1 00:00:01,280 --> 00:00:04,320 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,360 --> 00:00:13,440 Speaker 1: of I Heart Radio. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. 3 00:00:13,480 --> 00:00:17,040 Speaker 1: I'm Holly Fry and I'm Tracy Vie Wilson. So, Tracy, 4 00:00:17,079 --> 00:00:19,720 Speaker 1: I'm very lucky because one of my awesome friends brought 5 00:00:19,720 --> 00:00:23,240 Speaker 1: me a bunch of garden plants recently. Yeah. Um, who's 6 00:00:23,280 --> 00:00:25,800 Speaker 1: a person you also know. And I love this because 7 00:00:25,800 --> 00:00:28,680 Speaker 1: she participates in a community garden, so she gets all 8 00:00:28,760 --> 00:00:31,840 Speaker 1: kinds of good stuff through like seedling swaps and whatnot. 9 00:00:31,840 --> 00:00:33,680 Speaker 1: So I got a nice variety. I got some peppers 10 00:00:33,680 --> 00:00:37,000 Speaker 1: and tomatoes and squash and some basil from her. And 11 00:00:37,040 --> 00:00:38,920 Speaker 1: I had already started a bunch of mint in my 12 00:00:39,000 --> 00:00:44,200 Speaker 1: house so that I can always have ready Mohito's on um. 13 00:00:44,280 --> 00:00:46,120 Speaker 1: And all of this kind of needed to be moved 14 00:00:46,120 --> 00:00:49,960 Speaker 1: into planters, and so I finally started doing that. And 15 00:00:50,040 --> 00:00:52,839 Speaker 1: as I was, you know, doing this, I had one 16 00:00:52,840 --> 00:00:55,960 Speaker 1: of those very simple but profound moments where I found 17 00:00:55,960 --> 00:00:58,480 Speaker 1: myself thinking about all of the places and efforts and 18 00:00:58,520 --> 00:01:01,440 Speaker 1: plants that have contrued be did over time to me 19 00:01:02,160 --> 00:01:04,680 Speaker 1: on my back deck digging soil out of my compost 20 00:01:04,680 --> 00:01:07,560 Speaker 1: bins to make new homes for all these plants. Might 21 00:01:07,640 --> 00:01:09,600 Speaker 1: sound a little self important, but really it was more 22 00:01:09,640 --> 00:01:11,480 Speaker 1: like I'm part of a bigger picture and it I 23 00:01:11,480 --> 00:01:13,120 Speaker 1: don't know, it just hit me in that moment. Sure 24 00:01:13,280 --> 00:01:16,840 Speaker 1: just got me thinking about gardening and how it is really. Gardening, 25 00:01:16,920 --> 00:01:20,039 Speaker 1: more than almost any other sort of obvious thing, is 26 00:01:20,160 --> 00:01:23,520 Speaker 1: a living history that connects us to all places and 27 00:01:23,520 --> 00:01:27,000 Speaker 1: people through time. Because right like, people five thousand years 28 00:01:27,000 --> 00:01:30,120 Speaker 1: ago did not have a local home improvement store or 29 00:01:30,160 --> 00:01:32,760 Speaker 1: a big box store where they could go get fertilizer 30 00:01:32,800 --> 00:01:36,319 Speaker 1: and weed management in abundance from an entire aisle of 31 00:01:36,360 --> 00:01:40,000 Speaker 1: shelves of these kinds of things. Yet lots of plants 32 00:01:40,000 --> 00:01:43,440 Speaker 1: that are useful or delightful to humans have survived and 33 00:01:43,480 --> 00:01:46,160 Speaker 1: even thrived four thousands of years so that we can 34 00:01:46,160 --> 00:01:49,640 Speaker 1: continue to plant their descendants today in our home gardens. 35 00:01:49,840 --> 00:01:52,880 Speaker 1: This is where my head's at. So we have talked 36 00:01:52,920 --> 00:01:56,120 Speaker 1: about various specific gardening topics before, right like, we've talked 37 00:01:56,120 --> 00:01:59,200 Speaker 1: about roses, and we've talked about historical gardens at the 38 00:01:59,240 --> 00:02:02,200 Speaker 1: History Center some others, and some of those will come 39 00:02:02,280 --> 00:02:04,440 Speaker 1: up here. But I wanted to take a look at 40 00:02:04,440 --> 00:02:07,800 Speaker 1: how gardening developed in North America to contextualize some of 41 00:02:07,840 --> 00:02:11,119 Speaker 1: those other topics. Um but of course that also does 42 00:02:11,160 --> 00:02:14,359 Speaker 1: involve things that happened around the globe prior to colonization. 43 00:02:14,880 --> 00:02:18,440 Speaker 1: So to level set, this is definitely one it's more 44 00:02:18,480 --> 00:02:21,400 Speaker 1: North American than anything else. It's definitely more focused on 45 00:02:21,440 --> 00:02:25,040 Speaker 1: the idea of a garden than landscaping or growing crops, 46 00:02:25,080 --> 00:02:29,640 Speaker 1: though there's some overlap because some of those learnings UH 47 00:02:29,880 --> 00:02:33,200 Speaker 1: kind of contribute to gardening. So we won't, for example, 48 00:02:33,240 --> 00:02:36,320 Speaker 1: be talking like about when various cereal grains were grown 49 00:02:36,320 --> 00:02:39,280 Speaker 1: in various historical cultures. And we also won't have a 50 00:02:39,280 --> 00:02:42,320 Speaker 1: whole lot of discussion of East Asian gardening. That is 51 00:02:42,360 --> 00:02:44,640 Speaker 1: a really amazing history all its own that I would 52 00:02:44,639 --> 00:02:47,120 Speaker 1: love to tackle one day, but it was way outside 53 00:02:47,120 --> 00:02:50,000 Speaker 1: the scope of this. We do talk about some influences 54 00:02:50,000 --> 00:02:53,000 Speaker 1: on Western gardening from East Asia, though, But first we're 55 00:02:53,000 --> 00:02:56,160 Speaker 1: gonna talk about North America before colonists, and then some 56 00:02:56,280 --> 00:02:59,280 Speaker 1: of the history that led up to Europeans bringing their 57 00:02:59,280 --> 00:03:02,480 Speaker 1: own gardening ideas to North America, and then how gardening 58 00:03:02,520 --> 00:03:06,120 Speaker 1: developed and shifted once the colonies were established, and beyond 59 00:03:06,760 --> 00:03:09,200 Speaker 1: leading up more or less to present day. This is, 60 00:03:09,360 --> 00:03:11,240 Speaker 1: as you might imagine, a lot, so it is by 61 00:03:11,280 --> 00:03:13,960 Speaker 1: no means comprehensive. We're really just trying to hit a 62 00:03:13,960 --> 00:03:18,120 Speaker 1: few of the highlights that connect gardening traditions of today 63 00:03:18,200 --> 00:03:22,280 Speaker 1: to history. So all gardening starts in the same place. 64 00:03:22,919 --> 00:03:26,280 Speaker 1: Humans didn't invents plants out of thin air, and the 65 00:03:26,360 --> 00:03:31,480 Speaker 1: earliest precursors to gardening started historically with somebody nurturing and 66 00:03:31,880 --> 00:03:36,240 Speaker 1: useful plant species in that plant's natural habitat and then 67 00:03:36,280 --> 00:03:39,520 Speaker 1: starting to plant them more deliberately closer to where they 68 00:03:39,600 --> 00:03:42,760 Speaker 1: lived or traveled so that they would have easier and 69 00:03:42,840 --> 00:03:46,440 Speaker 1: faster access to these plants. So, of course, long before 70 00:03:46,560 --> 00:03:49,680 Speaker 1: Europeans ever showed up on the North American continent, there 71 00:03:49,680 --> 00:03:53,080 Speaker 1: were people here cultivating plants, and most of this might 72 00:03:53,160 --> 00:03:55,960 Speaker 1: fall more closely under crops than gardening. We're talking about 73 00:03:55,960 --> 00:03:58,880 Speaker 1: things like gourds and potatoes and maize that were being grown, 74 00:03:59,480 --> 00:04:02,000 Speaker 1: according to records in what's modern day Mexico as far 75 00:04:02,040 --> 00:04:06,320 Speaker 1: back as in some cases, and for a lot of 76 00:04:06,360 --> 00:04:08,800 Speaker 1: cultures that were living in the America's there was already 77 00:04:08,840 --> 00:04:12,560 Speaker 1: this deep understanding of how cultivated growing impacted the land. 78 00:04:12,680 --> 00:04:16,520 Speaker 1: So a lot of the early practices here were focused 79 00:04:16,520 --> 00:04:19,720 Speaker 1: on sustainability. That is not a new concept, and these 80 00:04:19,760 --> 00:04:22,760 Speaker 1: techniques were then later picked up by gardeners who moved 81 00:04:22,760 --> 00:04:27,200 Speaker 1: to North America from Europe. So, for example, companion planting 82 00:04:27,640 --> 00:04:31,080 Speaker 1: was practiced by the Wapanog people as well as others, 83 00:04:31,120 --> 00:04:33,120 Speaker 1: and that has come to be known as the three 84 00:04:33,160 --> 00:04:36,680 Speaker 1: sisters technique. And that is when three different crops were 85 00:04:36,720 --> 00:04:39,640 Speaker 1: grown together that all supported each other in the soil. 86 00:04:39,800 --> 00:04:43,640 Speaker 1: So one configuration is growing corn or maize along with 87 00:04:43,839 --> 00:04:47,240 Speaker 1: pole beans and squash all together in the same tract. 