1 00:00:02,320 --> 00:00:05,520 Speaker 1: Happy Saturday. Not long ago, we got an email from 2 00:00:05,519 --> 00:00:09,440 Speaker 1: listener Daniel, who sent us a message about cliff diving 3 00:00:10,119 --> 00:00:13,560 Speaker 1: after hearing our episode on Sonora Webster Carver. I don't know, 4 00:00:13,600 --> 00:00:16,160 Speaker 1: we may have read this as a list of mail 5 00:00:16,200 --> 00:00:18,200 Speaker 1: at some point by the time this class it comes out, 6 00:00:18,239 --> 00:00:21,040 Speaker 1: but at the end of the message, Daniel gave us 7 00:00:21,040 --> 00:00:25,320 Speaker 1: a couple of episode suggestions, including mary Anne shad Carry. 8 00:00:25,960 --> 00:00:29,120 Speaker 1: We covered mary Ann shad Carry on the show in July, 9 00:00:30,240 --> 00:00:33,000 Speaker 1: so we're putting that episode back into our feet today 10 00:00:33,040 --> 00:00:36,560 Speaker 1: thanks to Daniel's email. Daniels, thank you for this suggestion. 11 00:00:39,600 --> 00:00:42,599 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 12 00:00:42,680 --> 00:00:52,800 Speaker 1: of I Heart Radio. Hello and welcome to the podcast. 13 00:00:52,880 --> 00:00:56,480 Speaker 1: I'm Tracy Vie Wilson and I'm Holly Frying and our 14 00:00:56,600 --> 00:00:59,320 Speaker 1: recent two parter on Harriet Tubman. We talked a little 15 00:00:59,320 --> 00:01:02,880 Speaker 1: bit about the Underground Railroad and it's northern terminus in 16 00:01:02,880 --> 00:01:06,120 Speaker 1: British North America, which would eventually become Canada, and we 17 00:01:06,160 --> 00:01:09,160 Speaker 1: talked a little bit about how Harriet Tubman herself and 18 00:01:09,200 --> 00:01:11,120 Speaker 1: the people that she guided there had kind of a 19 00:01:11,200 --> 00:01:14,240 Speaker 1: rough time when they got there, basically because they were 20 00:01:14,240 --> 00:01:18,440 Speaker 1: starting over from scratch, having just escaped from bondage, but 21 00:01:18,600 --> 00:01:21,640 Speaker 1: that is really only one aspect of the hardships that 22 00:01:21,800 --> 00:01:25,200 Speaker 1: escaped persons faced in Canada. And after those episodes came out, 23 00:01:25,240 --> 00:01:28,480 Speaker 1: we got a wonderful email from listener Derek, which we 24 00:01:28,520 --> 00:01:30,520 Speaker 1: are going to read at the end of this episode, 25 00:01:30,560 --> 00:01:34,040 Speaker 1: and in it he suggested today's subject for the show. 26 00:01:35,000 --> 00:01:38,000 Speaker 1: So today we are going to talk about Marianne Shad Carrie, 27 00:01:38,080 --> 00:01:41,240 Speaker 1: who was a black Canadian American who was the first 28 00:01:41,319 --> 00:01:43,720 Speaker 1: black woman in North America to publish an edit a 29 00:01:43,800 --> 00:01:46,960 Speaker 1: newspaper as well as a second black woman in the 30 00:01:47,040 --> 00:01:50,000 Speaker 1: United States to become an attorney. And aside from that, 31 00:01:50,120 --> 00:01:54,160 Speaker 1: she was also a teacher and a ceaseless advocate against 32 00:01:54,160 --> 00:01:58,040 Speaker 1: slavery and for better lives for free black people as 33 00:01:58,040 --> 00:02:00,760 Speaker 1: well as for women's rights. Uh and I had never 34 00:02:00,840 --> 00:02:06,400 Speaker 1: heard of her before getting Derek's letter me either, so hooray. 35 00:02:06,560 --> 00:02:10,079 Speaker 1: And mary Anne Shad Carry born Mary Anne Shadd had 36 00:02:10,080 --> 00:02:13,960 Speaker 1: a family history that tied to multiple previous podcast subjects. 37 00:02:13,960 --> 00:02:17,160 Speaker 1: Her great grandfather, Hans Shad which is spelled a little 38 00:02:17,160 --> 00:02:19,960 Speaker 1: bit differently, it's s c h A D instead of 39 00:02:20,200 --> 00:02:23,639 Speaker 1: s h A d D was a Hessian soldier. Her 40 00:02:23,680 --> 00:02:26,800 Speaker 1: great grandmother, Elizabeth, was one of two black women who 41 00:02:26,880 --> 00:02:29,560 Speaker 1: cared for him when he was injured near Philadelphia in 42 00:02:29,639 --> 00:02:34,080 Speaker 1: seventeen fifty five. Elizabeth and Hans married in January of 43 00:02:34,120 --> 00:02:37,960 Speaker 1: seventeen fifty six. Roughly twenty years later, they and their 44 00:02:38,040 --> 00:02:41,519 Speaker 1: children moved across the state line into Delaware, which, although 45 00:02:41,560 --> 00:02:45,640 Speaker 1: they were still all free, was a slave state. Over 46 00:02:45,720 --> 00:02:49,079 Speaker 1: the next couple of generations, Shad spelled s h A 47 00:02:49,200 --> 00:02:51,760 Speaker 1: D morphed into Shad s h A d D and 48 00:02:51,880 --> 00:02:55,359 Speaker 1: the family became a relatively prosperous free family of color 49 00:02:55,919 --> 00:02:59,519 Speaker 1: and a respected part of Wilmington, Delaware's free black community. 50 00:03:00,160 --> 00:03:03,280 Speaker 1: At the time, they would have been classified as mulatto's, 51 00:03:03,760 --> 00:03:06,720 Speaker 1: and most of the family worked in skilled trades and 52 00:03:06,840 --> 00:03:11,760 Speaker 1: skilled trades and made a pretty comfortable living. Maryanne Camberton 53 00:03:11,840 --> 00:03:15,760 Speaker 1: shed was the oldest of Harriet and Abraham Sheds thirteen children. 54 00:03:16,360 --> 00:03:19,360 Speaker 1: She was born on October nine of eighteen twenty three. 55 00:03:19,760 --> 00:03:22,639 Speaker 1: Her parents were abolitionists and were actively involved with the 56 00:03:22,720 --> 00:03:26,880 Speaker 1: Underground Railroad, and Abraham was also active in organizations trying 57 00:03:26,919 --> 00:03:30,120 Speaker 1: to improve the lives and legal protections of free black people, 58 00:03:30,520 --> 00:03:33,800 Speaker 1: including being a delicate to the Annual Convention for the 59 00:03:33,840 --> 00:03:38,440 Speaker 1: improvement of free people of color. When Marianne was born, 60 00:03:38,600 --> 00:03:41,720 Speaker 1: slavery had really been on the wayne in Delaware for 61 00:03:41,760 --> 00:03:45,160 Speaker 1: a while, and during her early life the vast majority 62 00:03:45,240 --> 00:03:50,280 Speaker 1: of Delaware's black population was free. However, Delaware was still 63 00:03:50,320 --> 00:03:54,680 Speaker 1: a slave state and concerned that its sizeable free black 64 00:03:54,760 --> 00:03:58,760 Speaker 1: population would inspire a revolt among those who were still enslaved. 65 00:03:59,600 --> 00:04:02,040 Speaker 1: This is why the states started passing a series of 66 00:04:02,040 --> 00:04:05,520 Speaker 1: so called Black codes, beginning not long after Marianne was born. 67 00:04:06,200 --> 00:04:11,320 Speaker 1: These codes were increasingly strict, impunitive, detailing detailing where Delaware's 68 00:04:11,360 --> 00:04:15,680 Speaker 1: black residents could congregate and be educated, where and whether 69 00:04:15,720 --> 00:04:19,920 Speaker 1: they could vote or hold public office. That answer was new. 70 00:04:21,279 --> 00:04:25,480 Speaker 1: It went on and on. Churches, schools, and public accommodations 71 00:04:25,480 --> 00:04:29,880 Speaker 1: were segregated, and many predominantly white churches stopped allowing black 72 00:04:29,920 --> 00:04:35,480 Speaker 1: members to attend. Educational opportunities for black children were severely lacking, 73 00:04:35,880 --> 00:04:38,800 Speaker 1: with the state not funding them and very few charities 74 00:04:38,800 --> 00:04:42,400 Speaker 1: and social organizations being willing to do it either. This 75 00:04:42,480 --> 00:04:46,040 Speaker 1: meant that Maryanne Sex put her doubly at a disadvantage. 