:34:52,040 --> 00:34:55,160 Speaker 1: of the Enlightenment went too far in the other direction, 576 00:34:55,239 --> 00:34:58,279 Speaker 1: Like sure, maybe we were way too religious and the 577 00:34:58,360 --> 00:35:01,600 Speaker 1: religious organizations had way to too much power, but we 578 00:35:01,719 --> 00:35:06,239 Speaker 1: swung way over here, and just rationalism had this idea too, 579 00:35:06,280 --> 00:35:08,520 Speaker 1: and it became dogmatic in and of its own right. 580 00:35:08,880 --> 00:35:11,920 Speaker 1: And so this is we still never really figured out 581 00:35:12,040 --> 00:35:15,719 Speaker 1: if how to how to fine tune it enough, And 582 00:35:15,760 --> 00:35:18,359 Speaker 1: that's what we're still figuring out right now. A lot 583 00:35:18,360 --> 00:35:24,399 Speaker 1: of people say, um, the Enlightenment, the idea that you're 584 00:35:24,560 --> 00:35:29,360 Speaker 1: that the course of humanity is always towards civilization and 585 00:35:29,480 --> 00:35:32,920 Speaker 1: rational thought, and that any culture that's not there is 586 00:35:33,200 --> 00:35:37,239 Speaker 1: inferior to a culture that does think rationally. So that 587 00:35:37,320 --> 00:35:41,959 Speaker 1: means that colonialism and imperialism was supported by Enlightenment thought, 588 00:35:42,040 --> 00:35:45,480 Speaker 1: which is a huge Like the Enlightenment it's not supposed 589 00:35:45,480 --> 00:35:47,280 Speaker 1: to be about that's supposed to be about good things 590 00:35:47,320 --> 00:35:52,680 Speaker 1: and freedom and all that, but it also uh supported colonialism. 591 00:35:52,719 --> 00:35:55,040 Speaker 1: That was a huge that's people are arguing about that 592 00:35:55,160 --> 00:35:57,680 Speaker 1: right now too. Yeah, let's go conquer these people and 593 00:35:57,840 --> 00:36:00,719 Speaker 1: make them modern and bring them into today's world exactly. 594 00:36:01,160 --> 00:36:04,799 Speaker 1: So there there's another article I want to recommend. It's 595 00:36:04,840 --> 00:36:07,719 Speaker 1: called um the Trouble with the Enlightenment. It's by a 596 00:36:07,760 --> 00:36:11,800 Speaker 1: guy named Ali Kussen. It's on Prospect magazine. Awesome, awesome 597 00:36:11,880 --> 00:36:14,919 Speaker 1: article about this that's just he basically reviews a couple 598 00:36:15,000 --> 00:36:18,759 Speaker 1: of books, one one by Jonathan Israel who I mentioned earlier, 599 00:36:19,000 --> 00:36:24,560 Speaker 1: where he basically says, like, forget the philosophics, you got 600 00:36:24,560 --> 00:36:27,640 Speaker 1: to look at um Baruch Spinoza, who was a Dutch 601 00:36:27,680 --> 00:36:30,680 Speaker 1: philosopher from I think the seventeenth century. He was the 602 00:36:30,719 --> 00:36:33,399 Speaker 1: one who came up with the Enlightenment ideas and had 603 00:36:33,520 --> 00:36:36,319 Speaker 1: we followed his Enlightenment ideas there wouldn't have been any 604 00:36:36,400 --> 00:36:39,880 Speaker 1: governments now, or that there wouldn't be any religion whatsoever. 605 00:36:40,120 --> 00:36:43,319 Speaker 1: He came up with the real revolutionary Enlightenment, and what 606 00:36:43,360 --> 00:36:45,400 Speaker 1: we got, what we think of as the Enlightenment, was 607 00:36:45,440 --> 00:36:49,319 Speaker 1: a watered down, moderate version that was changed. Sure, there 608 00:36:49,360 --> 00:36:52,400 Speaker 1: was tons of change, but it was still palatable to 609 00:36:52,520 --> 00:36:56,400 Speaker 1: the elite that the people could still be governed easily 610 00:36:57,000 --> 00:36:59,759 Speaker 1: even in these new democratic experiments and stuff like that. 611 00:37:00,080 --> 00:37:01,959 Speaker 1: There's a lot of people who take issue with his book, 612 00:37:02,000 --> 00:37:06,160 Speaker 1: but it's um pretty interesting to discuss it. What's it 613 00:37:06,239 --> 00:37:11,239 Speaker 1: called democratic Enlightenment. I think he's the one who wrote 614 00:37:11,280 --> 00:37:15,120 Speaker 1: that several thousand page trilogy. And then there's another guy 615 00:37:15,560 --> 00:37:18,839 Speaker 1: in a Storian named Anthony Pageant. He believes um that 616 00:37:18,880 --> 00:37:21,640 Speaker 1: the Enlightenment project is still going on, and basically that 617 00:37:21,719 --> 00:37:24,000 Speaker 1: as long as there's religion in the world, the Enlightenment 618 00:37:24,040 --> 00:37:28,799 Speaker 1: won't be fulfilled entirely, which is again it's it's like 619 00:37:28,880 --> 00:37:34,040 Speaker 1: this this idea that rationalism has become dogmatic, and if 620 00:37:34,040 --> 00:37:36,880 Speaker 1: you don't, if you're not just strictly rational, if you 621 00:37:36,920 --> 00:37:39,719 Speaker 1: hold any kind of what could be considered irrational or 622 00:37:39,719 --> 