WEBVTT - Ep 168 Pregnancy: Act 1

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<v Speaker 1>We want to start with a disclaimer that throughout this series,

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<v Speaker 1>we feature explanations and stories that include some heavy material,

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<v Speaker 1>including early pregnancy, loss, still birth, and other traumatic experiences

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<v Speaker 1>of pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period.

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<v Speaker 2>It was the morning and my son's fourth birthday party,

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<v Speaker 2>and I was feeling just not like myself. I was

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<v Speaker 2>really tired, which is pretty abnormal for me, especially in

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<v Speaker 2>the morning time, and my breasts were pretty tender, and

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<v Speaker 2>I was feeling a little nauseous. So I started doing

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<v Speaker 2>the math in my head, just thinking about, you know,

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<v Speaker 2>when I could have possibly became pregnant if that is

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<v Speaker 2>the case. And I started doing the math, and my

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<v Speaker 2>husband's a pilots, so I know exactly when he's home

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<v Speaker 2>and the days that we've had sex. And that's when

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<v Speaker 2>I was like, wow, I could be pregnant right now.

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<v Speaker 2>And it was only four weeks so I was due

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<v Speaker 2>to get my ministress cycle that so it was very early.

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<v Speaker 2>So I asked him to go to the store because

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<v Speaker 2>we needed to get ice for the birthday party and

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<v Speaker 2>pick up the cake. So I said, hey, while you're there,

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<v Speaker 2>can you go get a pregnancy test? And he was like, okay,

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<v Speaker 2>you know if that's what you need, then that's what

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<v Speaker 2>you need. So remember he came home, he was putting

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<v Speaker 2>the drinks in the cooler, and I went into the

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<v Speaker 2>spare bathroom and I took the pregnancy test and it

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<v Speaker 2>came up right away that I was pregnant. And in

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<v Speaker 2>that moment, I had just this realization of wow, like

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<v Speaker 2>I'm having another baby. And I went outside and I

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<v Speaker 2>told my husband that I was pregnant, and we were

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<v Speaker 2>so excited and we're like, wow, we're really doing this.

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<v Speaker 2>And it was really neat because this whole party that

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<v Speaker 2>we had there, we probably had about thirty people with

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<v Speaker 2>kids and parents, and we were the only two people

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<v Speaker 2>that knew in that moment that I was pregnant, and

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<v Speaker 2>it felt really special. But then after the party was

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<v Speaker 2>pretty died down, us and a couple other family friends,

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<v Speaker 2>we're all sitting by a fire that we had in

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<v Speaker 2>our backyard, a little campfire, and there was a baby there.

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<v Speaker 2>And my son had a really good friend and he

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<v Speaker 2>had just his mom had just had his baby sister,

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<v Speaker 2>who was about two weeks old, and so I'm looking

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<v Speaker 2>at this baby that's sitting in front of me, and

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<v Speaker 2>I started doing the math in my head again just

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<v Speaker 2>counting the months. You know, if I'm pregnant and this

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<v Speaker 2>pregnancy is viable and we ended up having this baby,

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<v Speaker 2>this baby would be born in August before school starts,

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<v Speaker 2>and that means that this baby is going to be

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<v Speaker 2>in the same grade as that baby that's sitting right

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<v Speaker 2>in front of me. This baby that I just have

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<v Speaker 2>found out i'm pregnant with is going to grow up

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<v Speaker 2>with that little girl that's sitting in front of me.

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<v Speaker 2>And that blew my mind that I was going to

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<v Speaker 2>grow a whole human in.

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<v Speaker 1>This school year.

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<v Speaker 2>And so fast forward seven years later, and these two

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<v Speaker 2>children are now in the same grade. Sometimes they're in

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<v Speaker 2>the same class, and they are growing up together, and

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<v Speaker 2>it's just something that's fun to think back on.

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<v Speaker 1>My name is Kenny.

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<v Speaker 3>I'm thirty four from New Zealand and five years ago

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<v Speaker 3>I work up with pain in my right lowerbellion vomiting.

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<v Speaker 3>I took a pregnancy test and it was positive. Well

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<v Speaker 3>followed was the scariest two days of my life, during

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<v Speaker 3>which they found an ectopic pregnancy on ultrasound. By the

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<v Speaker 3>end of two days, I had pain in my right

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<v Speaker 3>shoulder tip, but no abdominal pain as an emergency nurse,

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<v Speaker 3>I know that shelder tip pain can be a type

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<v Speaker 3>of referred pain indicating diaphragmatic irritation from blood in the

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<v Speaker 3>peritoneal cavity. The obg way in on call decided that

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<v Speaker 3>my lack of abdominal pain meant that I could go

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<v Speaker 3>home and wait for suon. All I could think of

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<v Speaker 3>was a case I had treated a few months prior

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<v Speaker 3>in my emergency department. She had a ruptured ectopic pregnancy

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<v Speaker 3>and we'd poured blood into a rushia to surgery and

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<v Speaker 3>she nearly died. That case and my knowledge about the

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<v Speaker 3>importance of shoulder tap pain led me to advocate for

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<v Speaker 3>myself strongly. I put my foot down and refused to leave.

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<v Speaker 3>An hour later, I was in surgery, and an hour

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<v Speaker 3>after that they called my partner to say my left

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<v Speaker 3>filopian tube was completely blocked and there was blood in

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<v Speaker 3>my belly. If I had gone home, there is a

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<v Speaker 3>very real chance that would have burst completely and I

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<v Speaker 3>could have died. Being an emergency nurse and an advocate

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<v Speaker 3>for myself saved my life. Losing a filopian tube was

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<v Speaker 3>really hard mentally until I learned the biggest health lesson

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<v Speaker 3>I ever have. I can't believe I'd got through so

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<v Speaker 3>many anatomy classes without knowing this. But your filopian tubes

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<v Speaker 3>aren't fixed, although that's how the textbox show them. They

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<v Speaker 3>can reach out and move and grab eggs. Six months

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<v Speaker 3>post ectopic and I got pregnant again, and all of

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<v Speaker 3>the anxiety came back, but I was very lucky. Nine

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<v Speaker 3>months later we welcomed our beautiful son, and another year

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<v Speaker 3>and a half later our second son. My other two

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<v Speaker 3>pregnancies and births had their own challenges, but I'll never

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<v Speaker 3>forget my first, wondering what could have been for that pregnancy,

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<v Speaker 3>what could have happened if I wasn't my best advocate,

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<v Speaker 3>And I think about my experience every time I go

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<v Speaker 3>to work and my own emergency department and treat potentially topics.

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<v Speaker 3>It made me a better nurse, a better patient advocate,

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<v Speaker 3>and I'm so grateful for my two boys who managed

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<v Speaker 3>to find their way to my uterus instead of my

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<v Speaker 3>one remaining tube.

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<v Speaker 1>Thank you also so very much for sharing your story

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<v Speaker 1>with us, and a huge thank you to everyone who

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<v Speaker 1>has written in with their experiences like we read each

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<v Speaker 1>and every single one of them, and the hundreds of submissions,

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<v Speaker 1>many and We're so grateful and honored that you felt

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<v Speaker 1>like you could share those experiences with us, and we

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<v Speaker 1>tried to include as many of your stories as possible,

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<v Speaker 1>and you'll hear more of these first ten accounts throughout

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<v Speaker 1>this episode and the rest of our episodes.

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<v Speaker 4>Yeah, it was honestly such a privilege to be able

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<v Speaker 4>to read every one of your stories and hear so

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<v Speaker 4>many of your stories, and as many as we included,

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<v Speaker 4>there were so many more that we were not able

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<v Speaker 4>to So we thank you again from the bottom of

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<v Speaker 4>our hearts for sharing your stories with us.

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<v Speaker 1>Yeah, thank you, thank you. Hi. I'm Erin Welsh and

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<v Speaker 1>I'm erin Alman Updight and this is this podcast will kill.

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<v Speaker 4>You, and we're coming to you today with the first

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<v Speaker 4>of four episodes all about pregnancy.

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<v Speaker 1>Four just four, just four should have been more, I know, really.

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<v Speaker 4>And we're also coming to you from the exactly right

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<v Speaker 4>studios for the first time, which is nerve wracking and exciting,

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<v Speaker 4>I know.

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<v Speaker 1>But this space is so cool. We get to decorate

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<v Speaker 1>our little bookshelves. I feel very fancy right now, very fancy,

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<v Speaker 1>too fancy for our real lives. I mean, for sure,

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<v Speaker 1>very very different than my tiny little office I know.

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<v Speaker 4>Or my closet literally, So we're super excited to be here,

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<v Speaker 4>yes we are.

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<v Speaker 1>We're really really excited about this series, yes for sure.

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<v Speaker 1>And before we get into this episode, we want to

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<v Speaker 1>share a few words about what these four episodes will cover,

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<v Speaker 1>the language that we'll be using, and our goals really

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<v Speaker 1>with creating the series. And so we decided early on

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<v Speaker 1>to dedicate four episodes to cover pregnancy, just four sure,

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<v Speaker 1>one for each trimester. And at the outset, I mean,

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<v Speaker 1>we knew that we wouldn't be able to adequately cover

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<v Speaker 1>every single aspect of pregnancy and childbirth and the postpartum

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<v Speaker 1>period in just four episodes, right and throughout our research,

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<v Speaker 1>we did begin jotting down a list of future topics

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<v Speaker 1>to cover things like pre acclampsia and breastfeeding and Reese's factor,

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<v Speaker 1>and so there will be more episodes on these and

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<v Speaker 1>more topics in the future.

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<v Speaker 4>Exactly So, this series might not, and it likely will

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<v Speaker 4>not answer all of your questions about pregnancy or cover

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<v Speaker 4>every experience that a person might have. Pregnancy is a

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<v Speaker 4>very individual experience, as highlighted in so many of our

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<v Speaker 4>first hand accounts. But what we aim to do with

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<v Speaker 4>the series is take you through the really broad changes

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<v Speaker 4>that happen in our human bodies during pregnancy and childbirth

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<v Speaker 4>and postpartum, and also explore some of the historical and

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<v Speaker 4>evolutionary aspects.

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<v Speaker 1>Really excited about that.

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<v Speaker 4>Aaron of pregnancy and childbirth. So each episode very roughly

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<v Speaker 4>corresponds to each trimester. So in this episode, the first one,

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<v Speaker 4>we're going to be talking about how you even know

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<v Speaker 4>whether or not you're pregnant?

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<v Speaker 1>Yeah, how do you do? How do you know?

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<v Speaker 4>And what's happening in very very early embryonic development.

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<v Speaker 1>And then our second episode centers on the amazing organ

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<v Speaker 1>that is the placenta. It's really cool. I think we'll

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<v Speaker 1>all leave with a little more appreciation for the placenta,

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<v Speaker 1>I hope, So that's my goal, and some of the

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<v Speaker 1>physiological changes that a person experiences throughout pregnancy, including some

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<v Speaker 1>of the complications that can arise, right.

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<v Speaker 4>And then our third episode is going to focus on

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<v Speaker 4>childbirth itself, so labor and different modes of delivery, and

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<v Speaker 4>then the history of the cesarean section.

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<v Speaker 5>Yeah yeah, yeah yeah.

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<v Speaker 1>And then finally our fourth episode and our season finale,

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<v Speaker 1>our season seven season finale. That's crazy, I know, it's exciting,

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<v Speaker 1>It is really exciting. Yeah, But the last episode in

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<v Speaker 1>the series will be about this concept of the fourth trimester,

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<v Speaker 1>like maybe you've heard of it, maybe you haven't, What

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<v Speaker 1>is it. We'll get into all of that and explore

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<v Speaker 1>the changes that happen in your body after pregnancy, and

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<v Speaker 1>we'll also be talking like big picture history about the

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<v Speaker 1>medicalization of pregnancy and childbirth, including the transition from home

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<v Speaker 1>to hospital.

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<v Speaker 4>Yeah, we intend for all of these episodes to be

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<v Speaker 4>inclusive of all families, and we recognize that not everyone

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<v Speaker 4>who experiences pregnancy actually identifies as a woman, so we

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<v Speaker 4>try as much as we can wherever we can to

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<v Speaker 4>use gender neutral language like pregnant person, and that's what

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<v Speaker 4>you'll mostly hear through this episode. However, at the same time,

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<v Speaker 4>we know that much of what we discuss when it

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<v Speaker 4>comes to medical bias during pregnancy and childbirth, both historically

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<v Speaker 4>and today, is in fact the result of gender discrimination

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<v Speaker 4>as well as racism, and so in those context we

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<v Speaker 4>may also use the term woman or women, and throughout

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<v Speaker 4>these episodes we'll be using the term mother or maternal

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<v Speaker 4>and paternal as these are terms that are used in

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<v Speaker 4>the scientific and medical literature.

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<v Speaker 1>Yeah, and we also want to acknowledge that there is

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<v Speaker 1>no such thing as a normal pregnancy. Yeah, like they're

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<v Speaker 1>just there isn't one. But we do want to provide

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<v Speaker 1>a baseline of the expected physiological and anatomical changes that

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<v Speaker 1>occur during pregnancy, as it helps us to understand where

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<v Speaker 1>these complications arise from and what is a complication?

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<v Speaker 4>Right right, Yeah, So we will get into all of

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<v Speaker 4>that starting with the first trimester.

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<v Speaker 1>But first, but first, it's quarantiny time. It is Aaron,

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<v Speaker 1>what are we drinking this? And the next four weeks

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<v Speaker 1>we are drinking great Expectations. I love I love this name.

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<v Speaker 1>It's a really good name. It's a good name act

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<v Speaker 1>we think, and we're also making that this is a

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<v Speaker 1>plasyber read for reasons that probably are clear too. I

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<v Speaker 1>would thank you for listening, Like it's not an alcoholic,

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<v Speaker 1>it's not aholic. That means yep, it is And Aaron,

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<v Speaker 1>what is what is in cred.

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<v Speaker 4>Expectations really delicious combination of BlackBerry, gindreal, lemon and mint.

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<v Speaker 4>And if you check out the exactly Rights YouTube channel,

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<v Speaker 4>you will find a video of us making that drink,

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<v Speaker 4>as well as a super secret surprise quarantine coming to us.

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<v Speaker 1>From no one other than Georgia Hartstark herself. That was

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<v Speaker 1>the secret. Oh sorry, perfect, Go check it out. It's

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<v Speaker 1>gonna be great. It's gonna be great. Gosh, I'm so excited,

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<v Speaker 1>beyond trilling, I know it really is very excited about it,

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<v Speaker 1>and so yeah. To get the recipes for our quarantini

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<v Speaker 1>and plasy berita for this episode and all of our episodes,

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<v Speaker 1>actually check out our make sure you're following us on

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<v Speaker 1>social media, and you can also find those on our website,

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<v Speaker 1>the podcast will kill You dot com. You can over

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<v Speaker 1>to you erin to tell me it's on the website.

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<v Speaker 1>I don't have to do. Let me tell you what's

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<v Speaker 1>on our website. We have so much information there, Aaron.

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<v Speaker 4>We have merch we have oh translusted already, we have transfers,

0:13:11.920 --> 0:13:15.920
<v Speaker 4>We've got good Reads list, we've got a link to Bloodmobile.

0:13:16.480 --> 0:13:20.040
<v Speaker 4>We've got all of the sources from all of our episodes.

0:13:20.760 --> 0:13:23.679
<v Speaker 1>Contact us, contact us form a first hand account form.

0:13:24.320 --> 0:13:26.280
<v Speaker 1>We've got a lot, You've got a lot. There's so much,

0:13:26.320 --> 0:13:30.280
<v Speaker 1>but there's so much. One last piece of business, yes,

0:13:30.320 --> 0:13:32.400
<v Speaker 1>one last piece of business is okay, So I am

0:13:32.559 --> 0:13:35.240
<v Speaker 1>super excited to announce that I have started a new

0:13:35.360 --> 0:13:38.360
<v Speaker 1>hosting role at another podcast. We're really excited for her.

0:13:38.400 --> 0:13:41.920
<v Speaker 1>She's not leaving. I'm not leaving. No. So this this

0:13:42.000 --> 0:13:45.040
<v Speaker 1>podcast is called Advances and Care and in it, I

0:13:45.120 --> 0:13:49.800
<v Speaker 1>interview physicians and physicians scientists at New York Presbyterian Hospital

0:13:50.120 --> 0:13:55.240
<v Speaker 1>about their incredible cutting edge research and groundbreaking medical innovations.

0:13:55.360 --> 0:13:58.920
<v Speaker 1>It's really it's really thrilling, very exciting stuff. I mean,

0:13:58.960 --> 0:14:01.000
<v Speaker 1>it actually is, and it's like really fun to actually

0:14:01.040 --> 0:14:02.800
<v Speaker 1>get to read about, like, oh, this is someone who's

0:14:02.840 --> 0:14:04.920
<v Speaker 1>working on this right right now.

0:14:04.480 --> 0:14:07.280
<v Speaker 4>In real life, in real time, these things that is

0:14:07.600 --> 0:14:09.880
<v Speaker 4>actually making a difference in people's lives.

0:14:10.040 --> 0:14:12.360
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, it's reahly cool. It's been such a fun project

0:14:12.360 --> 0:14:13.959
<v Speaker 1>to work on. And if you want to learn more

0:14:14.000 --> 0:14:17.040
<v Speaker 1>about the research that's truly shaping the future of medicine,

0:14:17.440 --> 0:14:20.320
<v Speaker 1>this podcast is for you. Again, it's called Advances and

0:14:20.360 --> 0:14:23.360
<v Speaker 1>Care and you can get it wherever you get your podcasts. Yeah,

0:14:23.440 --> 0:14:26.320
<v Speaker 1>check it out. Yeah, check it out. I don't have

0:14:26.360 --> 0:14:30.640
<v Speaker 1>any business. I think that's it. Yeah, shall we? I

0:14:30.720 --> 0:14:31.320
<v Speaker 1>think we shall.

0:14:31.400 --> 0:14:34.480
<v Speaker 4>Okay, we'll take a break and then get into the

0:14:34.560 --> 0:14:37.160
<v Speaker 4>history of pregnancy.

0:14:38.000 --> 0:14:39.200
<v Speaker 1>Sure, something like that.

0:14:56.840 --> 0:14:59.720
<v Speaker 6>Entered my second trimester of my pregnancy. I started having

0:14:59.760 --> 0:15:02.760
<v Speaker 6>really intense pain in my abdomen and in my legs

0:15:02.760 --> 0:15:05.480
<v Speaker 6>and in my hips, and it kind of rendered me

0:15:05.720 --> 0:15:09.200
<v Speaker 6>almost completely unable to take part in any kind of

0:15:09.240 --> 0:15:14.120
<v Speaker 6>physical activity or exercise, and even walking became increasingly uncomfortable.

0:15:14.680 --> 0:15:17.000
<v Speaker 6>And I really started to notice as I got bigger

0:15:17.080 --> 0:15:21.040
<v Speaker 6>that my baby was really crowded to one side of

0:15:21.080 --> 0:15:24.000
<v Speaker 6>my belly, and I seemed to be protruding far further

0:15:24.400 --> 0:15:26.840
<v Speaker 6>forward than any other woman that I saw that it

0:15:26.920 --> 0:15:29.200
<v Speaker 6>was at the same stage as me. And when I

0:15:29.240 --> 0:15:31.520
<v Speaker 6>brought those concerns to my ob it was kind of

0:15:31.600 --> 0:15:34.600
<v Speaker 6>laughed off. Isn't that so funny when a baby prefers

0:15:34.640 --> 0:15:38.120
<v Speaker 6>one side over the other and no further exams or

0:15:38.320 --> 0:15:41.080
<v Speaker 6>tests were ordered to kind of check out what was

0:15:41.120 --> 0:15:44.160
<v Speaker 6>going on. So I managed through the rest of that

0:15:44.720 --> 0:15:48.800
<v Speaker 6>increasingly uncomfortable pregnancy, and then I went into labor three

0:15:48.840 --> 0:15:51.560
<v Speaker 6>weeks prior to my due date. It was very fast,

0:15:51.760 --> 0:15:55.800
<v Speaker 6>very intense labor. I started having contractions at about nine PM.

0:15:56.160 --> 0:15:59.360
<v Speaker 6>I was at the hospital at one thirty in the morning.

0:15:59.560 --> 0:16:03.320
<v Speaker 6>And then and in my first cervical exams, the doctors

0:16:03.320 --> 0:16:06.560
<v Speaker 6>found that I was only two or three centimeters dilated,

0:16:07.120 --> 0:16:09.680
<v Speaker 6>and they really treated me as such, kind of put

0:16:09.680 --> 0:16:13.400
<v Speaker 6>me on the last of the lists for an epidural

0:16:13.440 --> 0:16:16.360
<v Speaker 6>request because I was a woman who was clearly not

0:16:17.120 --> 0:16:20.160
<v Speaker 6>close to being ready to push, and so I was

0:16:20.200 --> 0:16:24.240
<v Speaker 6>in this very extremely painful and uncomfortable state for an

0:16:24.240 --> 0:16:26.800
<v Speaker 6>hour and a half while I waited for an epidural.

0:16:27.160 --> 0:16:30.120
<v Speaker 6>Once they got that epidural in, they were able to

0:16:30.160 --> 0:16:33.360
<v Speaker 6>perform a more thorough exam as I was more relaxed,

0:16:33.360 --> 0:16:36.760
<v Speaker 6>and they found that I had a blockage in front

0:16:36.800 --> 0:16:40.440
<v Speaker 6>of my cervix, and behind that blockage, I was fully effaced,

0:16:40.560 --> 0:16:45.080
<v Speaker 6>fully dilated, and actively pushing to get this baby out.

0:16:45.600 --> 0:16:48.000
<v Speaker 6>So I was rushed in for an emergency C section,

0:16:48.720 --> 0:16:52.440
<v Speaker 6>and my daughter came out just find distressed but fine,

0:16:52.640 --> 0:16:55.880
<v Speaker 6>And they held up my uterus and found that I

0:16:55.920 --> 0:16:59.440
<v Speaker 6>had what's called a bicorneate uterus, which is when the

0:16:59.720 --> 0:17:03.200
<v Speaker 6>memo brain that is formed when your uterus is being

0:17:03.280 --> 0:17:09.080
<v Speaker 6>formed doesn't disintegrate and basically leads to you having two

0:17:09.280 --> 0:17:13.399
<v Speaker 6>halves of a uterus. And so I was growing a

0:17:13.440 --> 0:17:16.520
<v Speaker 6>baby in a half of a uterus and then trying

0:17:16.560 --> 0:17:20.080
<v Speaker 6>to give birth in a through a cervix that was

0:17:21.080 --> 0:17:25.320
<v Speaker 6>blocked by another cervix, and so while I've healed from

0:17:25.320 --> 0:17:30.040
<v Speaker 6>that experience, I'm also left wondering why wasn't that found

0:17:30.080 --> 0:17:34.960
<v Speaker 6>and discovered not only during pregnancy, but also prior to pregnancy,

0:17:35.160 --> 0:17:38.000
<v Speaker 6>and what kind of implications does it mean for a

0:17:38.040 --> 0:17:41.080
<v Speaker 6>future pregnancy. Thank you so much for allowing me to

0:17:41.119 --> 0:17:41.800
<v Speaker 6>tell my story.

0:17:45.480 --> 0:17:45.560
<v Speaker 2>Hi.