76 00:04:46,080 --> 00:04:50,400 Speaker 1: There was one quote female African school in all of Delaware, 77 00:04:50,560 --> 00:04:53,640 Speaker 1: which failed when she was about seven and didn't reopen 78 00:04:53,720 --> 00:04:56,280 Speaker 1: again until she was out of her school age years. 79 00:04:57,800 --> 00:05:00,719 Speaker 1: All of this together meant that in the decade or 80 00:05:00,760 --> 00:05:06,000 Speaker 1: so after Marianne's birth, Delaware became an increasingly untenable place 81 00:05:06,080 --> 00:05:08,480 Speaker 1: for the Shad family to be living. So in eighteen 82 00:05:08,520 --> 00:05:12,080 Speaker 1: thirty three and they moved to Westchester, Pennsylvania, which would 83 00:05:12,120 --> 00:05:15,880 Speaker 1: later be home to recent podcast subject Buyard Ruston, with 84 00:05:15,920 --> 00:05:18,560 Speaker 1: the hope of finding a more humane place to live, and, 85 00:05:18,600 --> 00:05:21,159 Speaker 1: according to the family lure, one in which there would 86 00:05:21,200 --> 00:05:25,800 Speaker 1: be more educational opportunities for the family's children, particularly the daughters. 87 00:05:26,480 --> 00:05:29,680 Speaker 1: Pennsylvania was a free state and was in some ways 88 00:05:29,720 --> 00:05:33,279 Speaker 1: definitely better for the family than Delaware had been. However, 89 00:05:33,839 --> 00:05:37,120 Speaker 1: black people still couldn't vote and weren't represented in the government, 90 00:05:37,360 --> 00:05:39,680 Speaker 1: and the state was still home to racial tensions and 91 00:05:39,800 --> 00:05:43,960 Speaker 1: racial violence. For example, on August twelveth through the fourteenth 92 00:05:43,960 --> 00:05:47,919 Speaker 1: of eighteen thirty four, a white mob destroyed businesses and 93 00:05:48,000 --> 00:05:51,760 Speaker 1: at least forty homes in one of Philadelphia's black neighborhoods 94 00:05:51,800 --> 00:05:54,760 Speaker 1: following an argument on the eleventh at a carousel that 95 00:05:54,839 --> 00:05:58,799 Speaker 1: led to the rumors that black residents had insulted white residents. 96 00:05:59,600 --> 00:06:03,760 Speaker 1: Just aill that down a white mob destroyed a large 97 00:06:03,800 --> 00:06:06,880 Speaker 1: part of a black neighborhood based on the rumor of insults. 98 00:06:07,560 --> 00:06:11,600 Speaker 1: In case that was not quite clear enough, Marianne's father, Abraham, 99 00:06:11,720 --> 00:06:14,560 Speaker 1: worked as a shoemaker after they got to Westchester until 100 00:06:14,600 --> 00:06:17,400 Speaker 1: the family saved enough money to buy a small farm. 101 00:06:17,400 --> 00:06:19,920 Speaker 1: He continued his work as an activist, and the family 102 00:06:19,960 --> 00:06:23,599 Speaker 1: continued their work with the Underground Railroad. And although the 103 00:06:23,640 --> 00:06:26,280 Speaker 1: records are kind of spotty, it does seem that Marianne 104 00:06:26,360 --> 00:06:29,719 Speaker 1: was able to get an education through private Westchester schools. 105 00:06:30,080 --> 00:06:33,240 Speaker 1: Pennsylvania did have state supported public schools, but they were 106 00:06:33,279 --> 00:06:37,240 Speaker 1: unofficially not open to black children. And all of this 107 00:06:37,880 --> 00:06:40,640 Speaker 1: primed to lead Marianne into the adult life that she 108 00:06:40,680 --> 00:06:43,279 Speaker 1: would live. And we're gonna talk about that, but first 109 00:06:43,320 --> 00:06:45,600 Speaker 1: we're gonna pause really quickly for a word from one 110 00:06:45,640 --> 00:06:56,680 Speaker 1: of our fantastic sponsors. To get back to mary Anne 111 00:06:56,720 --> 00:06:59,320 Speaker 1: Chad as she was then, as we talked about before 112 00:06:59,360 --> 00:07:02,160 Speaker 1: the break, she had spent her earliest years in Delaware, 113 00:07:02,160 --> 00:07:06,880 Speaker 1: watching the state's black community become subject to increasingly harsh 114 00:07:07,000 --> 00:07:10,720 Speaker 1: black codes. She'd been raised by activist parents who wanted 115 00:07:10,720 --> 00:07:13,360 Speaker 1: their children to be educated, but did not have very 116 00:07:13,360 --> 00:07:15,760 Speaker 1: many schools available to them, especially when it came to 117 00:07:15,800 --> 00:07:19,360 Speaker 1: their daughters. So once she got the education that her 118 00:07:19,360 --> 00:07:22,120 Speaker 1: parents had worked so hard to secure for her, she 119 00:07:22,240 --> 00:07:24,920 Speaker 1: used it to educate people where she thought it was needed, most, 120 00:07:25,240 --> 00:07:28,800 Speaker 1: which began back in Delaware. From there, she also went 121 00:07:28,800 --> 00:07:31,680 Speaker 1: on to teach in Norristown, Pennsylvania and Trenton, New Jersey 122 00:07:31,760 --> 00:07:35,880 Speaker 1: through the eighteen forties. Being a teacher at a school 123 00:07:35,960 --> 00:07:39,800 Speaker 1: for black children was extraordinarily difficult during this time, whether 124 00:07:39,800 --> 00:07:42,080 Speaker 1: the school was in a free state or a slave state. 125 00:07:42,760 --> 00:07:46,600 Speaker 1: In general, either by custom or by specific law, state 126 00:07:46,640 --> 00:07:49,920 Speaker 1: funded schools were for white children only, and the states 127 00:07:49,960 --> 00:07:52,920 Speaker 1: offered little to no funding for schools for black children. 128 00:07:53,520 --> 00:07:56,760 Speaker 1: The charities running schools for black children were generally doing 129 00:07:56,840 --> 00:08:00,680 Speaker 1: so on almost no money in places like church basements. 130 00:08:02,400 --> 00:08:06,440 Speaker 1: Keeping schools for black children afloat required an extended network 131 00:08:06,480 --> 00:08:10,520 Speaker 1: of mutual aid societies, small businesses, and charities, all pulling 132 00:08:10,560 --> 00:08:14,440 Speaker 1: together to keep them funded, staffed, and equipped. The teachers, 133 00:08:14,520 --> 00:08:17,200 Speaker 1: most of whom were black women, worked for exceptionally low 134 00:08:17,240 --> 00:08:20,400 Speaker 1: pay and virtually no job security. Schools ran out of 135 00:08:20,400 --> 00:08:23,120 Speaker 1: money and closed down frequently, which was one of the 136 00:08:23,160 --> 00:08:26,880 Speaker 1: reasons that Shadd taught in so many different places. All 137 00:08:26,920 --> 00:08:31,000 Speaker 1: of this was in addition to increasing levels of discrimination, segregation, 138 00:08:31,080 --> 00:08:34,120 Speaker 1: and racist violence that grew in the wake of increasing 139 00:08:34,200 --> 00:08:39,280 Speaker 1: numbers of free black people moving to the North. Nonetheless, 140 00:08:39,320 --> 00:08:42,200 Speaker 1: she had acquired about a decade of teaching experience by 141 00:08:42,240 --> 00:08:44,600 Speaker 1: the time she wrote a letter to Frederick Douglas in 142 00:08:44,679 --> 00:08:48,960 Speaker 1: January of eighteen forty nine. He had asked for suggestions 143 00:08:48,960 --> 00:08:51,600 Speaker 1: on how to make real positive changes in the lives 144 00:08:51,640 --> 00:08:54,920 Speaker 1: of free black people living in the North. Shad's letter, 145 00:08:54,960 --> 00:08:58,600 Speaker 1: which was published in Douglas's anti slavery newspaper, The North Star, 146 00:08:59,240 --> 00:09:03,760 Speaker 1: criticized free black activists, including herself, for spending too much 147 00:09:03,800 --> 00:09:07,320 Speaker 1: time talking and debating at conventions and not enough time 148 00:09:07,360 --> 00:09:11,120 Speaker 1: on effective action. We should do more, she wrote, and 149 00:09:11,200 --> 00:09:15,200 Speaker 1: talk less. One of the things Shad would do for 150 00:09:15,240 --> 00:09:18,480 Speaker 1: the next few years was teach. In eighteen fifty one, 151 00:09:18,640 --> 00:09:20,600 Speaker 1: she moved to New York City to teach at a 152 00:09:20,640 --> 00:09:23,400 Speaker 1: school formed by the Society for the Promotion of Education 153 00:09:23,559 --> 00:09:27,480 Speaker 1: among Colored Children. Not long after, she heard about a 154 00:09:27,520 --> 00:09:31,480 Speaker 1: Great North American anti slavery convention to be held in Toronto, 155 00:09:31,920 --> 00:09:35,680 Speaker 1: which she decided to attend. By this point, escaped slaves 156 00:09:35,720 --> 00:09:39,560 Speaker 1: had established several communities in Canada, particularly along a border 157 00:09:39,600 --> 00:09:42,760 Speaker 1: with the United States in Canada West, which is now Ontario. 