88 00:04:47,839 --> 00:04:51,560 Speaker 1: The corn offers climbing space for the beans, the beans 89 00:04:51,720 --> 00:04:54,480 Speaker 1: enriched the soil with nitrogen that they pulled from the air, 90 00:04:54,560 --> 00:04:57,919 Speaker 1: and the squash provides a soil protective ground cover and 91 00:04:58,000 --> 00:05:03,000 Speaker 1: a pesta turrent that helps to if the smaller plants healthy. Um. 92 00:05:03,040 --> 00:05:06,279 Speaker 1: I actually saw an article about a similar idea in 93 00:05:06,480 --> 00:05:11,240 Speaker 1: gardens today that was combining sunflowers with other plants to 94 00:05:11,880 --> 00:05:17,000 Speaker 1: grow them together in a way that naturally supported each other. Yeah, 95 00:05:17,040 --> 00:05:19,200 Speaker 1: and there are even some people who have taken kind 96 00:05:19,240 --> 00:05:22,360 Speaker 1: of this three sisters technique. It still gets used today 97 00:05:22,480 --> 00:05:26,080 Speaker 1: and they add in a flower component. So there are 98 00:05:26,080 --> 00:05:27,760 Speaker 1: a lot of ways that this has been developed, but 99 00:05:27,800 --> 00:05:32,039 Speaker 1: it really is um kind of a wonderfully balanced idea. 100 00:05:32,160 --> 00:05:35,520 Speaker 1: And another technique that was well established by indigenous populations 101 00:05:35,520 --> 00:05:37,680 Speaker 1: in North America was what we would now call no 102 00:05:37,920 --> 00:05:41,040 Speaker 1: till gardening. So in this case, instead of digging up 103 00:05:41,040 --> 00:05:44,200 Speaker 1: the soil to plant seeds, the soil is undisturbed. In 104 00:05:44,240 --> 00:05:47,600 Speaker 1: the seating phase, seeds are laid down and then a 105 00:05:47,640 --> 00:05:50,480 Speaker 1: fresh layer of compost is added on top of them, 106 00:05:50,920 --> 00:05:53,760 Speaker 1: and as a consequence, the healthy soil that's been developed 107 00:05:53,760 --> 00:05:57,800 Speaker 1: remains intact and it actually prolongs its viability for future planting. 108 00:05:58,440 --> 00:06:02,480 Speaker 1: Other techniques were also part of indigenous gardening practices for 109 00:06:02,600 --> 00:06:06,640 Speaker 1: centuries before they were adopted by colonists who arrived on 110 00:06:06,680 --> 00:06:11,880 Speaker 1: the continent. So terrorists gardening to manage erosion and inconsistent 111 00:06:11,960 --> 00:06:17,680 Speaker 1: rain cycles, irrigating using catchments and water runoff reservoirs, directing 112 00:06:17,760 --> 00:06:21,800 Speaker 1: the water flow with dugout canals or indentations in the earth, 113 00:06:22,440 --> 00:06:28,680 Speaker 1: seed saving naturally, fertilizing with things like fish or remnant vegetation, 114 00:06:28,760 --> 00:06:31,240 Speaker 1: among others. These these kinds of things come up a 115 00:06:31,279 --> 00:06:35,200 Speaker 1: lot on our Unearthed episodes. We're always finding new evidence 116 00:06:35,240 --> 00:06:39,080 Speaker 1: of new things that people were doing to cultivate plants. Yeah, 117 00:06:39,279 --> 00:06:41,320 Speaker 1: I also love how a lot of these things get 118 00:06:41,360 --> 00:06:44,640 Speaker 1: discussed when you're talking about modern gardening, and it's like, 119 00:06:45,320 --> 00:06:49,279 Speaker 1: this isn't a new idea. People have been doing it 120 00:06:49,360 --> 00:06:52,599 Speaker 1: this whole time. This is not new in the least. Uh. 121 00:06:52,680 --> 00:06:56,040 Speaker 1: And in addition to the indigenous gardening practices that colonists 122 00:06:56,200 --> 00:06:59,800 Speaker 1: encountered and learned when they arrived in North America, Europeans 123 00:06:59,839 --> 00:07:03,160 Speaker 1: also brought with them gardening knowledge that had roots all 124 00:07:03,200 --> 00:07:06,080 Speaker 1: the way back in Mesopotamia. So that includes Babylon and 125 00:07:06,120 --> 00:07:09,479 Speaker 1: Persia as well as ancient Egypt. So we know that 126 00:07:09,520 --> 00:07:13,720 Speaker 1: there were a variety of gardens styles throughout Mesopotamia. The 127 00:07:13,840 --> 00:07:17,040 Speaker 1: hanging gardens of Babylon are one of the Seven Wonders 128 00:07:17,040 --> 00:07:20,120 Speaker 1: of the Ancient World after all, although their date usually 129 00:07:20,160 --> 00:07:23,440 Speaker 1: puts them at around six hundred b C as an 130 00:07:23,440 --> 00:07:27,040 Speaker 1: origin point. And obviously there was plant cultivation in the 131 00:07:27,120 --> 00:07:31,320 Speaker 1: area way before that. Yeah, Orchard gardens were cultivated as 132 00:07:31,320 --> 00:07:34,680 Speaker 1: well as temple gardens designed to honor deities, and there 133 00:07:34,680 --> 00:07:38,480 Speaker 1: were also gardens that were cultivated in courtyards within palaces. 134 00:07:38,960 --> 00:07:41,560 Speaker 1: And we know all this based on archaeological findings over 135 00:07:41,600 --> 00:07:43,480 Speaker 1: the years, but we really don't have a lot of 136 00:07:43,520 --> 00:07:46,280 Speaker 1: specifics on how most of these gardens were designed. We 137 00:07:46,360 --> 00:07:49,240 Speaker 1: just have sort of snippets of information, like seeing the 138 00:07:49,360 --> 00:07:52,640 Speaker 1: use of trees and straight lines right next to walls. 139 00:07:53,440 --> 00:07:56,400 Speaker 1: Gardens were created in Egypt as far back as ten 140 00:07:56,560 --> 00:08:00,520 Speaker 1: thousand BC and included the three types of gardens that 141 00:08:00,560 --> 00:08:05,240 Speaker 1: we just mentioned. In Egyptian gardens, sycamores, date palms, and 142 00:08:05,320 --> 00:08:08,480 Speaker 1: fir trees were used to form grand gardens that were 143 00:08:08,520 --> 00:08:12,560 Speaker 1: pretty architectural in their design. They were highly ordered and 144 00:08:12,680 --> 00:08:16,800 Speaker 1: precise in the placement of the flora. Both Mesopotamian and 145 00:08:16,840 --> 00:08:20,400 Speaker 1: Egyptian gardens were often intended to offer an escape from 146 00:08:20,400 --> 00:08:23,240 Speaker 1: the heat and the dryness of the desert, so kind 147 00:08:23,280 --> 00:08:26,720 Speaker 1: of a respite of shade and beauty. Yeah, it's like 148 00:08:27,000 --> 00:08:29,760 Speaker 1: I would like to build a small oasis within the 149 00:08:29,800 --> 00:08:33,040 Speaker 1: walls of my compound. That sounds great to me. By 150 00:08:33,080 --> 00:08:36,400 Speaker 1: six thousand BC, gardens had started to appear in Greece, 151 00:08:36,960 --> 00:08:39,040 Speaker 1: and in addition to those three types of gardens that 152 00:08:39,080 --> 00:08:42,200 Speaker 1: were used in prior locations that we mentioned, the common 153 00:08:42,320 --> 00:08:46,240 Speaker 1: architecture of Greece may have given rise to small personal gardens. 154 00:08:46,280 --> 00:08:49,360 Speaker 1: So most families lived in these sort of small homes, 155 00:08:49,360 --> 00:08:52,400 Speaker 1: but they had courtyards, and while there isn't certain evidence 156 00:08:52,440 --> 00:08:54,760 Speaker 1: in the matter, it has been theorized that one of 157 00:08:54,760 --> 00:08:57,240 Speaker 1: the functions of those courtyards was as a place for 158 00:08:57,400 --> 00:09:01,200 Speaker 1: small gardening projects, in addition to common other uses like 159 00:09:01,280 --> 00:09:04,120 Speaker 1: as a common living area and as a place to cook. 160 00:09:04,679 --> 00:09:08,880 Speaker 1: Ancient Rome is where we start seeing more recorded information 161 00:09:08,960 --> 00:09:13,160 Speaker 1: about gardens and their uses. The atriums found in the 162 00:09:13,200 --> 00:09:18,239 Speaker 1: town homes of Rome's wealthy inhabitants would have multiple garden areas. 163 00:09:19,240 --> 00:09:22,880 Speaker 1: Peristyle court often contained a family shrine and the gardens 164 00:09:22,920 --> 00:09:26,679 Speaker 1: surrounding that would have been ornamental. The hortest courtyard was 165 00:09:26,760 --> 00:09:30,120 Speaker 1: used for cultivating fresh fruits and vegetables, and the atrium 166 00:09:30,160 --> 00:09:34,080 Speaker 1: courtyard would have been where rainwater was collected in cisterns 167 00:09:34,160 --> 00:09:37,520 Speaker 1: and may have also included some ornamental plants and villas. 168 00:09:37,559 --> 00:09:42,120 Speaker 1: Outside of the heavily populated areas, courtyard gardens were also popular, 169 00:09:42,160 --> 00:09:46,240 Speaker 1: and also a lot grander in scale. As Roman military 170 00:09:46,280 --> 00:09:50,199 Speaker 1: efforts moved into Europe over time, so did their gardening aesthetics. 171 00:09:50,200 --> 00:09:52,920 Speaker 1: So when Roman officials, for example, would conquer a place 172 00:09:53,280 --> 00:09:56,240 Speaker 1: and then move into that conquered territory, they would then 173 00:09:56,320 --> 00:09:58,920 Speaker 1: have homes built that included all of the comforts of 174 00:09:59,000 --> 00:10:03,360 Speaker 1: home as they knew it, including gardens Another carrier of 175 00:10:03,400 --> 00:10:07,600 Speaker 1: the garden tradition from Western Asia into Europe was the 176 00:10:07,640 --> 00:10:10,520 Speaker 1: spread of Islam that started in the eighth century when 177 00:10:10,600 --> 00:10:15,360 Speaker 1: Islamic forces attacked the Iberian Peninsula. Just as was the 178 00:10:15,400 --> 00:10:18,920 Speaker 1: case with Roman officials, the conquering Muslim leaders set up 179 00:10:18,960 --> 00:10:21,960 Speaker 1: new homes in Spain, and they also had gardens planted. 