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Speaker 1: Brought to you by the reinvented two thousand twelve Camray.

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Speaker 1: It's ready. Are you get in touch with technology? With

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Speaker 1: tech Stuff from how stuff works dot com. Hello again, everyone,

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Speaker 1: Welcome to tech stuff. My name is Chris Poulette and

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Speaker 1: I am an editor at how stuff works dot com.

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Speaker 1: Sitting across from me, as always his senior writer, Jonathan Strickland.

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Speaker 1: One is the loneliest number that you ever knew. Nice,

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Speaker 1: Thank you, Except today we're gonna talk about something that

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Speaker 1: lets you do a whole lot more than one. Yes,

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Speaker 1: but you know two can be as sad as one.

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Speaker 1: That's true. That's true. That's one. I here. So we

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Speaker 1: we've talked about this before, I think on the podcast,

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Speaker 1: but we've never really delved into it and gotten really

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Speaker 1: like knee deep in this. In this topic, we're talking

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Speaker 1: about the I p V six switchover and why it's

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Speaker 1: necessary and why it's going a little slowly. Although that

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Speaker 1: that that's a little more difficult to answer, because that's

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Speaker 1: that's getting into lots of different factors. But really you've

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Speaker 1: probably heard about this. You may have been following the news.

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Speaker 1: You might have even seen that back in February of

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Speaker 1: that the last big batch of I p V four

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Speaker 1: addresses was assigned and that this means that we are

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Speaker 1: running out of I p v four addresses. Before we

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Speaker 1: get too far into it, I guess we need to

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Speaker 1: kind of talk about protocols and addresses. Yep, yep. And uh,

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Speaker 1: this is something that is hardly new. I mean, uh,

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Speaker 1: people like uh, you know, the the Internet founders, people

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Speaker 1: like J. C. R. Licklider and so many of the others,

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Speaker 1: um vent Surf among them. Back in the day Con

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Speaker 1: Robert Con and the sixties and seventies were looking into

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Speaker 1: how to share information between machines and um they basically

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Speaker 1: they had a couple of trials, but the version of

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Speaker 1: the protocols that we use to communicate on the Internet

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Speaker 1: today date back decades at this point, right, yeah. Now,

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Speaker 1: Originally they had a protocol they called the Network Control

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Speaker 1: Protocol or in CP, but that was not nearly robust

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Speaker 1: enough for it to truly allow networks of machines to

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Speaker 1: communicate with one another. And thankfully, the people working on

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Speaker 1: our pannet recognize that, and they began to work immediately

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Speaker 1: on a a system that would or a set of

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Speaker 1: protocols that would replace in CP and that ended up

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Speaker 1: being a pair of protocols UH, I P and t

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Speaker 1: c P, which are almost always grouped together when you're

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Speaker 1: talking about them because they are so closely related one

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Speaker 1: the first is a transmission control protocol and the other

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Speaker 1: is Internet protocol and it's they're often UH separated by

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Speaker 1: just a slash, So you hear people talk about a

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Speaker 1: t c P, I P, yeah, and and connection. And

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Speaker 1: here's why they're connected so closely. So the transport the

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Speaker 1: the TCP that in charge of taking streams of data,

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Speaker 1: essentially chopping up those streams of data UH and then

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Speaker 1: handing it over to the I P, and then the

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Speaker 1: IP handles the actual packet routing. The packets are the

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Speaker 1: packets of information. Files are are essentially divided up into

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Speaker 1: packets of bits, and those are sent off across the

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Speaker 1: the Internet and then TCP once uh IT the the

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Speaker 1: packets arrive at their destination, is in charge of placing

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Speaker 1: those packets together again to reform a data stream so

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Speaker 1: that the receiving computer is able to see the actual

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Speaker 1: file or information that was being sent across rather than

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Speaker 1: just a bunch of seemingly meaningless bits and bytes. Because otherwise,

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Speaker 1: if you know if you didn't have those protocols in place,