158 00:09:43,600 --> 00:09:46,720 Speaker 1: These communities had become sort of test cases for self 159 00:09:46,760 --> 00:09:53,880 Speaker 1: sufficiency and uplift strategies within the evolutionist movement. After discussing 160 00:09:53,880 --> 00:09:56,440 Speaker 1: the challenges and issues that were faced both in the 161 00:09:56,480 --> 00:09:59,400 Speaker 1: United States and in Canada, several of the delegates to 162 00:09:59,400 --> 00:10:02,760 Speaker 1: this meeting came to the conclusion that immigration to Canada 163 00:10:02,880 --> 00:10:06,000 Speaker 1: was the best way to ensure self sufficiency and equality 164 00:10:06,040 --> 00:10:10,000 Speaker 1: for the United States black population. There was still racism 165 00:10:10,040 --> 00:10:12,760 Speaker 1: in Canada, but the theory was that it would be 166 00:10:12,800 --> 00:10:16,719 Speaker 1: easier for black newcomers to Canada to achieve true equality 167 00:10:17,480 --> 00:10:23,240 Speaker 1: in that nation which didn't have slavery and established discriminatory laws. 168 00:10:23,320 --> 00:10:25,439 Speaker 1: So it's sort of this idea that, Okay, we can 169 00:10:25,520 --> 00:10:28,360 Speaker 1: move to Canada and kind of start fresh and have 170 00:10:28,480 --> 00:10:30,800 Speaker 1: a better shot at true equality than we do in 171 00:10:30,840 --> 00:10:34,880 Speaker 1: the United States. This was not a new idea at all. 172 00:10:35,559 --> 00:10:39,319 Speaker 1: Various people in organizations, both black and white and operating 173 00:10:39,320 --> 00:10:42,319 Speaker 1: with a whole range of philosophies and goals, had been 174 00:10:42,360 --> 00:10:47,559 Speaker 1: advocating the idea of resettling freed slaves for decades. Marianne's 175 00:10:47,600 --> 00:10:51,320 Speaker 1: father Abraham had actually been an advocate against this idea 176 00:10:51,400 --> 00:10:55,200 Speaker 1: at the time, largely focused on resettlement to Africa during 177 00:10:55,280 --> 00:10:58,199 Speaker 1: his years of activism before Marianne's birth and into her 178 00:10:58,200 --> 00:11:02,600 Speaker 1: early life. There were deafly a lot of different motivations 179 00:11:02,600 --> 00:11:04,559 Speaker 1: and points of view that people had for this idea 180 00:11:04,600 --> 00:11:08,480 Speaker 1: of resettlement to Africa. There were there were African American 181 00:11:08,640 --> 00:11:12,520 Speaker 1: leaders who were like, Okay, we should move and we'll 182 00:11:12,559 --> 00:11:14,720 Speaker 1: have a better chance there, and then there were also 183 00:11:14,800 --> 00:11:17,959 Speaker 1: people that were working from a more like white nationalist 184 00:11:18,000 --> 00:11:20,120 Speaker 1: point of view who were like, we should move the 185 00:11:20,160 --> 00:11:23,400 Speaker 1: black people out of our country back to Africa. Like 186 00:11:23,440 --> 00:11:28,079 Speaker 1: you can't boil down that, uh, that whole movement into 187 00:11:28,120 --> 00:11:31,240 Speaker 1: just one perspective, because there were a lot of different 188 00:11:31,320 --> 00:11:35,720 Speaker 1: people working towards the same goal from vastly different points 189 00:11:35,720 --> 00:11:39,440 Speaker 1: of view. Abraham, for example, felt that black people had 190 00:11:39,480 --> 00:11:42,840 Speaker 1: a constitutional right to live full, free lives in the 191 00:11:42,960 --> 00:11:45,800 Speaker 1: United States, so he was against the idea of resettlement 192 00:11:45,880 --> 00:11:49,120 Speaker 1: to Africa at all. Marianne, on the other hand, found 193 00:11:49,120 --> 00:11:51,400 Speaker 1: the arguments that she heard at this eighteen fifty one 194 00:11:51,400 --> 00:11:54,280 Speaker 1: meeting really appealing, and within days she had decided to 195 00:11:54,360 --> 00:11:56,920 Speaker 1: move to Canada to address one of the issues that 196 00:11:56,960 --> 00:11:58,920 Speaker 1: had been brought up at this meeting that was facing 197 00:11:59,040 --> 00:12:03,320 Speaker 1: Canada West's communities, and that was a lack of opportunity 198 00:12:03,360 --> 00:12:07,360 Speaker 1: for education. She moved to Windsor, just over the border 199 00:12:07,360 --> 00:12:10,319 Speaker 1: from Michigan on the Detroit River to open a school, 200 00:12:11,120 --> 00:12:13,520 Speaker 1: and the school was housed in a barracks left over 201 00:12:13,559 --> 00:12:16,680 Speaker 1: from the War of eighteen twelve. Shad was a huge 202 00:12:16,720 --> 00:12:20,520 Speaker 1: believer in integration. She wanted to encourage integrated communities of 203 00:12:20,600 --> 00:12:25,359 Speaker 1: equals rather than separate, segregated cities and facilities for black residents. 204 00:12:25,760 --> 00:12:28,559 Speaker 1: So she wanted her school to admit anybody that wanted 205 00:12:28,600 --> 00:12:32,440 Speaker 1: to learn. Tuition was a shilling a week, but she 206 00:12:32,520 --> 00:12:36,400 Speaker 1: promised not to turn away someone because they couldn't pay. This, however, 207 00:12:36,520 --> 00:12:39,720 Speaker 1: proved to be an enormously difficult promise to keep. She 208 00:12:39,880 --> 00:12:43,120 Speaker 1: very quickly found twenty five students, but twenty of them 209 00:12:43,120 --> 00:12:45,480 Speaker 1: were too poor to afford the tuition, and she was 210 00:12:45,520 --> 00:12:48,120 Speaker 1: sure that there were lots of other potential students in 211 00:12:48,200 --> 00:12:51,480 Speaker 1: Windsor who just couldn't afford to attend school at all 212 00:12:51,640 --> 00:12:55,280 Speaker 1: because they needed basically to work, even though they were children, 213 00:12:55,760 --> 00:12:59,920 Speaker 1: to bring in the money for their family. So when 214 00:13:00,160 --> 00:13:02,199 Speaker 1: the small number of students that she had that could 215 00:13:02,200 --> 00:13:05,200 Speaker 1: pay their tuition, there just wasn't enough to make ends meet. 216 00:13:05,760 --> 00:13:09,240 Speaker 1: Within months, Shad was living on charitable donations and money 217 00:13:09,320 --> 00:13:12,240 Speaker 1: her family sent her from home, and she doubted her 218 00:13:12,280 --> 00:13:15,680 Speaker 1: ability to keep the school heated in the oncoming Canadian winter. 219 00:13:16,520 --> 00:13:19,959 Speaker 1: She finally applied to the American Missionary Association, which was 220 00:13:20,040 --> 00:13:24,040 Speaker 1: hiring teachers for mission schools in Canada, to ask for funds. 