180 00:10:22,559 --> 00:10:27,120 Speaker 1: By the Middle Ages, gardens were spread throughout Europe in castles, monasteries, 181 00:10:27,200 --> 00:10:30,480 Speaker 1: manor houses, and private homes of the upper middle class, 182 00:10:30,520 --> 00:10:33,760 Speaker 1: as well as smaller subsistence gardens for the lower classes. 183 00:10:34,520 --> 00:10:37,320 Speaker 1: One of the common features of castles during this time 184 00:10:37,360 --> 00:10:40,480 Speaker 1: is something I absolutely love. It's an herbor. That's a 185 00:10:40,559 --> 00:10:44,680 Speaker 1: small private pleasure garden used almost as an outdoor room. 186 00:10:44,720 --> 00:10:48,160 Speaker 1: There were also food gardens associated with most castles. Often 187 00:10:48,200 --> 00:10:51,400 Speaker 1: those were outside of the castle walls to include things 188 00:10:51,480 --> 00:10:56,160 Speaker 1: like fruit orchards and large scale vegetable gardens. Monastery gardens 189 00:10:56,240 --> 00:10:59,439 Speaker 1: were filled with produced plants as well as medicinal herbs, 190 00:10:59,480 --> 00:11:02,280 Speaker 1: and this eies into our recent episode when we talked 191 00:11:02,320 --> 00:11:05,800 Speaker 1: about barber surgeons and the ways that monks had at 192 00:11:05,840 --> 00:11:09,520 Speaker 1: one point functioned in a more medical caregiver role. In 193 00:11:09,559 --> 00:11:11,640 Speaker 1: just a moment, we're going to talk about the first 194 00:11:11,679 --> 00:11:15,479 Speaker 1: known English language text on gardening, and it is pretty delightful. 195 00:11:15,880 --> 00:11:17,559 Speaker 1: But before we get to that, we will take a 196 00:11:17,640 --> 00:11:28,640 Speaker 1: quick sponsor break. Somewhere in the early to mid fourteen hundred's, 197 00:11:28,760 --> 00:11:33,200 Speaker 1: the earliest English language gardening book was written. Actual estimated 198 00:11:33,280 --> 00:11:35,040 Speaker 1: dates for it are kind of all over the place, 199 00:11:35,120 --> 00:11:38,960 Speaker 1: but regardless of the exact origin date, the Feet of Gardening, 200 00:11:39,080 --> 00:11:43,440 Speaker 1: attributed to author John Gardner, offers a massive amount of 201 00:11:43,480 --> 00:11:48,480 Speaker 1: information for horticulturists to draw from. Trinity College, Cambridge has 202 00:11:48,520 --> 00:11:51,960 Speaker 1: the only known copy. It is eight eight pages, although 203 00:11:51,960 --> 00:11:55,120 Speaker 1: the last dozen of those pages are very damaged. We 204 00:11:55,280 --> 00:11:58,360 Speaker 1: don't know who John Gardner was, although there has been 205 00:11:58,520 --> 00:12:03,079 Speaker 1: plenty of speculation. Interestingly, a good bit of this gardening 206 00:12:03,120 --> 00:12:06,800 Speaker 1: manual was written in verse and in a commentary on 207 00:12:06,840 --> 00:12:11,480 Speaker 1: the book written in eight three by an honorable Alicia M. 208 00:12:11,559 --> 00:12:16,160 Speaker 1: Tisson Amherst. John Gardner's writing and gardening is critiqued as 209 00:12:16,520 --> 00:12:21,640 Speaker 1: follows quote. John Gardner must certainly have been a practical gardener, 210 00:12:21,720 --> 00:12:24,400 Speaker 1: as the poem is a series of most sensible and 211 00:12:24,480 --> 00:12:29,040 Speaker 1: reasonable instructions for growing fruits, herbs, and flowers, and his 212 00:12:29,120 --> 00:12:33,360 Speaker 1: work is singularly free from the superstitious beliefs in astrology, 213 00:12:33,520 --> 00:12:37,880 Speaker 1: and the extravagant fancies and experiments and grafting and rearing plants, 214 00:12:38,040 --> 00:12:41,480 Speaker 1: especially fruit trees, so prevalent in the writings of this 215 00:12:41,559 --> 00:12:46,240 Speaker 1: period that he was not skilled in making verses can 216 00:12:46,280 --> 00:12:49,920 Speaker 1: be seen by his poem. The lines frequently failed to scan, 217 00:12:50,480 --> 00:12:55,160 Speaker 1: and many of the rhymes are very imperfect. I love 218 00:12:55,160 --> 00:12:58,400 Speaker 1: that criticism. So to give you a taste, Gardener's Verse 219 00:12:58,480 --> 00:13:02,240 Speaker 1: begins with and this is kind of amended from its 220 00:13:02,240 --> 00:13:05,480 Speaker 1: its original language to be a little easier to understand. 221 00:13:05,520 --> 00:13:08,160 Speaker 1: But for the most part it's all there. How so 222 00:13:08,200 --> 00:13:10,880 Speaker 1: well a gardener b here, he may both here and 223 00:13:10,960 --> 00:13:13,840 Speaker 1: see every time of the year and of the month, 224 00:13:14,120 --> 00:13:17,120 Speaker 1: and how the craft shall be done, in what manner 225 00:13:17,160 --> 00:13:20,000 Speaker 1: he shall delve and set, both in drought and in wet, 226 00:13:20,360 --> 00:13:23,440 Speaker 1: How he shall his seeds. So of every month he 227 00:13:23,559 --> 00:13:27,160 Speaker 1: must know both of warts and of leek, onions, and 228 00:13:27,240 --> 00:13:32,040 Speaker 1: of garlic parsonally cleary, and also sage and all other herbage. 229 00:13:32,480 --> 00:13:35,080 Speaker 1: I want to say garlic as garlik. From now know 230 00:13:35,200 --> 00:13:41,000 Speaker 1: me too. So here's part of the section on grafting. 231 00:13:42,080 --> 00:13:45,160 Speaker 1: Thou must graft apple and pear from the month of 232 00:13:45,200 --> 00:13:49,439 Speaker 1: September to April. With a saw, thou shout the tree cut, 233 00:13:49,960 --> 00:13:53,800 Speaker 1: and with a knife smooth, make it clean between the 234 00:13:53,840 --> 00:13:56,680 Speaker 1: stock of the tree, wherein that thy graft shall be 235 00:13:57,400 --> 00:14:00,160 Speaker 1: Make the cutting of that graft between the new and 236 00:14:00,200 --> 00:14:03,800 Speaker 1: the old staff, so that it be made to life 237 00:14:04,440 --> 00:14:07,920 Speaker 1: as the bake. And the edge of a knife a wedge, 238 00:14:08,000 --> 00:14:11,160 Speaker 1: thou set in the midst of the tree, that every 239 00:14:11,240 --> 00:14:15,720 Speaker 1: side from other fleet, till it be opened wide, wherein 240 00:14:16,040 --> 00:14:20,680 Speaker 1: the graft shall be laid. I find this whole thing 241 00:14:20,680 --> 00:14:26,040 Speaker 1: incredibly charting. The oldest known botanical garden is the Botanical 242 00:14:26,080 --> 00:14:28,720 Speaker 1: Garden of Pizza that was established at the University of 243 00:14:28,760 --> 00:14:33,400 Speaker 1: Pisa to How's Luca Guinea of Imola's Herberarium close on 244 00:14:33,480 --> 00:14:37,360 Speaker 1: its heels. Another botanical garden was founded in five at 245 00:14:37,400 --> 00:14:41,680 Speaker 1: Padua University. The Orto Botanica was established to give the 246 00:14:41,720 --> 00:14:45,880 Speaker 1: medical school at Padua ready access to medicinal plants. The 247 00:14:45,920 --> 00:14:50,080 Speaker 1: Botanical Garden Padus still exists today as a teaching garden. 248 00:14:50,560 --> 00:14:53,960 Speaker 1: It has an estimated six thousand plants in its collection, 249 00:14:54,080 --> 00:14:57,080 Speaker 1: and it's also a UNESCO World Heritage Site and it's 250 00:14:57,080 --> 00:15:00,160 Speaker 1: open to the public. You know, sometimes see the had 251 00:15:00,200 --> 00:15:03,160 Speaker 1: you a garden list as the oldest. This is because 252 00:15:03,200 --> 00:15:06,720 Speaker 1: the piece of botanical garden has moved twice and in 253 00:15:06,880 --> 00:15:12,080 Speaker 1: relocating it forfeited that oldest title. Yeah, both sometimes get 254 00:15:12,440 --> 00:15:16,960 Speaker 1: get called the oldest. Uh, nobody seems too spun up 255 00:15:16,960 --> 00:15:21,280 Speaker 1: about it. During the early Renaissance in Europe, gardens expanded 256 00:15:21,280 --> 00:15:24,240 Speaker 1: in size as the next step to the grandeur of 257 00:15:24,280 --> 00:15:28,040 Speaker 1: expansive formal gardens. So during the High Renaissance was when 258 00:15:28,040 --> 00:15:31,600 Speaker 1: gardens really started to become more highly formalized, with those 259 00:15:31,640 --> 00:15:36,240 Speaker 1: intentions of creating huge visual spectacles that highlighted the grand 260 00:15:36,280 --> 00:15:40,560 Speaker 1: homes of families that could afford extravagant landscaping. So these 261 00:15:40,600 --> 00:15:44,160 Speaker 1: geometric designs were a display of both wealth and taste. 