0:17:45.720 --> 0:17:47.639
<v Speaker 7>My name is Stevie, my pronouns are they them, and

0:17:47.680 --> 0:17:50.879
<v Speaker 7>I live in Ontario, Canada. In twenty twelve, my husband

0:17:50.920 --> 0:17:53.560
<v Speaker 7>and I were extremely excited to be expecting our first child.

0:17:53.880 --> 0:17:55.960
<v Speaker 7>At ten weeks, we had started seeing an ob. I'd

0:17:56.000 --> 0:17:57.639
<v Speaker 7>been spotting off and on, but he kept saying that

0:17:57.680 --> 0:18:00.359
<v Speaker 7>everything was fine, and what bleeding isn't normal? It is common,

0:18:00.400 --> 0:18:02.960
<v Speaker 7>and don't worry. He said the same thing at every appointment.

0:18:03.200 --> 0:18:06.520
<v Speaker 7>It's not normal, but it's common. Don't worry, Everything's fine.

0:18:06.640 --> 0:18:08.679
<v Speaker 7>At eighteen weeks he sent me to a specialist. I

0:18:08.720 --> 0:18:10.520
<v Speaker 7>wasn't expecting it to be a big deal. After all,

0:18:10.520 --> 0:18:11.520
<v Speaker 7>everything was fine, right.

0:18:12.000 --> 0:18:12.639
<v Speaker 1>I was wrong.

0:18:13.000 --> 0:18:14.760
<v Speaker 7>I was blown away by the list of issues and

0:18:14.760 --> 0:18:17.679
<v Speaker 7>complications being laid in front of me. The only thing

0:18:17.720 --> 0:18:19.240
<v Speaker 7>I really remember is that I was at a high

0:18:19.280 --> 0:18:21.960
<v Speaker 7>risk for pre term labor. About a week later, at work,

0:18:22.119 --> 0:18:23.879
<v Speaker 7>I set up to get something and felt a gush.

0:18:23.960 --> 0:18:25.840
<v Speaker 7>I reached down and my fingers came up red. I

0:18:25.880 --> 0:18:28.399
<v Speaker 7>was hemorrhaging. Had a friend drive me to the er.

0:18:28.560 --> 0:18:30.760
<v Speaker 7>My husband met me there and we waited. I was

0:18:30.800 --> 0:18:32.640
<v Speaker 7>told that if I was miscarrying, I'd have to stay

0:18:32.640 --> 0:18:34.639
<v Speaker 7>down in the er. I was too early to go

0:18:34.720 --> 0:18:37.919
<v Speaker 7>up to labor and delivery. The ultrasound showed a good heartbeat, though,

0:18:37.960 --> 0:18:39.720
<v Speaker 7>and bleeding slowed down, so I was sent home on

0:18:39.760 --> 0:18:42.840
<v Speaker 7>bed rest. Around one am on November eleventh, I woke

0:18:42.880 --> 0:18:45.520
<v Speaker 7>up and vomited. I had an intense cramping in my stomach,

0:18:45.520 --> 0:18:47.760
<v Speaker 7>in my back. I told my husband something was wrong.

0:18:47.840 --> 0:18:50.159
<v Speaker 7>We went back to the er. The ob said I

0:18:50.240 --> 0:18:52.280
<v Speaker 7>was in labor and it can be triggered by dehydration.

0:18:52.359 --> 0:18:54.439
<v Speaker 7>So I was given an IV and it stopped. I

0:18:54.480 --> 0:18:56.040
<v Speaker 7>was moved to a room and told I was staying

0:18:56.040 --> 0:18:58.720
<v Speaker 7>there until I delivered, whenever that was. But at under

0:18:58.760 --> 0:19:00.760
<v Speaker 7>twenty four weeks, there was really no hope for the baby.

0:19:01.760 --> 0:19:04.960
<v Speaker 7>On November fourteenth, at twenty one weeks and four days,

0:19:04.960 --> 0:19:07.919
<v Speaker 7>I went into labor. This time it didn't stop. Our

0:19:08.000 --> 0:19:10.119
<v Speaker 7>daughter was delivered at one twenty six in the afternoon.

0:19:10.200 --> 0:19:12.960
<v Speaker 7>She weighed exactly one pound. Our families were there and

0:19:12.960 --> 0:19:15.359
<v Speaker 7>we sang her Happy birthday. She lived for three hours.

0:19:15.880 --> 0:19:18.040
<v Speaker 7>During that short time, she knew nothing but love. We

0:19:18.080 --> 0:19:20.159
<v Speaker 7>all held her and sang to her. She took her

0:19:20.240 --> 0:19:23.320
<v Speaker 7>last breath with me. That night, my husband and I

0:19:23.359 --> 0:19:25.280
<v Speaker 7>went to sleep in the postpartu ward to the sound

0:19:25.280 --> 0:19:29.080
<v Speaker 7>of other people's babies crying. The specialist never found a

0:19:29.080 --> 0:19:31.199
<v Speaker 7>reason for our loss. She said it was probably a

0:19:31.200 --> 0:19:34.399
<v Speaker 7>placental abruption, but she really wasn't sure. We went on

0:19:34.480 --> 0:19:36.600
<v Speaker 7>to have two more pregnancies, and we have another daughter

0:19:36.640 --> 0:19:39.040
<v Speaker 7>and a son. We have pictures of our firstborn, and

0:19:39.080 --> 0:19:41.400
<v Speaker 7>she's very much part of our lives. Our other kids

0:19:41.400 --> 0:19:43.200
<v Speaker 7>say they see her when they see the first stars

0:19:43.200 --> 0:19:45.040
<v Speaker 7>come out at night. As I always say, she's our

0:19:45.080 --> 0:19:48.359
<v Speaker 7>perfect girl, made of stars. I share our stories often

0:19:48.400 --> 0:19:51.000
<v Speaker 7>as I can. Pregnancy and infant loss affects one in

0:19:51.080 --> 0:19:53.919
<v Speaker 7>four pregnancies and is not discussed enough. I felt so

0:19:54.000 --> 0:19:57.080
<v Speaker 7>alone after our loss. Every year on her birthday, I

0:19:57.119 --> 0:19:59.200
<v Speaker 7>share our story and new people will share their own

0:19:59.200 --> 0:20:02.120
<v Speaker 7>stories with me. I hope that sharing my story here

0:20:02.200 --> 0:20:04.800
<v Speaker 7>will help people to feel less alone. Our loss should

0:20:04.800 --> 0:20:07.120
<v Speaker 7>not be hidden. We shouldn't have to grieve in silence.

0:20:32.840 --> 0:20:35.359
<v Speaker 1>If you search for a list of the top medical

0:20:35.400 --> 0:20:38.480
<v Speaker 1>advancements in history, you might find on that list things

0:20:38.560 --> 0:20:45.960
<v Speaker 1>like antibiotics, vaccines, gene editing, medical imaging, kidney dialysis, organ transplantation,

0:20:46.240 --> 0:20:50.000
<v Speaker 1>the manufacture of insulin, and anesthesia for a start. It's

0:20:50.000 --> 0:20:52.280
<v Speaker 1>a long list, a long list. I couldn't stop once

0:20:52.320 --> 0:20:54.879
<v Speaker 1>I started. Yeah, but I would be shocked if you

0:20:55.080 --> 0:20:58.320
<v Speaker 1>found home pregnancy tests on one of those lists. No,

0:20:58.600 --> 0:21:01.960
<v Speaker 1>I don't think I wouldn't. You wouldn't have expected it. Yeah,

0:21:02.000 --> 0:21:05.000
<v Speaker 1>And I know this because I've often skimmed these kinds

0:21:05.040 --> 0:21:08.280
<v Speaker 1>of lists looking for inspiration for future episode topics. A

0:21:08.280 --> 0:21:10.280
<v Speaker 1>lot of those are on our list, I'm really true. Yeah,

0:21:10.359 --> 0:21:12.800
<v Speaker 1>kidney dialysis, we need to do that, I know, and

0:21:12.880 --> 0:21:17.240
<v Speaker 1>so many I know. But I've never seen home pregnancy

0:21:17.280 --> 0:21:19.879
<v Speaker 1>tests mentioned. I don't think so, And to a degree,

0:21:20.000 --> 0:21:22.760
<v Speaker 1>I get it right, Like, these tests didn't provide new

0:21:22.800 --> 0:21:26.159
<v Speaker 1>avenues for treatment, nor did they represent a paradigm shift

0:21:26.200 --> 0:21:29.879
<v Speaker 1>in how we understood the workings of the human body.

0:21:30.400 --> 0:21:33.520
<v Speaker 1>But I would argue that these sticks and the plastic

0:21:33.560 --> 0:21:38.080
<v Speaker 1>rectangular boxes that preceded them absolutely deserve a place on

0:21:38.240 --> 0:21:40.560
<v Speaker 1>any list of significant medical breakthroughs.

0:21:40.880 --> 0:21:43.760
<v Speaker 4>I'm already just so invested in this Errand I mean.

0:21:43.720 --> 0:21:47.080
<v Speaker 1>Are you convinced yes, so I can stop? Yeah? Done, Okay, done,

0:21:47.600 --> 0:21:51.439
<v Speaker 1>They're on the list. But the reason I feel so

0:21:51.520 --> 0:21:54.600
<v Speaker 1>strongly about this is because of the type of knowledge

0:21:54.800 --> 0:21:59.080
<v Speaker 1>that they grant us. Not guiding principles, not laws of nature.

0:21:59.480 --> 0:22:03.320
<v Speaker 1>Home pregnancy tests give us deeply personal knowledge about our

0:22:03.359 --> 0:22:06.919
<v Speaker 1>own bodies, empowering us to do with that knowledge what

0:22:07.040 --> 0:22:10.040
<v Speaker 1>we decide we want or need to do, share it,

0:22:10.280 --> 0:22:13.320
<v Speaker 1>keep it to yourself. For the first time, that choice

0:22:13.359 --> 0:22:15.920
<v Speaker 1>was up to the test taker. They were the first

0:22:15.920 --> 0:22:19.240
<v Speaker 1>to know, not the lab technician running the test, not

0:22:19.359 --> 0:22:22.639
<v Speaker 1>the frog being tested. More on that way, Not the

0:22:22.720 --> 0:22:27.760
<v Speaker 1>doctor who deigned to prescribe a test, oh yeah, prescription

0:22:27.880 --> 0:22:31.359
<v Speaker 1>only okay, yeah. The transfer of this knowledge out of

0:22:31.400 --> 0:22:34.000
<v Speaker 1>the hands of the medical provider and into the hands

0:22:34.040 --> 0:22:39.119
<v Speaker 1>of the test taker held profound implications for women's reproductive rights.

0:22:39.840 --> 0:22:42.080
<v Speaker 1>Of course, probably no one needs to be reminded that

0:22:42.200 --> 0:22:44.280
<v Speaker 1>what you decide to do in terms of continuing with

0:22:44.320 --> 0:22:46.480
<v Speaker 1>the pregnancy or not is not always up to the

0:22:46.480 --> 0:22:50.000
<v Speaker 1>pregnant person alone. Yep, especially not in the United States. Nope.

0:22:50.600 --> 0:22:53.080
<v Speaker 1>But the story that I want to tell today is

0:22:53.119 --> 0:22:56.840
<v Speaker 1>about the quest for this knowledge, like what ultimately led

0:22:56.960 --> 0:23:01.760
<v Speaker 1>us to the near universally recognizable stick that shows one

0:23:01.840 --> 0:23:04.640
<v Speaker 1>or two blue lines, and where we might go from here.

0:23:05.119 --> 0:23:10.639
<v Speaker 1>I'm sorry, Okay, For thousands of years, people have searched

0:23:10.640 --> 0:23:12.720
<v Speaker 1>for a way of knowing whether someone was pregnant or

0:23:12.720 --> 0:23:17.200
<v Speaker 1>not outside of like the bodily signs like morning sickness,

0:23:17.240 --> 0:23:21.240
<v Speaker 1>missed periods, tender breasts, and quickening the fetus' first movement,

0:23:22.440 --> 0:23:25.160
<v Speaker 1>which was considered like really one of the most significant

0:23:25.200 --> 0:23:27.680
<v Speaker 1>signs in terms of like that is when a pregnancy

0:23:27.680 --> 0:23:31.399
<v Speaker 1>became real just quickening. Yeah, And I won't speculate on

0:23:31.560 --> 0:23:33.680
<v Speaker 1>why there was a need or a want to know,

0:23:33.840 --> 0:23:37.480
<v Speaker 1>whether it came from within someone wanting help understanding what

0:23:37.560 --> 0:23:40.040
<v Speaker 1>their body was trying to tell them, or whether it

0:23:40.040 --> 0:23:43.000
<v Speaker 1>came from without, like someone wanting to know whether their partner,

0:23:43.280 --> 0:23:46.439
<v Speaker 1>of their friend, their daughter was telling the truth. And

0:23:46.480 --> 0:23:49.480
<v Speaker 1>I'm sure there were many reasons for a test right right,

0:23:49.600 --> 0:23:52.520
<v Speaker 1>that you would want to test. The first pregnancy test

0:23:52.880 --> 0:23:56.080
<v Speaker 1>comes to us all the way from an ancient Egyptian papyrus.

0:23:56.160 --> 0:23:57.359
<v Speaker 1>Stop it, I know.

0:23:57.400 --> 0:23:59.680
<v Speaker 4>How can you pull ancient egypt out when we're talking

0:23:59.680 --> 0:24:00.800
<v Speaker 4>about pregnancy.

0:24:00.440 --> 0:24:02.760
<v Speaker 1>T you know, I thought, okay, what, like, what of

0:24:02.800 --> 0:24:07.040
<v Speaker 1>my usual go tos are ancient Egypt Apocrates germ theory

0:24:07.119 --> 0:24:09.120
<v Speaker 1>like things. I feel like I have to mention the humors.

0:24:09.119 --> 0:24:10.680
<v Speaker 1>I think the humors is the only one. I don't

0:24:10.680 --> 0:24:13.640
<v Speaker 1>mention any of these shoggings I know, But yeah, ancient

0:24:13.680 --> 0:24:18.280
<v Speaker 1>Egypt pregnancy tests. Stop it. Thirteen fifty BCE there was

0:24:18.359 --> 0:24:21.960
<v Speaker 1>a like a papyrus or something that instructed women to

0:24:22.040 --> 0:24:25.480
<v Speaker 1>pee in two bags. One bag contained wheat, one bag

0:24:25.520 --> 0:24:29.600
<v Speaker 1>contained barley. Okay, if the wheat grew, it meant a

0:24:29.600 --> 0:24:32.760
<v Speaker 1>female child. If the barley grew, it meant a male child.

0:24:32.840 --> 0:24:35.440
<v Speaker 1>Why does this feel vaguely familiar? I think we might

0:24:35.480 --> 0:24:40.760
<v Speaker 1>have talked about it in our IVF episode part one. Okay, yeah, okay,

0:24:40.960 --> 0:24:43.920
<v Speaker 1>yeah weird, But I don't remember if I like dug

0:24:43.960 --> 0:24:47.159
<v Speaker 1>any deeper because I did this time. And it turns

0:24:47.160 --> 0:24:51.240
<v Speaker 1>out that some researchers tested this like a two decades ago,

0:24:52.000 --> 0:24:54.919
<v Speaker 1>and yeah, it's like not it's like not great, but

0:24:54.960 --> 0:24:59.800
<v Speaker 1>it's not entirely incorrect, Like is it more than fifty percent? Yeah?

0:25:00.080 --> 0:25:03.480
<v Speaker 1>Seventy percent? Really, I know, there's no association with like

0:25:03.520 --> 0:25:05.520
<v Speaker 1>the sex of the fetus, just like whether or not

0:25:05.600 --> 0:25:10.280
<v Speaker 1>you are pregnant. Yeah, so it's like growth hormones in urine, yeah,

0:25:10.440 --> 0:25:11.240
<v Speaker 1>P in your p.

0:25:11.400 --> 0:25:15.679
<v Speaker 4>It's interesting that even the first test was p.

0:25:14.400 --> 0:25:17.480
<v Speaker 1>P has always been a main feature. Really, I think

0:25:17.480 --> 0:25:20.760
<v Speaker 1>it's really it's it's fascinating. Yeah, And I don't know

0:25:20.800 --> 0:25:24.520
<v Speaker 1>like where that like how people made that connection. And

0:25:24.800 --> 0:25:28.240
<v Speaker 1>so in for instance, like in medieval England, there was

0:25:28.280 --> 0:25:36.679
<v Speaker 1>a profession called a piss profit. This profit can you

0:25:36.720 --> 0:25:42.080
<v Speaker 1>imagine being like on your business cardfit official assistant, piss

0:25:42.119 --> 0:25:46.919
<v Speaker 1>profit assistance too that this profit yeah, Prentice far Up,

0:25:47.160 --> 0:25:49.639
<v Speaker 1>I can't. Oh my god, that's great. Yeah, okay, And

0:25:49.680 --> 0:25:51.479
<v Speaker 1>what did a piss profit do? I mean it basically

0:25:51.520 --> 0:25:53.520
<v Speaker 1>what it sounds, okay, right, like you be able to

0:25:53.720 --> 0:25:57.840
<v Speaker 1>hold up the like the urine and the glass and

0:25:57.840 --> 0:26:01.000
<v Speaker 1>be like, oh, this person has this disease. That it

0:26:01.480 --> 0:26:05.240
<v Speaker 1>was more than just pregnancy. It was like lots of things, okay,

0:26:05.359 --> 0:26:07.800
<v Speaker 1>I mean horoscope even probably a lot of things you

0:26:07.800 --> 0:26:10.080
<v Speaker 1>can see in your peace. So I gets exactly. So

0:26:10.119 --> 0:26:13.200
<v Speaker 1>there is some basis to them. So some piss profits

0:26:13.480 --> 0:26:17.320
<v Speaker 1>claimed that I know I keep saying, claimed that deposits

0:26:17.359 --> 0:26:19.680
<v Speaker 1>of white, flaky material in urine that had been left

0:26:19.720 --> 0:26:22.800
<v Speaker 1>standing for a couple of days could indicate pregnancy, so

0:26:23.160 --> 0:26:27.399
<v Speaker 1>the deposit may have been casin. Okay is how you

0:26:27.400 --> 0:26:29.800
<v Speaker 1>say it. I mean casin is a thing. Casine like

0:26:29.880 --> 0:26:32.680
<v Speaker 1>a protein, yeah think, which is as part of breast

0:26:32.720 --> 0:26:36.880
<v Speaker 1>milk produced during pregnancy. Ah yeah, okay. Yeah. Urine did

0:26:36.920 --> 0:26:39.520
<v Speaker 1>briefly fall out of favor in the eighteenth and nineteenth

0:26:39.560 --> 0:26:44.960
<v Speaker 1>centuries for pregnancy testing, and instead physicians performed physical exams

0:26:44.960 --> 0:26:48.080
<v Speaker 1>to determine whether or not someone was pregnant. Although I

0:26:48.160 --> 0:26:50.320
<v Speaker 1>know that doesn't sound great. It doesn't sound great, and

0:26:50.400 --> 0:26:53.919
<v Speaker 1>the doctors were like, as is typical, would be so

0:26:54.000 --> 0:26:56.040
<v Speaker 1>afraid of modesty and so it would just be like

0:26:56.720 --> 0:26:59.600
<v Speaker 1>kind of just closing their eyes and like searching, and

0:26:59.640 --> 0:27:03.159
<v Speaker 1>it's yeah, it's not great to think about, okay. But

0:27:03.240 --> 0:27:06.280
<v Speaker 1>these signs often included things like changes in the color

0:27:06.359 --> 0:27:10.800
<v Speaker 1>of the cervix, vagina labia, softening of the cervix, changes

0:27:10.840 --> 0:27:14.439
<v Speaker 1>in breasts or nipples, changes in the abdomen, things that

0:27:14.560 --> 0:27:18.760
<v Speaker 1>typically happened after at least two missed periods. Okay, but

0:27:19.160 --> 0:27:22.159
<v Speaker 1>these were by no means telltale signs of pregnancy, and

0:27:22.240 --> 0:27:25.320
<v Speaker 1>doctors usually advised to just give it time, give it time,

0:27:25.400 --> 0:27:27.760
<v Speaker 1>wait for the quickening, then you'll know. And in fact,

0:27:27.840 --> 0:27:31.119
<v Speaker 1>until the twentieth century rolled around, because there was no single,

0:27:31.200 --> 0:27:34.800
<v Speaker 1>one hundred percent reliable way of determining pregnancy from an

0:27:34.840 --> 0:27:37.960
<v Speaker 1>outside perspective, which is mind blowing to think about. Yeah,

0:27:38.080 --> 0:27:41.760
<v Speaker 1>doctors usually took their patients for it. Huh yeah, okay,

0:27:41.920 --> 0:27:46.560
<v Speaker 1>because they believed them. I believed that. Wow. Then once

0:27:46.680 --> 0:27:50.320
<v Speaker 1>the lab based pregnancy test came about, that word slowly

0:27:50.440 --> 0:27:53.440
<v Speaker 1>held less and less weight in the eyes of medicine.

0:27:53.800 --> 0:27:56.320
<v Speaker 1>And these tests, these lab based tests also made it

0:27:56.359 --> 0:28:00.240
<v Speaker 1>easier to prosecute someone for abortion because you had proof

0:28:00.359 --> 0:28:03.800
<v Speaker 1>of early pregnancy, even if you couldn't distinguish between abortion

0:28:03.920 --> 0:28:09.040
<v Speaker 1>and pregnancy loss. Oh wow, that's interesting and horrible and horrible. Okay,

0:28:09.080 --> 0:28:11.960
<v Speaker 1>so how did these tests come about? Science has never

0:28:12.000 --> 0:28:15.359
<v Speaker 1>followed a straight line of progress, and lad pregnancy tests

0:28:15.400 --> 0:28:18.200
<v Speaker 1>are no exception. But to keep things streamlined for today,

0:28:18.280 --> 0:28:21.040
<v Speaker 1>I'm sticking to the major steps along the journey. And

0:28:21.119 --> 0:28:23.359
<v Speaker 1>if you want that extra nuanced, check out the books

0:28:23.400 --> 0:28:27.199
<v Speaker 1>A Woman's Right to Know by Jesse Olzinco Grinn and

0:28:27.320 --> 0:28:30.840
<v Speaker 1>A Pregnancy Test by Karen Wengarten. In the first couple

0:28:30.840 --> 0:28:33.520
<v Speaker 1>of decades of the twentieth century, the field of endochronology,

0:28:33.560 --> 0:28:36.560
<v Speaker 1>which is a study of hormones, took off in full force.

0:28:36.840 --> 0:28:41.600
<v Speaker 1>Researchers investigated how adrenaline worked, what insulin did, which hormones

0:28:41.600 --> 0:28:45.320
<v Speaker 1>fluctuated during pregnancy, and other endochronology related questions. There were

0:28:45.520 --> 0:28:48.400
<v Speaker 1>a million of them. Finding the answers to some of

0:28:48.440 --> 0:28:51.360
<v Speaker 1>these questions like which hormone is excreted in urine and

0:28:51.400 --> 0:28:54.280
<v Speaker 1>people who are pregnant before they even realize they are pregnant,

0:28:54.760 --> 0:28:58.479
<v Speaker 1>led them to even more questions like what would happen

0:28:58.760 --> 0:29:05.040
<v Speaker 1>if we injected some of this urine into immature female mice.