221 00:13:24,760 --> 00:13:27,000 Speaker 1: After some reluctance on the a m a's part, she 222 00:13:27,160 --> 00:13:29,840 Speaker 1: was finally granted a hundred and twenty five dollars a 223 00:13:29,960 --> 00:13:32,319 Speaker 1: year that was half of what she said the school 224 00:13:32,360 --> 00:13:35,640 Speaker 1: would need to stay running, and soon her students numbered 225 00:13:35,640 --> 00:13:39,720 Speaker 1: twenty three children in the day and ten adults at night. 226 00:13:41,640 --> 00:13:44,440 Speaker 1: Once she was in Ontario, Shad proved herself to be 227 00:13:44,480 --> 00:13:48,120 Speaker 1: a really contentious figure. In June of eighteen fifty two, 228 00:13:48,120 --> 00:13:51,880 Speaker 1: she published a pamphlet entitled A Plea for Immigration or 229 00:13:52,040 --> 00:13:55,080 Speaker 1: Notes of Canada West and its Moral, social and political 230 00:13:55,120 --> 00:14:00,280 Speaker 1: aspect with suggestions respecting Mexico, West Indies and Vancouver's Land 231 00:14:00,679 --> 00:14:04,280 Speaker 1: for the information of Colored Immigrants. This was a forty 232 00:14:04,320 --> 00:14:10,280 Speaker 1: four page document primarily detailing information about Canada West's economy, politics, 233 00:14:10,320 --> 00:14:15,440 Speaker 1: Agriculture and Society. Notes of Canada West was basically promotional material, 234 00:14:15,600 --> 00:14:20,040 Speaker 1: maybe even propaganda, for the idea of immigration to Canada. 235 00:14:20,400 --> 00:14:25,480 Speaker 1: It definitely hyped Canada's advantages and glossed over its downsides. 236 00:14:26,760 --> 00:14:31,200 Speaker 1: This pamphlet exacerbated an already festering disagreement with Henry and 237 00:14:31,280 --> 00:14:35,000 Speaker 1: Mary Bibb. Henry Bibb was one of Canada's most prominent 238 00:14:35,000 --> 00:14:38,080 Speaker 1: Black leaders. It was actually the Bibbs who had encouraged 239 00:14:38,080 --> 00:14:41,200 Speaker 1: Shadd to come to Windsor in the first place. Notes 240 00:14:41,240 --> 00:14:44,560 Speaker 1: of Canada West set Shad up as the foremost authority 241 00:14:44,640 --> 00:14:47,360 Speaker 1: on what life was like for black immigrants to Canada, 242 00:14:47,800 --> 00:14:51,120 Speaker 1: which meant that Henry Bibb had been upstaged, and he 243 00:14:51,160 --> 00:14:55,000 Speaker 1: had been upstaged by a woman. Shad and the Bibbs 244 00:14:55,040 --> 00:14:59,200 Speaker 1: also fundamentally disagreed about how life for black immigrants should 245 00:14:59,200 --> 00:15:03,200 Speaker 1: be supported in Canada. Henry Bibb ran a settlement organization 246 00:15:03,280 --> 00:15:07,280 Speaker 1: called the Refugee Home Society or RHS, which solicited their 247 00:15:07,360 --> 00:15:11,600 Speaker 1: nations of both money and goods, and redistributed land. Shad 248 00:15:11,640 --> 00:15:15,160 Speaker 1: thought of this as begging. She strongly believed that the 249 00:15:15,160 --> 00:15:18,000 Speaker 1: black community needed to be self sufficient and not rely 250 00:15:18,120 --> 00:15:21,200 Speaker 1: on cast off clothing and second hand donations, and she 251 00:15:21,400 --> 00:15:26,960 Speaker 1: also suspected mismanagement in the RHSS finances. Aside from their 252 00:15:26,960 --> 00:15:30,680 Speaker 1: differences of opinion, Shad was direct and even aggressive when 253 00:15:30,680 --> 00:15:35,680 Speaker 1: she criticized people in organizations. Sometimes her writing was flecked 254 00:15:35,720 --> 00:15:39,640 Speaker 1: with sarcasm as well. So these disagreements blossomed into a 255 00:15:39,720 --> 00:15:42,640 Speaker 1: full blown feud, and this feud went on until the 256 00:15:42,680 --> 00:15:45,680 Speaker 1: summer of eighteen fifty two, when a cholera epidemic in 257 00:15:45,720 --> 00:15:51,040 Speaker 1: Windsor drew people's attention to more urgent matters. However, even 258 00:15:51,080 --> 00:15:54,480 Speaker 1: though it's sort of was diverted from existing, this feud 259 00:15:54,520 --> 00:15:58,480 Speaker 1: did have consequences for Shad and it's wake. The American 260 00:15:58,520 --> 00:16:01,920 Speaker 1: Missionary Association BO had not to fund her anymore once 261 00:16:01,960 --> 00:16:04,520 Speaker 1: her contract was up at the school, citing that she 262 00:16:04,600 --> 00:16:08,000 Speaker 1: had a lack of evangelical views. This was in spite 263 00:16:08,000 --> 00:16:10,880 Speaker 1: of the fact that they that they had just reviewed 264 00:16:10,880 --> 00:16:13,440 Speaker 1: her work and called it quote full and satisfactory a 265 00:16:13,520 --> 00:16:16,880 Speaker 1: month before she wound up closing her school on March 266 00:16:17,600 --> 00:16:22,000 Speaker 1: eighteen fifty three. The day after the school closed, the 267 00:16:22,120 --> 00:16:26,920 Speaker 1: first issue of The Provincial Freeman, a newspaper Chad largely wrote, edited, 268 00:16:27,000 --> 00:16:29,840 Speaker 1: and produced was published, and we're going to talk about 269 00:16:29,840 --> 00:16:32,280 Speaker 1: her new career as a newspaper editor. But first we 270 00:16:32,280 --> 00:16:34,320 Speaker 1: are going to pause one more time for a word 271 00:16:34,360 --> 00:16:36,480 Speaker 1: from one of the great sponsors that keeps us going. 272 00:16:45,480 --> 00:16:48,080 Speaker 1: When mary Anne Shad learned her contract with the American 273 00:16:48,120 --> 00:16:51,200 Speaker 1: Missionaries Association was not going to be renewed, she began 274 00:16:51,280 --> 00:16:54,720 Speaker 1: working on a newspaper. She wanted a publication that could 275 00:16:54,800 --> 00:16:58,440 Speaker 1: counter the viewpoints expressed in the Voice of the Fugitive, 276 00:16:58,520 --> 00:17:01,640 Speaker 1: which the Bibs were involved. Apart from the fact that 277 00:17:01,640 --> 00:17:04,840 Speaker 1: her disagreement with the Bibbs played out in part when 278 00:17:05,160 --> 00:17:07,840 Speaker 1: letters and columns published in the Voice of the Fugitive, 279 00:17:08,440 --> 00:17:12,560 Speaker 1: this newspaper also published editorials on women's role in the world. 280 00:17:12,800 --> 00:17:16,399 Speaker 1: These were editorials that promoted the very Victorian view of 281 00:17:16,520 --> 00:17:20,639 Speaker 1: women's domesticity. This was not a view that she agreed 282 00:17:20,680 --> 00:17:24,960 Speaker 1: with at all. She enlisted the help of experienced newspaper 283 00:17:25,080 --> 00:17:29,480 Speaker 1: editor Samuel ringold Ward. However, Ward's name was mostly for 284 00:17:29,480 --> 00:17:32,720 Speaker 1: the sake of name recognition and to shield the publication 285 00:17:32,800 --> 00:17:37,120 Speaker 1: from sexism. His direct involvement was pretty minimal, though, since 286 00:17:37,160 --> 00:17:39,800 Speaker 1: he lived in Toronto, which was more than three d 287 00:17:39,800 --> 00:17:44,000 Speaker 1: and fifty miles away. That first issue of The Provincial 288 00:17:44,000 --> 00:17:46,280 Speaker 1: Freeman was something of a prototype, and it would be 289 00:17:46,320 --> 00:17:49,080 Speaker 1: a while before there were regular issues that came out. 290 00:17:49,400 --> 00:17:52,680 Speaker 1: Although one of her goals had been to publish opinions 291 00:17:52,800 --> 00:17:55,280 Speaker 1: counter to those that were in the Voice of the Fugitive, 292 00:17:55,359 --> 00:17:59,560 Speaker 1: this actually turned out to be unnecessary. That publication folded, 293 00:17:59,640 --> 00:18:02,159 Speaker 1: not after all of its presses were destroyed in a 294 00:18:02,320 --> 00:18:06,440 Speaker 1: fire in late eighteen fifty three. The Provincial Freeman began 295 00:18:06,520 --> 00:18:10,640 Speaker 1: regular publishing on March eighteen fifty four, which was one 296 00:18:10,800 --> 00:18:14,840 Speaker 1: year