262 00:15:44,880 --> 00:15:48,200 Speaker 1: While we're not talking about Asia's gardening history so much 263 00:15:48,240 --> 00:15:51,000 Speaker 1: in this episode, we do need to note that it 264 00:15:51,080 --> 00:15:57,680 Speaker 1: was certainly influencing the Western world's gardening aesthetics. Essay written 265 00:15:57,680 --> 00:16:01,200 Speaker 1: by Sir William Temple really extolled virtues of the East 266 00:16:01,240 --> 00:16:04,800 Speaker 1: Asian gardening style, which was more in tune with nature 267 00:16:05,040 --> 00:16:08,920 Speaker 1: and not about forcing rigidity onto it. At the same 268 00:16:08,960 --> 00:16:13,160 Speaker 1: time that Andre Lenotro was lauded for his manicured masterpieces 269 00:16:13,200 --> 00:16:17,640 Speaker 1: at Versailles temples writing espoused the wisdom of a softer 270 00:16:17,840 --> 00:16:21,520 Speaker 1: design for gardens, and then over time some designers did 271 00:16:21,560 --> 00:16:25,560 Speaker 1: try to incorporate what they thought East Asian gardens might 272 00:16:25,600 --> 00:16:29,280 Speaker 1: look like in their own plots. Over time, English gardens 273 00:16:29,280 --> 00:16:34,360 Speaker 1: in particular adopted touches that referenced Chinese and Japanese gardens, 274 00:16:34,400 --> 00:16:40,360 Speaker 1: although again they were really usually referencing their imagined versions 275 00:16:40,400 --> 00:16:44,040 Speaker 1: of those cultures. Yeah, it was one of those instances 276 00:16:44,040 --> 00:16:48,480 Speaker 1: where these people had never seen gardens in China or Japan, 277 00:16:48,760 --> 00:16:52,320 Speaker 1: but they were like, I know, a pagoda, so they 278 00:16:52,320 --> 00:16:55,560 Speaker 1: would just drop it in their garden. Um kind of 279 00:16:55,560 --> 00:16:58,480 Speaker 1: a messy, messy way to do it. And this is 280 00:16:58,560 --> 00:17:01,320 Speaker 1: where we're actually going to transition back to North America. 281 00:17:01,600 --> 00:17:05,600 Speaker 1: So when Spanish ships landed at St. Augustine, Florida, starting 282 00:17:05,600 --> 00:17:08,520 Speaker 1: in fifteen sixty five, they brought with them both plants 283 00:17:08,560 --> 00:17:11,120 Speaker 1: that were native to Spain and others that they had 284 00:17:11,160 --> 00:17:14,520 Speaker 1: collected on their journey, which they then cultivated in this 285 00:17:14,600 --> 00:17:17,919 Speaker 1: new place. And this was the first of many integrations 286 00:17:17,920 --> 00:17:20,880 Speaker 1: of non native plant life with plants that naturally grew 287 00:17:20,880 --> 00:17:24,320 Speaker 1: in the area. The gardens and crops of the early 288 00:17:24,440 --> 00:17:27,919 Speaker 1: pilgrims in North America were widely known to have been 289 00:17:27,960 --> 00:17:32,359 Speaker 1: successful thanks to knowledge they got from the wampanag and 290 00:17:32,440 --> 00:17:35,040 Speaker 1: the difference between the soil of New England and the 291 00:17:35,080 --> 00:17:38,639 Speaker 1: soil of England is really significant, and while many of 292 00:17:38,680 --> 00:17:42,080 Speaker 1: these people had plenty of gardening and farming knowledge from 293 00:17:42,119 --> 00:17:45,040 Speaker 1: back into England, it really did not transfer across the 294 00:17:45,080 --> 00:17:48,240 Speaker 1: Atlantic in a way that could have sustained them. We 295 00:17:48,320 --> 00:17:51,400 Speaker 1: mentioned the three sisters method earlier, and this is where 296 00:17:51,480 --> 00:17:56,400 Speaker 1: that technique started to be incorporated by European colonists. Incidentally, 297 00:17:56,440 --> 00:17:59,359 Speaker 1: the success of these crops not only fed the early 298 00:17:59,480 --> 00:18:02,640 Speaker 1: arrivals the colonies, but it also enabled them to ferment 299 00:18:02,680 --> 00:18:06,560 Speaker 1: their own alcohol, something that was culturally important to English 300 00:18:06,560 --> 00:18:10,320 Speaker 1: and other European colonists from the very beginning. As the 301 00:18:10,359 --> 00:18:13,720 Speaker 1: colonies continued to expand, of course, so did their horticulture. 302 00:18:14,280 --> 00:18:17,320 Speaker 1: In the Jamestown Colony of Virginia, seeds were used to 303 00:18:17,359 --> 00:18:19,760 Speaker 1: start gardens that would mirror some of the items that 304 00:18:19,800 --> 00:18:23,120 Speaker 1: colonists had been accustomed to in their own home gardens 305 00:18:23,160 --> 00:18:26,720 Speaker 1: back in England, and they also integrated plants in their 306 00:18:26,720 --> 00:18:30,240 Speaker 1: gardens based on their learnings from the Native American population. 307 00:18:30,400 --> 00:18:34,000 Speaker 1: So that included large scale growings of things like tobacco 308 00:18:34,119 --> 00:18:38,000 Speaker 1: and corn, as well as growing squash and native being varieties. 309 00:18:38,960 --> 00:18:42,840 Speaker 1: One of the earliest laws in the colonies that involved 310 00:18:42,920 --> 00:18:46,960 Speaker 1: plants was passed in sixteen thirty nine in the Jamestown 311 00:18:47,000 --> 00:18:50,320 Speaker 1: Settlement and that required anyone who had a certain acreage 312 00:18:50,359 --> 00:18:53,600 Speaker 1: to plant an orchard and also to have a fenced garden. 313 00:18:54,200 --> 00:18:57,320 Speaker 1: A popular garden for North American colonists was the so 314 00:18:57,440 --> 00:19:00,359 Speaker 1: called dooryard garden that means like a small hatch of 315 00:19:00,400 --> 00:19:04,080 Speaker 1: plants right outside the homes front doorway, and that offered 316 00:19:04,160 --> 00:19:08,400 Speaker 1: vegetables and herbs for the household. This idea continued well 317 00:19:08,440 --> 00:19:10,960 Speaker 1: beyond this into the eighteen hundreds. As people started to 318 00:19:11,040 --> 00:19:14,240 Speaker 1: migrate west, dooryard gardens gave way to what are called 319 00:19:14,320 --> 00:19:17,200 Speaker 1: kitchen gardens. Those are the same basic idea, but sometimes 320 00:19:17,200 --> 00:19:19,280 Speaker 1: they tended to be a bit larger than a dooryard 321 00:19:19,280 --> 00:19:23,120 Speaker 1: garden to include more food plants, because as we got 322 00:19:23,160 --> 00:19:25,520 Speaker 1: further and further away from established places, there were, of 323 00:19:25,520 --> 00:19:29,000 Speaker 1: course fewer options to procure produce elsewhere you kind of 324 00:19:29,040 --> 00:19:31,919 Speaker 1: had to do it all yourself. Fruit trees were sometimes 325 00:19:31,960 --> 00:19:34,960 Speaker 1: included in these gardens along with the vegetables and herbs. 326 00:19:35,359 --> 00:19:38,760 Speaker 1: By the eighteen hundreds, as these settlements turned into towns, 327 00:19:39,040 --> 00:19:42,919 Speaker 1: residents were less immediately dependent on growing their own food, 328 00:19:43,400 --> 00:19:45,680 Speaker 1: and so some of the gardens shifted their makeup to 329 00:19:45,840 --> 00:19:48,560 Speaker 1: included things that were planted just because they were pretty. 330 00:19:48,960 --> 00:19:51,280 Speaker 1: And this also marks the rise in the US of 331 00:19:51,320 --> 00:19:55,000 Speaker 1: an entire industry of plant breeders who could specialize in 332 00:19:55,080 --> 00:19:59,359 Speaker 1: growing and reproducing hardy plants with disease and pest resistance, 333 00:19:59,720 --> 00:20:02,200 Speaker 1: and and they could ship seeds or plants to growers 334 00:20:02,240 --> 00:20:05,879 Speaker 1: around the expanding country. If you recall our episode on 335 00:20:05,960 --> 00:20:08,520 Speaker 1: Jewel Roberts point Set, this was around the time that 336 00:20:08,560 --> 00:20:10,440 Speaker 1: he was sending samples of what would come to be 337 00:20:10,480 --> 00:20:12,880 Speaker 1: known points Set, as as well as other plants from 338 00:20:12,880 --> 00:20:16,160 Speaker 1: Mexico to the US, and after that point, point cet 339 00:20:16,320 --> 00:20:19,879 Speaker 1: Is exploded in popularity. At this point, it wasn't just 340 00:20:20,040 --> 00:20:23,080 Speaker 1: wealthy people like points Set who were interested in plants 341 00:20:23,160 --> 00:20:26,879 Speaker 1: as a hobby. Leisure gardening became popular in the US 342 00:20:26,960 --> 00:20:31,199 Speaker 1: as people all across the socioeconomic spectrum started growing plants 343 00:20:31,200 --> 00:20:34,679 Speaker 1: for ornamental use, and flowers started to be cultivated by 344 00:20:34,680 --> 00:20:38,320 Speaker 1: home gardeners even more than fruits or vegetables. Coming up, 345 00:20:38,400 --> 00:20:41,320 Speaker 1: we will talk about the rise of botanical gardens and 346 00:20:41,480 --> 00:20:44,760 Speaker 1: seed companies in North America, and we'll dive into that 347 00:20:44,920 --> 00:20:47,399 Speaker 1: after a pause for a word from some of the 348 00:20:47,480 --> 00:20:50,600 Speaker 1: sponsors that keep stuff you missed in history class going. 