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Speaker 1: It's would be kind of like if I were to say,

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Speaker 1: take a framed uh picture, and then I cut it

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Speaker 1: up all into these tiny little pieces, and then I

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Speaker 1: put all those tiny little pieces into various envelopes and

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Speaker 1: then sent all the envelopes to Chris and did not

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Speaker 1: give Chris a way of finding out how to put

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Speaker 1: those pieces back together. Well, that would just mean that

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Speaker 1: I sent Chris a whole bunch of envelopes filled with

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Speaker 1: broken glass and pieces of picture, which frankly I do anyway,

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Speaker 1: but that's just for funzies. But if I wanted to

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Speaker 1: actually give him something that was meaningful, I would have

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Speaker 1: to have something in place that would reassemble all those

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Speaker 1: pieces back into the original format that it was in

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Speaker 1: when I sent it the first in the first place,

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Speaker 1: so that Chris could see it. So, come on, boys,

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Speaker 1: let's take some pictures. Hey, airplane reference and so um uh.

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Speaker 1: That's that's how the the information gets spread across the internet,

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Speaker 1: how you send information across the internet. But but one

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Speaker 1: key component of this is you have to have an

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Speaker 1: address for your machine so that when you send information

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Speaker 1: across the internet. Uh. There the systems on the Internet. No,

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Speaker 1: what direction to send that that information in? Right? Yeah,

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Speaker 1: that's this is the thing about Internet protocol is it

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Speaker 1: serves the sort of a lingua franca for uh, different

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Speaker 1: computers on the net. So you can be running Linux

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Speaker 1: and talk to a Windows machine or a Mac and

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Speaker 1: come on, Max, don't talk to anyone but other Max.

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Speaker 1: Have you seen those people? They just sit in a

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Speaker 1: click and they're all cool kids, and they all look

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Speaker 1: like they've just stepped out of a hipster boutique and

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Speaker 1: nobody said you have an anti Mac bias. In sometime

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Speaker 1: you just enjoy that, don't you. Yeah, once in a while,

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Speaker 1: I like to, I like to you don't bring that back,

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Speaker 1: which is just funny. That's why I totally just being silly. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: but no, any any computer that is able to communicate

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Speaker 1: UM with T C P I P to the Internet

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Speaker 1: and back should be able to communicate with other machines.

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Speaker 1: So you you should be able to to share information

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Speaker 1: pretty easily. That's the beauty of this. But as you said,

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Speaker 1: the the addressing system has to support that, and there

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Speaker 1: has to be a way to know where the packets

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Speaker 1: are are being sent to, especially since you know there's

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Speaker 1: some redundant in this, you know network, their packets being

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Speaker 1: sent to one machine and then to another machine and

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Speaker 1: hopefully one of them will get there on time to

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Speaker 1: build the file back. And let's say let's say that

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Speaker 1: one server is sending out the same file to like

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Speaker 1: eight different computers. Well, has to know how you know,

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Speaker 1: it has to be able to identify those computers to

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Speaker 1: send in the right information. Has to send the right

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Speaker 1: packets to each one, even if it's the same file.

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Speaker 1: You wouldn't want to send the same packet to computer

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Speaker 1: number one and a different packet to computer number two

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Speaker 1: and a different because you wouldn't be able to to

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Speaker 1: put those packets into any meaningful form, right. You would

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Speaker 1: have to set the same series of packets, not necessarily

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Speaker 1: in the same order either. That's the one of the

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Speaker 1: wonderful thing about the Internet is that the routing system

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Speaker 1: is really flexible. So if machines go down on the Internet,

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Speaker 1: the packets can be rerouted by other machines to go

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Speaker 1: around the outage and still get to their final destination.

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Speaker 1: So as long as the host computers that are in

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Speaker 1: charge of sending and receiving the information remain on the network.