after the publication of that initial issue. It's still 297 00:18:14,920 --> 00:18:17,439 Speaker 1: listed some of the same names on the masthead and 298 00:18:17,520 --> 00:18:21,440 Speaker 1: that new year later issue, but Shad was still doing 299 00:18:21,440 --> 00:18:24,919 Speaker 1: pretty much all the editorial work. Soon the paper was 300 00:18:24,960 --> 00:18:28,920 Speaker 1: being published every Saturday, and it featured editorials written by Shad, 301 00:18:29,000 --> 00:18:32,400 Speaker 1: articles picked up from other anti slavery and religious publications, 302 00:18:32,720 --> 00:18:36,320 Speaker 1: and local news and politics, and particular as was relevant 303 00:18:36,359 --> 00:18:40,160 Speaker 1: to black residents of Canada. Among the topics it covered, 304 00:18:40,640 --> 00:18:43,600 Speaker 1: UH the debate about mass immigration of black residents of 305 00:18:43,640 --> 00:18:46,040 Speaker 1: the US and whether it was better to stay in 306 00:18:46,080 --> 00:18:48,960 Speaker 1: the US and fight for equal rights there, UH, the 307 00:18:49,040 --> 00:18:51,879 Speaker 1: progress of the abolitionist movement in the United States and 308 00:18:51,920 --> 00:18:56,160 Speaker 1: its failure to have achieved nationwide abolition, and the hypocrisy 309 00:18:56,160 --> 00:18:59,800 Speaker 1: of legislators who adopted an anti slavery platform because it 310 00:18:59,840 --> 00:19:03,960 Speaker 1: was politically advantageous where they lived, not because they actually 311 00:19:04,160 --> 00:19:07,600 Speaker 1: believed that slavery was evil. It also published a lot 312 00:19:07,640 --> 00:19:12,960 Speaker 1: of work on women's rights. For this newspaper's entire existence, 313 00:19:13,000 --> 00:19:16,360 Speaker 1: Shad would aggressively try to raise raise funds to keep 314 00:19:16,359 --> 00:19:19,639 Speaker 1: it afloat. She actually went on a fundraising tour. This 315 00:19:19,720 --> 00:19:21,439 Speaker 1: was the first of many, and it was at this 316 00:19:21,480 --> 00:19:24,000 Speaker 1: point that she could no longer effectively hide the fact 317 00:19:24,080 --> 00:19:25,719 Speaker 1: that she was the one who had been editing it 318 00:19:25,760 --> 00:19:28,960 Speaker 1: behind the scenes this whole time. Apart from her being 319 00:19:29,040 --> 00:19:32,879 Speaker 1: its public spokesperson on the tour, the number of unsigned 320 00:19:33,000 --> 00:19:36,960 Speaker 1: editorials that the paper was publishing dropped really dramatically while 321 00:19:37,000 --> 00:19:39,240 Speaker 1: she was away, and they were replaced by notes on 322 00:19:39,280 --> 00:19:42,600 Speaker 1: her travel around Canada, which were under the byline M. A. Shad. 323 00:19:43,080 --> 00:19:44,959 Speaker 1: It was not hard to put two and two together. 324 00:19:45,520 --> 00:19:48,719 Speaker 1: It's a very simple math on that one. Uh. In 325 00:19:48,760 --> 00:19:52,639 Speaker 1: August of eighteen fifty four, someone wrote a letter to Mr. M. A. 326 00:19:52,840 --> 00:19:56,119 Speaker 1: Shad which praised the newspaper and the ingenuity of the 327 00:19:56,160 --> 00:20:00,200 Speaker 1: colored man who published it. At this point, Marianne, having 328 00:20:00,200 --> 00:20:03,280 Speaker 1: grown increasingly frustrated that people didn't know that it was 329 00:20:03,320 --> 00:20:07,040 Speaker 1: a woman running the paper, published a biting response under 330 00:20:07,040 --> 00:20:10,800 Speaker 1: her own full name. She dropped the pretense of Samuel 331 00:20:10,840 --> 00:20:14,040 Speaker 1: Ward's editorship and removed his name from the masthead on 332 00:20:14,080 --> 00:20:19,680 Speaker 1: the October eighteen fifty four issue. From this point, Chad 333 00:20:19,720 --> 00:20:23,280 Speaker 1: increased her touring and speaking schedule to try to raise funds, 334 00:20:23,760 --> 00:20:26,639 Speaker 1: and she gradually more put more trust than other people 335 00:20:26,680 --> 00:20:28,920 Speaker 1: to keep the paper running while she was away. One 336 00:20:28,960 --> 00:20:32,520 Speaker 1: of these people was her sister Amelia. Although Shad's father 337 00:20:32,640 --> 00:20:36,440 Speaker 1: had been generally opposed to immigration of the black community 338 00:20:36,440 --> 00:20:39,320 Speaker 1: out of the United States after the passage of the 339 00:20:39,359 --> 00:20:42,679 Speaker 1: Fugitive Slave Law of eighteen fifty, most of her family 340 00:20:42,760 --> 00:20:46,720 Speaker 1: had gradually moved to Canada, primarily for their own safety. 341 00:20:47,200 --> 00:20:50,200 Speaker 1: Several of her other siblings eventually worked on the paper 342 00:20:50,240 --> 00:20:54,040 Speaker 1: as well. Shadd resigned from editing the Provincial Freeman in 343 00:20:54,160 --> 00:20:57,439 Speaker 1: June of eighteen fifty five, believing that sexism was at 344 00:20:57,440 --> 00:21:00,480 Speaker 1: the root of its failure to thrive. It had barely 345 00:21:00,520 --> 00:21:04,440 Speaker 1: broken even in spite of her relentless fundraising. She also 346 00:21:04,480 --> 00:21:06,800 Speaker 1: moved it to Chatham, which is between Lake Erie and 347 00:21:06,880 --> 00:21:09,760 Speaker 1: Lake St. Clair, taking a three month hiatus for the 348 00:21:09,800 --> 00:21:15,040 Speaker 1: relocation and re establishment of their offices. They weren't entirely 349 00:21:15,080 --> 00:21:18,280 Speaker 1: welcome in Chatham, though, an existing paper in that part 350 00:21:18,280 --> 00:21:22,800 Speaker 1: of Canada West, the Kent Advisor, published an editorial claiming 351 00:21:22,800 --> 00:21:26,520 Speaker 1: that Chatham's black population had a hefty criminal element and 352 00:21:26,520 --> 00:21:30,480 Speaker 1: that a black newspaper would probably promote lawlessness. The town 353 00:21:30,600 --> 00:21:35,760 Speaker 1: itself was also racially very divided. Its population was about black, 354 00:21:35,840 --> 00:21:38,840 Speaker 1: and churches and schools were segregated, and the local papers, 355 00:21:39,000 --> 00:21:41,760 Speaker 1: as as evidenced by the thing I just said, had 356 00:21:41,800 --> 00:21:46,720 Speaker 1: no qualms about publishing blatantly racist work. Not long after 357 00:21:47,600 --> 00:21:50,920 Speaker 1: Shad and her newspaper moved to Chatham, Chad was drawn 358 00:21:50,960 --> 00:21:53,639 Speaker 1: into a dispute that shared a lot of similarities with 359 00:21:53,720 --> 00:21:58,040 Speaker 1: her earlier dispute with the Refugee Home Society. A one thousand, 360 00:21:58,080 --> 00:22:01,080 Speaker 1: five hundred acre settlement known as Dawn was home to 361 00:22:01,119 --> 00:22:04,840 Speaker 1: a black community, but its leaders and the people administrating it, 362 00:22:05,000 --> 00:22:09,679 Speaker 1: including British abolitionist John Scobell, had been suspected of mismanagement 363 00:22:09,720 --> 00:22:13,879 Speaker 1: and extortion. Scobel and Shad had butted heads before, and 364 00:22:13,920 --> 00:22:16,959 Speaker 1: they once again had a public dispute, in which Shad 365 00:22:16,960 --> 00:22:20,919 Speaker 1: wrote a series of letters in the paper. This dispute 366 00:22:21,000 --> 00:22:23,800 Speaker 1: over who should have financial control over Dawn went on 367 00:22:23,880 --> 00:22:27,119 Speaker 1: until the eighteen sixties and ultimately ended in a lawsuit 368 00:22:27,240 --> 00:22:30,520 Speaker 1: that allowed its black residents to take over controlling it themselves. 