0:29:05.880 --> 0:29:08.840
<v Speaker 1>That's a normal question. It's a normal question, And that

0:29:08.880 --> 0:29:11.280
<v Speaker 1>pretty much sums up how the first lab pregnancy test

0:29:11.320 --> 0:29:15.720
<v Speaker 1>came to be Oh really really In nineteen twenty seven,

0:29:15.800 --> 0:29:20.200
<v Speaker 1>two researchers Asheim and Zondek, who gave their names to

0:29:20.320 --> 0:29:22.880
<v Speaker 1>this test, developed a protocol where they would take urine

0:29:22.880 --> 0:29:27.320
<v Speaker 1>from a possibly pregnant person injected into five immature female

0:29:27.360 --> 0:29:30.360
<v Speaker 1>mice twice a day for three days. Whoa kill the

0:29:30.400 --> 0:29:35.720
<v Speaker 1>mice and then take a peek at their ovaries? Sorry, okay, yeah?

0:29:35.800 --> 0:29:37.400
<v Speaker 1>Is this okay? Have so many questions.

0:29:37.480 --> 0:29:40.080
<v Speaker 4>I know, is it like, are they having to pee

0:29:40.200 --> 0:29:42.400
<v Speaker 4>multiple days for this twice a day, three times a

0:29:42.480 --> 0:29:45.880
<v Speaker 4>day or like once a sam question? Okay, too detailed.

0:29:46.080 --> 0:29:49.000
<v Speaker 1>My guess is it was just one sample, okay. And

0:29:49.040 --> 0:29:51.960
<v Speaker 1>then there so this is taking many days. It's taking

0:29:52.040 --> 0:29:55.160
<v Speaker 1>many days. Yeah, and like five five mices, Simon and

0:29:55.280 --> 0:29:59.680
<v Speaker 1>I said, yeah, yeah, it's a process. Yeah. And then

0:29:59.720 --> 0:30:01.760
<v Speaker 1>once they once they cut the mice open to look

0:30:01.800 --> 0:30:04.800
<v Speaker 1>at their ovaries, if those ovaries were enlarged and congested,

0:30:04.840 --> 0:30:05.800
<v Speaker 1>it meant that the.

0:30:05.720 --> 0:30:09.400
<v Speaker 4>Pro was pregnant then, I mean makes sense physiologically, but okay,

0:30:09.520 --> 0:30:10.120
<v Speaker 4>very interesting.

0:30:11.120 --> 0:30:14.280
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, yeah. So, and what these animals were responding to

0:30:14.600 --> 0:30:18.840
<v Speaker 1>was a hormone in the urine called hCG hCG human

0:30:19.120 --> 0:30:26.280
<v Speaker 1>choonic ganada tropin that was vening really yeah. Initially researchers

0:30:26.320 --> 0:30:29.280
<v Speaker 1>thought it was produced in the pituitary gland, but physician

0:30:29.360 --> 0:30:33.120
<v Speaker 1>scientists Georgiana Seagar Jones correctly identified its origin as the

0:30:33.240 --> 0:30:36.000
<v Speaker 1>uterus and gave it its name in nineteen forty five.

0:30:36.120 --> 0:30:40.760
<v Speaker 4>Wow, Okay, nineteen forty five is when hCG was named

0:30:41.000 --> 0:30:44.040
<v Speaker 4>HG Yeah, and found to be from the uterus, and

0:30:44.240 --> 0:30:47.480
<v Speaker 4>eventually rabbits replaced mice because you could get a result

0:30:47.520 --> 0:30:49.920
<v Speaker 4>faster and you didn't have to use as many animals.

0:30:50.240 --> 0:30:52.840
<v Speaker 1>Gosh, the phrase the rabbit died. Have you ever heard

0:30:52.840 --> 0:30:55.920
<v Speaker 1>of this? No, it's used. I feel like I've been

0:30:56.080 --> 0:30:59.960
<v Speaker 1>rewatching mad men and there's another part of mad I've

0:31:00.080 --> 0:31:03.040
<v Speaker 1>thinking a lot about mad men and pregnancy. But that

0:31:03.160 --> 0:31:05.200
<v Speaker 1>is a euphemism that was commonly used to be like,

0:31:05.880 --> 0:31:07.800
<v Speaker 1>did that mean that you were pregnant or weren't that

0:31:07.880 --> 0:31:10.640
<v Speaker 1>you were pregnant? But it doesn't really make sense because

0:31:11.120 --> 0:31:14.720
<v Speaker 1>they killed all around it. Yeah, okay, yeah, weird, I know, Okay,

0:31:15.560 --> 0:31:17.640
<v Speaker 1>but I do find it it's interesting that there was

0:31:17.680 --> 0:31:21.120
<v Speaker 1>a euphemism because pregnancy wasn't really something that was discussed

0:31:21.160 --> 0:31:25.120
<v Speaker 1>out loud very much in like until the middle of

0:31:25.120 --> 0:31:27.360
<v Speaker 1>the twentieth century at the earliest. Really, yeah, it was

0:31:27.440 --> 0:31:30.800
<v Speaker 1>kind of just not like taboo, but it was in

0:31:30.880 --> 0:31:35.560
<v Speaker 1>hush terms euphemisms. Yeah, exactly. But these tests, the Asheims

0:31:35.560 --> 0:31:37.400
<v Speaker 1>on Deck test and the Freedman test, which is what

0:31:37.440 --> 0:31:41.120
<v Speaker 1>the rabbit one was called, delivered pretty accurate results, but

0:31:41.280 --> 0:31:43.880
<v Speaker 1>they did come with limitations. So, for one, the urine

0:31:43.960 --> 0:31:47.800
<v Speaker 1>was often about seven percent of the time toxic. Oh

0:31:47.840 --> 0:31:50.160
<v Speaker 1>so then it would kill the it would kill Yeah.

0:31:50.200 --> 0:31:53.240
<v Speaker 1>Maybe that's where it comes from and it had to

0:31:53.280 --> 0:31:56.120
<v Speaker 1>be treated otherwise it would kill the rabbit just outright. Yeah.

0:31:56.240 --> 0:31:58.480
<v Speaker 1>And the second was that the animals were expensive to keep.

0:31:59.240 --> 0:32:02.160
<v Speaker 1>Animal welfare didn't seem like a pressing concern at the time,

0:32:02.400 --> 0:32:08.480
<v Speaker 1>but cost was. Unfortunately, a cheaper animal was available, the

0:32:08.520 --> 0:32:13.120
<v Speaker 1>African claud frog. Oh, they're so cute. They're very cute,

0:32:13.440 --> 0:32:17.280
<v Speaker 1>aren't they also known as the African claud toad. Is

0:32:17.320 --> 0:32:19.160
<v Speaker 1>it a frog or toad? I don't know. I'm pretty

0:32:19.200 --> 0:32:22.680
<v Speaker 1>sure it's a frog. Yeah, it's a scientific name Zinopus

0:32:22.800 --> 0:32:24.760
<v Speaker 1>leave us. Okay, but I don't know. But it only

0:32:24.840 --> 0:32:27.280
<v Speaker 1>happens to ovulate in the presence of a male frog

0:32:27.720 --> 0:32:29.600
<v Speaker 1>or or in the presence of a HGG.

0:32:30.920 --> 0:32:33.080
<v Speaker 4>So then with these, did you just have to like

0:32:33.120 --> 0:32:35.280
<v Speaker 4>squirt it on top because they just diffuse through their

0:32:35.280 --> 0:32:36.160
<v Speaker 4>skin essentially?

0:32:36.320 --> 0:32:39.680
<v Speaker 1>Okay, Yeah, So in nineteen thirty three, researchers Shapiro and

0:32:39.680 --> 0:32:43.040
<v Speaker 1>Swarnstein discovered that yeah, if you just sort of sprinkle urine,

0:32:43.040 --> 0:32:43.600
<v Speaker 1>well I don't.

0:32:43.400 --> 0:32:46.040
<v Speaker 5>Know if it was actually sprinkling, like if you exposed,

0:32:46.320 --> 0:32:48.880
<v Speaker 5>we'll say that, Yeah, you're in from a pregnant person

0:32:48.920 --> 0:32:52.920
<v Speaker 5>to these frogs, and you could induce ovulation in the

0:32:52.960 --> 0:32:54.360
<v Speaker 5>frog eight to twelve hours later.

0:32:54.600 --> 0:32:57.400
<v Speaker 4>And then so that's much quicker, much quicker. And do

0:32:57.440 --> 0:32:59.800
<v Speaker 4>you have to kill the frog or no? Nope, can

0:32:59.800 --> 0:33:00.920
<v Speaker 4>you we use that frog?

0:33:01.560 --> 0:33:03.920
<v Speaker 1>I think you can. I think you just would not

0:33:04.360 --> 0:33:05.760
<v Speaker 1>like like have to give it like a wash up

0:33:05.880 --> 0:33:09.880
<v Speaker 1>period exactly. Okay, yeah, okay. And so soon labs around

0:33:09.920 --> 0:33:13.280
<v Speaker 1>the world began importing these frogs for pregnancy testing. Wow,

0:33:13.480 --> 0:33:17.360
<v Speaker 1>and guess what may have hitched a ride Kittrid Kittrid

0:33:17.560 --> 0:33:20.880
<v Speaker 1>stop it? Yeah this, How did we not talk about

0:33:20.920 --> 0:33:23.040
<v Speaker 1>this in our kitchriend that we may have aaron that

0:33:23.120 --> 0:33:28.160
<v Speaker 1>was like seven years ago? Wait? Uh yeah, So and

0:33:28.320 --> 0:33:30.280
<v Speaker 1>if for those of you who haven't heard of kittrid

0:33:30.440 --> 0:33:33.000
<v Speaker 1>or haven't listened to our Kittrid episode, Kittrid is a

0:33:33.000 --> 0:33:36.400
<v Speaker 1>type of fungus that is absolutely deadly, like devastating in

0:33:36.440 --> 0:33:41.200
<v Speaker 1>some species of ad populations of frogs, like extinction in

0:33:41.240 --> 0:33:44.640
<v Speaker 1>the wild the thing. Yeah, but researcher. Some researchers think

0:33:44.680 --> 0:33:48.120
<v Speaker 1>that the widespread distribution of these African Claude frogs for

0:33:48.160 --> 0:33:52.280
<v Speaker 1>pregnancy testing may have led to the global spread of Kittrid.

0:33:51.960 --> 0:33:53.840
<v Speaker 4>I kind of hope that we actually did cover this

0:33:53.960 --> 0:33:55.520
<v Speaker 4>and I have completely forgotten.

0:33:55.760 --> 0:33:59.840
<v Speaker 1>No, it's I feel I feel like we did. We might.

0:34:00.200 --> 0:34:03.120
<v Speaker 1>I don't know those it sounded vaguely familiar. But or

0:34:03.200 --> 0:34:05.120
<v Speaker 1>is it like one of those where it's a memory

0:34:05.160 --> 0:34:07.520
<v Speaker 1>and then it becomes or it's a new thing, it

0:34:07.560 --> 0:34:08.320
<v Speaker 1>becomes a memory.

0:34:08.520 --> 0:34:13.680
<v Speaker 4>Yeah, on manufactured memory exactly. Wow, Okay, that's really interesting. Yeah,

0:34:14.040 --> 0:34:15.480
<v Speaker 4>they're dated to back it up, or it's just like

0:34:15.520 --> 0:34:15.960
<v Speaker 4>a guess.

0:34:16.040 --> 0:34:19.880
<v Speaker 1>Oh funny you should ask. One of the earliest identified

0:34:19.920 --> 0:34:23.080
<v Speaker 1>specimens of captured infection is from one of these frogs

0:34:23.080 --> 0:34:27.080
<v Speaker 1>in nineteen thirty eight. Wow, nineteen thirty eight. Yeah, okay, okay,

0:34:27.120 --> 0:34:30.120
<v Speaker 1>that wild? Yeah was wild. But so anyway, the frogs

0:34:30.160 --> 0:34:32.400
<v Speaker 1>were an improvement from like the rabbits and the mice.

0:34:32.920 --> 0:34:35.440
<v Speaker 1>But do you know what would be even better if

0:34:35.480 --> 0:34:38.680
<v Speaker 1>you didn't need to kill an animal or exact yeah,

0:34:38.400 --> 0:34:41.600
<v Speaker 1>or or keep the animal is so expensive? Yeah. But

0:34:41.680 --> 0:34:44.600
<v Speaker 1>the first of these dreamed of tests was developed in

0:34:44.600 --> 0:34:47.080
<v Speaker 1>the late nineteen fifties, and it was an immuno assay

0:34:47.080 --> 0:34:52.440
<v Speaker 1>that detected hCG. With these tests, especially as specificity increased

0:34:52.800 --> 0:34:57.280
<v Speaker 1>and false positive decrease with later improvements, researchers could decrease

0:34:57.320 --> 0:35:00.880
<v Speaker 1>turnaround time as well as cost, and that ultimately resulted

0:35:00.920 --> 0:35:04.319
<v Speaker 1>in more people utilizing these tests, but probably not as

0:35:04.320 --> 0:35:07.719
<v Speaker 1>many as you think. Getting a pregnancy test was by

0:35:07.760 --> 0:35:10.040
<v Speaker 1>no means a typical part of any pregnancy throughout the

0:35:10.120 --> 0:35:13.120
<v Speaker 1>nineteen fifties and the nineteen sixties, and in fact most

0:35:13.120 --> 0:35:14.560
<v Speaker 1>people didn't get tested.

0:35:15.880 --> 0:35:16.120
<v Speaker 5>Why.

0:35:16.640 --> 0:35:20.080
<v Speaker 1>First of all, access, If you wanted a pregnancy test,

0:35:20.120 --> 0:35:22.000
<v Speaker 1>you had to make a doctor's appointment and get a

0:35:22.040 --> 0:35:24.839
<v Speaker 1>prescription for a test, at least in the US.

0:35:24.600 --> 0:35:27.400
<v Speaker 4>Even after they moved away from these animal assays, like

0:35:27.520 --> 0:35:28.839
<v Speaker 4>just to the IMO assay ones.

0:35:28.960 --> 0:35:31.359
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, everything was prescription, yeah okay, And then you had

0:35:31.400 --> 0:35:33.240
<v Speaker 1>to wait weeks to hear the results from the doctor

0:35:33.520 --> 0:35:35.359
<v Speaker 1>and you're like, oh, I already have missed like three

0:35:35.360 --> 0:35:38.040
<v Speaker 1>periods by now, so I know, yeah, okay, I think,

0:35:38.200 --> 0:35:41.239
<v Speaker 1>I think, I know. Yeah. These things cost time and money, right,

0:35:41.560 --> 0:35:45.800
<v Speaker 1>And Second of all, stigma. Some doctors refused to test

0:35:45.920 --> 0:35:49.520
<v Speaker 1>certain people to prevent them from getting an abortion, and

0:35:49.560 --> 0:35:52.680
<v Speaker 1>so they would withhold that information until it was too late.

0:35:52.680 --> 0:35:54.160
<v Speaker 1>They would say, well, if you want a test, I'm

0:35:54.160 --> 0:35:55.760
<v Speaker 1>worried about what you're going to do with those results.

0:35:55.840 --> 0:35:57.560
<v Speaker 4>Oh, my god, I hate that so much, and I

0:35:57.600 --> 0:35:59.120
<v Speaker 4>wish that it surprised me more.

0:35:59.400 --> 0:36:02.480
<v Speaker 1>I know, I know, or they would tell husband first

0:36:02.920 --> 0:36:05.759
<v Speaker 1>so that he could make a decision. I didn't know

0:36:05.800 --> 0:36:08.480
<v Speaker 1>I was going to get livid this early in the series. Sorry,

0:36:08.560 --> 0:36:14.240
<v Speaker 1>it's just get ready, strap in strapped. There was stigma

0:36:14.280 --> 0:36:16.520
<v Speaker 1>attached to wanting to find out if you were pregnant

0:36:16.520 --> 0:36:20.040
<v Speaker 1>before you started showing these quote unquote natural signs, interesting

0:36:20.120 --> 0:36:22.800
<v Speaker 1>because it suggested you had anxiety about the pregnancy or

0:36:22.840 --> 0:36:26.160
<v Speaker 1>about the father. If you were married, forget about it.

0:36:26.200 --> 0:36:30.160
<v Speaker 1>Your reputation would never recover what often yeah.

0:36:29.960 --> 0:36:33.560
<v Speaker 4>Just for like wanting to know this information. Then people

0:36:33.560 --> 0:36:36.320
<v Speaker 4>assumed that you were up to something often yeah wow.

0:36:36.320 --> 0:36:39.600
<v Speaker 1>The nineteen sixty six Better Homes and Gardens Baby book

0:36:39.840 --> 0:36:45.080
<v Speaker 1>said that pregnancy tests quote there is no need for one.

0:36:45.320 --> 0:36:47.840
<v Speaker 1>Yeah wow. And it's hard not to see this is

0:36:47.880 --> 0:36:50.759
<v Speaker 1>just another way to control women and the choices, right.

0:36:50.840 --> 0:36:52.879
<v Speaker 1>This is this is knowledge that should not that does

0:36:52.880 --> 0:36:54.719
<v Speaker 1>not belong to It doesn't belong to you. Yeah no.

0:36:55.239 --> 0:36:57.560
<v Speaker 1>And the introduction of the home pregnancy test in the

0:36:57.600 --> 0:37:01.240
<v Speaker 1>nineteen seventies it didn't immediately erase stigma, but it did

0:37:01.360 --> 0:37:03.839
<v Speaker 1>make testing an option or at least more of an

0:37:03.880 --> 0:37:07.760
<v Speaker 1>option for the people who where previously it wasn't who

0:37:07.840 --> 0:37:10.560
<v Speaker 1>saw this need and did something about it, someone who

0:37:10.560 --> 0:37:13.600
<v Speaker 1>could make money off it. Actually no, oh, okay, I

0:37:13.680 --> 0:37:18.839
<v Speaker 1>know pleasantly sy There was a woman by the name

0:37:18.960 --> 0:37:22.000
<v Speaker 1>of Margaret or Meg Crane. Okay, So, one day in

0:37:22.080 --> 0:37:24.600
<v Speaker 1>nineteen sixty seven, the twenty six year old Crane was

0:37:24.680 --> 0:37:28.200
<v Speaker 1>walking through the offices of organ On which sounds made up,

0:37:28.239 --> 0:37:31.800
<v Speaker 1>a pharmaceutical company where she worked as a freelance graphic designer,

0:37:32.320 --> 0:37:34.960
<v Speaker 1>and something caught her eye. One of the rooms as

0:37:34.960 --> 0:37:37.200
<v Speaker 1>she walked past, was filled with a bunch of test

0:37:37.200 --> 0:37:40.719
<v Speaker 1>tubes hanging in some sort of bizarre contraption, and she

0:37:40.760 --> 0:37:43.560
<v Speaker 1>asked her colleague, like, well, what's going on in there?

0:37:43.680 --> 0:37:47.359
<v Speaker 1>It turns out they were pregnancy tests. Crane listened as

0:37:47.360 --> 0:37:50.400
<v Speaker 1>her colleague explained how they work, and she thought to herself,

0:37:50.640 --> 0:37:53.279
<v Speaker 1>this sounds pretty simple, Like why can't we do this

0:37:53.400 --> 0:37:57.719
<v Speaker 1>ourselves at home? And this thought followed Crane around and

0:37:57.760 --> 0:38:00.719
<v Speaker 1>she found herself in her spare time des a home

0:38:00.760 --> 0:38:03.960
<v Speaker 1>pregnancy test prototype. As a graphic designer. She's like, I

0:38:04.000 --> 0:38:04.480
<v Speaker 1>can do this.

0:38:04.880 --> 0:38:06.560
<v Speaker 8>I was like, love, but this is not that hard.

0:38:06.719 --> 0:38:08.600
<v Speaker 8>We should be able to do it, like it's hard,

0:38:11.560 --> 0:38:15.080
<v Speaker 8>that's perfect, thank you. But yeah, she didn't do it

0:38:15.120 --> 0:38:17.360
<v Speaker 8>because her boss asked her to do it. She just

0:38:17.440 --> 0:38:18.839
<v Speaker 8>knew how revolutionary it could be.

0:38:18.920 --> 0:38:21.680
<v Speaker 1>She saw the potential and what a change it would make,

0:38:22.360 --> 0:38:24.640
<v Speaker 1>and in fact, when she showed her boss her design,

0:38:24.840 --> 0:38:29.080
<v Speaker 1>he scoffed. But when a male employee later suggested a

0:38:29.080 --> 0:38:32.799
<v Speaker 1>home pregnancy test, the option seemed more appealing. So a

0:38:32.800 --> 0:38:35.719
<v Speaker 1>few weeks later, Crane walked into work to find a

0:38:35.719 --> 0:38:38.279
<v Speaker 1>big meeting taking place, and she was like, what's going

0:38:38.320 --> 0:38:40.160
<v Speaker 1>on in there? Turns out it was a meeting to

0:38:40.280 --> 0:38:44.640
<v Speaker 1>discuss different home pregnancy test designs, so she crashed the

0:38:44.680 --> 0:38:48.240
<v Speaker 1>meeting put her design on the table with all the others,

0:38:48.640 --> 0:38:52.520
<v Speaker 1>which all of which were designed by men. One had

0:38:52.600 --> 0:38:56.719
<v Speaker 1>rhinestone edging, one had a cute little tassel, all were

0:38:56.840 --> 0:39:02.440
<v Speaker 1>pink except Cranes, but Cranes was the only one to

0:39:02.520 --> 0:39:05.880
<v Speaker 1>include a urine collection cup. Oh my god, are you serious.

0:39:05.960 --> 0:39:10.000
<v Speaker 4>Yeah, we've got the rhinestones, but not the collection cup.

0:39:10.000 --> 0:39:12.680
<v Speaker 1>Would we use a mug exactly? So someone's like what

0:39:12.800 --> 0:39:14.960
<v Speaker 1>And one of the other designers was like, yeah, I

0:39:15.040 --> 0:39:17.319
<v Speaker 1>just I just figured And then they're like, and what

0:39:17.320 --> 0:39:21.920
<v Speaker 1>do you do with that? Afterwards? I love this story erin,

0:39:22.000 --> 0:39:25.040
<v Speaker 1>I know, I know, and so Cranes. Because of this,

0:39:25.520 --> 0:39:28.200
<v Speaker 1>and because of the other practical aspects of its design,

0:39:28.719 --> 0:39:31.160
<v Speaker 1>was considered the winning model. And so let me paint

0:39:31.160 --> 0:39:35.880
<v Speaker 1>you a picture please. A hard, clear, rectangular box made

0:39:35.880 --> 0:39:38.560
<v Speaker 1>of two pieces that joined in the center. Inside the

0:39:38.560 --> 0:39:41.240
<v Speaker 1>box was a dropper and a test tube that contained

0:39:41.400 --> 0:39:44.840
<v Speaker 1>dried rabbit antibodies and sheep blood. So you collect some

0:39:45.040 --> 0:39:47.080
<v Speaker 1>urine into the top half of the box, add a

0:39:47.120 --> 0:39:49.680
<v Speaker 1>few drops to the test tube along with some tap water,

0:39:50.160 --> 0:39:53.160
<v Speaker 1>and then you waited for two hours much better than

0:39:53.200 --> 0:39:56.520
<v Speaker 1>two weeks, with the test tube sitting in the bottom

0:39:56.520 --> 0:39:59.080
<v Speaker 1>half of the box. And that had a mirror. It's like,

0:39:59.120 --> 0:40:02.000
<v Speaker 1>it's complicated. Yeah. Yeah. If you were pregnant, a red

0:40:02.040 --> 0:40:04.560
<v Speaker 1>brown ring like a doughnut would form in the bottom

0:40:04.640 --> 0:40:08.520
<v Speaker 1>of the tube, reflected by the mirror. No donut meant

0:40:08.520 --> 0:40:13.439
<v Speaker 1>no pregnant. Oh no pregnant, Yeah, no donut, no pregnant. Okay,

0:40:13.440 --> 0:40:16.799
<v Speaker 1>well that is really complicated. It's really complicated, but it's

0:40:16.840 --> 0:40:18.880
<v Speaker 1>also something that is like it was you can do

0:40:19.000 --> 0:40:21.440
<v Speaker 1>very much. Yeah right, it was very similar.