349 00:20:58,240 --> 00:21:01,399 Speaker 1: The Colonies got their first botanic garden in seventeen twenty 350 00:21:01,440 --> 00:21:05,240 Speaker 1: eight in Philadelphia. Its founder was quaker John Bartram, a 351 00:21:05,280 --> 00:21:08,639 Speaker 1: friend of Benjamin Franklin, and Bartram used his contacts in 352 00:21:08,680 --> 00:21:12,280 Speaker 1: London to trade seeds back and forth, so North American 353 00:21:12,359 --> 00:21:14,920 Speaker 1: plants were being exported to Europe at the same time 354 00:21:14,960 --> 00:21:18,679 Speaker 1: European plants were being sent to the Colonies. Bartram is 355 00:21:18,680 --> 00:21:22,080 Speaker 1: credited with sending dozens of plants species to Europe for 356 00:21:22,119 --> 00:21:25,000 Speaker 1: the first time and was granted the title of Royal 357 00:21:25,040 --> 00:21:29,440 Speaker 1: Botanist by King George the Third. Bartram's Garden still exists 358 00:21:29,520 --> 00:21:32,600 Speaker 1: and it is open to the public. Flushing, New York, 359 00:21:32,680 --> 00:21:35,800 Speaker 1: was home to the first commercial nursery in the Colonies 360 00:21:36,200 --> 00:21:39,159 Speaker 1: that was opened by Robert Prince in seventeen thirty seven. 361 00:21:40,080 --> 00:21:44,080 Speaker 1: That nursery, like Bartram's business, imported and exported plants and 362 00:21:44,240 --> 00:21:48,120 Speaker 1: seeds both with Europe and with Australia, and also offered 363 00:21:48,280 --> 00:21:53,080 Speaker 1: ornamentals and grafted fruit trees for sale. Prince's expansive cherry 364 00:21:53,160 --> 00:21:56,000 Speaker 1: orchard was the source of ten thousand trees worth of 365 00:21:56,080 --> 00:22:00,240 Speaker 1: barrel making wood. During the Revolutionary War, Princess nur story 366 00:22:00,280 --> 00:22:03,199 Speaker 1: was seen is so valuable during this conflict between the 367 00:22:03,200 --> 00:22:06,879 Speaker 1: Colonies and England that British General Lord how commanded that 368 00:22:06,960 --> 00:22:10,639 Speaker 1: it be protected. The Prince Nursery operated for a hundred 369 00:22:10,640 --> 00:22:14,879 Speaker 1: and thirty years. As we know, throughout colonization in early 370 00:22:14,920 --> 00:22:18,080 Speaker 1: US history, there have been enslaved people going all the 371 00:22:18,119 --> 00:22:21,640 Speaker 1: way back to the sixteen hundreds, and gardening was part 372 00:22:21,640 --> 00:22:24,399 Speaker 1: of the enslaved population's life. This has come up on 373 00:22:24,440 --> 00:22:26,359 Speaker 1: the show before a couple of times, and I wanted 374 00:22:26,400 --> 00:22:28,919 Speaker 1: to make sure we touched on it again. For example, 375 00:22:28,960 --> 00:22:31,440 Speaker 1: when we had journalist and cookbook author and burn On 376 00:22:31,560 --> 00:22:34,760 Speaker 1: to talk about her historical baking books, particularly the one 377 00:22:34,760 --> 00:22:38,360 Speaker 1: on cookies American Cookie, she mentioned benny seeds that traveled 378 00:22:38,359 --> 00:22:41,840 Speaker 1: to North America in the pockets of enslaved people. And 379 00:22:41,920 --> 00:22:45,479 Speaker 1: in Holly's interview with Sarah Roberts of the Atlanta History Center, 380 00:22:45,600 --> 00:22:48,480 Speaker 1: she talked about the enslaved people's garden that's part of 381 00:22:48,560 --> 00:22:52,280 Speaker 1: Smith Farm at the History Center and how it recreates 382 00:22:52,320 --> 00:22:56,200 Speaker 1: the subsistence gardening that was often a necessity for enslaved 383 00:22:56,240 --> 00:23:00,359 Speaker 1: people to ensure that their food supply was supplemented with 384 00:23:00,440 --> 00:23:03,760 Speaker 1: fresh produce and herbs. To reiterate what Sarah told us 385 00:23:03,760 --> 00:23:07,000 Speaker 1: in that interview, allowing the enslaved workforce to maintain their 386 00:23:07,000 --> 00:23:09,720 Speaker 1: own small crops was not a magnanimous move on the 387 00:23:09,760 --> 00:23:12,679 Speaker 1: part of enslavers. This was a means to ensure that 388 00:23:12,720 --> 00:23:16,440 Speaker 1: the enslaved people retained a connection to place and minimize 389 00:23:16,480 --> 00:23:20,040 Speaker 1: the likelihood that they would try to escape. Additionally, these 390 00:23:20,040 --> 00:23:23,080 Speaker 1: gardens not only yielded food for the enslaved community, but 391 00:23:23,240 --> 00:23:27,119 Speaker 1: in cases of particularly successful yields, it sometimes created a 392 00:23:27,200 --> 00:23:29,280 Speaker 1: means to earn a little bit of money by selling 393 00:23:29,280 --> 00:23:32,320 Speaker 1: off the surplus. This is one of those things that 394 00:23:32,320 --> 00:23:35,880 Speaker 1: that can come across. As you just noted as as 395 00:23:35,960 --> 00:23:39,719 Speaker 1: being magnanimous, but it was also putting some of the 396 00:23:39,760 --> 00:23:44,399 Speaker 1: onus on enslaved people to provide their own food for themselves. 397 00:23:44,440 --> 00:23:49,080 Speaker 1: It's like players, yeah, and also knowing like, hey, your 398 00:23:49,160 --> 00:23:51,720 Speaker 1: beans are going to be ready in two months, so 399 00:23:51,800 --> 00:23:54,280 Speaker 1: you're probably going to be I don't have to worry 400 00:23:54,280 --> 00:23:56,080 Speaker 1: about you trying to get away in the next two months. 401 00:23:56,119 --> 00:23:59,920 Speaker 1: You know, this is important. Throughout the history of gardening 402 00:24:00,000 --> 00:24:03,520 Speaker 1: in North America. Enslaved labor was used for most of 403 00:24:03,560 --> 00:24:07,280 Speaker 1: the grand landscapes and many of the less grand that 404 00:24:07,359 --> 00:24:10,840 Speaker 1: were created by colonists and early Americans. This came up 405 00:24:10,840 --> 00:24:13,240 Speaker 1: in our White House to partner, but it really applies 406 00:24:13,280 --> 00:24:15,880 Speaker 1: to most of the historical homes that we think of 407 00:24:16,000 --> 00:24:19,480 Speaker 1: when we think of the founders and very wealthy European colonists. 408 00:24:20,000 --> 00:24:23,600 Speaker 1: In the late seventeen hundreds, dedicated seed stores began to 409 00:24:23,640 --> 00:24:26,960 Speaker 1: open around the United States. The d land Ruth Seed 410 00:24:27,000 --> 00:24:30,800 Speaker 1: Company opened in Philadelphia in seventeen eighty four and eventually 411 00:24:30,840 --> 00:24:35,560 Speaker 1: had George Washington and Thomas Jefferson as customers. Jefferson also 412 00:24:35,600 --> 00:24:39,520 Speaker 1: patronized another Philadelphia seed company that was run by Bernard McMahon. 413 00:24:39,680 --> 00:24:44,280 Speaker 1: That one opened in seventeen The first seed pamphlet was 414 00:24:44,359 --> 00:24:47,560 Speaker 1: created by G. Thornburn and Son's Seed and flooris Shop 415 00:24:47,960 --> 00:24:51,160 Speaker 1: that operated in New York City starting in eighteen o two. 416 00:24:51,920 --> 00:24:56,399 Speaker 1: As plants and seeds marketed to individual gardeners continued to 417 00:24:56,520 --> 00:25:00,440 Speaker 1: grow in popularity in the US, so did large scale 418 00:25:00,560 --> 00:25:05,159 Speaker 1: gardens and landscapes. In eighteen twenty the US Botanic Garden 419 00:25:05,240 --> 00:25:08,240 Speaker 1: was founded in Washington, d c. By an Act of Congress. 420 00:25:08,840 --> 00:25:12,040 Speaker 1: At the same time, gardens cemeteries started to be popular, 421 00:25:12,200 --> 00:25:15,680 Speaker 1: and large parks in the formal European style like Central 422 00:25:15,720 --> 00:25:19,199 Speaker 1: Park and Prospect Parks in Manhattan and Brooklyn, all of 423 00:25:19,240 --> 00:25:22,119 Speaker 1: those started to develop. Yeah, you see how, just like 424 00:25:22,200 --> 00:25:25,600 Speaker 1: the idea of gardens started to gain more and more 425 00:25:25,680 --> 00:25:31,000 Speaker 1: value as a culturally important part of uh US identity 426 00:25:31,080 --> 00:25:34,400 Speaker 1: and for the home gardener, there were also just more possibilities. 