369 00:22:31,320 --> 00:22:34,560 Speaker 1: In Chatham, Shad spent a lot of time investigating and 370 00:22:34,600 --> 00:22:40,160 Speaker 1: reporting on suspected wrongdoing among Canada's abolitionist community. She uncovered 371 00:22:40,160 --> 00:22:44,440 Speaker 1: corruption among aid organizations and ferreted out white abolitionists who 372 00:22:44,440 --> 00:22:47,480 Speaker 1: had been putting funds raised for the cause to their 373 00:22:47,520 --> 00:22:52,159 Speaker 1: own personal use. In October of eighteen fifty five, she 374 00:22:52,240 --> 00:22:55,359 Speaker 1: attended the Colored National Convention in Philadelphia as one of 375 00:22:55,440 --> 00:22:58,720 Speaker 1: only two women present and the only one from Canada. 376 00:22:59,400 --> 00:23:01,520 Speaker 1: She was Ad did to the convention as a delegate 377 00:23:01,560 --> 00:23:05,200 Speaker 1: after a vote of thirty eight to twenty three. Although 378 00:23:05,240 --> 00:23:08,840 Speaker 1: Frederick Douglas and many of the other convention organizers were 379 00:23:08,920 --> 00:23:12,760 Speaker 1: against mass immigration of the United States Black community to 380 00:23:12,840 --> 00:23:16,399 Speaker 1: other nations, Shad gave a really forceful speech in favor 381 00:23:16,520 --> 00:23:20,080 Speaker 1: of relocation to Canada. Even though so many of the 382 00:23:20,119 --> 00:23:23,480 Speaker 1: other delegates were really opposed to the message of her speech. 383 00:23:23,520 --> 00:23:26,199 Speaker 1: A lot of people praised the speech itself and her 384 00:23:26,200 --> 00:23:29,720 Speaker 1: speaking ability, and this led to several other speaking engagements 385 00:23:29,720 --> 00:23:32,480 Speaker 1: while she was in Philadelphia. One of these was a 386 00:23:32,520 --> 00:23:35,399 Speaker 1: debate on the subject of immigration, in which Shad was 387 00:23:35,440 --> 00:23:39,920 Speaker 1: declared the winner. On January three of eighteen fifty six, 388 00:23:40,400 --> 00:23:44,080 Speaker 1: mary Anne Shad married Thomas F. Carey in St. Catharine's 389 00:23:44,119 --> 00:23:47,120 Speaker 1: at the home of her sister Amelia. He had three 390 00:23:47,200 --> 00:23:50,280 Speaker 1: children from a previous marriage, and Carrie had been an 391 00:23:50,280 --> 00:23:54,080 Speaker 1: early investor in Marianne's newspaper. They did not have a 392 00:23:54,080 --> 00:23:57,920 Speaker 1: particularly conventional marriage. She continued to speak and to work 393 00:23:57,960 --> 00:24:00,640 Speaker 1: as an activist and to raise money of the Freeman, 394 00:24:01,040 --> 00:24:03,320 Speaker 1: and the two of them never had a home together. 395 00:24:04,119 --> 00:24:06,800 Speaker 1: It would actually be six months before mary Anne Shadd 396 00:24:06,920 --> 00:24:12,280 Speaker 1: became mary Ann shad Carry in print. In late eighteen 397 00:24:12,320 --> 00:24:15,719 Speaker 1: fifty seven, after the birth of Shad Carry's first child, 398 00:24:15,840 --> 00:24:19,960 Speaker 1: the newspaper briefly stopped publishing new issues. It's not entirely 399 00:24:20,119 --> 00:24:23,840 Speaker 1: clear when publication resumed, because the issues weren't numbered, and 400 00:24:24,160 --> 00:24:28,199 Speaker 1: physical copies of them haven't survived until today, but the 401 00:24:28,200 --> 00:24:30,399 Speaker 1: newspaper was not the only thing she was working on 402 00:24:30,440 --> 00:24:33,639 Speaker 1: at this point. In April of eighteen fifty eight, John 403 00:24:33,680 --> 00:24:36,840 Speaker 1: Brown visited Canada West to try to raise support for 404 00:24:36,920 --> 00:24:40,120 Speaker 1: an armed slave insurrection he hoped to rally in North America. 405 00:24:40,920 --> 00:24:43,960 Speaker 1: Shad Carry wasn't at the meeting of supporters he attended. 406 00:24:43,960 --> 00:24:47,520 Speaker 1: There women weren't allowed, but later on William Wells Brown 407 00:24:47,600 --> 00:24:49,680 Speaker 1: wrote that if she had been a man, she probably 408 00:24:49,680 --> 00:24:53,160 Speaker 1: would have been with him at Harper's Ferry. I think 409 00:24:53,240 --> 00:24:55,679 Speaker 1: John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry has come up in 410 00:24:55,840 --> 00:24:59,480 Speaker 1: enough episodes know we probably should do one on it. 411 00:25:00,359 --> 00:25:04,120 Speaker 1: Mary Anne shad Carrey's last existing editorial in the Provincial 412 00:25:04,160 --> 00:25:07,760 Speaker 1: Freeman ran on June eighth, eighteen fifty nine. In it, 413 00:25:07,960 --> 00:25:11,480 Speaker 1: she spoke out against the rise in quote Negro haters 414 00:25:11,560 --> 00:25:14,600 Speaker 1: in Canada West. The last issue of the paper came 415 00:25:14,640 --> 00:25:18,959 Speaker 1: out within a few months after that. Shad Carey's husband 416 00:25:19,000 --> 00:25:22,879 Speaker 1: died on November eighteen sixty, at which point she was 417 00:25:22,960 --> 00:25:26,720 Speaker 1: pregnant with their second child. Although shad Carey had never 418 00:25:26,720 --> 00:25:29,840 Speaker 1: stopped working during their marriage, her income wasn't enough to 419 00:25:29,880 --> 00:25:33,240 Speaker 1: look after herself and her children. She wound up having 420 00:25:33,280 --> 00:25:35,760 Speaker 1: to get support from her family to make ends meet, 421 00:25:35,880 --> 00:25:38,200 Speaker 1: and she went back to teaching at a school so 422 00:25:38,359 --> 00:25:41,520 Speaker 1: underfunded that she eventually had to ask the refugee Home 423 00:25:41,640 --> 00:25:46,600 Speaker 1: Society for funding. That name rings a bell. It's because 424 00:25:46,640 --> 00:25:49,360 Speaker 1: that was the one of the organizations she had such 425 00:25:49,359 --> 00:25:52,479 Speaker 1: a public feud with. I can only she seems like 426 00:25:52,560 --> 00:25:57,040 Speaker 1: such a an exacting and proud person. I can only 427 00:25:57,359 --> 00:26:02,719 Speaker 1: imagine how desperate her surcumstances must have been to go 428 00:26:02,800 --> 00:26:07,520 Speaker 1: to an organization whose views she disagreed with so vehemently 429 00:26:08,160 --> 00:26:13,920 Speaker 1: to ask them for The Civil War started not long after, 430 00:26:14,080 --> 00:26:17,080 Speaker 1: and that sparked fears that the United States would try 431 00:26:17,119 --> 00:26:20,119 Speaker 1: to annex Canada, or that the South would win the 432 00:26:20,160 --> 00:26:23,840 Speaker 1: war and escaped slaves in Canada would be extradited back there. 433 00:26:24,800 --> 00:26:28,959 Speaker 1: Within Canada, the racial climate was becoming increasingly hostile as 434 00:26:29,000 --> 00:26:32,840 Speaker 1: well as the black population increased. The Canadian government had 435 00:26:32,840 --> 00:26:36,880 Speaker 1: originally really encouraged escaping slaves to come to Canada. They 436 00:26:36,880 --> 00:26:40,399 Speaker 1: had offered assistance through things like land grants as well, 437 00:26:40,840 --> 00:26:44,240 Speaker 1: But as more and more enslaved people and free black 438 00:26:44,280 --> 00:26:47,640 Speaker 1: people left the United States for Canada, that really started 439 00:26:47,640 --> 00:26:50,919 Speaker 1: to change. There was this increasing amount of not in 440 00:26:51,000 --> 00:26:55,520 Speaker 1: my backyard style opposition to attempts to settle in various 441 00:26:55,600 --> 00:26:58,840 Speaker 1: parts of Canada. In the face of all of this, 442 00:26:59,200 --> 00:27:02,639 Speaker 1: shad carry eased back on her opposition to immigration to 443 00:27:02,720 --> 00:27:06,719 Speaker 1: Africa and asked the American Missionary Association if she might 444 