0:40:21.080 --> 0:40:23.759
<v Speaker 4>To not that much harder than like COVID tests or

0:40:23.800 --> 0:40:25.840
<v Speaker 4>you're like, oh yeah, I swap this, and I mid this,

0:40:26.000 --> 0:40:27.319
<v Speaker 4>and I drop her this, and I.

0:40:27.880 --> 0:40:35.280
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, I'm something of a myself. Yeah uh yeah. Also,

0:40:35.320 --> 0:40:37.400
<v Speaker 1>I just want on a cute little side notes. So

0:40:37.520 --> 0:40:40.319
<v Speaker 1>Crane met her future husband at that meeting. He I

0:40:40.320 --> 0:40:42.000
<v Speaker 1>think was the one who was like, this design is

0:40:42.040 --> 0:40:45.000
<v Speaker 1>clearly the best good, not like I produced the rhinestone one.

0:40:45.200 --> 0:40:48.239
<v Speaker 1>No no, no uh. And eventually they opened their own

0:40:48.280 --> 0:40:50.719
<v Speaker 1>ad agency where she was the head designer and he

0:40:50.800 --> 0:40:54.680
<v Speaker 1>was a copy cheese. Oh so cute. But with Crane's

0:40:54.680 --> 0:40:57.920
<v Speaker 1>design in hand, Organons sought to get this test to market,

0:40:58.200 --> 0:41:01.719
<v Speaker 1>Facing heavy opposition in the US. Was it reliable enough?

0:41:01.800 --> 0:41:05.360
<v Speaker 1>What would women do with this information? Organon instead turned

0:41:05.360 --> 0:41:08.160
<v Speaker 1>to Canada, where, unlike the US, you did not have

0:41:08.239 --> 0:41:10.719
<v Speaker 1>to have a prescription to get a pregnancy test, and

0:41:10.760 --> 0:41:12.520
<v Speaker 1>you could just take one at the pharmacy without a

0:41:12.520 --> 0:41:19.520
<v Speaker 1>doctor's appointment. Okay, unbelievable, I mean totally believable. By summer

0:41:19.560 --> 0:41:23.279
<v Speaker 1>of nineteen seventy one, Predictor, which is Organon's home pregnancy test,

0:41:23.400 --> 0:41:25.919
<v Speaker 1>was on the shelves in Canadian drug stores for five

0:41:25.960 --> 0:41:28.600
<v Speaker 1>dollars and fifty cents. Which is about the same price

0:41:28.680 --> 0:41:30.840
<v Speaker 1>as a BRA and a little less expensive than a

0:41:30.920 --> 0:41:33.880
<v Speaker 1>lab test. Okay, just to get it, yeah, protexted.

0:41:34.040 --> 0:41:34.239
<v Speaker 9>Yep.

0:41:35.520 --> 0:41:37.400
<v Speaker 1>Not everyone was a fan of the lab test. So

0:41:37.480 --> 0:41:41.160
<v Speaker 1>one pharmacist in British Columbia named Bob no last name

0:41:41.200 --> 0:41:43.840
<v Speaker 1>that I could detect, said that he wouldn't be stalking

0:41:43.880 --> 0:41:47.560
<v Speaker 1>them because he quote didn't think women could be trusted

0:41:47.600 --> 0:41:52.640
<v Speaker 1>to accurately obtain results. Okay, Bob, thanks Bob, we can't

0:41:54.040 --> 0:41:58.200
<v Speaker 1>or piano cup come on, yep geez. Others described it

0:41:58.239 --> 0:42:02.240
<v Speaker 1>as a passing fad. Oh questions. Yeah, but the market

0:42:02.280 --> 0:42:05.239
<v Speaker 1>didn't lie. The test flew off the shelves and it

0:42:05.320 --> 0:42:08.720
<v Speaker 1>quickly sold out, and with such a successful launch in Canada,

0:42:08.960 --> 0:42:12.439
<v Speaker 1>other countries' approval wasn't too far behind. Home pregnancy tests

0:42:12.440 --> 0:42:15.239
<v Speaker 1>became available in many places around the world by the

0:42:15.320 --> 0:42:18.760
<v Speaker 1>end of the nineteen seventies. In the US, the FDA

0:42:18.880 --> 0:42:21.520
<v Speaker 1>approved the test in nineteen seventy six, and they hit

0:42:21.560 --> 0:42:24.440
<v Speaker 1>the shelves in nineteen seventy seven. Wow. One of the

0:42:24.480 --> 0:42:28.040
<v Speaker 1>earliest ads for these tests, the EPT in Home Early

0:42:28.080 --> 0:42:32.400
<v Speaker 1>Pregnancy Test, described it as quote a private, little revolution

0:42:32.640 --> 0:42:35.319
<v Speaker 1>any woman can easily buy at her drug store, I

0:42:35.360 --> 0:42:39.560
<v Speaker 1>love it. Yeah. Early TV ads ended with time is

0:42:39.600 --> 0:42:44.000
<v Speaker 1>on your side at last. The tone from these ads

0:42:44.200 --> 0:42:48.640
<v Speaker 1>reflect the push for and the milestones in reproductive rights

0:42:48.719 --> 0:42:51.040
<v Speaker 1>in the US and the nineteen seventies, like Roe v.

0:42:51.160 --> 0:42:55.080
<v Speaker 1>Wade was nineteen seventy three, for instance, but the private

0:42:55.120 --> 0:42:59.800
<v Speaker 1>little revolution wasn't immediate. These tests cost ten US do

0:42:59.800 --> 0:43:04.640
<v Speaker 1>all about fifty one in twenty twenty four dollars holy cow. Yeah,

0:43:05.200 --> 0:43:07.880
<v Speaker 1>took two hours for a result again, and had a

0:43:07.920 --> 0:43:11.200
<v Speaker 1>decently high rate of false negatives not false positives, though,

0:43:11.440 --> 0:43:14.239
<v Speaker 1>which is good. This was not a cheap test, and

0:43:14.280 --> 0:43:17.040
<v Speaker 1>the recommendation to buy two tests in case you took

0:43:17.080 --> 0:43:20.040
<v Speaker 1>the first test too too early. It made home testing

0:43:20.040 --> 0:43:23.120
<v Speaker 1>prohibitedly expensive for some people, and according to some who

0:43:23.239 --> 0:43:25.560
<v Speaker 1>used it, the test wasn't the most intuitive and in

0:43:25.600 --> 0:43:28.080
<v Speaker 1>fact was kind of complicated. It just had to sit

0:43:28.239 --> 0:43:32.560
<v Speaker 1>for two hours in a completely still dark environment. Any jostling, yeah,

0:43:32.600 --> 0:43:35.600
<v Speaker 1>because otherwise the ring would probably dissolve. Oh interesting, the

0:43:35.600 --> 0:43:41.319
<v Speaker 1>doughnut okay, yeah, and stigma lingered right. There was one

0:43:41.360 --> 0:43:46.120
<v Speaker 1>state official telling consumer reports in nineteen seventy eight that quote,

0:43:46.160 --> 0:43:48.640
<v Speaker 1>there is no reason for a woman in Maryland to

0:43:48.719 --> 0:43:51.920
<v Speaker 1>buy such a kit as the ept unless she doesn't

0:43:51.960 --> 0:43:56.800
<v Speaker 1>want to be seen at the health department. Yeah, leading

0:43:56.840 --> 0:43:59.680
<v Speaker 1>the magazine to conclude that it was a quote unquote

0:43:59.760 --> 0:44:06.920
<v Speaker 1>useless purchase. Wow. Yeah, just like our avocado test. If

0:44:06.920 --> 0:44:09.680
<v Speaker 1>you didn't buy so much avocado test, would you can

0:44:09.680 --> 0:44:13.480
<v Speaker 1>buy out? But the sentiment revealed a disconnect between what

0:44:13.560 --> 0:44:18.240
<v Speaker 1>most physicians, some politicians, and a puritanical, patriarchal society thought

0:44:18.280 --> 0:44:22.279
<v Speaker 1>women needed and what women felt they needed, especially in

0:44:22.320 --> 0:44:25.799
<v Speaker 1>the US, where there initially was pushback against allowing the

0:44:25.800 --> 0:44:28.080
<v Speaker 1>test to be sold in drug stores over the counter. Yeah,

0:44:28.920 --> 0:44:32.280
<v Speaker 1>regardless of how accessible you made pregnancy tests at the clinic,

0:44:32.800 --> 0:44:37.160
<v Speaker 1>like getting rid of prescription requirements reducing the cost. Whatever

0:44:37.280 --> 0:44:40.879
<v Speaker 1>the tests revealed at those clinics was first learned by

0:44:40.880 --> 0:44:44.960
<v Speaker 1>someone else, right, not ever the patient. Putting pregnancy tests

0:44:45.000 --> 0:44:47.879
<v Speaker 1>in the hands of women reasserted their rightful control over

0:44:47.920 --> 0:44:51.160
<v Speaker 1>their own bodies and the knowledge about their bodies. Yeah.

0:44:51.360 --> 0:44:53.239
<v Speaker 1>There's a quote I want to read you from the

0:44:53.239 --> 0:44:56.799
<v Speaker 1>book Pregnancy Test by Karen Weingarten. Quote. With a home

0:44:56.840 --> 0:44:59.839
<v Speaker 1>pregnancy test, women could take control of their decision from

0:45:00.800 --> 0:45:02.839
<v Speaker 1>They wouldn't need to find a doctor willing to test

0:45:02.880 --> 0:45:06.280
<v Speaker 1>them for pregnancy. Who might question their motives or next steps.

0:45:06.719 --> 0:45:08.840
<v Speaker 1>They wouldn't even need to share their news with anyone

0:45:08.920 --> 0:45:13.719
<v Speaker 1>until they were ready end quote. Even early marketing materials

0:45:13.719 --> 0:45:16.680
<v Speaker 1>focused on what this meant for women, not families, not

0:45:16.800 --> 0:45:19.200
<v Speaker 1>a couple, but for a woman who thinks she might

0:45:19.239 --> 0:45:22.840
<v Speaker 1>be pregnant, focusing on the privacy aspect of these tests.

0:45:23.440 --> 0:45:26.480
<v Speaker 1>The pharmaceutical companies that produce them also had to convince

0:45:26.520 --> 0:45:29.640
<v Speaker 1>physicians that this was a good thing, that early pregnancy

0:45:29.719 --> 0:45:34.120
<v Speaker 1>detection meant people could get prenatal care earlier, and most

0:45:34.120 --> 0:45:38.640
<v Speaker 1>physicians agreed with that potential positive impact, but many remained

0:45:38.640 --> 0:45:42.280
<v Speaker 1>skeptical that the tests were accurate, and they would insist

0:45:42.320 --> 0:45:45.319
<v Speaker 1>on a clinical test to confirm home results. And this

0:45:45.440 --> 0:45:47.960
<v Speaker 1>is not without merit, of course, Even the most accurate

0:45:48.000 --> 0:45:50.719
<v Speaker 1>tests today are not one hundred percent accurate or may

0:45:50.719 --> 0:45:52.600
<v Speaker 1>not be able to give you all the information that

0:45:52.760 --> 0:45:55.840
<v Speaker 1>you need to decide what to do next. The pregnancy

0:45:55.880 --> 0:45:59.160
<v Speaker 1>test does not reduce the need for or replace medical

0:45:59.200 --> 0:46:02.240
<v Speaker 1>care at all. It is simply often the first step

0:46:02.320 --> 0:46:06.360
<v Speaker 1>along the journey, whatever that journey. Maybe. By the nineteen

0:46:06.400 --> 0:46:09.920
<v Speaker 1>eighties and Reagan's presidency, these ads shifted in tone to

0:46:09.960 --> 0:46:13.480
<v Speaker 1>be more about family values. Of course they did, of course,

0:46:13.800 --> 0:46:17.000
<v Speaker 1>featuring straight couples sharing the joy that a test could bring.

0:46:17.560 --> 0:46:21.520
<v Speaker 1>The nineteen nineties saw reality advertising for pregnancy tests, with

0:46:21.600 --> 0:46:26.080
<v Speaker 1>couples finding out on camera the results of the test.

0:46:25.600 --> 0:46:28.680
<v Speaker 1>In the nineties, yeah, I mean, come on, you like

0:46:28.840 --> 0:46:32.000
<v Speaker 1>Jerry Springer morey stuff like that. Yeah, yeah, okay, America's

0:46:32.040 --> 0:46:32.920
<v Speaker 1>Funniest Home video.

0:46:33.600 --> 0:46:33.880
<v Speaker 10>Sure.

0:46:34.920 --> 0:46:37.920
<v Speaker 1>Sorry, I don't know if I'm sure pregnancy test featured

0:46:37.920 --> 0:46:41.880
<v Speaker 1>on I'm sure they didn't. But these these nineties tests,

0:46:41.960 --> 0:46:45.200
<v Speaker 1>that's when the first time people of color were featured

0:46:45.200 --> 0:46:48.440
<v Speaker 1>in many of these ads. And while most couples in

0:46:48.480 --> 0:46:50.920
<v Speaker 1>these realities, so it would be like a couple being like, oh,

0:46:51.040 --> 0:46:53.839
<v Speaker 1>let's find out the results on air or whatever, and

0:46:53.880 --> 0:46:58.560
<v Speaker 1>then most of them like clearly wanted a positive result,

0:46:58.719 --> 0:47:01.440
<v Speaker 1>like they were happy with the positive result. One couple

0:47:01.560 --> 0:47:05.880
<v Speaker 1>was relieved about their negative test, which interesting. Yeah. What

0:47:06.040 --> 0:47:09.040
<v Speaker 1>was missing from these ads were depictions of women who

0:47:09.080 --> 0:47:13.200
<v Speaker 1>did not want to be pregnant but were. David Lynch, So,

0:47:13.280 --> 0:47:15.120
<v Speaker 1>the guy who did twin Peaks in the movie Blue

0:47:15.200 --> 0:47:18.439
<v Speaker 1>Velvet He Passed Away, recently directed a nineteen ninety seven

0:47:18.480 --> 0:47:21.400
<v Speaker 1>pregnancy test ad where the woman in the ad finds

0:47:21.440 --> 0:47:25.400
<v Speaker 1>out the results, but the audience doesn't get to see them.

0:47:26.040 --> 0:47:26.680
<v Speaker 1>I love it.

0:47:27.440 --> 0:47:30.560
<v Speaker 9>Waiting to find out if you're pregnant or not. Nothing

0:47:30.560 --> 0:47:34.280
<v Speaker 9>else in the world matters until you know. Introducing clear

0:47:34.280 --> 0:47:37.840
<v Speaker 9>Blue Easy one minute pregnancy test, because only clear Blue

0:47:37.840 --> 0:47:41.759
<v Speaker 9>Easy gives you a clear yes or no in one minute.

0:47:42.360 --> 0:47:45.520
<v Speaker 4>So that's the first time that it's just waiting and

0:47:45.600 --> 0:47:47.719
<v Speaker 4>you have to kind of infer yourself.

0:47:47.840 --> 0:47:50.640
<v Speaker 1>I think so interesting. Yeah, isn't that? Isn't that so

0:47:50.719 --> 0:47:52.759
<v Speaker 1>fascinating because a lot of the other ones were like,

0:47:53.120 --> 0:47:56.680
<v Speaker 1>it's positive, I'm happy, or it's negative, I'm relieved. But

0:47:56.800 --> 0:48:00.000
<v Speaker 1>this one, she's smiling. You don't know is she happy

0:48:00.440 --> 0:48:04.279
<v Speaker 1>that it's positive or negative? Right? I really like it. Yeah,

0:48:05.040 --> 0:48:08.640
<v Speaker 1>the mystery of it, that ad is especially important too,

0:48:08.680 --> 0:48:11.360
<v Speaker 1>for showing that it's about the knowledge, not about the result.

0:48:12.080 --> 0:48:15.240
<v Speaker 1>And I think that's a big shift in that perception

0:48:15.320 --> 0:48:18.520
<v Speaker 1>of what these tests have given us. So within twenty

0:48:18.560 --> 0:48:21.359
<v Speaker 1>five years of their release, home pregnancy tests had become

0:48:21.440 --> 0:48:26.440
<v Speaker 1>a widely used, recognizable, commonplace diagnostic tool as well as

0:48:26.440 --> 0:48:30.319
<v Speaker 1>you useful plot device. TV shows, movies, novels all began

0:48:30.360 --> 0:48:33.360
<v Speaker 1>to feature pregnancy tests as a useful way to increase

0:48:33.440 --> 0:48:37.200
<v Speaker 1>dramatic tension or force character growth. I mean, how many

0:48:37.200 --> 0:48:40.240
<v Speaker 1>sitcoms have an episode where someone finds a positive pregnancy

0:48:40.239 --> 0:48:42.920
<v Speaker 1>test in the trash? Whose is it? Everyone?

0:48:43.000 --> 0:48:43.399
<v Speaker 11>My god?

0:48:43.680 --> 0:48:46.279
<v Speaker 1>I can think of so many. Yeah, They've been used

0:48:46.280 --> 0:48:49.200
<v Speaker 1>in TV and movies as an opportunity for safe sex

0:48:49.239 --> 0:48:52.439
<v Speaker 1>talks between parents and a teenager, a moment of self

0:48:52.480 --> 0:48:55.200
<v Speaker 1>reflection for whether or not a character wants the test

0:48:55.239 --> 0:48:58.359
<v Speaker 1>to be positive or negative, whether they want children at

0:48:58.360 --> 0:49:01.200
<v Speaker 1>all or feel ready to have kids. It's on reality

0:49:01.239 --> 0:49:06.560
<v Speaker 1>TV in really twisted scenarios, like there's a Maury one

0:49:06.600 --> 0:49:09.600
<v Speaker 1>where someone has to tell like it's like someone's teenage

0:49:09.680 --> 0:49:12.680
<v Speaker 1>daughter takes one on air to be like is she

0:49:12.840 --> 0:49:16.680
<v Speaker 1>lying or not? I know that's horrific, I know, yeah,

0:49:16.760 --> 0:49:18.320
<v Speaker 1>but there are yeah, a million examples.

0:49:18.400 --> 0:49:18.560
<v Speaker 10>Right.

0:49:19.000 --> 0:49:22.280
<v Speaker 1>In nineteen ninety one, the show Murphy Brown showed Murphy

0:49:22.400 --> 0:49:26.280
<v Speaker 1>taking a home pregnancy test and ultimately deciding to become

0:49:26.480 --> 0:49:30.800
<v Speaker 1>a single mother after considering abortion. This is nineteen ninety one. Wow,

0:49:30.880 --> 0:49:35.120
<v Speaker 1>I feel like that's it's like not allowed today. Yeah, yep.

0:49:35.880 --> 0:49:39.359
<v Speaker 1>This plotline was criticized by Vice President Dan Quail as

0:49:39.520 --> 0:49:43.719
<v Speaker 1>quote unquote eroding family value. Of course it was, right, Yeah,

0:49:44.320 --> 0:49:47.680
<v Speaker 1>it's yeah. I think that that test though, or that

0:49:47.800 --> 0:49:50.720
<v Speaker 1>Sitcom Murphy Brown when she when she took the pregnancy test,

0:49:51.239 --> 0:49:53.719
<v Speaker 1>that also helped to kind of popularize it and be

0:49:53.880 --> 0:49:56.120
<v Speaker 1>like this is a thing that people can do. This

0:49:56.200 --> 0:49:59.280
<v Speaker 1>is Yeah. I think it just kind of had increased

0:49:59.280 --> 0:50:04.600
<v Speaker 1>momentum even more like normal. Yeah, exactly. But it's incredible

0:50:04.760 --> 0:50:07.880
<v Speaker 1>how over the almost five decades since its release, the

0:50:07.920 --> 0:50:12.080
<v Speaker 1>home pregnancy test has become almost universally recognizable, even for

0:50:12.120 --> 0:50:15.359
<v Speaker 1>people who have never used one. I loved how like, yeah,

0:50:15.400 --> 0:50:18.000
<v Speaker 1>the early COVID tests and people would take pictures and

0:50:18.320 --> 0:50:22.000
<v Speaker 1>like everyone thought it was a pregnancy test immediately. Yeah.

0:50:22.200 --> 0:50:25.720
<v Speaker 1>But improvements to the test over these decades include things

0:50:25.800 --> 0:50:29.359
<v Speaker 1>like the invention of monoclonal antibodies, which eliminated the need

0:50:29.440 --> 0:50:33.920
<v Speaker 1>for lab animals. More precise testing than now familiar, easy

0:50:33.960 --> 0:50:36.239
<v Speaker 1>to read stick pregnancy test with the two lines was

0:50:36.280 --> 0:50:38.759
<v Speaker 1>introduced in nineteen eighty seven. Now some of them say

0:50:38.760 --> 0:50:41.880
<v Speaker 1>pregnant or not pregnant digit. In twenty twenty one, a

0:50:41.960 --> 0:50:46.800
<v Speaker 1>flushable pregnancy test was introduced, which is an incredible development

0:50:46.840 --> 0:50:47.880
<v Speaker 1>to protect privacy.

0:50:49.200 --> 0:50:52.239
<v Speaker 4>Wow, yeah, I was just thinking about sewage lines, like,

0:50:52.400 --> 0:50:53.960
<v Speaker 4>is are they actually flushable.