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Speaker 1: Theoretically that information should eventually get there. It may take

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Speaker 1: little longer than ideally, just because computers that are on

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Speaker 1: that pathway may have failed along the way, but the

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Speaker 1: information should still get there. I mean, that's the whole

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Speaker 1: robust nature of the Internet. So we've got this address

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Speaker 1: issue now. The issue here is that the uh, the

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Speaker 1: Internet protocol address that was set up was for reasons

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Speaker 1: that I could not figure out, really, reasons that are

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Speaker 1: so obscure that that it might as well be forgotten.

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Speaker 1: Um is called i p v C V four. Rather,

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Speaker 1: this was the the protocol that was settled upon for

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Speaker 1: the addresses, and it uses a thirty two bit address,

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Speaker 1: all right, three two bit address, and it's in the

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Speaker 1: format of four eight bit values separated by periods. Right,

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Speaker 1: so it could be anything from zero dot zero dot

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Speaker 1: zero dot zero to accept. And that that's your range

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Speaker 1: of addresses. Some of those you can't use. Yeah, Actually, technically,

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Speaker 1: if if you could use all of the addresses, you

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Speaker 1: would have access to four billion, two d million, nine

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Speaker 1: hundred sixty seven thousand, two d addresses. If you could

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Speaker 1: use all of them, you can't. There are more than

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Speaker 1: half a half a billion of them that are off limits.

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Speaker 1: So and and we've we've had people right into us

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Speaker 1: before to explain that, you know, there are certain you

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Speaker 1: cannot use zero in four times and two four times,

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Speaker 1: there are some that that you cannot use. But that

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Speaker 1: does give you an awful lot of addresses. Three point

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Speaker 1: seven billion with a B addresses are we're available initially. Now,

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Speaker 1: the problem was that even back as early as the

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Speaker 1: ninety nineties, I mean back even further than that, but

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Speaker 1: in the ninety n it was recognized that there was

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Speaker 1: gonna come a time where we'd run out of these addresses.

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Speaker 1: Now there's certain ways to kind of uh to to

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Speaker 1: mitigate that somewhat. One of those ways is called network

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Speaker 1: address translation or not yes, network address translation that we've

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Speaker 1: had people right into us about this as well. That's

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Speaker 1: when you have a system like a router that has

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Speaker 1: its own IP address, So the router has an IP

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Speaker 1: address that's public. That's the other part of the system

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Speaker 1: is that these addresses have to be public. If they're private,

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Speaker 1: then the system cannot won't be able to see the

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Speaker 1: computer and won't be able to send information to that computer.

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Speaker 1: So you have to have these public addresses. So the

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Speaker 1: router has a public address, and then the machines connected

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Speaker 1: to the router all are assigned private addresses by the router.

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Speaker 1: So let's say that I have a computer connected to

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Speaker 1: this router, I send I wanna go check a website,

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Speaker 1: So I type in an address in my my browser

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Speaker 1: bar uh. The request is sent to the router. The

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Speaker 1: router then replaces my private address that the router has

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Speaker 1: assigned me with the router's own public address, then sends

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Speaker 1: the request out to the Internet. So then the request

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Speaker 1: goes out to whatever server has that website stored on it.

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Speaker 1: The server then sends the information back to the router. Now,

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Speaker 1: at this point, the router has to determine which of

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Speaker 1: the computers connected or devices connected to its system is

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Speaker 1: the one that requested the information in the first place.

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Speaker 1: So there's some protocols that are that you need in

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Speaker 1: addition support mapping that you need to do in order

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Speaker 1: for this to work. But in general, you can create

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Speaker 1: a system where the router then sends that information to

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Speaker 1: the right device, in this case, my computer and I

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Speaker 1: get to see the website. Now you might ask, well,

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Speaker 1: why would you bother to do this, Well, it conserves

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Speaker 1: I P addresses because the router is the only one

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Speaker 1: that has a public IP address, And so you might

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Speaker 1: have a whole network of computers hooked up through this router,

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Speaker 1: but those computers don't have their individual I P addresses.

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Speaker 1: They have a little private address that's assigned by the router. UM.