00:27:06,760 --> 00:27:10,919 Speaker 1: get a missionary appointment in Africa. That was denied. In 445 00:27:10,960 --> 00:27:13,679 Speaker 1: December of eighteen sixty three, she became a recruiter for 446 00:27:13,720 --> 00:27:17,360 Speaker 1: the Union Army. She began that in Chatham before going 447 00:27:17,400 --> 00:27:20,440 Speaker 1: to Indiana to continue the effort there as well as 448 00:27:20,480 --> 00:27:24,880 Speaker 1: to help escaping slaves get to Canada. Once the war 449 00:27:25,000 --> 00:27:28,000 Speaker 1: was over and slavery was abolished in the United States, 450 00:27:28,080 --> 00:27:30,960 Speaker 1: a lot of previous black immigrants to Canada decided to 451 00:27:31,000 --> 00:27:34,440 Speaker 1: return back home. This was eventually true of several people 452 00:27:34,480 --> 00:27:38,480 Speaker 1: from the shadd family as well. Shad Kerry eventually closed 453 00:27:38,480 --> 00:27:41,000 Speaker 1: her school and several of her family moved back to 454 00:27:41,000 --> 00:27:44,560 Speaker 1: the United States. She was really reluctant to follow them, though, 455 00:27:44,600 --> 00:27:48,000 Speaker 1: and was actually issued a Canadian passport in eighteen sixty five. 456 00:27:48,800 --> 00:27:51,720 Speaker 1: She finally returned to the United States after the passage 457 00:27:51,720 --> 00:27:54,760 Speaker 1: of the fourteenth Amendment, which she saw as a commitment 458 00:27:54,840 --> 00:27:58,600 Speaker 1: to the Reconstruction era policies that were intended to secure 459 00:27:59,080 --> 00:28:02,840 Speaker 1: real equality for the black population of the United States. 460 00:28:03,240 --> 00:28:05,840 Speaker 1: As you know if you have listened to our podcast 461 00:28:05,880 --> 00:28:08,520 Speaker 1: on Robert Small's that is not how that played out, 462 00:28:11,040 --> 00:28:14,080 Speaker 1: shad Carey moved to Detroit, where she became a teacher 463 00:28:14,240 --> 00:28:16,280 Speaker 1: and for the first time, got a job at a 464 00:28:16,359 --> 00:28:19,280 Speaker 1: public city school that she did not have to fund 465 00:28:19,320 --> 00:28:22,960 Speaker 1: through her own efforts. She became active in local politics, 466 00:28:23,160 --> 00:28:26,040 Speaker 1: and she began to advocate more strongly for labor rights 467 00:28:26,080 --> 00:28:28,679 Speaker 1: and the rights of women. Women's rights would be a 468 00:28:28,680 --> 00:28:31,920 Speaker 1: primary focus for the rest of her life. She eventually 469 00:28:31,960 --> 00:28:37,240 Speaker 1: moved to Washington, d C. Throughout reconstruction, she continued to 470 00:28:37,320 --> 00:28:39,800 Speaker 1: speak and write on all the various causes that she 471 00:28:39,920 --> 00:28:43,200 Speaker 1: was advocating, and then she joined the first law class 472 00:28:43,280 --> 00:28:46,440 Speaker 1: at Howard Law School in eighteen sixty nine. This is 473 00:28:46,440 --> 00:28:48,840 Speaker 1: a two year program, and if she had finished it 474 00:28:48,880 --> 00:28:51,120 Speaker 1: in two years, she would have been the first woman 475 00:28:51,160 --> 00:28:54,440 Speaker 1: to become an attorney in the United States. Shouldn't wind 476 00:28:54,480 --> 00:28:58,400 Speaker 1: up graduating with her class for reasons that aren't entirely clear, 477 00:28:58,480 --> 00:29:01,080 Speaker 1: although there's some so jestion that it might have been 478 00:29:01,120 --> 00:29:03,440 Speaker 1: because it was questionably legal for a woman to be 479 00:29:03,480 --> 00:29:07,200 Speaker 1: practicing law. She finally finished her law degree in eighteen 480 00:29:07,240 --> 00:29:09,880 Speaker 1: eighty three at the age of sixty, making her only 481 00:29:09,920 --> 00:29:12,120 Speaker 1: the second black woman in the United States to become 482 00:29:12,120 --> 00:29:16,480 Speaker 1: an attorney. In between She joined the suffrage movement, including 483 00:29:16,520 --> 00:29:18,920 Speaker 1: trying to register to vote in the spring of eighteen 484 00:29:18,960 --> 00:29:21,760 Speaker 1: seventy one, even though it was not legal for her 485 00:29:21,800 --> 00:29:24,160 Speaker 1: to do so, and for the rest of her life 486 00:29:24,160 --> 00:29:27,640 Speaker 1: she continually spoke, wrote, and advocated for equal rights for 487 00:29:27,680 --> 00:29:30,880 Speaker 1: black people and for women, slowing down only in the 488 00:29:30,960 --> 00:29:34,240 Speaker 1: last ten years of her life. She died of stomach 489 00:29:34,280 --> 00:29:38,280 Speaker 1: cancer on June five, at the age of sixty nine. 490 00:29:39,560 --> 00:29:43,480 Speaker 1: Frederick Douglas praised her as having quote unconquerable zeal and 491 00:29:43,520 --> 00:29:47,360 Speaker 1: commendable ability, but he also said, quote the tone of 492 00:29:47,360 --> 00:29:52,200 Speaker 1: her paper has been at times harsh and complaining. That 493 00:29:52,280 --> 00:29:55,200 Speaker 1: comes up again and again, like all all of these 494 00:29:55,200 --> 00:30:01,880 Speaker 1: biographical sources have commentary on her, her manner of writing 495 00:30:02,040 --> 00:30:04,680 Speaker 1: and speaking that boils down to like why does she 496 00:30:04,760 --> 00:30:08,440 Speaker 1: have to be so shrill? And number one, that's a 497 00:30:08,480 --> 00:30:12,840 Speaker 1: really gendered complaint that a lot of the same people 498 00:30:12,840 --> 00:30:15,280 Speaker 1: writing about it are like this. Probably she would not 499 00:30:15,360 --> 00:30:17,440 Speaker 1: have earned this criticism if she had been a man. 500 00:30:18,600 --> 00:30:22,640 Speaker 1: But then when I went and read a lot of 501 00:30:22,640 --> 00:30:25,480 Speaker 1: of pieces from the Provincial Freeman that still exists that 502 00:30:25,560 --> 00:30:28,040 Speaker 1: you can read online, I tried to pick ones that 503 00:30:28,080 --> 00:30:31,640 Speaker 1: seemed like she would be the maddest, like which ones 504 00:30:31,640 --> 00:30:34,480 Speaker 1: would she really be head up about and and like 505 00:30:35,320 --> 00:30:38,360 Speaker 1: say whatever things were making people say, Wow, she sure 506 00:30:38,520 --> 00:30:41,960 Speaker 1: is just cranky and her writing and I like, I 507 00:30:42,000 --> 00:30:45,560 Speaker 1: don't see it, so I think definitely, uh when you 508 00:30:45,560 --> 00:30:48,160 Speaker 1: when you read descriptions of her as being like a shrill, 509 00:30:48,280 --> 00:30:52,560 Speaker 1: complaining person, A lot of that does seem to boil 510 00:30:52,640 --> 00:30:54,600 Speaker 1: down to the fact that she was a woman while 511 00:30:54,680 --> 00:30:57,520 Speaker 1: saying these things, because had the same things been said 512 00:30:57,520 --> 00:30:59,280 Speaker 1: by a man, I don't think they would have raised 513 00:30:59,320 --> 00:31:02,960 Speaker 1: nearly as much comment about their tone. And now I 514 00:31:03,000 --> 00:31:07,600 Speaker 1: have the listener male that inspired this episode. This is 515 00:31:07,640 --> 00:31:09,880 Speaker 1: as we said from Derek, and Derek says, Dear Tracy 516 00:31:09,920 --> 00:31:12,560 Speaker 1: and Holly, I just finished listening to your fantastic double 517 00:31:12,600 --> 00:31:16,120 Speaker 1: episode about Harriet Tubman, and I was thinking about the 518 00:31:16,240 --> 00:31:19,880 Speaker 1: narrative of Canada as a sanctuary for escaped or even 519 00:31:19,920 --> 00:31:23,160 Speaker 1: emancipated slaves. I am Canadian, and I am a victim 520 00:31:23,200 --> 00:31:25,920 Speaker 1: of a lot of aggrandizing narratives about my country, which, 521 00:31:26,160 --> 00:31:29,320 Speaker 1: while painting us in a very kind light, are problematic 522 00:31:29,320 --> 00:31:32,160 Speaker 1: in terms of how we think of our identity. For example, 523 00:31:32,240 --> 00:31:34,520 Speaker 1: because of the fact that we talk about ourselves as 524 00:31:34,520 --> 00:31:37,640 Speaker 1: the terminus of the underground Railroad. We tend to absolve 525 00:31:37,640 --> 00:31:40,520 Speaker 1: ourselves of the same racist history as the United States. 