0:50:54.160 --> 0:50:57.480
<v Speaker 1>I mean I think, I think they are fascinating. Yeah,

0:50:57.680 --> 0:51:00.000
<v Speaker 1>tests have been developed that can be read by blonde

0:51:00.239 --> 0:51:03.440
<v Speaker 1>or low vision people without the help of someone else. Wow,

0:51:03.680 --> 0:51:06.040
<v Speaker 1>I know that's amazing. I never would have thought of that,

0:51:06.280 --> 0:51:11.320
<v Speaker 1>I know, I know. It's so incredible, the different innovations

0:51:11.360 --> 0:51:14.520
<v Speaker 1>that have been thought of. Yeah, one organization has introduced

0:51:14.520 --> 0:51:17.800
<v Speaker 1>a test that measures hCG as a way of verifying

0:51:17.880 --> 0:51:20.319
<v Speaker 1>that an abortion worked. And so you take like a

0:51:20.480 --> 0:51:22.840
<v Speaker 1>you know, sequential test afterward to be like, is it

0:51:22.920 --> 0:51:27.560
<v Speaker 1>dropping right? I've seen different estimates, but around eight million

0:51:27.560 --> 0:51:30.800
<v Speaker 1>people in the US alone used a home pregnancy test

0:51:30.840 --> 0:51:33.399
<v Speaker 1>in twenty twenty. Wow. Think about that compared to fifty

0:51:33.480 --> 0:51:35.879
<v Speaker 1>years ago. I'm going to read you a quote from

0:51:35.880 --> 0:51:40.800
<v Speaker 1>an article by historian Sarah Abigail Levitt. Quote. Though women

0:51:40.880 --> 0:51:44.560
<v Speaker 1>have found ways throughout history to find out about impending pregnancy,

0:51:44.719 --> 0:51:47.080
<v Speaker 1>that has only been within the last quarter century that

0:51:47.160 --> 0:51:50.759
<v Speaker 1>this information was available to so many women with such

0:51:50.840 --> 0:51:54.880
<v Speaker 1>reliable accuracy. Women in this generation who take home pregnancy

0:51:54.920 --> 0:51:57.879
<v Speaker 1>tests are able to know something about themselves and their

0:51:57.920 --> 0:52:01.320
<v Speaker 1>futures in a time frame that was simply not possible

0:52:01.360 --> 0:52:06.480
<v Speaker 1>for their grandmothers or even their mothers. Isn't that mind blowing?

0:52:06.520 --> 0:52:08.920
<v Speaker 1>Like my grandma wouldn't have taken a pregnancy test. I

0:52:08.960 --> 0:52:14.040
<v Speaker 1>wish that I could ask, Yeah, my grandma, my mom

0:52:14.080 --> 0:52:16.600
<v Speaker 1>took a home pregnancy test. I assume that my mom did,

0:52:16.640 --> 0:52:17.839
<v Speaker 1>but I never asked her.

0:52:18.000 --> 0:52:20.279
<v Speaker 4>I asked her so many other things about her pregnantities

0:52:20.320 --> 0:52:22.239
<v Speaker 4>for this episode, but I didn't ask her that.

0:52:23.320 --> 0:52:27.839
<v Speaker 1>Yeah. It's incredible. Yeah, but that knowledge can come at

0:52:27.840 --> 0:52:32.440
<v Speaker 1>a cost. Also from Levett, the pregnancy test has liberated

0:52:32.480 --> 0:52:35.880
<v Speaker 1>women by giving them information earlier and allowing them to

0:52:36.000 --> 0:52:40.000
<v Speaker 1>digest the information in the privacy of their own homes. However,

0:52:40.120 --> 0:52:42.760
<v Speaker 1>it oppresses women when it forces them to make decisions

0:52:42.800 --> 0:52:45.960
<v Speaker 1>earlier and earlier, when it forces them to confront a

0:52:46.000 --> 0:52:49.480
<v Speaker 1>miscarriage they might otherwise never have known about, or when

0:52:49.520 --> 0:52:51.799
<v Speaker 1>it falls into the hands of those with whom they

0:52:51.840 --> 0:52:54.880
<v Speaker 1>did not wish to share the information, and when it

0:52:54.920 --> 0:52:59.040
<v Speaker 1>proves an untrustworthy narrator and gets the answer wrong. Yeah,

0:52:59.800 --> 0:53:02.760
<v Speaker 1>have been and continue to be tested for pregnancy without

0:53:02.760 --> 0:53:06.720
<v Speaker 1>their consent or by those who have ulterior motives, such

0:53:06.719 --> 0:53:09.520
<v Speaker 1>as testing unhoused women. In the nineteen eighties in New

0:53:09.600 --> 0:53:11.600
<v Speaker 1>York City who had to be tested if they wanted

0:53:11.600 --> 0:53:16.080
<v Speaker 1>city housing. Wow, or women on certain police forces being

0:53:16.160 --> 0:53:21.800
<v Speaker 1>secretly tested employers pretending to test potential employees for drugs

0:53:21.840 --> 0:53:26.760
<v Speaker 1>but actually testing for pregnancy. That has happened. Oh my god. Yeah,

0:53:26.800 --> 0:53:31.440
<v Speaker 1>the US Immigration and Customs Enforcement ICE test those arriving

0:53:31.440 --> 0:53:34.040
<v Speaker 1>at a detention center who are over ten years old,

0:53:35.239 --> 0:53:38.240
<v Speaker 1>ads for free pregnancy testing at clinics that are actually

0:53:38.320 --> 0:53:42.279
<v Speaker 1>anti abortion clinics. That's major. It's a major one. And

0:53:42.360 --> 0:53:45.160
<v Speaker 1>then the early detection and sensitivity of these tests could

0:53:45.160 --> 0:53:47.360
<v Speaker 1>be seen as a double edged sword. Some suggest that

0:53:47.400 --> 0:53:50.839
<v Speaker 1>pregnancy test is not really an accurate term, that these

0:53:50.880 --> 0:53:54.560
<v Speaker 1>tests aren't detecting viable pregnancies, but just the presence of hCG,

0:53:55.200 --> 0:53:57.680
<v Speaker 1>and so non viable pregnancies that may not have been

0:53:57.680 --> 0:54:01.520
<v Speaker 1>noticed in the past are now recognized, potentially increasing the

0:54:01.520 --> 0:54:06.040
<v Speaker 1>trauma of that experience. For some, however, that experience may

0:54:06.080 --> 0:54:10.000
<v Speaker 1>be incredibly meaningful. These days in the US, early detection

0:54:10.040 --> 0:54:13.560
<v Speaker 1>of pregnancy can be critical, especially for those living in

0:54:13.600 --> 0:54:17.080
<v Speaker 1>states that restrict abortion to a narrow window like.

0:54:17.280 --> 0:54:20.440
<v Speaker 4>Six weeks or like outlaw it at all. So you

0:54:20.440 --> 0:54:21.799
<v Speaker 4>have to figure out where you're going to travel.

0:54:21.840 --> 0:54:25.759
<v Speaker 1>So you're going to travel, Yeah, waiting until you've missed

0:54:25.760 --> 0:54:28.040
<v Speaker 1>a period to take a test might already be too late.

0:54:28.600 --> 0:54:31.680
<v Speaker 1>Knowledge is power, and that can be dangerous if that

0:54:31.800 --> 0:54:35.200
<v Speaker 1>knowledge falls into the wrong hands or is used against us.

0:54:35.719 --> 0:54:38.920
<v Speaker 1>But it can also be incredibly liberating and empowering, giving

0:54:39.000 --> 0:54:42.440
<v Speaker 1>us access to and control over information about our bodies

0:54:42.480 --> 0:54:45.840
<v Speaker 1>that should have been ours to be long. Yeah, and

0:54:45.880 --> 0:54:48.239
<v Speaker 1>so with that, Aaron, I'd love for you to tell

0:54:48.280 --> 0:54:51.759
<v Speaker 1>me about how hCG works and what's going on in

0:54:51.800 --> 0:54:54.000
<v Speaker 1>early pregnancy. I don't know if I'm going to answer

0:54:54.000 --> 0:54:58.239
<v Speaker 1>that first question. Okay, what's going on early pregnancy? Okay, great.

0:54:58.440 --> 0:55:14.040
<v Speaker 1>Right after this break, I.

0:55:14.000 --> 0:55:18.240
<v Speaker 11>Didn't have a glowing pregnancy. Sciatica made every step painful,

0:55:18.800 --> 0:55:21.600
<v Speaker 11>Braxton Hicks robbed me of my sleep, and even the

0:55:21.600 --> 0:55:26.520
<v Speaker 11>smell of my beloved garlic turned my stomach. Hormones didn't help,

0:55:27.000 --> 0:55:30.560
<v Speaker 11>especially when my husband jokingly called me Shamou after the

0:55:30.560 --> 0:55:34.480
<v Speaker 11>infamous killer Whale because of my black and white maternity wardrobe.

0:55:35.320 --> 0:55:37.600
<v Speaker 11>I snapped at him one night when he made what

0:55:37.640 --> 0:55:40.239
<v Speaker 11>I thought was a mean comment about how puffy my

0:55:40.280 --> 0:55:44.240
<v Speaker 11>ankles were looking, and then I forgot about it until

0:55:44.600 --> 0:55:49.160
<v Speaker 11>January seventeenth, twenty eighteen, at two am my waters broke.

0:55:49.960 --> 0:55:53.120
<v Speaker 11>We grabbed a cab to Lewisham Hospital in southeast London,

0:55:53.640 --> 0:55:57.680
<v Speaker 11>expecting to be sent home as labor had not started yet. Instead,

0:55:58.000 --> 0:56:00.799
<v Speaker 11>after a long wait and a quick reflexed test where

0:56:00.800 --> 0:56:03.440
<v Speaker 11>my legs shot up in the air, we realized that

0:56:03.480 --> 0:56:07.920
<v Speaker 11>those puffy ankles had been an indicator of preacclansia, the

0:56:08.000 --> 0:56:13.080
<v Speaker 11>only cure birth within twenty four hours. Suddenly I was

0:56:13.080 --> 0:56:16.480
<v Speaker 11>on a hormone drip to induce labor and magnesium dripped

0:56:16.600 --> 0:56:20.960
<v Speaker 11>to prevent seizures. Hooked up to monitors, I was told

0:56:21.000 --> 0:56:24.920
<v Speaker 11>that I could not eat anything for hours. I waited,

0:56:25.520 --> 0:56:29.840
<v Speaker 11>feeling contractions build, but just when I needed the aperture

0:56:29.880 --> 0:56:34.080
<v Speaker 11>a most we realized that it had become detached and

0:56:34.120 --> 0:56:37.759
<v Speaker 11>I had to push without pain relief, which resulted in

0:56:37.840 --> 0:56:40.320
<v Speaker 11>my blood pressure increasing in a way that the midwives

0:56:40.320 --> 0:56:44.400
<v Speaker 11>were not very happy about. Suddenly the room blurred in

0:56:44.440 --> 0:56:49.480
<v Speaker 11>a wave of blue medical sheets and rushing staff. My

0:56:49.560 --> 0:56:54.920
<v Speaker 11>baby was facing the wrong way up, another complication. The

0:56:54.960 --> 0:56:58.680
<v Speaker 11>doctor used a vacuum to rotate her and finally, to

0:56:58.800 --> 0:57:02.080
<v Speaker 11>Queen's I wanted to break read. My daughter entered the world.

0:57:03.600 --> 0:57:07.960
<v Speaker 11>Their traditional national health service tea and toast afterwards is

0:57:08.000 --> 0:57:10.920
<v Speaker 11>still to this day the best feal of my life.

0:57:11.120 --> 0:57:14.879
<v Speaker 11>Two days later we went home. That baby is now

0:57:14.920 --> 0:57:19.200
<v Speaker 11>a feisty seven year old testing every boundary. Life since

0:57:19.400 --> 0:57:23.760
<v Speaker 11>hasn't been simple. We've made countries, she's learned new languages,

0:57:24.440 --> 0:57:27.160
<v Speaker 11>and her dad and I have separated, but she's the

0:57:27.200 --> 0:57:31.560
<v Speaker 11>center of our universe and through it all, even though

0:57:31.720 --> 0:57:34.960
<v Speaker 11>I've never fully understood why I got prea clamsia and

0:57:35.000 --> 0:57:38.360
<v Speaker 11>why we hadn't noticed it earlier, I'll forever be grateful

0:57:38.520 --> 0:57:40.680
<v Speaker 11>to the NHS for bringing us through safely.

0:57:44.880 --> 0:57:50.680
<v Speaker 10>For the most part, my pregnancy was pretty typical, pretty textbook,

0:57:51.720 --> 0:57:56.400
<v Speaker 10>no complications or anything. The two things that really kind

0:57:56.440 --> 0:58:00.560
<v Speaker 10>of stood out to me as different in my experience

0:58:00.800 --> 0:58:05.800
<v Speaker 10>that I was not prepared for. The first was when

0:58:06.520 --> 0:58:10.120
<v Speaker 10>the whole time that I was pregnant, people always were saying, oh,

0:58:10.160 --> 0:58:12.160
<v Speaker 10>when you go into labor, you may not even know it.

0:58:12.160 --> 0:58:14.480
<v Speaker 10>It may be hard to tell when labor starts. It's

0:58:14.520 --> 0:58:15.920
<v Speaker 10>not going to be like it is in the movies

0:58:15.960 --> 0:58:18.280
<v Speaker 10>where you have this big dramatic gush of your water

0:58:18.360 --> 0:58:21.760
<v Speaker 10>breaking and that's what starts things. That was exactly what happened.

0:58:22.520 --> 0:58:26.080
<v Speaker 10>I had woken up at about four o'clock in the morning,

0:58:26.600 --> 0:58:30.240
<v Speaker 10>needed to use the bathroom and I got up off

0:58:30.280 --> 0:58:32.920
<v Speaker 10>I was sleeping on my basement couch, got up off

0:58:32.960 --> 0:58:34.880
<v Speaker 10>the couch as best I could, and the second my

0:58:34.920 --> 0:58:39.240
<v Speaker 10>feet hit the floor, it was a gush that was unmistakable.

0:58:39.520 --> 0:58:42.400
<v Speaker 10>I knew at that point that it was time to

0:58:42.400 --> 0:58:46.760
<v Speaker 10>go to the hospital. Then the other unexpected for me

0:58:47.160 --> 0:58:50.640
<v Speaker 10>was as my labor progressed, it seemed like things were

0:58:50.680 --> 0:58:54.040
<v Speaker 10>going relatively quickly, and you know, just a few short

0:58:54.080 --> 0:58:56.520
<v Speaker 10>hours into being at the hospital, I was told, oh,

0:58:56.560 --> 0:59:00.120
<v Speaker 10>it's time to push, and at that point I was thinking, Okay,

0:59:00.120 --> 0:59:01.840
<v Speaker 10>I'm gonna have the baby in just a few minutes.

0:59:01.880 --> 0:59:04.240
<v Speaker 10>Everybody I've ever talked to says they pushed for fifteen

0:59:04.240 --> 0:59:07.800
<v Speaker 10>minutes or two pushes and the baby was out. That

0:59:08.000 --> 0:59:10.800
<v Speaker 10>was definitely not my experience. I pushed for two hours.

0:59:11.920 --> 0:59:16.200
<v Speaker 10>That was pretty grueling, and I overall everything turned out fine.

0:59:16.320 --> 0:59:20.840
<v Speaker 10>But I did not realize before that point that you

0:59:20.880 --> 0:59:22.960
<v Speaker 10>could be ready to push and have it still take

0:59:23.040 --> 0:59:27.240
<v Speaker 10>that long. She hadn't descended through my pelvis yet, so

0:59:27.640 --> 0:59:30.520
<v Speaker 10>even though I was already fully effaced and dilated, it

0:59:30.560 --> 0:59:32.840
<v Speaker 10>took a little bit of work. All in all, it

0:59:32.960 --> 0:59:35.240
<v Speaker 10>was worth it, and I would do it again. But

0:59:35.720 --> 0:59:38.400
<v Speaker 10>you just really never know what you're signing up for

0:59:38.480 --> 1:00:04.280
<v Speaker 10>when you get pregnant.

1:00:05.480 --> 1:00:10.160
<v Speaker 4>So this might sound silly now after everything that you

1:00:10.200 --> 1:00:13.640
<v Speaker 4>went through, but I felt like to make all of

1:00:13.680 --> 1:00:16.720
<v Speaker 4>these episodes make sense, I wanted to start by just

1:00:16.840 --> 1:00:18.400
<v Speaker 4>defining pregnancy.

1:00:18.400 --> 1:00:19.800
<v Speaker 1>No, that's a great, okay way to start.

1:00:19.960 --> 1:00:23.880
<v Speaker 4>Cool, Like, it might sound very obvious, right, Like, I

1:00:23.880 --> 1:00:26.320
<v Speaker 4>think we all know what we think pregnancy is, right,

1:00:26.360 --> 1:00:28.240
<v Speaker 4>It is the period of time when there is a

1:00:28.240 --> 1:00:29.640
<v Speaker 4>fetus growing in your uterus.

1:00:29.720 --> 1:00:31.400
<v Speaker 1>That's what we think of as a pregnancy.

1:00:31.520 --> 1:00:36.080
<v Speaker 4>Yeah, But like you just walked us through, how we've

1:00:36.080 --> 1:00:39.160
<v Speaker 4>been able to determine whether or not someone is pregnant

1:00:39.200 --> 1:00:42.440
<v Speaker 4>has really changed over time. So I want to start

1:00:42.480 --> 1:00:47.280
<v Speaker 4>with how we date a pregnancy today. Great, okay, this

1:00:47.400 --> 1:00:51.280
<v Speaker 4>is how we decide when a pregnancy quote unquote begins. Okay,

1:00:51.360 --> 1:00:55.160
<v Speaker 4>And in medicine that is pretty universally based on your

1:00:55.280 --> 1:01:00.640
<v Speaker 4>last menstrual period. The first day of your last menstrual

1:01:00.640 --> 1:01:04.200
<v Speaker 4>period is the start of a cycle, your menstrual cycle. Yeah,

1:01:04.480 --> 1:01:07.120
<v Speaker 4>we assume in medicine that all menstrual cycles are twenty

1:01:07.160 --> 1:01:07.760
<v Speaker 4>eight days long.

1:01:07.800 --> 1:01:10.960
<v Speaker 1>Exactly. We know that they're not, but that's an average.

1:01:11.280 --> 1:01:15.400
<v Speaker 4>And so based on that assumption, pregnancy is forty weeks long.

1:01:15.480 --> 1:01:18.400
<v Speaker 4>It's about two hundred and eighty days, all right. The

1:01:18.480 --> 1:01:22.520
<v Speaker 4>time that it takes from fertilization will get there to

1:01:23.040 --> 1:01:26.200
<v Speaker 4>a mature fetus or baby is about thirty eight weeks

1:01:26.200 --> 1:01:29.080
<v Speaker 4>two hundred and sixty six days. So that extra two

1:01:29.120 --> 1:01:32.560
<v Speaker 4>weeks between thirty eight and forty that's the time it

1:01:32.600 --> 1:01:35.560
<v Speaker 4>takes from the start of that last menstrual period to

1:01:36.200 --> 1:01:38.120
<v Speaker 4>ovulation slash fertilization.

1:01:39.240 --> 1:01:40.760
<v Speaker 1>Does that make sense? I think so.

1:01:40.760 --> 1:01:44.120
<v Speaker 4>So that's why your pregnancies are always longer than you

1:01:44.120 --> 1:01:47.240
<v Speaker 4>would think it is. By the time that you have

1:01:47.560 --> 1:01:51.560
<v Speaker 4>missed a period, you're already four weeks pregnant. Oh my god,

1:01:51.680 --> 1:01:53.880
<v Speaker 4>even though fertilization just happened two weeks.

1:01:53.720 --> 1:01:56.920
<v Speaker 1>Ago, got it? Okay? Yeah?

1:01:56.960 --> 1:02:00.280
<v Speaker 4>And it is confusing, yeah, because then it really makes

1:02:00.280 --> 1:02:03.200
<v Speaker 4>that timetable. And if we're talking about like access to

1:02:03.200 --> 1:02:05.760
<v Speaker 4>abortion and things like that, it's really important. Right, So

1:02:06.040 --> 1:02:11.200
<v Speaker 4>we'll go through all of what is happening there. But

1:02:11.240 --> 1:02:12.800
<v Speaker 4>I just want to set the state, so that is

1:02:12.800 --> 1:02:16.640
<v Speaker 4>how we define pregnancy. That's the time frame of pregnancy. Okay,

1:02:16.640 --> 1:02:19.280
<v Speaker 4>I have a question real quick, right to me.

1:02:19.640 --> 1:02:27.040
<v Speaker 1>So there then is a potential like error bars around absolutely,

1:02:27.400 --> 1:02:30.920
<v Speaker 1>and so then like let's say that you know that

1:02:31.000 --> 1:02:36.480
<v Speaker 1>conception happened on this date, but then your doctor's like, oh, well,

1:02:36.520 --> 1:02:38.280
<v Speaker 1>when what was the last day of your last period?

1:02:38.400 --> 1:02:39.840
<v Speaker 1>You want to talk about me? Because that was my

1:02:39.880 --> 1:02:42.560
<v Speaker 1>life I was angling too. Yeah.

1:02:42.560 --> 1:02:44.880
<v Speaker 4>So if you have like, for example, very long menstrual

1:02:44.920 --> 1:02:47.240
<v Speaker 4>cycles like thirty six days or something like that that's

1:02:47.280 --> 1:02:50.960
<v Speaker 4>pretty different than twenty eight days, then your conception date

1:02:51.040 --> 1:02:53.360
<v Speaker 4>might be more accurate if you know it. That's like

1:02:53.400 --> 1:02:56.960
<v Speaker 4>your ovulation date. But generally what happens is that we

1:02:57.080 --> 1:03:01.560
<v Speaker 4>use ultrasound early ultrasound to make sure what the embryo

1:03:01.640 --> 1:03:05.320
<v Speaker 4>and fetus is growing as and if it's off by

1:03:05.360 --> 1:03:08.439
<v Speaker 4>a certain number of days, then you change the date

1:03:08.520 --> 1:03:09.200
<v Speaker 4>of the pregnancy.

1:03:09.840 --> 1:03:10.680
<v Speaker 1>Okay, does that makes sense?

1:03:10.760 --> 1:03:13.560
<v Speaker 4>Yeah, And it all depends on how early that ultrasound is,

1:03:13.680 --> 1:03:15.680
<v Speaker 4>how it's growing and all of that, and there's like

1:03:15.800 --> 1:03:19.480
<v Speaker 4>very specific regulations on how that's all decided. But yes,

1:03:19.640 --> 1:03:21.960
<v Speaker 4>for some people that date ends up changing and it's

1:03:21.960 --> 1:03:25.240
<v Speaker 4>not exactly consistent. But at the start, it's always assumed

1:03:25.600 --> 1:03:28.280
<v Speaker 4>that the start of your pregnancy is the first day

1:03:28.280 --> 1:03:29.480
<v Speaker 4>of your last menstr period.

1:03:29.720 --> 1:03:32.160
<v Speaker 1>Interesting. Yeah, okay, so that I feel like that has

1:03:32.200 --> 1:03:36.520
<v Speaker 1>such huge implications for everaching. Yeah, and it really does.

1:03:36.560 --> 1:03:38.520
<v Speaker 4>Like for my both of my pregnancies were not dated

1:03:38.520 --> 1:03:41.200
<v Speaker 4>accurately based on that. One of them I found out

1:03:41.200 --> 1:03:42.720
<v Speaker 4>early on and it was fine. The next one it

1:03:42.800 --> 1:03:44.280
<v Speaker 4>was the day I went in for an induction.

1:03:44.480 --> 1:03:47.200
<v Speaker 1>Oh my gosh, It's all fine, because then there's that

1:03:47.200 --> 1:03:49.240
<v Speaker 1>it's like, well, you need an induction, right or you

1:03:49.280 --> 1:03:52.120
<v Speaker 1>don't you? Or yeah, so it does. It does matter.