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Speaker 1: But so, so anything that comes back I'm sorry, didn't

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Speaker 1: go ahead. UM. So your computer or sends a request

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Speaker 1: to your router in your house. Say you have two

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Speaker 1: computers in your house, and from there, the router sends

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Speaker 1: a request to wherever it is that the information you're

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Speaker 1: looking for is coming from. UM. Meanwhile, the person using

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Speaker 1: the other computer UM in the household makes a request

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Speaker 1: and it goes to somewhere else. Well, the information is

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Speaker 1: all coming back to the router. The router itself in

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Speaker 1: your house is making the determination of which packet needs

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Speaker 1: to go to which machine. So that that cuts down

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Speaker 1: on some of the confusion and it and it helped

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Speaker 1: to support I V I P V four addresses for

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Speaker 1: a while past there, I would say, past their shelf life. UM,

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Speaker 1: but yeah, this is the decision. They realized this was

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Speaker 1: going to happen in the early nineties and in the

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Speaker 1: mid nineties they were working on a way to to

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Speaker 1: figure this out, and it wasn't until the UH till,

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Speaker 1: which at this point seems like a long time ago.

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Speaker 1: But it's a long time ago when you think that

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Speaker 1: that was when this was proposed. Yes, but the Internet

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Speaker 1: Engineering hask Force, by the way, it does not much

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Speaker 1: care for that. Yeah. Well, and they actually prefer the

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Speaker 1: idea of every device having its own public address as

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Speaker 1: opposed to having a middleman like you can think of

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Speaker 1: that router almost like a mailman, Like the mailman gets

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Speaker 1: all the mail in the bag and then has to

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Speaker 1: deliver it to the right houses. The only thing is

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Speaker 1: that in this case the mailman is also the one

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Speaker 1: who assigns the addresses to the houses, and the addresses

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Speaker 1: can change over time. Yeah, it is, it is inelegant,

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Speaker 1: but it is a solution. But the thing is um

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Speaker 1: another another thing that factored into this that I I

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Speaker 1: haven't read, but I'm guessing based on my UH history

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Speaker 1: of working at an Internet service provider, I would guess

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Speaker 1: that I I p V four also survived a little

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Speaker 1: longer than it probably would have ordinarily because so many

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Speaker 1: people in the nineties were using dial up service and

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Speaker 1: it's really coming to uh, you know a point where

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Speaker 1: we have to make a move now, especially because so

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Speaker 1: many more people are using um, you know, broadband connections

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Speaker 1: that don't that you don't have to get off. And

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Speaker 1: then we're getting things so you stay connected all the time,

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Speaker 1: and you've got things like lt E and y max

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Speaker 1: that are also starting to to create issues as well.

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Speaker 1: You're you know, your tablet has an IP address, your

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Speaker 1: phone has an IP address, your computer has an IP address,

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Speaker 1: your netbook has an IP address, and then so does

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Speaker 1: everyone else's. Yeah, and that they're not giving them up exactly.

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Speaker 1: And like we said in February two eleven, the last

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Speaker 1: free block of I p V four addresses was a sign.

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Speaker 1: Now that doesn't mean again like there's still I P

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Speaker 1: addresses out there in these various blocks that have not

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Speaker 1: been assigned. Um uh two individuals or two machines. But

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Speaker 1: it's just a matter of time before those run out.

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Speaker 1: So the solution really that the I E t F.

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Speaker 1: That's the that's the Internet Engineering Task Force that we

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Speaker 1: talked about a couple of times eight I need UM.

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Speaker 1: The solution that they proposed was sort of a a

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Speaker 1: nuclear bomb solution to this problem. You know, there are

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Speaker 1: times where we accuse engineers of taking the the bare

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Speaker 1: minimum number of steps in order to solve a problem.