427 00:25:34,520 --> 00:25:37,399 Speaker 1: For one, people started moving out of the most dense 428 00:25:37,480 --> 00:25:40,640 Speaker 1: areas of cities and to less crowded areas where they 429 00:25:40,640 --> 00:25:43,720 Speaker 1: had more of their own green space to cultivate. It 430 00:25:43,760 --> 00:25:46,439 Speaker 1: also became quite popular in the mid eighteen hundreds for 431 00:25:46,520 --> 00:25:49,639 Speaker 1: wealthy families that lived in the city to purchase country home, 432 00:25:49,840 --> 00:25:52,159 Speaker 1: so even though they were city dwellers, they had a 433 00:25:52,160 --> 00:25:55,720 Speaker 1: place to garden, or in many cases have their enslaved 434 00:25:55,720 --> 00:25:59,320 Speaker 1: workforce or their staff do the gardening for them. In 435 00:25:59,480 --> 00:26:04,040 Speaker 1: eighteen sixty, natural pesticides made from things like dried and 436 00:26:04,200 --> 00:26:07,480 Speaker 1: powdered chrysanthemums started to be offered to home growers to 437 00:26:07,520 --> 00:26:12,240 Speaker 1: control insects in the garden. Chrysanthemums contain a naturally occurring 438 00:26:12,320 --> 00:26:16,560 Speaker 1: chemical compound known as pyrethrine, and that impacts the insect 439 00:26:16,680 --> 00:26:21,240 Speaker 1: nervous system, causing paralysis and then death. So small scale 440 00:26:21,320 --> 00:26:25,320 Speaker 1: gardeners had more success at raising plants, and that bolstered 441 00:26:25,400 --> 00:26:28,879 Speaker 1: interest in gardening even more. In the eighteen seventies, two 442 00:26:28,920 --> 00:26:31,520 Speaker 1: things happened that gave the home gardener in the US 443 00:26:31,640 --> 00:26:34,560 Speaker 1: both more information and more to work with when planning 444 00:26:34,560 --> 00:26:38,920 Speaker 1: their plots of flowers and produce. First, the Philadelphia Sentennial 445 00:26:39,000 --> 00:26:43,080 Speaker 1: Exposition of eighteen seventy six featured a massive horticultural hall 446 00:26:43,560 --> 00:26:46,639 Speaker 1: that was inspired by Paxton's Crystal Palace from the eighteen 447 00:26:46,640 --> 00:26:51,520 Speaker 1: fifty one London Exposition. That hall contained exhibit after exhibit 448 00:26:51,560 --> 00:26:55,160 Speaker 1: of plants and tools, and demonstrations and gardening that were 449 00:26:55,160 --> 00:26:58,680 Speaker 1: meant to appeal both to professional gardeners and to home amateurs. 450 00:26:59,359 --> 00:27:01,240 Speaker 1: In the wake of the U S Civil War, people 451 00:27:01,240 --> 00:27:04,640 Speaker 1: were really eager for the escape of the expo. It's 452 00:27:04,760 --> 00:27:08,280 Speaker 1: estimated that one thousand people attended the opening speech that 453 00:27:08,359 --> 00:27:11,320 Speaker 1: was given by President Ulysses S. Grant, and that ten 454 00:27:11,400 --> 00:27:14,560 Speaker 1: million visitors attended the expo over the course of its 455 00:27:14,600 --> 00:27:17,959 Speaker 1: six month run. The other development of the late eighteen 456 00:27:18,000 --> 00:27:21,040 Speaker 1: seventies was another seed business, and this one has a 457 00:27:21,160 --> 00:27:24,520 Speaker 1: name that folks will probably be familiar with, even if 458 00:27:24,600 --> 00:27:28,760 Speaker 1: you only have the most casual knowledge of gardening, and 459 00:27:28,800 --> 00:27:32,720 Speaker 1: its founder had attended the expo and was just beyond inspired. 460 00:27:33,440 --> 00:27:36,479 Speaker 1: W at Lee Burpy was only eighteen when he went 461 00:27:36,520 --> 00:27:39,679 Speaker 1: to this expo and was expected to continue on with 462 00:27:39,720 --> 00:27:43,919 Speaker 1: the family poultry and livestock business. He was so deeply 463 00:27:44,000 --> 00:27:49,080 Speaker 1: interested in gardening and particularly breeding plants. He had studied 464 00:27:49,119 --> 00:27:53,120 Speaker 1: plant genetics alongside animal genetics as he prepared for his career. 465 00:27:53,600 --> 00:27:57,840 Speaker 1: He had probably read Gregor Mendel's experiments with plant hybrids 466 00:27:57,920 --> 00:28:00,719 Speaker 1: and had done some experimenting on his own. So in 467 00:28:00,800 --> 00:28:05,080 Speaker 1: eighteen seventy eight he founded the w at Lee Burpee Company, 468 00:28:05,119 --> 00:28:07,879 Speaker 1: but at the time it focused at first on poultry 469 00:28:07,920 --> 00:28:10,760 Speaker 1: and then other livestock. But within just a few years 470 00:28:10,920 --> 00:28:14,239 Speaker 1: Burpie had added seeds to his offerings, and soon he 471 00:28:14,280 --> 00:28:17,119 Speaker 1: was shipping seeds and plants throughout the Northeast and the 472 00:28:17,160 --> 00:28:19,520 Speaker 1: Plain States, and he had to hustle to keep up 473 00:28:19,560 --> 00:28:22,920 Speaker 1: with demand. Burpie also made a trip to Europe every 474 00:28:22,960 --> 00:28:26,119 Speaker 1: year to tour the continent and meet with other horticulturalists, 475 00:28:26,200 --> 00:28:28,919 Speaker 1: and he would use his notes from these trips, along 476 00:28:28,920 --> 00:28:30,960 Speaker 1: with the stock that he acquired along the way, to 477 00:28:31,080 --> 00:28:35,200 Speaker 1: write each Burpee catalog. Of course, Burbie seeds are still 478 00:28:35,200 --> 00:28:37,160 Speaker 1: easy to find today. You can find them at home 479 00:28:37,200 --> 00:28:40,080 Speaker 1: and garden centers, big box stores. You can buy them online. 480 00:28:40,400 --> 00:28:42,760 Speaker 1: They're kind of like the I would guess the most 481 00:28:42,840 --> 00:28:46,360 Speaker 1: common name in seeds. As all these seed companies were 482 00:28:46,480 --> 00:28:50,120 Speaker 1: established and demand for seeds group, people started to see 483 00:28:50,120 --> 00:28:55,240 Speaker 1: a need for a trade organization for seedsmen uh and 484 00:28:55,320 --> 00:28:58,400 Speaker 1: the result was the formation of the American Seed Trade 485 00:28:58,440 --> 00:29:02,000 Speaker 1: Association in eighteen eighties three that still exists. It's one 486 00:29:02,040 --> 00:29:05,280 Speaker 1: of the oldest trade organizations in the country that was 487 00:29:05,320 --> 00:29:09,160 Speaker 1: founded to address issues like tariffs and established guidelines for 488 00:29:09,320 --> 00:29:13,200 Speaker 1: claims against seed performance. Today, the a s t A 489 00:29:13,360 --> 00:29:17,040 Speaker 1: states its mission is quote to be an effective voice 490 00:29:17,040 --> 00:29:20,320 Speaker 1: of action in all matters concerning the development, marketing, and 491 00:29:20,440 --> 00:29:24,480 Speaker 1: movement of seed associated products and services throughout the world. 492 00:29:25,080 --> 00:29:27,520 Speaker 1: A s t A promotes the development of better seed 493 00:29:27,600 --> 00:29:30,480 Speaker 1: to produce better crops for a better quality of life. 494 00:29:30,920 --> 00:29:33,680 Speaker 1: The first women's garden club in the US formed in 495 00:29:33,760 --> 00:29:37,520 Speaker 1: eight one not far from me, that's in Athens. Georgia, 496 00:29:37,760 --> 00:29:40,880 Speaker 1: and soon garden clubs like it had popped up throughout 497 00:29:40,880 --> 00:29:44,440 Speaker 1: the country, and in nineteen thirteen, several of those garden 498 00:29:44,480 --> 00:29:47,760 Speaker 1: clubs joined together in Chestnut Hill, Pennsylvania to form the 499 00:29:47,800 --> 00:29:52,400 Speaker 1: Garden Club of America. Gardeners Elizabeth Martin and Ernestine Goodman 500 00:29:52,480 --> 00:29:54,960 Speaker 1: had founded the Garden Club of Philadelphia in the early 501 00:29:55,040 --> 00:29:58,840 Speaker 1: nineteen hundreds, but their move to form this larger coalition 502 00:29:59,040 --> 00:30:02,920 Speaker 1: enabled deeper in gagement on issues beyond merely cultivating one's 503 00:30:02,960 --> 00:30:06,480 Speaker 1: own personal garden, and the group's ideals have remained more 504 00:30:06,560 --> 00:30:09,600 Speaker 1: or less the same. To stimulate the knowledge and love 505 00:30:09,640 --> 00:30:13,680 Speaker 1: of gardening among amateurs, to share the advantages of association 506 00:30:13,760 --> 00:30:17,520 Speaker 1: through conference and correspondence in this country and abroad, to 507 00:30:17,720 --> 00:30:20,400 Speaker 1: aid in the protection of native plants and birds, and 508 00:30:20,440 --> 00:30:24,520 Speaker 1: to encourage civic planting. Today, the g c A offers 509 00:30:24,560 --> 00:30:28,480 Speaker 1: merit based scholarships in a variety of horticulturally related fields, 510 00:30:28,520 --> 00:30:32,520 Speaker 1: promotes conservation, and traces the history of gardens throughout the US, 511 00:30:32,640 --> 00:30:36,360 Speaker 1: among other efforts. As the nineteenth century came to a close, 512 00:30:36,560 --> 00:30:40,520 Speaker 1: the placement of the home garden shifted. Up to this point, 513 00:30:40,640 --> 00:30:43,760 Speaker 1: outside the front door had continued to be the usual 514 00:30:43,880 --> 00:30:46,680 Speaker 1: place that a person would probably find a home garden. 