1:03:52.560 --> 1:03:55.040
<v Speaker 4>And now that we have the better ultrasounds that we have,

1:03:55.120 --> 1:03:57.560
<v Speaker 4>the more accurate we can be in dating if you

1:03:57.600 --> 1:04:00.560
<v Speaker 4>have access to an early ultrasound, because ultrasound gets less

1:04:00.560 --> 1:04:02.200
<v Speaker 4>accurate the farther you get in pregnancy.

1:04:02.560 --> 1:04:05.000
<v Speaker 1>I am going so far off. No, this is great.

1:04:05.080 --> 1:04:07.880
<v Speaker 1>I'm sorry I started to stun as a rabbit hole. I

1:04:07.880 --> 1:04:11.320
<v Speaker 1>love it, okay, but so let me find where I'm at.

1:04:11.400 --> 1:04:14.840
<v Speaker 4>Yeah okay, but yes, so that that is how we

1:04:14.920 --> 1:04:17.720
<v Speaker 4>define it in medicine. I'm going to walk through like

1:04:17.920 --> 1:04:21.240
<v Speaker 4>the steps after fertilization and the very early parts of

1:04:21.280 --> 1:04:24.760
<v Speaker 4>a pregnancy. So if any of my dating gets confusing,

1:04:24.800 --> 1:04:26.640
<v Speaker 4>where you're like, what, what does that mean, just stop

1:04:26.680 --> 1:04:29.760
<v Speaker 4>me so I can clarify, Okay, And that is what

1:04:29.800 --> 1:04:31.720
<v Speaker 4>I'm going to walk us through today is early development

1:04:32.360 --> 1:04:34.840
<v Speaker 4>and then some of the things that can go wrong

1:04:35.320 --> 1:04:38.560
<v Speaker 4>within that early, very early time period. And we'll talk

1:04:38.600 --> 1:04:42.480
<v Speaker 4>a lot about miscarriage and early pregnancy loss. And my

1:04:42.680 --> 1:04:45.000
<v Speaker 4>goal for this part of the episode is to help

1:04:45.080 --> 1:04:50.000
<v Speaker 4>us understand the question of what has to happen biologically

1:04:50.280 --> 1:04:54.720
<v Speaker 4>for a pregnancy to be possible. Yeah, okay, So we

1:04:54.800 --> 1:04:58.040
<v Speaker 4>will begin two weeks after your last menstrual cycle.

1:04:58.160 --> 1:04:58.520
<v Speaker 1>Okay.

1:04:58.560 --> 1:05:02.880
<v Speaker 4>On average, you have ovulation. That's when you ovulate, and

1:05:03.160 --> 1:05:06.760
<v Speaker 4>if a sperm is present, then you have fertilization. These

1:05:06.800 --> 1:05:10.120
<v Speaker 4>two single cells will come together and join their nuclear

1:05:10.160 --> 1:05:13.360
<v Speaker 4>contents and make a brand new cell. I'm taking everything

1:05:13.400 --> 1:05:15.480
<v Speaker 4>that happens prior to that point for granted because.

1:05:15.320 --> 1:05:17.240
<v Speaker 1>It's cool, but it's way too detailed. Okay.

1:05:17.400 --> 1:05:20.080
<v Speaker 4>So that's where we begin. Within the first twelve to

1:05:20.120 --> 1:05:23.680
<v Speaker 4>twenty four hours after this fertilization event is when you'll

1:05:23.680 --> 1:05:26.160
<v Speaker 4>have the first cell division. So pretty quickly you go

1:05:26.200 --> 1:05:29.320
<v Speaker 4>from one cell to two, and then every twelve to

1:05:29.400 --> 1:05:32.600
<v Speaker 4>twenty four hours or so after that you continue dividing,

1:05:32.640 --> 1:05:34.920
<v Speaker 4>so you go from two to four to eight to

1:05:35.000 --> 1:05:38.200
<v Speaker 4>sixteen to thirty two cells in this tight little ball

1:05:38.440 --> 1:05:42.840
<v Speaker 4>by about day three after ovulation, which is like seventeen

1:05:43.000 --> 1:05:45.160
<v Speaker 4>days or so after your last menstrual period.

1:05:45.240 --> 1:05:45.640
<v Speaker 1>Got it.

1:05:46.440 --> 1:05:49.440
<v Speaker 4>And as this ball of cells continues to divide, it

1:05:49.480 --> 1:05:52.640
<v Speaker 4>starts to take a shape. It forms itself by about

1:05:52.720 --> 1:05:55.360
<v Speaker 4>day five or six, so nineteen or twenty of your

1:05:55.400 --> 1:05:59.360
<v Speaker 4>menstrual period after your last mental period, into a hollow,

1:05:59.560 --> 1:06:01.960
<v Speaker 4>fluid filled ball. And we talked about this in our

1:06:02.000 --> 1:06:06.800
<v Speaker 4>IVF episode. It's called a blasticist, yep. And I imagine

1:06:06.840 --> 1:06:08.640
<v Speaker 4>the blasticist like a tennis ball.

1:06:09.080 --> 1:06:11.680
<v Speaker 1>Yes, I brought one? Did you bring Okay? Perfect, it's

1:06:11.720 --> 1:06:14.880
<v Speaker 1>a tennis ball. Okay, your dog is going to be

1:06:14.880 --> 1:06:17.200
<v Speaker 1>really said she was. When I was like making what

1:06:17.280 --> 1:06:19.640
<v Speaker 1>I made was she was like, is that my ball?

1:06:19.720 --> 1:06:22.880
<v Speaker 1>Is that my ball? I did not take her ball? Okay.

1:06:22.920 --> 1:06:25.440
<v Speaker 4>So imagine this is a hollow ball, right, but it's

1:06:25.440 --> 1:06:28.000
<v Speaker 4>filled with fluid instead of just being filled with air

1:06:28.040 --> 1:06:30.760
<v Speaker 4>like an actual tennis ball, but instead of being like

1:06:30.800 --> 1:06:34.920
<v Speaker 4>perfectly symmetric inside and outside, in the blasticist, there is

1:06:35.040 --> 1:06:40.120
<v Speaker 4>on the inside an extra few layers of cells called

1:06:40.120 --> 1:06:44.360
<v Speaker 4>the inner cell mass. And this inner cell mass that

1:06:44.400 --> 1:06:47.680
<v Speaker 4>we have here is what will eventually become the embryo

1:06:48.080 --> 1:06:49.280
<v Speaker 4>opecially the fetus.

1:06:49.360 --> 1:06:51.640
<v Speaker 1>Okay, just a little few little cells.

1:06:52.480 --> 1:06:55.440
<v Speaker 4>And at this blasticist stage, six or seven days or

1:06:55.480 --> 1:06:59.160
<v Speaker 4>so after fertilization, about day twenty one of your menstrual cycle,

1:06:59.760 --> 1:07:06.000
<v Speaker 4>this is when implantation will begin. Okay, So implantation itself,

1:07:06.240 --> 1:07:09.280
<v Speaker 4>implanting into the uterine wall. It's not a discrete event.

1:07:09.680 --> 1:07:12.400
<v Speaker 4>It's not one time point. It takes at least a

1:07:12.440 --> 1:07:15.200
<v Speaker 4>well over a week or so. And what it results

1:07:15.200 --> 1:07:19.800
<v Speaker 4>with is this blasticist completely embedding itself into the wall

1:07:20.000 --> 1:07:24.520
<v Speaker 4>of the uterus. So our uterus has a cavity, right,

1:07:24.560 --> 1:07:27.680
<v Speaker 4>it has this empty space in the middle, yep. But

1:07:28.000 --> 1:07:32.040
<v Speaker 4>this blasticist and eventually fetus does not grow in that cavity.

1:07:32.600 --> 1:07:35.080
<v Speaker 4>It grows within the wall of the uterus.

1:07:35.720 --> 1:07:36.040
<v Speaker 1>Okay.

1:07:36.840 --> 1:07:39.760
<v Speaker 4>Now, the outer wall of that blasticist like the fuzzy

1:07:39.760 --> 1:07:44.680
<v Speaker 4>green layer of the tennis ball. It's called the sensisio trophoblast,

1:07:45.440 --> 1:07:48.960
<v Speaker 4>and that is the layer that will continue to invade

1:07:49.240 --> 1:07:54.560
<v Speaker 4>into the walls of our endometrium, into our uterus and

1:07:54.640 --> 1:07:57.640
<v Speaker 4>all the way into the first third of the muscle layer,

1:07:57.800 --> 1:08:00.720
<v Speaker 4>the myometrium of our uterine wall and I know you're

1:08:00.720 --> 1:08:03.320
<v Speaker 4>going to talk more about that, yeah kind of yeah, yes,

1:08:03.560 --> 1:08:07.240
<v Speaker 4>So the maternal endometrium, like our own cells, are not

1:08:07.480 --> 1:08:11.160
<v Speaker 4>passive in this process by any means way. Our body

1:08:11.240 --> 1:08:16.400
<v Speaker 4>is responding to the invasion of these fetal cells that

1:08:16.520 --> 1:08:21.480
<v Speaker 4>will eventually, by the way, become the placenta by completely remodeling.

1:08:21.520 --> 1:08:25.240
<v Speaker 4>So the structure of our uterine lining completely changes. We

1:08:25.360 --> 1:08:28.479
<v Speaker 4>have huge changes in the inflammatory signals that are being

1:08:28.560 --> 1:08:30.960
<v Speaker 4>sent within our body. I'm excited for you to talk

1:08:31.000 --> 1:08:34.280
<v Speaker 4>more about it, and then also big changes in the

1:08:34.320 --> 1:08:36.520
<v Speaker 4>hormones that are dancing around in our bloodstream.

1:08:37.120 --> 1:08:41.280
<v Speaker 1>Okay, So just to re recap it briefly, So the

1:08:41.479 --> 1:08:47.880
<v Speaker 1>cell implantation multiplication, some of those multiplied cells become the

1:08:47.960 --> 1:08:51.680
<v Speaker 1>placenta eventually, and some become the embryo ex lator feed

1:08:51.760 --> 1:08:52.400
<v Speaker 1>us exactly.

1:08:52.680 --> 1:08:52.880
<v Speaker 10>Yeah.

1:08:52.920 --> 1:08:55.040
<v Speaker 4>The inside part is what they're going to become eventually

1:08:55.120 --> 1:08:57.760
<v Speaker 4>the baby yep. The outside part is what invades and

1:08:57.800 --> 1:08:58.879
<v Speaker 4>then becomes the placenta.

1:08:59.000 --> 1:09:03.760
<v Speaker 1>Yep. And there's like layers obviously, it's so interesting the differentiation.

1:09:04.680 --> 1:09:07.800
<v Speaker 1>What are the signals that say you be placenta, you

1:09:07.920 --> 1:09:09.800
<v Speaker 1>be I love embryos.

1:09:09.920 --> 1:09:12.720
<v Speaker 4>It's so so, so fascinating aaron, and you could go

1:09:12.800 --> 1:09:15.360
<v Speaker 4>in so much more detail on like every single step

1:09:15.400 --> 1:09:15.760
<v Speaker 4>within this.

1:09:16.200 --> 1:09:19.679
<v Speaker 1>There are entire textbooks on like this exactly best Slayer.

1:09:19.880 --> 1:09:23.360
<v Speaker 4>I know I'm not going to go there, but I'm

1:09:23.400 --> 1:09:25.120
<v Speaker 4>going to focus on this for a second. Because the

1:09:25.160 --> 1:09:28.320
<v Speaker 4>start of implantation, so the start of that implantation process,

1:09:28.320 --> 1:09:32.040
<v Speaker 4>which again takes time, it's a really really important milestone

1:09:32.080 --> 1:09:33.679
<v Speaker 4>in a pregnancy for a few reasons.

1:09:34.040 --> 1:09:34.160
<v Speaker 10>Uh.

1:09:34.280 --> 1:09:37.120
<v Speaker 4>The first is that about forty eight hours or so

1:09:37.240 --> 1:09:41.800
<v Speaker 4>after implantation starts, is when the cells of that since

1:09:41.800 --> 1:09:44.679
<v Speaker 4>sisho trophoblast, the cells that are burrowing their way into

1:09:44.680 --> 1:09:50.519
<v Speaker 4>our endometrium, will start to secrete hCG. And that is

1:09:51.040 --> 1:09:54.559
<v Speaker 4>not only important for detecting a pregnancy, but also one

1:09:54.560 --> 1:09:57.280
<v Speaker 4>of the major keys for a pregnancy to be able

1:09:57.320 --> 1:10:04.320
<v Speaker 4>to continue. Okay, because don't worry, I'll get there. Because

1:10:04.479 --> 1:10:08.280
<v Speaker 4>up until this point, all of the tissues of our endometrium,

1:10:08.320 --> 1:10:11.479
<v Speaker 4>the lining of our endometrium, and everything that has changed

1:10:11.479 --> 1:10:16.200
<v Speaker 4>thus far, it has been supported primarily by the hormone progesterone,

1:10:16.920 --> 1:10:21.360
<v Speaker 4>and that hormone up until this point of implantation, and hcg'

1:10:21.400 --> 1:10:25.560
<v Speaker 4>secretion has been secreted by this thing called the corpus lutium,

1:10:25.920 --> 1:10:29.360
<v Speaker 4>which is what's left over in your ovary after you ovulate.

1:10:30.000 --> 1:10:32.240
<v Speaker 4>So everyone makes one of these every time they ovulate,

1:10:32.240 --> 1:10:34.840
<v Speaker 4>and it hangs out there for like two weeks, supporting

1:10:34.840 --> 1:10:37.760
<v Speaker 4>the lining of your endometrium, hoping that a blastocyst will

1:10:37.760 --> 1:10:41.840
<v Speaker 4>implant But the corpus lutium only lives about two weeks

1:10:41.920 --> 1:10:47.040
<v Speaker 4>or so. So by day fourteen after ovulation, twenty eight

1:10:47.080 --> 1:10:49.800
<v Speaker 4>days or so after your last menstrual period, if you

1:10:50.000 --> 1:10:53.320
<v Speaker 4>don't have the presence of hCG in your system, then

1:10:53.320 --> 1:10:57.080
<v Speaker 4>this corpus lutium will disintegrate, your progesterone levels will drop,

1:10:57.160 --> 1:11:00.000
<v Speaker 4>and you will have a menstrual period. You will shed

1:11:00.120 --> 1:11:01.760
<v Speaker 4>the lining of your uterus.

1:11:01.400 --> 1:11:04.559
<v Speaker 1>The decidua. The decidua. Yes, well, I just I'm trying

1:11:04.640 --> 1:11:07.200
<v Speaker 1>to track that with all that stuff which I don't

1:11:07.240 --> 1:11:08.800
<v Speaker 1>even know if I talk about the decidua, But.

1:11:09.000 --> 1:11:11.320
<v Speaker 4>That is what it is called, is what the lining

1:11:11.360 --> 1:11:15.080
<v Speaker 4>of your uterus becomes, is called the decidua. But if

1:11:15.120 --> 1:11:19.479
<v Speaker 4>this blasticist was able to successfully start implantation, it starts

1:11:19.479 --> 1:11:23.840
<v Speaker 4>secreting hCG, and that hCG sends a signal to our

1:11:23.880 --> 1:11:28.560
<v Speaker 4>corpus lutium, don't disintegrate, keep it going, keep secreting progesterone,

1:11:28.680 --> 1:11:32.040
<v Speaker 4>and it does. Our corpus lutium will continue to produce

1:11:32.080 --> 1:11:35.200
<v Speaker 4>progesterone for several more weeks, all the way until the

1:11:35.200 --> 1:11:38.240
<v Speaker 4>point that the placenta has formed and can take over

1:11:38.280 --> 1:11:41.160
<v Speaker 4>the majority of the necessary hormone production to support the

1:11:41.160 --> 1:11:45.439
<v Speaker 4>growing pregnancy. Okay, right, amazing, amazing, So we've already learned

1:11:45.479 --> 1:11:49.599
<v Speaker 4>a lot. First, it means that the absolute earliest that

1:11:49.640 --> 1:11:53.680
<v Speaker 4>you could conceivably test for a pregnancy via hCG is

1:11:53.720 --> 1:11:58.400
<v Speaker 4>a couple days after implantation, which is usually a few

1:11:58.479 --> 1:12:01.040
<v Speaker 4>days prior to your missed period, because it's like forty

1:12:01.040 --> 1:12:04.000
<v Speaker 4>eight hours after implantation, which is day five, six seven.

1:12:03.840 --> 1:12:04.439
<v Speaker 1>Somewhere in there.

1:12:04.520 --> 1:12:08.439
<v Speaker 4>Okay, so most people are going to be considered four

1:12:08.479 --> 1:12:10.280
<v Speaker 4>weeks pregnant at this point.

1:12:10.320 --> 1:12:17.639
<v Speaker 1>Plus and minus is I have strong feelings about that. Yeah,

1:12:17.800 --> 1:12:24.040
<v Speaker 1>I tell me your feelings. Rage, I guess, like that

1:12:24.200 --> 1:12:29.599
<v Speaker 1>is so inaccurate. I mean it's yeah, it's because it's Okay,

1:12:29.720 --> 1:12:34.120
<v Speaker 1>it's consistently inaccurate. So that's one contestant, except it also great.

1:12:34.160 --> 1:12:36.720
<v Speaker 1>That's that's the one pro of this. The rest is

1:12:36.720 --> 1:12:42.680
<v Speaker 1>that everything else is then shifted, right, And I mean, yeah.

1:12:42.320 --> 1:12:45.599
<v Speaker 4>I know, it's interesting, it's and I mean it's it's

1:12:45.640 --> 1:12:50.000
<v Speaker 4>really a relic of when we didn't have ultrasound, like

1:12:50.360 --> 1:12:56.640
<v Speaker 4>laws are now based on oh yeah, preaching, chire yeah,

1:12:56.920 --> 1:13:00.880
<v Speaker 4>and this process of implantation. It's also a very delicate

1:13:01.280 --> 1:13:04.439
<v Speaker 4>sort of dance. A lot of things can go not

1:13:04.680 --> 1:13:08.439
<v Speaker 4>as I just explained, within this process and prior leading

1:13:08.479 --> 1:13:11.200
<v Speaker 4>up to this process. So I'm going to pause here

1:13:11.240 --> 1:13:14.280
<v Speaker 4>and actually take a few steps backward to talk about

1:13:14.400 --> 1:13:18.840
<v Speaker 4>some of the potential either complications that can arise even

1:13:18.880 --> 1:13:21.680
<v Speaker 4>as early as this, or just things that don't go

1:13:21.840 --> 1:13:24.240
<v Speaker 4>this way, like what are what are the alternative roots

1:13:24.280 --> 1:13:27.800
<v Speaker 4>that can happen here? And then we'll come back and

1:13:27.840 --> 1:13:30.559
<v Speaker 4>I'll talk more about the inner cell mass how it

1:13:30.560 --> 1:13:33.519
<v Speaker 4>becomes an embryo. There's a few things that can happen

1:13:33.880 --> 1:13:38.160
<v Speaker 4>with implantation the process of implantation. One is that it

1:13:38.240 --> 1:13:42.360
<v Speaker 4>could happen in an atypical location, and that is called

1:13:42.400 --> 1:13:47.360
<v Speaker 4>an ectopic pregnancy. And because most fertilization events happen in

1:13:47.400 --> 1:13:50.280
<v Speaker 4>the philopian tubes, which are the little tubes leading from

1:13:50.280 --> 1:13:53.960
<v Speaker 4>our ovaries to our uterus, then most of the time,

1:13:54.000 --> 1:13:56.559
<v Speaker 4>like ninety five ninety six percent of the time, if

1:13:56.680 --> 1:14:00.280
<v Speaker 4>a ectopic pregnancy happens, it happens in the filopian tubeube.

1:14:00.800 --> 1:14:03.240
<v Speaker 4>So this blasticism implants in the wrong place in your

1:14:03.280 --> 1:14:06.760
<v Speaker 4>Filippian tube or right at the junction there where the

1:14:06.800 --> 1:14:11.040
<v Speaker 4>Filippian tube meets the uterus. And because Filippian tubes cannot

1:14:11.080 --> 1:14:15.560
<v Speaker 4>expand the way that the uterus can, as that blasticist

1:14:15.720 --> 1:14:19.040
<v Speaker 4>continues to grow into an embryo, it can cause rupture

1:14:19.200 --> 1:14:22.759
<v Speaker 4>of the Filippian tubes, which can cause catastrophic blood loss.

1:14:22.840 --> 1:14:27.960
<v Speaker 4>So ectopic pregnancies are very dangerous. Flipping tube is not

1:14:28.000 --> 1:14:31.000
<v Speaker 4>the only place that it can implant. Ectopic pregnancies can

1:14:31.040 --> 1:14:33.800
<v Speaker 4>also happen in the cervix so like a little too

1:14:33.840 --> 1:14:37.320
<v Speaker 4>far down interesting. They can happen in the scar from

1:14:37.320 --> 1:14:40.679
<v Speaker 4>a cesarean section, which might end up being a viable

1:14:40.760 --> 1:14:44.240
<v Speaker 4>pregnancy depending on how it continues to grow. They can

1:14:44.280 --> 1:14:47.240
<v Speaker 4>sometimes happen in the ovary or even in the abdominal

1:14:47.320 --> 1:14:51.240
<v Speaker 4>cavity because the ovaries and your philippine tubes are not

1:14:51.280 --> 1:14:54.840
<v Speaker 4>like connected, they're like floating, and your Filippian tubes can

1:14:54.880 --> 1:14:56.599
<v Speaker 4>also like move around back and forth.

1:14:56.640 --> 1:14:57.160
<v Speaker 1>And things like that.

1:14:57.200 --> 1:15:00.920
<v Speaker 4>Okay, that's amazing, I know, but it's not great if

1:15:00.920 --> 1:15:03.280
<v Speaker 4>one implants in like the abnomenal cavity.

1:15:03.120 --> 1:15:05.559
<v Speaker 1>And so all of these are considered ec topic because it's.

1:15:05.439 --> 1:15:09.680
<v Speaker 4>All just outside of exactly EC topic, just outside of

1:15:09.680 --> 1:15:13.800
<v Speaker 4>the uter Overall, most estimates are that about one to

1:15:13.880 --> 1:15:16.800
<v Speaker 4>two percent of pregnancies are ectopic, depending on the source.

1:15:17.880 --> 1:15:23.320
<v Speaker 1>Okay, okay, question I expected questions I have answers. Okay, wonderful,

1:15:23.720 --> 1:15:27.280
<v Speaker 1>So one to two percent of the time. How does

1:15:27.439 --> 1:15:30.200
<v Speaker 1>how do you figure out whether something's an ectopic pregnancy?

1:15:30.439 --> 1:15:32.679
<v Speaker 1>Number one? Number two? Like, what what next?