00:37:43,960 Speaker 1: superstitious belief, you're acting irrationally, you're not thinking correctly and 623 00:37:44,000 --> 00:37:50,000 Speaker 1: therefore you have to be converted, which is just as dogmatic. Yeah, 624 00:37:50,320 --> 00:37:53,600 Speaker 1: lots going on right now, huge time of change. And 625 00:37:53,640 --> 00:37:56,719 Speaker 1: also go read The Dark Age myth and Atheist Reviews 626 00:37:56,840 --> 00:38:00,880 Speaker 1: God's Philosophers by Tim O'Neil and Strange Oceans dot Com 627 00:38:00,880 --> 00:38:05,520 Speaker 1: Tip O'Neal, and uh, I think that's about it. Huh. 628 00:38:05,880 --> 00:38:07,359 Speaker 1: That is it for me. If you want to learn 629 00:38:07,360 --> 00:38:09,919 Speaker 1: more about the Enlightnment, go check out those three articles, 630 00:38:10,080 --> 00:38:13,200 Speaker 1: or check out and check out how the Enlightenment worked 631 00:38:14,000 --> 00:38:16,080 Speaker 1: by typing that in the search part How stuff works. 632 00:38:16,680 --> 00:38:20,600 Speaker 1: And now it's time for listening mail. I'm gonna call 633 00:38:20,680 --> 00:38:24,399 Speaker 1: this mad cow theory from Seattle. Hey, guys, just listen 634 00:38:24,400 --> 00:38:27,440 Speaker 1: to your podcast on fatal familial insomnia. In it, you 635 00:38:27,480 --> 00:38:31,120 Speaker 1: mentioned the late eighteenth century cases in Venice and then 636 00:38:31,160 --> 00:38:34,320 Speaker 1: wondered about the unrelated cases and what they were eating. 637 00:38:34,880 --> 00:38:36,960 Speaker 1: This made me finally sit down and write my first email. 638 00:38:37,000 --> 00:38:39,840 Speaker 1: For years, I've had a theory about prion disease and 639 00:38:39,880 --> 00:38:42,400 Speaker 1: mad cow and specific years ago, I was watching a 640 00:38:42,440 --> 00:38:46,440 Speaker 1: program on Egyptian mummies. They talked about how mummification may 641 00:38:46,440 --> 00:38:50,040 Speaker 1: have started out with the Pharaoh but the practice eventually 642 00:38:50,040 --> 00:38:54,960 Speaker 1: made it down to uh call it budget mummification. They 643 00:38:54,960 --> 00:38:58,560 Speaker 1: talked about how in the late eighteenth nineteen century crips 644 00:38:59,040 --> 00:39:01,319 Speaker 1: of these early mom is they would be ground up 645 00:39:01,320 --> 00:39:05,000 Speaker 1: and sold as fertilizer, specifically in England. Sometime later, when 646 00:39:05,040 --> 00:39:08,239 Speaker 1: I learned about prions and how nearly indestructible they were, 647 00:39:08,480 --> 00:39:11,520 Speaker 1: I wondered, could ground up mummies have been used to 648 00:39:11,560 --> 00:39:14,280 Speaker 1: fertilize the field? Then a cow comes along and eats 649 00:39:14,320 --> 00:39:18,080 Speaker 1: grass that has been contaminated with prions, leading to mad 650 00:39:18,120 --> 00:39:21,640 Speaker 1: cow disease. Human eats the mad cow's brain. Its courts 651 00:39:21,680 --> 00:39:25,319 Speaker 1: felt yakops. Uh. So I've always wondered it. Could never 652 00:39:25,400 --> 00:39:27,160 Speaker 1: figure out if you could prove it or disprove it. 653 00:39:27,480 --> 00:39:31,839 Speaker 1: If CFJ it was a real mummy's curse of desecrated 654 00:39:31,840 --> 00:39:36,520 Speaker 1: Egyptian corpses, And that is Darren Gray in Seattle, and man, 655 00:39:36,640 --> 00:39:40,400 Speaker 1: I just like that kind of speaking of radical thought. 656 00:39:42,360 --> 00:39:44,239 Speaker 1: I had not heard that one. Darren's having it, Well, 657 00:39:44,280 --> 00:39:50,800 Speaker 1: it's Darren's own Gray. Is um nice going, Darren? Yeah? Uh, 658 00:39:50,840 --> 00:39:53,759 Speaker 1: if you have anything to say about that, anybody else 659 00:39:53,880 --> 00:39:56,280 Speaker 1: we would like to hear from you. Can you prove 660 00:39:57,280 --> 00:40:01,840 Speaker 1: or disprove that Chris to Field yakubs disease is a 661 00:40:01,920 --> 00:40:04,920 Speaker 1: mommy's curse. You can tweet to us at s y 662 00:40:05,080 --> 00:40:07,359 Speaker 1: s K podcast. You can join us on Facebook dot 663 00:40:07,440 --> 00:40:09,600 Speaker 1: com slash Stuff you Should Know. You can send us 664 00:40:09,600 --> 00:40:13,200 Speaker 1: an email which seems appropriate to stuff podcast at how 665 00:40:13,239 --> 00:40:16,080 Speaker 1: stuff Works dot com and join us at home on 666 00:40:16,120 --> 00:40:21,480 Speaker 1: the web. Stuff you Should Know dot com. Stuff you 667 00:40:21,480 --> 00:40:24,239 Speaker 1: Should Know is a production of iHeart Radio's How Stuff Works. 668 00:40:24,280 --> 00:40:26,520 Speaker 1: For more podcasts for my heart Radio, visit the iHeart 669 00:40:26,600 --> 00:40:29,120 Speaker 1: Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your 670 00:40:29,120 --> 00:40:29,800 Speaker 1: favorite shows.