515 00:30:47,360 --> 00:30:50,200 Speaker 1: But a new concept came into favor that replaced the 516 00:30:50,240 --> 00:30:54,280 Speaker 1: dooryard garden, and that was the lawn. The lawn fell 517 00:30:54,320 --> 00:30:57,360 Speaker 1: in line with a Victorian trend of formality and aesthetic 518 00:30:57,440 --> 00:31:00,720 Speaker 1: that quickly traveled across the Atlantic to the US, and 519 00:31:00,760 --> 00:31:03,400 Speaker 1: while there were still ornamentals grown in the front yard 520 00:31:03,400 --> 00:31:06,680 Speaker 1: at this time, the structured nature of lawn landscaping for 521 00:31:06,800 --> 00:31:10,000 Speaker 1: homes meant that a lot of urban vegetable gardening, as 522 00:31:10,000 --> 00:31:12,600 Speaker 1: well as some flower gardening, just kind of shifted around 523 00:31:12,640 --> 00:31:14,680 Speaker 1: to the back of the side of the house. In 524 00:31:14,800 --> 00:31:18,520 Speaker 1: nineteen o two, a school garden initiative was started by 525 00:31:18,600 --> 00:31:23,360 Speaker 1: Fanny Griscom Parsons. Initially launched on a plot in Manhattan's 526 00:31:23,400 --> 00:31:27,800 Speaker 1: Hell's Kitchen neighborhood, the project aside small garden plots to 527 00:31:27,840 --> 00:31:30,640 Speaker 1: the students. Each student was given a four by eight 528 00:31:30,640 --> 00:31:34,160 Speaker 1: plot to grow an assortment of vegetables. The idea was 529 00:31:34,240 --> 00:31:38,040 Speaker 1: that the hundreds of city dwelling students who participated would 530 00:31:38,080 --> 00:31:41,320 Speaker 1: learn to work together and become connected to nature, while 531 00:31:41,400 --> 00:31:45,920 Speaker 1: also beautifying a portion of the city. This program expanded 532 00:31:45,960 --> 00:31:49,280 Speaker 1: and moved to a space in DeWitt Park and Parsons 533 00:31:49,280 --> 00:31:52,560 Speaker 1: started lecturing on school gardens to teachers. She actually became 534 00:31:52,600 --> 00:31:55,840 Speaker 1: director of the Bureau of School Farms in nineteen ten, 535 00:31:56,520 --> 00:31:58,520 Speaker 1: and that was a program that lasted until the early 536 00:31:58,600 --> 00:32:02,120 Speaker 1: nineteen thirties. During World War One, many of these school 537 00:32:02,120 --> 00:32:05,760 Speaker 1: gardens were dedicated exclusively to growing vegetables to help the 538 00:32:05,800 --> 00:32:10,600 Speaker 1: war effort. Promotional posters read joined the United States School 539 00:32:10,640 --> 00:32:15,200 Speaker 1: Garden Army. Beyond schools, Americans were encouraged to grow gardens 540 00:32:15,240 --> 00:32:18,800 Speaker 1: to supplement their rationed allotment of food. At the beginning 541 00:32:18,840 --> 00:32:22,560 Speaker 1: of the twentieth century, a trend which has recently cycled 542 00:32:22,560 --> 00:32:26,760 Speaker 1: back into favor began in the form of more natural gardens. 543 00:32:26,800 --> 00:32:29,880 Speaker 1: The structure and formality that had really dominated the late 544 00:32:29,880 --> 00:32:32,800 Speaker 1: eighteen hundred started to fall out of favor, and they 545 00:32:32,800 --> 00:32:36,040 Speaker 1: were replaced with efforts to grow more native plants and 546 00:32:36,160 --> 00:32:39,760 Speaker 1: pleasing arrangements, and a desire to soften the hard lines 547 00:32:39,880 --> 00:32:43,360 Speaker 1: to match the natural form of the surrounding landscape. In 548 00:32:43,480 --> 00:32:48,360 Speaker 1: n two, the American Horticultural Society was started. Similar to 549 00:32:48,400 --> 00:32:51,560 Speaker 1: how the Garden Club of America formed, This nonprofit group 550 00:32:51,680 --> 00:32:55,840 Speaker 1: came together to combine the existing American Horticultural Society. The 551 00:32:55,960 --> 00:33:00,760 Speaker 1: National Horticultural Society and the American Horticultural Council. The a 552 00:33:01,040 --> 00:33:03,880 Speaker 1: h S continues today with a mission to quote share 553 00:33:03,920 --> 00:33:07,520 Speaker 1: with all Americans the critical role of plants, gardens, and 554 00:33:07,680 --> 00:33:12,520 Speaker 1: green spaces in creating healthy, livable communities and a sustainable planet. 555 00:33:13,160 --> 00:33:16,800 Speaker 1: During World War Two, Americans were once again encouraged to 556 00:33:17,000 --> 00:33:20,760 Speaker 1: grow vitamins at your kitchen door by planting victory gardens. 557 00:33:21,160 --> 00:33:23,480 Speaker 1: The White House had its own victory garden, and the 558 00:33:23,560 --> 00:33:27,160 Speaker 1: idea became symbolic of the American spirit. And as we've 559 00:33:27,240 --> 00:33:30,560 Speaker 1: mentioned on the show before, many Japanese Americans who were 560 00:33:30,560 --> 00:33:34,000 Speaker 1: incarcerated in internment camps by the US as part of 561 00:33:34,040 --> 00:33:38,080 Speaker 1: Executive Order ninety grew their own gardens at the camps. 562 00:33:38,720 --> 00:33:42,560 Speaker 1: The post war suburb boom saw another surge in personal gardens. 563 00:33:43,120 --> 00:33:45,040 Speaker 1: The yard space that a lot of people had for 564 00:33:45,080 --> 00:33:48,520 Speaker 1: the first time was used largely for ornamental purposes. It 565 00:33:48,560 --> 00:33:52,320 Speaker 1: was connected to this growing idea of leisure living. But 566 00:33:52,360 --> 00:33:55,240 Speaker 1: then in the second half of the twentieth century, activism 567 00:33:55,240 --> 00:33:58,920 Speaker 1: around conservation led to new initiatives and trends in gardening. 568 00:33:59,280 --> 00:34:02,440 Speaker 1: As the focus, a lot of plant enthusiasts turned away 569 00:34:02,480 --> 00:34:06,440 Speaker 1: from just cultivating private gardens and toward projects that enriched 570 00:34:06,480 --> 00:34:10,839 Speaker 1: their communities and reclaimed green spaces in densely populated areas. 571 00:34:11,320 --> 00:34:15,120 Speaker 1: This is also an arrow when gardening television shows, which 572 00:34:15,120 --> 00:34:18,600 Speaker 1: have existed from just about the beginning of broadcast TV, 573 00:34:19,160 --> 00:34:22,360 Speaker 1: really took off in a big way. If you watch HDTV, 574 00:34:22,560 --> 00:34:25,759 Speaker 1: you can thank earlier shows like The Victory Garden, which 575 00:34:25,840 --> 00:34:29,560 Speaker 1: started running on PBS in the mid nineties seventies and 576 00:34:29,680 --> 00:34:33,640 Speaker 1: was definitely part of my childhood mine too, and they 577 00:34:33,680 --> 00:34:36,440 Speaker 1: I haven't watched it, but I believe they have relaunched 578 00:34:36,440 --> 00:34:39,719 Speaker 1: a new version of it, so I'm curious about it. Today, 579 00:34:39,880 --> 00:34:43,160 Speaker 1: gardening seems to be more popular and more varied than ever. 580 00:34:43,360 --> 00:34:45,399 Speaker 1: Part of this, of course, is because everyone was stuck 581 00:34:45,400 --> 00:34:47,960 Speaker 1: at home for the last year and suddenly was like, 582 00:34:48,000 --> 00:34:52,120 Speaker 1: I could grow some stuff. And while some people tend 583 00:34:52,160 --> 00:34:56,600 Speaker 1: to specialize plants in their greenhouses, others helped manage wild 584 00:34:56,680 --> 00:34:59,759 Speaker 1: growth gardens, and yet others create their own topiaries in 585 00:34:59,760 --> 00:35:01,959 Speaker 1: their yards. One of our neighbors has gotten vary into 586 00:35:01,960 --> 00:35:05,360 Speaker 1: topiaries during the pandemic. Uh Some people grow squash and 587 00:35:05,480 --> 00:35:08,640 Speaker 1: raised beds, or grow small container gardens, or there are 588 00:35:08,640 --> 00:35:10,719 Speaker 1: plenty of people that just have a lamp system to 589 00:35:10,760 --> 00:35:13,080 Speaker 1: grow fresh herbs in their kitchen. There is a way 590 00:35:13,080 --> 00:35:16,600 Speaker 1: for almost anyone who wants to garden to engage with 591 00:35:16,640 --> 00:35:19,799 Speaker 1: it at whatever level they're comfortable with. UH. And all 592 00:35:19,880 --> 00:35:23,440 Speaker 1: of these possibilities are really part of this long history. 593 00:35:23,960 --> 00:35:27,000 Speaker 1: A lot of the produced varieties that we grow today 594 00:35:27,080 --> 00:35:30,440 Speaker 1: have been grown in some form or another for centuries 595 00:35:30,560 --> 00:35:34,480 Speaker 1: or even millennia. As just one example, onions have been 596 00:35:34,480 --> 00:35:37,440 Speaker 1: grown for at least five thousand years, although whether they 597 00:35:37,440 --> 00:35:40,920 Speaker 1: originated in the area that's modern day Pakistan or in 598 00:35:41,000 --> 00:35:45,200 Speaker 1: Central Asia, that's a matter of debate. Onions were buried 599 00:35:45,200 --> 00:35:48,560 Speaker 1: with the pharaohs of Egypt. They appear in medical texts 600 00:35:48,600 --> 00:35:52,160 Speaker 1: in India going back to the sixth century. And as 601 00:35:52,200 --> 00:35:54,640 Speaker 1: we talked about at length in our episode on roses, 602 00:35:54,680 --> 00:35:58,759 Speaker 1: if you're growing ornamental flowers, you're benefiting from centuries of 603 00:35:58,800 --> 00:36:02,120 Speaker 1: work to create hart pretty beautiful plants. So when you're 604 00:36:02,120 --> 00:36:04,920 Speaker 1: working on your own garden or your community garden or whatever, 605 00:36:05,400 --> 00:36:08,960 Speaker 1: you are a link in this ongoing historical chain of 606 00:36:08,960 --> 00:36:12,960 Speaker 1: people growing stuff. Yes, I love it. That's why I 607 00:36:13,000 --> 00:36:16,520 Speaker 1: love gardening so much. UM, and please please let my 608 00:36:16,600 --> 00:36:20,520 Speaker 1: tomatoes work this year, Oh dear, I have a really 609 00:36:21,000 --> 00:36:23,799 Speaker 1: I need to get an expert involved because I have 610 00:36:23,880 --> 00:36:26,719 Speaker 1: a history of um having some very near missrs and 611 00:36:26,800 --> 00:36:28,800 Speaker 1: plant failures. We can talk about it during the behind 612 00:36:28,800 --> 00:36:32,440 Speaker 1: the scenes on Friday, but that is our our very brief. 