1:15:32.800 --> 1:15:36.960
<v Speaker 4>Great questions? How do you determine it? A lot of

1:15:36.960 --> 1:15:40.200
<v Speaker 4>different ways, is the answer to that question. Ultrasound is

1:15:40.240 --> 1:15:43.519
<v Speaker 4>really important in this, but it also can depend on

1:15:43.560 --> 1:15:46.639
<v Speaker 4>how early that pregnancy is, because sometimes if it's super early,

1:15:46.720 --> 1:15:49.440
<v Speaker 4>then you don't see anything in the uterus or elsewhere,

1:15:49.960 --> 1:15:52.879
<v Speaker 4>then it might be classified as a pregnancy of unknown location,

1:15:54.000 --> 1:15:56.240
<v Speaker 4>and so then what you do with that might change

1:15:56.320 --> 1:15:59.320
<v Speaker 4>kind of depending but in general it's ultrasound to try

1:15:59.360 --> 1:16:03.000
<v Speaker 4>and determine that a lot of times ectopic pregnancies might

1:16:03.120 --> 1:16:06.200
<v Speaker 4>present as a typical early on, so you might have

1:16:06.320 --> 1:16:09.759
<v Speaker 4>bleeding that we don't expect. You might have abdominal pain,

1:16:09.960 --> 1:16:13.799
<v Speaker 4>especially like one sided abdominal pain, but not always. Sometimes

1:16:13.800 --> 1:16:16.960
<v Speaker 4>you might not have symptoms. What you do about it

1:16:17.000 --> 1:16:21.880
<v Speaker 4>is really important. So ectopic pregnancies are very important to

1:16:21.920 --> 1:16:24.920
<v Speaker 4>be treated, and they're generally treated one of two ways.

1:16:24.960 --> 1:16:28.160
<v Speaker 4>So one is with a medicine called methotrex eate, which

1:16:28.200 --> 1:16:32.840
<v Speaker 4>is also used in some places for abortions. But methotrexate

1:16:33.160 --> 1:16:35.639
<v Speaker 4>is one medication that you can use, especially if it's

1:16:35.680 --> 1:16:38.800
<v Speaker 4>small and it's at low risk of rupture. It requires

1:16:38.840 --> 1:16:42.439
<v Speaker 4>continued medical monitoring to make sure that you've completely lost

1:16:42.560 --> 1:16:46.959
<v Speaker 4>the rest of that pregnancy tissue, or it requires surgery,

1:16:47.000 --> 1:16:50.200
<v Speaker 4>and surgery usually requires the loss of that filopian tube.

1:16:50.479 --> 1:16:56.400
<v Speaker 1>If that's where I plan did okay? And how often

1:16:56.600 --> 1:16:59.280
<v Speaker 1>is it surgery versus it's a good question. I don't

1:16:59.280 --> 1:16:59.439
<v Speaker 1>have it.

1:16:59.439 --> 1:17:01.559
<v Speaker 4>I don't have data on that, Okay, that's a solid question.

1:17:01.680 --> 1:17:04.720
<v Speaker 4>I think it probably depends like location, geography, all that

1:17:04.800 --> 1:17:05.320
<v Speaker 4>kind of stuff.

1:17:05.400 --> 1:17:08.240
<v Speaker 1>Gosh, we really we should do an entire episode on

1:17:08.320 --> 1:17:11.680
<v Speaker 1>the history, because I really am just curious how we

1:17:11.720 --> 1:17:12.240
<v Speaker 1>learned about a.

1:17:12.280 --> 1:17:14.160
<v Speaker 4>Topic pregnancy right, and how we figured it out early

1:17:14.200 --> 1:17:15.320
<v Speaker 4>on and before ultrasound.

1:17:15.400 --> 1:17:17.400
<v Speaker 1>What happened? Yeah, ooh, probably wasn't good.

1:17:17.560 --> 1:17:20.880
<v Speaker 4>No, yeah, yeah, So that's ectopic pregnancies.

1:17:20.960 --> 1:17:23.800
<v Speaker 1>Okay, do you have more question? Not right now, but

1:17:23.880 --> 1:17:25.960
<v Speaker 1>I'm sure I will in just a few minutes.

1:17:26.520 --> 1:17:30.880
<v Speaker 4>There's other atypical ways that a blasticis can implant that

1:17:30.960 --> 1:17:34.360
<v Speaker 4>might end up in a viable pregnancy. If the blasticism

1:17:34.400 --> 1:17:37.600
<v Speaker 4>implants too low in the uterus but not in the

1:17:37.640 --> 1:17:41.640
<v Speaker 4>cervical canal, then it can result in what's called placenta previa.

1:17:41.320 --> 1:17:42.120
<v Speaker 1>Ah, So the.

1:17:42.080 --> 1:17:45.840
<v Speaker 4>Placenta completely covers the oss or the opening to the cervix,

1:17:46.320 --> 1:17:50.200
<v Speaker 4>and that is potentially dangerous. It can cause bleeding during pregnancy.

1:17:50.240 --> 1:17:54.040
<v Speaker 4>But it also if that placenta, like if the baby

1:17:54.040 --> 1:17:56.280
<v Speaker 4>has to deliver through the placenta, that's that.

1:17:56.120 --> 1:17:58.080
<v Speaker 1>Doesn't right, It's not safe, it's not. Yeah.

1:17:58.240 --> 1:18:00.920
<v Speaker 4>So generally that goes to a cesareans, which we'll talk

1:18:00.960 --> 1:18:03.599
<v Speaker 4>way more about later. And then of course there is

1:18:03.880 --> 1:18:07.240
<v Speaker 4>miscarriage or early pregnancy loss. So I'm going to spend

1:18:07.280 --> 1:18:08.479
<v Speaker 4>quite a bit of time talking about this.

1:18:08.560 --> 1:18:08.800
<v Speaker 2>Okay.

1:18:09.560 --> 1:18:13.599
<v Speaker 4>The definition of miscarriage actually is different depending on where

1:18:13.640 --> 1:18:16.599
<v Speaker 4>you live and what country that you live in, Okay,

1:18:16.840 --> 1:18:21.160
<v Speaker 4>because it is defined generally as the spontaneous loss of

1:18:21.439 --> 1:18:24.000
<v Speaker 4>and these words are important, the spontaneous loss of a

1:18:24.080 --> 1:18:29.760
<v Speaker 4>recognized pregnancy prior either to a certain gestational age or

1:18:29.920 --> 1:18:33.559
<v Speaker 4>a certain weight of the fetus, depending on what country

1:18:33.600 --> 1:18:35.640
<v Speaker 4>you live in and things like that. So in the

1:18:35.800 --> 1:18:39.320
<v Speaker 4>US we define a miscarriage as a pregnancy loss prior

1:18:39.360 --> 1:18:43.280
<v Speaker 4>to twenty weeks gestation. In the UK it's prior to

1:18:43.320 --> 1:18:46.400
<v Speaker 4>twenty four weeks. In other parts of the EU it's

1:18:46.439 --> 1:18:50.040
<v Speaker 4>like twenty two weeks, And per the World Health Organization guidelines,

1:18:50.120 --> 1:18:53.280
<v Speaker 4>it's the loss of a pregnancy with a fetus that

1:18:53.320 --> 1:18:56.000
<v Speaker 4>weighs five hundred grams or less, which is about twenty

1:18:56.080 --> 1:18:57.479
<v Speaker 4>two weeks gestational age.

1:18:58.439 --> 1:19:01.040
<v Speaker 1>Why is there such variations.

1:19:00.720 --> 1:19:04.000
<v Speaker 4>It's in part because it depends on like the definitions

1:19:04.040 --> 1:19:07.960
<v Speaker 4>of like viability and things like that. I don't have

1:19:08.000 --> 1:19:10.720
<v Speaker 4>a great answer as to why there's variation, but the

1:19:10.840 --> 1:19:16.080
<v Speaker 4>variation exists, which does mean that there's differences in terms

1:19:16.120 --> 1:19:20.160
<v Speaker 4>of like reporting what is considered a miscarriage or an

1:19:20.200 --> 1:19:23.000
<v Speaker 4>early pregnancy loss, and then what is considered a still birth,

1:19:23.280 --> 1:19:25.680
<v Speaker 4>which is if you have a pregnancy loss after that

1:19:25.720 --> 1:19:26.200
<v Speaker 4>time point.

1:19:26.360 --> 1:19:28.240
<v Speaker 1>I see, but again that time point varies a little

1:19:28.240 --> 1:19:30.240
<v Speaker 1>bit and what's the recognized part?

1:19:30.439 --> 1:19:34.439
<v Speaker 4>Yeah, great question Erin so that also the definitions kind

1:19:34.479 --> 1:19:34.880
<v Speaker 4>of differ.

1:19:35.240 --> 1:19:36.840
<v Speaker 1>So there are like.

1:19:36.840 --> 1:19:41.000
<v Speaker 4>Clinically recognized pregnancies and then there are pregnancies that maybe

1:19:41.000 --> 1:19:43.320
<v Speaker 4>weren't recognized clinically, and some of that depends on whether

1:19:43.400 --> 1:19:46.400
<v Speaker 4>or not it was seen on ultrasound, okay, which means

1:19:46.400 --> 1:19:48.280
<v Speaker 4>not only like did you have access to ultrasound, but

1:19:48.320 --> 1:19:52.439
<v Speaker 4>like how early was it yea And then like you said, aarin,

1:19:52.720 --> 1:19:55.559
<v Speaker 4>is that the more that we have access to these

1:19:55.720 --> 1:19:59.800
<v Speaker 4>very very early pregnancy tests that can detect some of

1:19:59.800 --> 1:20:03.320
<v Speaker 4>the home pregnancy test now can detect very low levels

1:20:03.320 --> 1:20:06.040
<v Speaker 4>of hCG, which means you can get it earlier and

1:20:06.120 --> 1:20:08.679
<v Speaker 4>earlier and earlier, and so that.

1:20:08.640 --> 1:20:14.440
<v Speaker 1>Does change our rates of miscarriage.

1:20:14.920 --> 1:20:18.120
<v Speaker 4>But in some of the literature, if there's not a

1:20:18.240 --> 1:20:22.840
<v Speaker 4>documented pregnancy with ultrasound, then it's not classified as a miscarriage,

1:20:22.880 --> 1:20:26.479
<v Speaker 4>but it might be classified as a early pregnancy loss

1:20:26.720 --> 1:20:30.599
<v Speaker 4>quote unquote, or a biochemical pregnancy loss is another term

1:20:30.600 --> 1:20:33.800
<v Speaker 4>that gets thrown around a lot of biochemical pregnancy or

1:20:33.840 --> 1:20:37.840
<v Speaker 4>sometimes they're called pre clinical pregnancy losses. Right, Okay, So

1:20:38.160 --> 1:20:42.679
<v Speaker 4>it all is important, But yeah, the definitions kind of vary,

1:20:42.680 --> 1:20:44.280
<v Speaker 4>and so there's a lot of different words that get

1:20:44.280 --> 1:20:48.200
<v Speaker 4>thrown around in the literature. Yeah, okay, but all that

1:20:48.240 --> 1:20:53.759
<v Speaker 4>being said, overall, the rate of spontaneous loss of early

1:20:53.840 --> 1:20:58.280
<v Speaker 4>embryos is very very high in humans. So a lot

1:20:58.360 --> 1:21:01.320
<v Speaker 4>of those blastocysts that we were talking about never actually

1:21:01.360 --> 1:21:03.880
<v Speaker 4>make it to the point of implantation, so they are

1:21:03.920 --> 1:21:07.040
<v Speaker 4>lost before implantation, which means you never knew that you

1:21:07.120 --> 1:21:10.719
<v Speaker 4>could have been pregnant, even though again we're defining pregnancy

1:21:10.720 --> 1:21:13.920
<v Speaker 4>as your last menstrual period, so it's very confusing. Yeah, yeah, Yeah,

1:21:14.640 --> 1:21:16.880
<v Speaker 4>we don't know exactly how many of these, like pre

1:21:17.000 --> 1:21:20.160
<v Speaker 4>embryos are lost prior to implantation, but it's estimated to

1:21:20.160 --> 1:21:23.320
<v Speaker 4>be somewhere between twenty and forty percent, which is very high.

1:21:23.400 --> 1:21:26.840
<v Speaker 4>It is high, very high, and those are estimates also, Yeah,

1:21:26.880 --> 1:21:28.840
<v Speaker 4>twenty to forty is a huge it's a huge range.

1:21:29.680 --> 1:21:30.520
<v Speaker 1>Yeah.

1:21:30.560 --> 1:21:34.040
<v Speaker 4>And then after implantation, so after that start of implantation,

1:21:34.360 --> 1:21:38.080
<v Speaker 4>a further thirty percent are lost. But it's thought that

1:21:38.160 --> 1:21:41.759
<v Speaker 4>about half of those happens so early that most people

1:21:42.080 --> 1:21:45.040
<v Speaker 4>and caveats here with early pregnancy tests, but most people

1:21:45.360 --> 1:21:49.599
<v Speaker 4>would never know that they were pregnant or were almost pregnant,

1:21:49.640 --> 1:21:54.599
<v Speaker 4>could have been pregnant because they don't ever miss a period. Ah, right,

1:21:54.880 --> 1:21:58.200
<v Speaker 4>So the implantation starts, but then it doesn't continue, So

1:21:58.240 --> 1:22:00.559
<v Speaker 4>then you have shedding of your unine life at the

1:22:00.600 --> 1:22:03.599
<v Speaker 4>time that you typically would and those are most often

1:22:03.640 --> 1:22:07.880
<v Speaker 4>classifies as like biochemical or pre clinical pregnancy losses. But

1:22:08.520 --> 1:22:10.400
<v Speaker 4>the more that we have early pregnancy tests, the more

1:22:10.439 --> 1:22:12.240
<v Speaker 4>that people are going to know that that happened to them.

1:22:12.680 --> 1:22:12.840
<v Speaker 11>Right.

1:22:13.120 --> 1:22:16.600
<v Speaker 4>Yeah, most estimates of the overall risk of miscarriage, so

1:22:16.720 --> 1:22:20.840
<v Speaker 4>the loss of that recognized pregnancy prior to twenty to

1:22:20.920 --> 1:22:25.040
<v Speaker 4>twenty four weeks is about fifteen percent globally. Wow, and

1:22:25.080 --> 1:22:26.439
<v Speaker 4>that's a huge number.

1:22:26.640 --> 1:22:27.599
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, it really is.

1:22:27.720 --> 1:22:34.040
<v Speaker 4>Fifteen percent is twenty three million recognized miscarriages worldwide every year.

1:22:35.439 --> 1:22:35.839
<v Speaker 1>Wow.

1:22:35.920 --> 1:22:39.200
<v Speaker 4>I know we don't talk about it at all. It's

1:22:39.240 --> 1:22:40.960
<v Speaker 4>like not something that we talk about. It's not something

1:22:41.000 --> 1:22:45.599
<v Speaker 4>that's polite to talk about, but something there's a few

1:22:45.600 --> 1:22:47.080
<v Speaker 4>things I feel like, I have a lot of feelings

1:22:47.120 --> 1:22:51.000
<v Speaker 4>about this, but one in three women are also estimated

1:22:51.000 --> 1:22:54.599
<v Speaker 4>to experience a miscarriage at some point during their reproductive years.

1:22:54.840 --> 1:22:57.080
<v Speaker 4>So it's not just that it's common globally, it's also

1:22:57.240 --> 1:23:00.840
<v Speaker 4>common that you might have throughout your reproductive lifespan a

1:23:00.880 --> 1:23:05.280
<v Speaker 4>miscarriage at some point in time, and something being common

1:23:05.800 --> 1:23:09.000
<v Speaker 4>does not make it unimportant. Yeah, right, of course, Well

1:23:09.000 --> 1:23:13.680
<v Speaker 4>what happens all the time, it's really important. There was

1:23:13.720 --> 1:23:15.960
<v Speaker 4>a study in a paper that I read that looked

1:23:16.000 --> 1:23:18.639
<v Speaker 4>at only five hundred women, but so it's a small study,

1:23:18.640 --> 1:23:21.200
<v Speaker 4>but I think this is still really important. Data five

1:23:21.280 --> 1:23:23.840
<v Speaker 4>hundred and thirty seven women with a pregnancy loss, a

1:23:23.880 --> 1:23:29.320
<v Speaker 4>recognized pregnancy loss, found that after nine months, eighteen percent

1:23:29.360 --> 1:23:33.400
<v Speaker 4>of them met criteria for post traumatic stress, seventeen percent

1:23:33.439 --> 1:23:36.759
<v Speaker 4>for moderate or severe anxiety, and six percent for moderate

1:23:36.840 --> 1:23:40.760
<v Speaker 4>or severe depression. So, like losing a pregnancy, whether it

1:23:40.800 --> 1:23:45.719
<v Speaker 4>was a planned pregnancy, an unplanned pregnancy, an early pregnancy loss,

1:23:45.840 --> 1:23:49.480
<v Speaker 4>or a later pregnancy loss, like that is very hard potentially,

1:23:50.040 --> 1:23:52.439
<v Speaker 4>and it's really lonely if it's something that you're not

1:23:52.520 --> 1:23:55.280
<v Speaker 4>able to talk about in quote unquote polite company.

1:23:55.360 --> 1:23:56.760
<v Speaker 1>Well, and I feel like you make a really good

1:23:56.760 --> 1:23:59.320
<v Speaker 1>point that like this, even though this does happen a

1:23:59.360 --> 1:24:02.160
<v Speaker 1>lot and it's not talked about a lot, and it

1:24:02.200 --> 1:24:06.360
<v Speaker 1>doesn't take away the pain exactly, the trauma that can result.

1:24:06.520 --> 1:24:11.000
<v Speaker 4>Yeah, Yeah, most pregnancy losses. Most miscarriages happen in the

1:24:11.040 --> 1:24:14.200
<v Speaker 4>first trimester, so sometime in the first ten to twelve weeks,

1:24:14.840 --> 1:24:17.320
<v Speaker 4>but one to two percent of pregnancy losses will happen

1:24:17.320 --> 1:24:19.880
<v Speaker 4>in the second or third trimester, And like we said,

1:24:19.960 --> 1:24:22.040
<v Speaker 4>if it's after that twenty to twenty four weeks, then

1:24:22.040 --> 1:24:25.120
<v Speaker 4>we classify it as a still birth rather than a miscarriage.

1:24:25.720 --> 1:24:28.920
<v Speaker 4>And no matter how early, any pregnancy loss has the

1:24:28.960 --> 1:24:33.960
<v Speaker 4>potential to be met with shame or stigma, loneliness, guilt, fear, frustration,

1:24:34.320 --> 1:24:37.840
<v Speaker 4>like so many different things, and a lot of people

1:24:38.120 --> 1:24:42.599
<v Speaker 4>understandably want to know what causes this, why is this happening?

1:24:43.520 --> 1:24:47.280
<v Speaker 4>And we don't knowh right, except that it happens like

1:24:47.840 --> 1:24:52.080
<v Speaker 4>very commonly across the board to these early embryos, especially.

1:24:53.240 --> 1:24:56.559
<v Speaker 4>Most estimates are that about fifty to eighty percent of

1:24:56.560 --> 1:25:00.479
<v Speaker 4>the time miscarriages are due to chromosomal abnormalities in the fetus.

1:25:00.560 --> 1:25:03.240
<v Speaker 4>All right, okay, And that is one of the big

1:25:03.280 --> 1:25:07.800
<v Speaker 4>reasons that age. Female age specifically is a big contributor

1:25:08.520 --> 1:25:11.360
<v Speaker 4>where younger people are much less likely to have a

1:25:11.400 --> 1:25:14.640
<v Speaker 4>miscarriage compared to as we get older, the rates are

1:25:14.680 --> 1:25:15.479
<v Speaker 4>like vastly different.

1:25:15.479 --> 1:25:17.719
<v Speaker 1>It's so interesting because I know that we talk about

1:25:17.720 --> 1:25:22.439
<v Speaker 1>the impact of female age, but I feel like it

1:25:22.479 --> 1:25:26.559
<v Speaker 1>does add it can add blame sometimes absolutely, and to

1:25:26.720 --> 1:25:30.120
<v Speaker 1>not like Also, the sperm age or like age of

1:25:30.160 --> 1:25:32.840
<v Speaker 1>the person who's making the sperm also plays a role.

1:25:32.880 --> 1:25:34.840
<v Speaker 4>I think I saw at least one study that looked

1:25:34.840 --> 1:25:37.879
<v Speaker 4>at that, and there is actually an increased risk of miscarriage,

1:25:37.920 --> 1:25:40.200
<v Speaker 4>I believe. Yeah, I wish I had written more detail

1:25:40.200 --> 1:25:43.120
<v Speaker 4>on this, but but it's at an older age. Whereas

1:25:43.160 --> 1:25:45.720
<v Speaker 4>with females it starts at like thirty five or so

1:25:45.760 --> 1:25:48.640
<v Speaker 4>that the rates of increased chance of miscarriage go up,

1:25:48.680 --> 1:25:51.080
<v Speaker 4>it starts later, like after forty or maybe it was

1:25:51.120 --> 1:25:53.200
<v Speaker 4>forty five. Okay, don't quote me on that because I'd

1:25:53.240 --> 1:25:54.120
<v Speaker 4>have to go back to the paper.

1:25:54.240 --> 1:25:55.479
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, yeah, but.

1:25:55.560 --> 1:25:57.559
<v Speaker 4>Yeah, so you're right, it's not like an it's not

1:25:57.640 --> 1:25:59.639
<v Speaker 4>a male factor, right, it's a contributor.

1:25:59.680 --> 1:26:01.599
<v Speaker 1>But we don't talk about it well just always it's

1:26:01.600 --> 1:26:03.760
<v Speaker 1>like age of the age of the edge of the mother,

1:26:03.840 --> 1:26:08.360
<v Speaker 1>age of the woman, advanced age, geriatric womb. We don't

1:26:08.360 --> 1:26:11.080
<v Speaker 1>call that that anymore, Okay, I don't. I'm sure people do. Yeah,

1:26:11.360 --> 1:26:13.120
<v Speaker 1>I think they're probably a handful out there.

1:26:14.479 --> 1:26:16.920
<v Speaker 4>So yeah, So miscarriage is a really important topic I

1:26:16.920 --> 1:26:18.040
<v Speaker 4>think you talk about.

1:26:18.280 --> 1:26:18.479
<v Speaker 10>Yeah.

1:26:18.800 --> 1:26:21.760
<v Speaker 4>The other thing important to know about miscarriage is how

1:26:21.800 --> 1:26:26.240
<v Speaker 4>we manage it, because there's three main ways, like medically,

1:26:26.240 --> 1:26:29.240
<v Speaker 4>that we can manage it. One is called expectant management,

1:26:29.280 --> 1:26:31.640
<v Speaker 4>which basically means you don't do anything, like there's no

1:26:31.680 --> 1:26:35.040
<v Speaker 4>medical intervention and you wait for that tissue to pass

1:26:35.800 --> 1:26:38.960
<v Speaker 4>on its own spontaneously. There's another option, which is a

1:26:39.000 --> 1:26:42.240
<v Speaker 4>medication option, and most of the time there's a combination

1:26:42.320 --> 1:26:46.080
<v Speaker 4>of medicines that are used mesa prostal and mifipristone aka

1:26:46.280 --> 1:26:51.160
<v Speaker 4>abortion medicines, or with a vacuum aspiration or a d

1:26:51.320 --> 1:26:53.559
<v Speaker 4>n C which is a dilation in curetage, which is

1:26:53.600 --> 1:26:57.479
<v Speaker 4>the exact same surgical procedures as are used in quote

1:26:57.520 --> 1:27:02.599
<v Speaker 4>unquote elective abortions. Abortion is health abortion is healthcare. Every

1:27:02.760 --> 1:27:07.559
<v Speaker 4>one of these options, expectant management, medical management, and surgical

1:27:07.600 --> 1:27:12.480
<v Speaker 4>management are all associated with risks and benefits for the individual,

1:27:13.120 --> 1:27:16.120
<v Speaker 4>and in fact, in the data there's no difference in

1:27:16.160 --> 1:27:18.479
<v Speaker 4>like one is more risky, one is less risky. They

1:27:18.560 --> 1:27:20.960
<v Speaker 4>all have risks of bleeding, they have risk of infection,

1:27:21.640 --> 1:27:25.519
<v Speaker 4>and the choice to do one or the other should

1:27:25.560 --> 1:27:29.000
<v Speaker 4>lie only with the person who is pregnant and their

1:27:29.040 --> 1:27:33.479
<v Speaker 4>medical doctor. However, however, because we live currently in the

1:27:33.560 --> 1:27:37.760
<v Speaker 4>United States, especially with all of these abortion restrictions that

1:27:37.800 --> 1:27:40.320
<v Speaker 4>are going into place, this is no longer the case.