526 00:31:41,040 --> 00:31:44,560 Speaker 1: In short, our cultural narrative places racism as a United 527 00:31:44,560 --> 00:31:48,000 Speaker 1: States problem. This I feel is dangerous in addition to 528 00:31:48,040 --> 00:31:51,000 Speaker 1: being historically inaccurate. As such, I was wondering if you 529 00:31:51,040 --> 00:31:53,840 Speaker 1: would be willing to explore Canada's role in the Underground 530 00:31:53,880 --> 00:31:57,240 Speaker 1: Railroad and black immigration Mary Anne Shad, for example, if 531 00:31:57,280 --> 00:31:59,760 Speaker 1: she was mentioned at all in history classes as the 532 00:31:59,800 --> 00:32:03,360 Speaker 1: nari of moving to Canada, starting the provincial Freeman, opening 533 00:32:03,360 --> 00:32:06,400 Speaker 1: an integrated school, and fighting for assimilation, Well, this is 534 00:32:06,440 --> 00:32:09,440 Speaker 1: a great narrative. It actually ignores the fact that Shadd, 535 00:32:09,560 --> 00:32:13,719 Speaker 1: like many other African American immigrants, experienced a tremendous amount 536 00:32:13,720 --> 00:32:16,760 Speaker 1: of racism in Canada. Shad documented this very well and 537 00:32:16,880 --> 00:32:19,440 Speaker 1: is this an interesting figure? I should say that I 538 00:32:19,520 --> 00:32:22,680 Speaker 1: remember reading this as a Canadian anthology of literature and 539 00:32:22,880 --> 00:32:26,640 Speaker 1: university cannot actually find examples of the racism that she experienced, 540 00:32:26,640 --> 00:32:29,600 Speaker 1: but I think it's worth investigation. I really do love 541 00:32:29,600 --> 00:32:32,240 Speaker 1: being Canadian, so I don't say this to be defamatory. 542 00:32:32,280 --> 00:32:35,000 Speaker 1: I'm a teacher who specializes in English language, arts and 543 00:32:35,080 --> 00:32:38,840 Speaker 1: social studies, and thus believe that complicating a national narrative 544 00:32:39,040 --> 00:32:42,440 Speaker 1: is the way that society can progress. I also understand 545 00:32:42,480 --> 00:32:45,280 Speaker 1: that you are an American podcast and that Canadian content 546 00:32:45,600 --> 00:32:47,920 Speaker 1: can con as we call it here, is something that 547 00:32:48,040 --> 00:32:51,200 Speaker 1: is not necessarily a concern for you as it is here. However, 548 00:32:51,240 --> 00:32:53,680 Speaker 1: I think that it ties into and complicates the story 549 00:32:53,680 --> 00:32:57,400 Speaker 1: of abolition and is often missed in Canadian history. Thank 550 00:32:57,400 --> 00:33:00,760 Speaker 1: you for reading, and sorry about using the word narratives 551 00:33:00,800 --> 00:33:03,080 Speaker 1: so much, and thank you for your podcast. I've learned 552 00:33:03,080 --> 00:33:05,680 Speaker 1: a lot from it, Derek, Thank you so much, Derek. 553 00:33:06,200 --> 00:33:08,800 Speaker 1: And just this letter is great for so many reasons. 554 00:33:09,000 --> 00:33:14,840 Speaker 1: Like number one, Uh, I literally never considered that ever 555 00:33:15,360 --> 00:33:20,200 Speaker 1: like me either in my ever crossed not at all. Uh. 556 00:33:20,240 --> 00:33:22,520 Speaker 1: And so number one having somebody point out a thing 557 00:33:22,520 --> 00:33:27,320 Speaker 1: that had never crossed either of our minds. Uh, It's 558 00:33:27,520 --> 00:33:31,720 Speaker 1: always really interesting, um because, like like Derek said, you 559 00:33:31,760 --> 00:33:34,040 Speaker 1: and I are both American and we have both grown 560 00:33:34,120 --> 00:33:36,960 Speaker 1: up with this narrative of the underground railroad is a 561 00:33:36,960 --> 00:33:39,520 Speaker 1: place where people wound up in Canada and everything was 562 00:33:39,600 --> 00:33:45,160 Speaker 1: better and that like better sure relatively speaking, probably better 563 00:33:45,440 --> 00:33:49,719 Speaker 1: than being enslaved, but definitely still a lot of racism present. 564 00:33:49,800 --> 00:33:52,760 Speaker 1: And then Mary Anne Shad Carrie herself is just an 565 00:33:52,800 --> 00:33:57,200 Speaker 1: incredibly complicated person. I feel like, as I often say, 566 00:33:57,240 --> 00:34:01,080 Speaker 1: we've only kind of scratched the surface here. Uh. There 567 00:34:01,120 --> 00:34:03,440 Speaker 1: was a lot of disagreement within the time about like 568 00:34:03,560 --> 00:34:08,959 Speaker 1: what was the best way for free black people and 569 00:34:09,320 --> 00:34:12,839 Speaker 1: people who had either been emancipated or emancipated themselves, Like 570 00:34:12,920 --> 00:34:17,480 Speaker 1: what was the best way to secure equality and secure, uh, 571 00:34:17,600 --> 00:34:21,880 Speaker 1: the the best life for people? And like, there was 572 00:34:22,000 --> 00:34:25,480 Speaker 1: just a lot of disagreement within like the black community 573 00:34:25,560 --> 00:34:29,400 Speaker 1: and within the white abolitionist community than also within like 574 00:34:29,520 --> 00:34:33,279 Speaker 1: the racist community. That was more of a like let's 575 00:34:33,320 --> 00:34:36,120 Speaker 1: just make everybody move to Africa to get them out 576 00:34:36,120 --> 00:34:39,160 Speaker 1: of our faces. Like that really was a driving thought 577 00:34:39,239 --> 00:34:41,480 Speaker 1: among people, and a lot of the things she was 578 00:34:41,520 --> 00:34:45,319 Speaker 1: advocating ruffled a lot of feathers for sure. So if 579 00:34:45,360 --> 00:34:47,320 Speaker 1: you would like to learn more about her, I strongly 580 00:34:47,320 --> 00:34:50,240 Speaker 1: recommend the book Mary Anne Shad Carry The Black Press 581 00:34:50,280 --> 00:34:53,520 Speaker 1: and Protests in the nineteenth Century by Jane Rhodes. It 582 00:34:53,560 --> 00:34:56,279 Speaker 1: gets into a lot more detail about things that we 583 00:34:56,320 --> 00:34:59,960 Speaker 1: didn't really touch on, various um beliefs that she had 584 00:35:00,000 --> 00:35:02,279 Speaker 1: old that you know, some of which people would totally 585 00:35:02,320 --> 00:35:04,480 Speaker 1: get behind today, and others people will be like, I'm 586 00:35:04,480 --> 00:35:07,600 Speaker 1: not sure I can support that idea. But she was 587 00:35:07,640 --> 00:35:11,200 Speaker 1: a really interesting and complicated person who was living in 588 00:35:11,200 --> 00:35:14,279 Speaker 1: a really interesting and complicated time that in a lot 589 00:35:14,280 --> 00:35:16,680 Speaker 1: of ways we tend to oversimplify when we're talking about 590 00:35:16,920 --> 00:35:21,719 Speaker 1: in history. So thank you again, Derek. That's like the 591 00:35:21,760 --> 00:35:23,880 Speaker 1: great email. That's a great example of a great email. 592 00:35:23,920 --> 00:35:25,759 Speaker 1: I literally stop what I was doing and forwarded at 593 00:35:25,760 --> 00:35:27,960 Speaker 1: the Holly who had already read it, to say, I 594 00:35:27,960 --> 00:35:36,279 Speaker 1: guess I know what I'm talking about next. Thanks so 595 00:35:36,360 --> 00:35:39,440 Speaker 1: much for joining us on this Saturday. 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