613 00:36:32,480 --> 00:36:35,479 Speaker 1: I mean, there's so much detail you could dive into 614 00:36:35,520 --> 00:36:37,200 Speaker 1: on any one of these, and some of the people 615 00:36:37,239 --> 00:36:40,080 Speaker 1: we mentioned could certainly be episodes of their own. But 616 00:36:40,160 --> 00:36:42,680 Speaker 1: I hope if anybody is out there gardening that they 617 00:36:43,440 --> 00:36:45,560 Speaker 1: think about how they're part of this bigger picture of 618 00:36:45,600 --> 00:36:48,200 Speaker 1: gardening and how it's a one of the few things 619 00:36:48,239 --> 00:36:52,440 Speaker 1: that connects humans across all cultures in a really obvious 620 00:36:52,520 --> 00:36:55,920 Speaker 1: intangible way in our day to day lives. Okay, I 621 00:36:55,960 --> 00:36:58,640 Speaker 1: have listener mail. This is a two fur because it 622 00:36:58,719 --> 00:37:02,560 Speaker 1: covers both our recent episode on the Tacoma Naro's Bridge 623 00:37:02,600 --> 00:37:06,480 Speaker 1: and our older episode on Canary Row. Uh. This is 624 00:37:06,560 --> 00:37:11,120 Speaker 1: from our listener Chelsea, who writes, Dear Tracy and Holly, 625 00:37:11,280 --> 00:37:14,040 Speaker 1: Evidently I got distracted part way through telling you my 626 00:37:14,120 --> 00:37:17,120 Speaker 1: life story after your Canary Row episodes, so I'll just 627 00:37:17,200 --> 00:37:20,600 Speaker 1: add on my Tacoma Naro's Bridge commentary here and actually 628 00:37:20,640 --> 00:37:23,680 Speaker 1: send it this time. My husband was stationed at Naval 629 00:37:23,680 --> 00:37:27,360 Speaker 1: Base kits Up in eighteen and I got really involved 630 00:37:27,440 --> 00:37:30,920 Speaker 1: volunteering at the Kids Up Humane Society. I walked and 631 00:37:30,960 --> 00:37:33,560 Speaker 1: fostered dogs, I did dishes and laundry, and drove for 632 00:37:33,600 --> 00:37:37,560 Speaker 1: the transfer team. We transferred in animals from overcrowded shelters 633 00:37:37,600 --> 00:37:41,560 Speaker 1: all over Hawaii, Texas, Guam, California, and even Israel ones 634 00:37:41,920 --> 00:37:44,160 Speaker 1: and found them homes in the area. I was always 635 00:37:44,160 --> 00:37:47,120 Speaker 1: amused by the looks on the faces of the Kauai 636 00:37:47,160 --> 00:37:49,040 Speaker 1: dogs that jumped out of the van to find a 637 00:37:49,040 --> 00:37:51,960 Speaker 1: few inches of snow. This meant that about once a 638 00:37:51,960 --> 00:37:54,840 Speaker 1: week for more than two years, I drove across Dirty Dirty. 639 00:37:55,120 --> 00:37:57,240 Speaker 1: That podcast was the first time I heard that nickname. 640 00:37:57,520 --> 00:37:59,759 Speaker 1: To pick animals up from Sea Tech Airport in the 641 00:37:59,760 --> 00:38:02,720 Speaker 1: middle of the night, I can confirm that the winds 642 00:38:02,719 --> 00:38:05,120 Speaker 1: through the Narrows are still intense. I don't think I 643 00:38:05,160 --> 00:38:07,720 Speaker 1: ever felt the bridge move, but there were definitely times 644 00:38:07,719 --> 00:38:10,440 Speaker 1: it took effort to stay in my lane. Feeling the 645 00:38:10,480 --> 00:38:13,320 Speaker 1: broadside of the behemoth of a cargo van getting smacked 646 00:38:13,320 --> 00:38:15,840 Speaker 1: by wind will certainly help keep you awake. I figured 647 00:38:15,880 --> 00:38:18,040 Speaker 1: you guys could use to Cooma Narrow's dog stories that 648 00:38:18,160 --> 00:38:21,000 Speaker 1: ended better than poor tubbies. I miss getting to work 649 00:38:21,000 --> 00:38:22,720 Speaker 1: with all the dogs since we moved in the local 650 00:38:22,760 --> 00:38:25,480 Speaker 1: shelter can't have volunteers because of the pandemic, but I 651 00:38:25,600 --> 00:38:28,120 Speaker 1: make up for it by loving our foster fail pit mix. 652 00:38:28,360 --> 00:38:32,880 Speaker 1: Molina Picks attached that dog is painfully cute. She also 653 00:38:33,040 --> 00:38:37,120 Speaker 1: had included her original message, which was about canary row. Uh, 654 00:38:37,160 --> 00:38:39,560 Speaker 1: and I'll i'll pick up part of that. She said. 655 00:38:39,600 --> 00:38:41,560 Speaker 1: I grew up in Monterey, exactly a mile up the 656 00:38:41,600 --> 00:38:44,600 Speaker 1: hill from the Monterey Bay Aquarium. Here are a series 657 00:38:44,600 --> 00:38:47,799 Speaker 1: of anecdotes and fun facts from my hometown. Local lore said. 658 00:38:47,800 --> 00:38:49,960 Speaker 1: The streets I walked to get to the elementary school 659 00:38:50,000 --> 00:38:54,879 Speaker 1: bus was named for women who had worked in Flora Woods, Bordello, Alice, Grace, 660 00:38:54,920 --> 00:38:56,959 Speaker 1: et cetera. I have no idea if this is true, 661 00:38:57,000 --> 00:39:00,560 Speaker 1: and Google was no help in confirming. Uh. My brother 662 00:39:00,680 --> 00:39:02,919 Speaker 1: was in second grade. His classman on a field trip 663 00:39:02,960 --> 00:39:05,480 Speaker 1: to the aquarium and ate lunch in the outdoor classroom. 664 00:39:05,560 --> 00:39:07,680 Speaker 1: A seagull grabbed his sandwich out of his hand and 665 00:39:07,719 --> 00:39:10,440 Speaker 1: then immediately dropped it into the ocean. He cried and 666 00:39:10,480 --> 00:39:13,000 Speaker 1: his teacher had to share her lunch with him. I 667 00:39:13,040 --> 00:39:16,400 Speaker 1: have had the seagull theft situation and it's scary that 668 00:39:18,360 --> 00:39:21,080 Speaker 1: they will. Um. I mean I I've said before that 669 00:39:21,120 --> 00:39:23,400 Speaker 1: I grew up on the Florida Gulf Coast when I 670 00:39:23,440 --> 00:39:25,480 Speaker 1: was little, and I remember I had a bag of 671 00:39:25,520 --> 00:39:28,560 Speaker 1: Doritos once and a flock of seagulls literally came and 672 00:39:28,600 --> 00:39:31,080 Speaker 1: we're just like that, that bag is ours, ma'am um, 673 00:39:31,120 --> 00:39:32,759 Speaker 1: And then I was terrified. It was a lot of 674 00:39:32,800 --> 00:39:36,440 Speaker 1: birds anyway. Chelsea also mentioned that there was a Nickelodeon 675 00:39:36,480 --> 00:39:39,440 Speaker 1: game show on in the nineties that frequently gave a 676 00:39:39,440 --> 00:39:41,640 Speaker 1: trip to the aquarium as its big prize, and I 677 00:39:41,680 --> 00:39:43,680 Speaker 1: spent way too much time worrying that if I went 678 00:39:43,719 --> 00:39:45,640 Speaker 1: on the show and one it would not be a 679 00:39:45,760 --> 00:39:47,520 Speaker 1: very good prize for me, given that it wouldn't be 680 00:39:47,560 --> 00:39:50,359 Speaker 1: a vacation and we already had year passes to get in. 681 00:39:50,800 --> 00:39:52,880 Speaker 1: Did the show runners base the prizes off of the 682 00:39:52,920 --> 00:39:55,759 Speaker 1: hometowns of the contestants. I never even tried to get 683 00:39:55,800 --> 00:39:58,560 Speaker 1: on the show, but the logistics of prise selection worried me. 684 00:39:58,719 --> 00:40:01,520 Speaker 1: Kids are weird. Uh, that is a very cute. There 685 00:40:01,520 --> 00:40:03,960 Speaker 1: are other stories that she includes, but I wanted to 686 00:40:04,120 --> 00:40:08,520 Speaker 1: uh include those, They're so sweet. She also mentions that 687 00:40:08,560 --> 00:40:12,440 Speaker 1: if you do visit Monterey, bring a jacket. A major 688 00:40:12,520 --> 00:40:15,200 Speaker 1: driver of summer sweatshirt sales at the Canary Row Shops 689 00:40:15,640 --> 00:40:18,480 Speaker 1: is tourists who come expecting California summer weather and get 690 00:40:18,480 --> 00:40:21,920 Speaker 1: stuck in the June gloom. Right, it gets very cold 691 00:40:21,920 --> 00:40:25,440 Speaker 1: at times. But thank you so much, Chelsea. Also, I 692 00:40:25,520 --> 00:40:27,560 Speaker 1: really do love those pictures of your dog. That is 693 00:40:27,600 --> 00:40:30,200 Speaker 1: a cute, cute baby, and I understand why that was 694 00:40:30,239 --> 00:40:32,520 Speaker 1: a foster fail. If you would like to write to us, 695 00:40:32,560 --> 00:40:35,040 Speaker 1: you can do so at History Podcast at i heeart 696 00:40:35,120 --> 00:40:37,400 Speaker 1: radio dot com. You can also find us on social 697 00:40:37,400 --> 00:40:39,799 Speaker 1: media as Missed in History, and you can subscribe to 698 00:40:39,840 --> 00:40:42,240 Speaker 1: the show on the I heart Radio app, at Apple 699 00:40:42,280 --> 00:40:50,040 Speaker 1: podcast or wherever it is you listen. Stuff you Missed 700 00:40:50,040 --> 00:40:52,520 Speaker 1: in History Class is a production of I Heart Radio. 701 00:40:52,840 --> 00:40:55,400 Speaker 1: For more podcasts from i heeart Radio, visit the i 702 00:40:55,480 --> 00:40:58,680 Speaker 1: heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to 703 00:40:58,719 --> 00:40:59,600 Speaker 1: your favorite shows.