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Speaker 1: For example, the Y two K problem. Part of that

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Speaker 1: was an issue with encoding the year as a two

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Speaker 1: digit number, and so what happens when it hits zero

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Speaker 1: zero and rolls over and there? That was what caused

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Speaker 1: that whole y two k panic, which some of you

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Speaker 1: may not even be old enough to remember. I remember

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Speaker 1: it very well because I remember having a Y two

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Speaker 1: k New Year's Eve party in Athens, Georgia with a

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Speaker 1: bunch of my friends where we dance to the song

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Speaker 1: about fifty billion times um. So the I E T

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Speaker 1: F solution was, well, if the I p V four

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Speaker 1: uses a thirty two bit system, let's let's amp that

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Speaker 1: up a bit. And they didn't go to sixty four bit,

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Speaker 1: which would have made quite a few more addresses. No, no, no,

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Speaker 1: they went all the way to one hundred twenty eight bit,

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Speaker 1: which increases the number of addresses dramatically. And that's an

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Speaker 1: understatement if ever there was one. Yes, do you know

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Speaker 1: how many addresses there will be under a hundred twenty

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Speaker 1: eight bit? Would you like to? Actually I did have

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Speaker 1: that down according to mine notes too to the hundred power.

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Speaker 1: That's no one understands that number. Chris, Well, you you

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Speaker 1: provide a better solution. Here we go three hundred forty death, sillion,

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Speaker 1: two hundred eighty two, non nillion, three hundred sixty six, octillion,

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Speaker 1: nine hundred twenty septillion, nine hundred thirty eight, sex tillion,

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Speaker 1: four hundred sixty three, quintillion, three hundred seventy four, quadrillion,

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Speaker 1: six hundred seven trillion, four hundred thirty one billion, seven

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Speaker 1: sixty eight million, two hundred eleven thousand, four hundred fifty six.

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Speaker 1: Or if you want to really just make that simple,

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Speaker 1: you can write down three four zero and then at

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Speaker 1: thirty six zeros behind it. That's that's a that's rounding

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Speaker 1: down how many addresses there will be under there are

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Speaker 1: under I p V six. I shouldn't say will be,

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Speaker 1: because I p V six is implemented right now, it's

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Speaker 1: just not widely deployed. I'm sorry. While you were doing that,

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Speaker 1: I got you a sandwich. I hope it's awesome. So,

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Speaker 1: um yeah, there, that's that's you might wonder it's spicy

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Speaker 1: must now, um you might. Well, let's let's before we

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Speaker 1: go into adoption. Well, Yeah. One of the things that's

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Speaker 1: kind of neat about this UM is it's it's much

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Speaker 1: the address is here much longer now, as I was

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Speaker 1: saying before, UM, with some exceptions, the minimum value you

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Speaker 1: have you have four sets of numbers and an IPv

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Speaker 1: four address, four sets of eight bit number, dot number,

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Speaker 1: dot number, dot number, and the number can be between

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Speaker 1: zero and two five five there. You can't add any

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Speaker 1: more numbers on top of that. That's as far as

303
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Speaker 1: it goes, and that's how you create these these addresses.

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Speaker 1: But for my research, the the addresses are physically longer

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Speaker 1: as well, because in yes, in addition to and in

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Speaker 1: addition to numbers, you can also include letters address. It's

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Speaker 1: because it's uh an IPv six address, you can write

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Speaker 1: that out as an it's a series of well, it's

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Speaker 1: eight sixteen bit values. So instead of four eight bit values,

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Speaker 1: which is the thirty two bit address of I p

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Speaker 1: V four, it's eight sixteen bit values. And you can

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Speaker 1: use hexadecimal format, and instead of periods between the numbers,

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Speaker 1: which is what how we see an IPv for address,

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Speaker 1: use Colon's so UM. I got this from ours Technica.