1:27:40.360 --> 1:27:42.639
<v Speaker 4>It is now very often the decision between a legal

1:27:42.680 --> 1:27:45.760
<v Speaker 4>team and the hospital administration. You have on when to

1:27:45.800 --> 1:27:48.320
<v Speaker 4>do something about it, on when not to do something

1:27:48.360 --> 1:27:50.719
<v Speaker 4>about it, on when you have to just wait, et cetera,

1:27:50.760 --> 1:27:51.120
<v Speaker 4>et cetera.

1:27:52.000 --> 1:27:56.519
<v Speaker 1>Just around a conference table, someone's making decisions about what

1:27:57.080 --> 1:27:58.280
<v Speaker 1>is happening inside your body.

1:27:58.360 --> 1:27:58.559
<v Speaker 9>Yep.

1:27:59.040 --> 1:28:01.600
<v Speaker 1>I mean you're not involved in that decision. Yep, you

1:28:01.640 --> 1:28:04.160
<v Speaker 1>don't have a seat at the table. Oh gosh, that's

1:28:04.200 --> 1:28:06.120
<v Speaker 1>a lot. Yeah, I thought, do you have any questions

1:28:06.120 --> 1:28:09.360
<v Speaker 1>about that? I have feelings about that. I do too,

1:28:10.439 --> 1:28:14.080
<v Speaker 1>try to think if I have any specific questions. Yeah, okay.

1:28:14.200 --> 1:28:16.360
<v Speaker 1>One question I have is, like you said that, it's

1:28:16.600 --> 1:28:19.439
<v Speaker 1>the risks associated with each of these are more or

1:28:19.520 --> 1:28:21.920
<v Speaker 1>less the same. So then why would why would someone

1:28:21.920 --> 1:28:23.439
<v Speaker 1>opt for one versus another?

1:28:23.880 --> 1:28:26.719
<v Speaker 4>I mean, it's in part personal preference, it's in part two,

1:28:26.840 --> 1:28:29.320
<v Speaker 4>like how far along you might be or if you

1:28:29.520 --> 1:28:32.479
<v Speaker 4>have sort of started to pass that or not. And

1:28:32.520 --> 1:28:34.799
<v Speaker 4>then a lot of it really is personal preference, because

1:28:34.800 --> 1:28:37.200
<v Speaker 4>it's like, are you going to feel more comfortable doing

1:28:37.200 --> 1:28:40.760
<v Speaker 4>this at home where you have maybe support around you,

1:28:40.880 --> 1:28:43.120
<v Speaker 4>or maybe you don't have any support at home. Maybe

1:28:43.160 --> 1:28:45.559
<v Speaker 4>the thought of having to wait a long time because

1:28:45.560 --> 1:28:47.320
<v Speaker 4>you don't know how long it will take to pass

1:28:47.360 --> 1:28:49.640
<v Speaker 4>it on your own is really more traumatic, and so

1:28:49.840 --> 1:28:52.200
<v Speaker 4>having something done where it's over and you know that

1:28:52.240 --> 1:28:55.639
<v Speaker 4>it's done is maybe more appealing to you. So there's

1:28:55.680 --> 1:28:58.120
<v Speaker 4>not like a hard line that like this has to

1:28:58.160 --> 1:28:59.040
<v Speaker 4>be one way or the other.

1:28:59.160 --> 1:28:59.479
<v Speaker 1>Got it.

1:28:59.560 --> 1:29:05.200
<v Speaker 4>Yeah, So let's stop there for now and bring it

1:29:05.240 --> 1:29:07.400
<v Speaker 4>all the way back to the developing embryo.

1:29:07.600 --> 1:29:12.760
<v Speaker 1>Got it? Oh? Just this another prop where we left.

1:29:12.880 --> 1:29:18.439
<v Speaker 4>It's the same prop my tennis ball, This inner cell mass. Okay,

1:29:18.560 --> 1:29:23.400
<v Speaker 4>we're here. So during all of this time and before

1:29:23.439 --> 1:29:27.639
<v Speaker 4>implantation and after implantation starts, what's happening with this inner

1:29:27.680 --> 1:29:30.400
<v Speaker 4>cell mass? I'm going to walk you through really quickly

1:29:30.880 --> 1:29:34.479
<v Speaker 4>embryonic development. And when I say really quickly, I mean

1:29:34.479 --> 1:29:36.679
<v Speaker 4>this is like the most cliff Notes version.

1:29:36.760 --> 1:29:36.880
<v Speaker 2>Right.

1:29:36.880 --> 1:29:40.880
<v Speaker 4>Okay, So we are back now at about two weeks

1:29:41.040 --> 1:29:46.120
<v Speaker 4>post fertilization, week four of pregnancy, Okay, and this little

1:29:46.200 --> 1:29:48.960
<v Speaker 4>pre embryo at this point, this inner cell mass, it's

1:29:49.000 --> 1:29:52.320
<v Speaker 4>a little disk of cells that has formed the three

1:29:52.600 --> 1:29:56.519
<v Speaker 4>essential germ layers that will eventually become all of the

1:29:56.520 --> 1:30:00.320
<v Speaker 4>different tissues and organs in our body. Okay, And then

1:30:00.520 --> 1:30:05.320
<v Speaker 4>these little disks of tissue will form tubes tubes. One

1:30:05.439 --> 1:30:08.920
<v Speaker 4>tube will become our brain and spinal cord. Yeah, the

1:30:08.960 --> 1:30:10.679
<v Speaker 4>other tube will become our.

1:30:10.600 --> 1:30:13.320
<v Speaker 1>Guts, like you. That's two tubes.

1:30:13.800 --> 1:30:16.680
<v Speaker 4>And then after that, a little lump will start to

1:30:16.760 --> 1:30:20.240
<v Speaker 4>form at the top of this tube of cells, and

1:30:20.280 --> 1:30:24.080
<v Speaker 4>that lump will become our head. And then little bumps

1:30:24.360 --> 1:30:27.120
<v Speaker 4>come up along the back and those will eventually become

1:30:27.160 --> 1:30:31.439
<v Speaker 4>our vertebra. By about the sixth week of pregnancy, so

1:30:31.479 --> 1:30:34.400
<v Speaker 4>there's about two weeks after a year missed period potentially

1:30:35.040 --> 1:30:38.599
<v Speaker 4>this embryo it's called an embryo. Now it still does

1:30:38.640 --> 1:30:40.479
<v Speaker 4>not look like a human like at all.

1:30:40.680 --> 1:30:44.439
<v Speaker 1>No, it looks to me very much like the alien

1:30:44.640 --> 1:30:48.599
<v Speaker 1>in alien, I mean like embryonic development. Oh, there's some

1:30:49.280 --> 1:30:51.599
<v Speaker 1>quote and I don't remember who it's by, whether it's

1:30:51.640 --> 1:30:54.479
<v Speaker 1>like Dubjanski or I don't know. So one of those

1:30:54.520 --> 1:31:00.000
<v Speaker 1>old evolutionary biologists that's like everything our entire evolutionary history

1:31:00.200 --> 1:31:03.559
<v Speaker 1>can be traced to ontogeny and like the development of

1:31:04.120 --> 1:31:08.760
<v Speaker 1>and embryo. I'm probably butchering that quote. I mean I

1:31:08.880 --> 1:31:11.320
<v Speaker 1>like it. Yeah, God wish I knew who it was

1:31:11.360 --> 1:31:12.679
<v Speaker 1>by well listen, it wasn't.

1:31:13.360 --> 1:31:15.840
<v Speaker 4>At this point, we look like an alien, Okay, Like

1:31:15.880 --> 1:31:19.360
<v Speaker 4>the head thing is like I'm curved over. There's this

1:31:19.360 --> 1:31:21.680
<v Speaker 4>big long thing that comes off the back, these bumps

1:31:21.720 --> 1:31:22.479
<v Speaker 4>along the back.

1:31:22.640 --> 1:31:26.000
<v Speaker 1>Very reptilian, I'm very artil engines and our evolutionary origins.

1:31:26.040 --> 1:31:28.280
<v Speaker 4>Yeah right, And when you look at like embryo development

1:31:28.320 --> 1:31:30.360
<v Speaker 4>side by side of like all the different species, we

1:31:30.400 --> 1:31:31.960
<v Speaker 4>look all the same, the same, the same, the same

1:31:32.360 --> 1:31:34.680
<v Speaker 4>all the way through this point. But we're not as

1:31:34.720 --> 1:31:37.479
<v Speaker 4>scary as an alien because it's like two millimeters long.

1:31:38.360 --> 1:31:41.120
<v Speaker 1>I'm not as scary as an alien as oh as

1:31:41.240 --> 1:31:45.040
<v Speaker 1>alien as capital a cattal am proper not alien proper noun.

1:31:45.439 --> 1:31:48.240
<v Speaker 4>But at this point too, when we look like alien

1:31:48.439 --> 1:31:51.240
<v Speaker 4>is when things like the eyes what will become the

1:31:51.280 --> 1:31:53.479
<v Speaker 4>eyes start to develop. So you get these two little

1:31:53.520 --> 1:31:57.040
<v Speaker 4>dots that will eventually become our eye cells, the parts

1:31:57.080 --> 1:31:59.720
<v Speaker 4>that will become our jaws and our ears and all

1:31:59.760 --> 1:32:02.600
<v Speaker 4>of this. This is very important patterning that has to

1:32:02.680 --> 1:32:06.320
<v Speaker 4>happen in exactly the right way for all of our

1:32:06.400 --> 1:32:10.160
<v Speaker 4>body parts to actually develop. And at this point too,

1:32:10.280 --> 1:32:13.559
<v Speaker 4>about week six is when you could first detect what

1:32:13.680 --> 1:32:17.320
<v Speaker 4>will become a heartbeat. So this little bulge that will

1:32:17.360 --> 1:32:20.040
<v Speaker 4>become our heart starts to beat, and you can see

1:32:20.040 --> 1:32:23.320
<v Speaker 4>that on ultrasound. It's also when we start to see

1:32:23.479 --> 1:32:26.840
<v Speaker 4>arm and leg buds. The buds, yeah that was loud,

1:32:27.120 --> 1:32:28.960
<v Speaker 4>start to kind of pop out just a little bit.

1:32:29.400 --> 1:32:32.799
<v Speaker 4>And then eventually those limb buds will make paddles first,

1:32:33.000 --> 1:32:36.760
<v Speaker 4>and then little fingers and toe buds. And then by

1:32:36.800 --> 1:32:39.880
<v Speaker 4>the end of the tenth week of pregnancy, so ten

1:32:39.920 --> 1:32:43.880
<v Speaker 4>weeks after your last menstrual period, okay, eight weeks since fertilization,

1:32:44.000 --> 1:32:47.400
<v Speaker 4>got it, okay, is when you start to have something

1:32:47.439 --> 1:32:50.160
<v Speaker 4>that looks more like a human than all of our

1:32:50.280 --> 1:32:54.960
<v Speaker 4>vertebrate cousins. And that is when we are almost to

1:32:55.000 --> 1:32:57.720
<v Speaker 4>the second trimester, and then we enter the.

1:32:57.680 --> 1:33:00.879
<v Speaker 1>Fetal period, the fetal period, fetal period.

1:33:01.640 --> 1:33:04.640
<v Speaker 4>At the same time as this is also when that

1:33:04.960 --> 1:33:07.519
<v Speaker 4>since this your trophoblast that has during this whole time

1:33:07.560 --> 1:33:11.679
<v Speaker 4>been invading its way into the myometrium all the way through,

1:33:12.560 --> 1:33:15.920
<v Speaker 4>it has finally at the same time point finished the

1:33:15.960 --> 1:33:19.360
<v Speaker 4>formation of the placenta, which isn't all the way formed

1:33:19.439 --> 1:33:21.639
<v Speaker 4>until week thirteen, which.

1:33:21.520 --> 1:33:22.360
<v Speaker 1>Is our pregnancy.

1:33:22.439 --> 1:33:25.559
<v Speaker 4>Wild I know, and that is the organ that you

1:33:25.880 --> 1:33:28.040
<v Speaker 4>erin will pick up with next.

1:33:27.800 --> 1:33:31.360
<v Speaker 1>Week, I certainly will. I have a question though, and

1:33:31.400 --> 1:33:33.840
<v Speaker 1>you might be getting into them next week. I probably won't,

1:33:33.840 --> 1:33:36.639
<v Speaker 1>so give them to me. Now. What's going on in

1:33:36.920 --> 1:33:40.599
<v Speaker 1>the pargnive person's body is all next week.

1:33:42.720 --> 1:33:45.479
<v Speaker 4>But I'm so glad you asked because I cannot wait

1:33:45.520 --> 1:33:48.120
<v Speaker 4>to tell you about it. Oh my gosh, it's really

1:33:48.160 --> 1:33:49.799
<v Speaker 4>good because it's already started.

1:33:50.040 --> 1:33:53.080
<v Speaker 1>Yes from Oh, I'm so excited about it. Oh, I

1:33:53.120 --> 1:33:53.920
<v Speaker 1>can't wait. I know.

1:33:54.360 --> 1:33:56.439
<v Speaker 4>I'm also done talking about the fetus. I'm not going

1:33:56.479 --> 1:33:57.760
<v Speaker 4>to mention them again pretty much.

1:33:58.000 --> 1:34:01.160
<v Speaker 1>Okay, well we will and we will do more feetus

1:34:01.240 --> 1:34:02.040
<v Speaker 1>stuff in the future.

1:34:02.200 --> 1:34:04.519
<v Speaker 4>So much feelings about it, and I want to talk

1:34:04.560 --> 1:34:06.360
<v Speaker 4>all about it. But we were talking about pregnancy for this.

1:34:06.760 --> 1:34:09.000
<v Speaker 1>Pregnancy, so there we are there.

1:34:09.000 --> 1:34:10.879
<v Speaker 4>We made it to the end of the first trimester.

1:34:11.000 --> 1:34:13.759
<v Speaker 1>Oh my gosh, Oh my gosh, that went by faster.

1:34:14.040 --> 1:34:16.760
<v Speaker 1>And also we covered so much I know, but we

1:34:16.800 --> 1:34:18.519
<v Speaker 1>didn't cover. We have so much more to cover. I

1:34:18.560 --> 1:34:19.640
<v Speaker 1>have thoughts okay.

1:34:19.360 --> 1:34:22.200
<v Speaker 4>Too, but everyone is going to have more that they

1:34:22.200 --> 1:34:23.639
<v Speaker 4>want to learn, so we're going to tell you where

1:34:23.680 --> 1:34:25.080
<v Speaker 4>to learn it and all of our sources.

1:34:25.200 --> 1:34:28.760
<v Speaker 1>Yes, okay, So for this I actually didn't have as

1:34:28.800 --> 1:34:31.400
<v Speaker 1>many sources as I do for my later episodes. I

1:34:31.479 --> 1:34:33.400
<v Speaker 1>have a few more, but I'm going to shout out

1:34:33.439 --> 1:34:36.559
<v Speaker 1>three in particular. One is the book Pregnancy Test by

1:34:36.640 --> 1:34:39.840
<v Speaker 1>Karen Winegarden, which I referred to in my notes. Also

1:34:39.920 --> 1:34:43.320
<v Speaker 1>A Woman's Right to Know by Jesse Olzinco Grin, and

1:34:43.360 --> 1:34:47.800
<v Speaker 1>then by Sarah Abigail Levitt A Private Little Revolution. It's

1:34:47.800 --> 1:34:51.880
<v Speaker 1>an article about the home pregnancy test. And I really

1:34:51.960 --> 1:34:54.080
<v Speaker 1>liked those three together. I sort of like this big

1:34:54.120 --> 1:34:56.479
<v Speaker 1>picture view of everything that I talked about. Well, I

1:34:56.520 --> 1:34:58.080
<v Speaker 1>loved your whole part, so maybe you want to read this.

1:34:58.160 --> 1:34:58.519
<v Speaker 1>Thank you.

1:34:59.520 --> 1:35:02.800
<v Speaker 4>I realized very heavily on a textbook that's very old

1:35:02.840 --> 1:35:06.680
<v Speaker 4>at this point. It was by Jones and Lopez and

1:35:06.720 --> 1:35:08.439
<v Speaker 4>it was called Human Reproductive Biology.

1:35:08.479 --> 1:35:10.880
<v Speaker 1>So it's like a primer on it all. Is it

1:35:10.960 --> 1:35:13.559
<v Speaker 1>very old? Mean the late twentieth century, as like the youth,

1:35:13.720 --> 1:35:16.920
<v Speaker 1>So it's like, wait, it was the twenty first century.

1:35:16.920 --> 1:35:20.439
<v Speaker 1>It was from twenty thirteen. Ok, It's like ten years.

1:35:20.280 --> 1:35:22.680
<v Speaker 4>Old, but I mean, like that's for textbook is our

1:35:22.800 --> 1:35:25.000
<v Speaker 4>knowledge of this part hasn't changed. But I will also

1:35:25.080 --> 1:35:27.280
<v Speaker 4>say that like it's good for data, but it has

1:35:27.320 --> 1:35:30.320
<v Speaker 4>a lot of weird I don't know editorialization in parts

1:35:30.360 --> 1:35:33.679
<v Speaker 4>of it, so I don't interesting Anyways, I cited it,

1:35:33.680 --> 1:35:36.160
<v Speaker 4>it's what I used primarily. And then a few other

1:35:36.160 --> 1:35:38.599
<v Speaker 4>papers that I think were really important, especially in learning

1:35:38.640 --> 1:35:41.800
<v Speaker 4>about the placental development. If you want more detail on that,

1:35:41.840 --> 1:35:43.360
<v Speaker 4>which you'll get to you next week. But there was

1:35:43.400 --> 1:35:46.200
<v Speaker 4>one from Proceedings of the Royal Society b from twenty

1:35:46.200 --> 1:35:49.280
<v Speaker 4>twenty three called the Human Placenta New Perspectives on its

1:35:49.280 --> 1:35:52.280
<v Speaker 4>Formation and function during early pregnancy. And then there was

1:35:52.320 --> 1:35:54.479
<v Speaker 4>a whole series in The Lancet from twenty twenty one

1:35:54.600 --> 1:35:57.800
<v Speaker 4>all about miscarriage, and my favorite one from that was

1:35:57.840 --> 1:36:02.719
<v Speaker 4>called Miscarriage Matters the Epidimeologie, Physical, Psychological and Economic Costs

1:36:02.720 --> 1:36:04.400
<v Speaker 4>of early pregnancy loss. But there was a few other

1:36:04.400 --> 1:36:07.760
<v Speaker 4>papers in that series as well. But as always, you

1:36:07.800 --> 1:36:09.960
<v Speaker 4>can find all of our sources, because there are so

1:36:10.040 --> 1:36:12.760
<v Speaker 4>many more on our website This podcast will Kill You

1:36:12.800 --> 1:36:16.200
<v Speaker 4>dot Com under the episodes tab. You certainly can this

1:36:16.320 --> 1:36:18.040
<v Speaker 4>and all of our episodes, all of our opos.

1:36:18.120 --> 1:36:21.000
<v Speaker 1>We have literally so many sources it's kind of unbelievable. Yeah,

1:36:21.080 --> 1:36:25.200
<v Speaker 1>proud of us, me too. Thank you again, so so

1:36:25.439 --> 1:36:28.240
<v Speaker 1>much to everyone who provided their first hand account, everyone

1:36:28.280 --> 1:36:30.200
<v Speaker 1>who wrote in with their first hand account. We really

1:36:30.720 --> 1:36:34.280
<v Speaker 1>we don't have the words to express how grateful we are. No,

1:36:34.400 --> 1:36:35.559
<v Speaker 1>it's like so so.

1:36:35.640 --> 1:36:38.800
<v Speaker 4>Meaningful to us, and we could not do especially this

1:36:38.920 --> 1:36:41.240
<v Speaker 4>series without you. So thank you, Thank you.

1:36:41.760 --> 1:36:45.559
<v Speaker 1>Thank you also to Exactly Right Studios and everyone who

1:36:45.640 --> 1:36:45.960
<v Speaker 1>is here.

1:36:46.000 --> 1:36:49.360
<v Speaker 4>You're like looking at the window. It's so exciting, very exciting.

1:36:49.439 --> 1:36:51.920
<v Speaker 4>You to Tom and Leanna who's not here today but

1:36:52.000 --> 1:36:54.960
<v Speaker 4>will be. And I'm saying too much. Thank you, to

1:36:55.080 --> 1:36:57.719
<v Speaker 4>Jessica and to Brent and to Craig and everyone else.

1:36:57.960 --> 1:37:00.599
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, all that. We're so excited about this. It's really

1:37:00.640 --> 1:37:05.200
<v Speaker 1>been so much fun. I feel so cool and feel cool,

1:37:06.880 --> 1:37:09.000
<v Speaker 1>but I'm having a lot of fun. Me too, Yeah,

1:37:09.040 --> 1:37:10.960
<v Speaker 1>me too. So thank you all for all of your work.

1:37:10.960 --> 1:37:14.160
<v Speaker 1>We're excited. Yes, thank you. Thank you to Bloodmobile, who

1:37:14.160 --> 1:37:16.880
<v Speaker 1>provides the music for this episode and all of our episodes,

1:37:17.680 --> 1:37:23.800
<v Speaker 1>and thank you to you listeners yeah, and viewers, to viewers. Yeah, amazing.

1:37:23.840 --> 1:37:25.599
<v Speaker 4>We hope you had fun with this one and you're

1:37:25.640 --> 1:37:27.559
<v Speaker 4>prepared for three more episodes on pregnancy.

1:37:27.640 --> 1:37:30.280
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, I hope you like more where this is coming from,

1:37:30.320 --> 1:37:32.400
<v Speaker 1>because we've got it. I don't know, make that sentence

1:37:32.479 --> 1:37:35.040
<v Speaker 1>didn't make sense. It's fine, you know what. And thank

1:37:35.080 --> 1:37:37.360
<v Speaker 1>you to our patrons. We really do appreciate your support.

1:37:37.400 --> 1:37:40.760
<v Speaker 1>It means the world to us, it really does. Thank you. Well,

1:37:40.920 --> 1:37:44.480
<v Speaker 1>until next time, wash your hands, filthy animals

1:38:00.240 --> 1:38:00.559
<v Speaker 7>MU