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Speaker 1: Ours Technica has a great article about I p V

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Speaker 1: six um, and so I would I'm just gonna read

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Speaker 1: off the sample address that they used in their article,

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Speaker 1: which was to zero zero one, colon d b eight,

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Speaker 1: colon three one, colon one, colon two zero A, colon

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Speaker 1: nine five f f colon f e F five, colon

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Speaker 1: two four six E. Now, when you can see formats

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Speaker 1: like that, you can imagine, Yeah, there's gonna be a

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Speaker 1: huge variety, which was pretty clear from my my my

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Speaker 1: recitation of the number, and that certainly solves the problem

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Speaker 1: of how many devices can connect to the Internet at

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Speaker 1: a at a time, each with its own address. In fact,

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Speaker 1: according to the ARS Technica article, uh, essentially our son

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Speaker 1: will wither and die before we run out of addresses,

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Speaker 1: even plotting the same or increased population growth that we're

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Speaker 1: experiencing right now on and then assuming that the number

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Speaker 1: of devices each person has increases as well. It's just

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Speaker 1: it's such an enormous number that there's no conceivable way

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Speaker 1: we could run out within the span of time that

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Speaker 1: we the human race would be around. Another cool feature

335
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Speaker 1: of the address, I'm just I'm trying to get my

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Speaker 1: head around that, and I figured I should just move on.

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Speaker 1: Another cool feature of I P. B. Six addresses is

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Speaker 1: that if you have a section that has all zeros

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Speaker 1: in it, you can skip it. Yeah, any any sequence

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Speaker 1: as long as you can skip it once. So if

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Speaker 1: you have if you had two sequences of zeros, like

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Speaker 1: if you had a sequence of zeros and then a

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Speaker 1: number and then another sequence of zeros, I'm not sure

344
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Speaker 1: you can skip both of them. I believe you. Well, Okay,

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Speaker 1: According to a paper I found from the University Hawaii

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Speaker 1: by A. Wilson Chan, Um, you can, oh, okay, if

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Speaker 1: there are no if there are no other characters in

348
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Speaker 1: there besides zeros, you can. And you do this with

349
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Speaker 1: a double colon. Yeah, so if you had if you

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Speaker 1: had a section on your address, actually you could technically

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Speaker 1: have zero colon, zero colon, zero colon, zero colon, zero

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Speaker 1: colon all the way down to one and you could

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Speaker 1: just change that to colon colon one. I don't know

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Speaker 1: if that works, according to ours Technica does well, okay,

355
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Speaker 1: So yeah, yeah, I mean multiple, multiple sections of zeros

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Speaker 1: can be replaced with that double colon. So that's really

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Speaker 1: cool too that you can use that as shorthand. Now, um,

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Speaker 1: you were right though, Although people have been taking up

359
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Speaker 1: i p v six. They're not not. Everybody is in

360
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Speaker 1: a in a great big hurry to do this. Why

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Speaker 1: because I would guess because it involves labor, and people

362
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Speaker 1: are saying, well, the IPv for addresses are working just

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Speaker 1: fine until I have to. I'm not gonna be exactly

364
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Speaker 1: if it ain't broke, don't fix it now here. Here's

365
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Speaker 1: the thing. In order to switch over to i p

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Speaker 1: v six, you have to have support on multiple fronts.

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Speaker 1: You have to have software support from the operating system front,

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Speaker 1: which most I would say that. I think all modern

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Speaker 1: operating systems, like all the most current operating systems support

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Speaker 1: I p v six and I know that that uh

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Speaker 1: Windows and the macOS, and I'm pretty darn sure that

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Speaker 1: Lennox for a while now. They all have for several iterations.

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Speaker 1: Window Vista was the first one to support it, and

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Speaker 1: even Windows XP. I think there was a way where

375
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Speaker 1: you could you could do it. It just wasn't doing

376
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Speaker 1: It wasn't native to Windows XP. But Windows Vista and

377
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Speaker 1: Windows seven both support it natively. Mac Os does as well,

378
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Speaker 1: and I'm sure Lenox doesn't. I can't imagine considering and

379
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Speaker 1: considering Google's role in advocating for I p v six.

380
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Speaker 1: I bet chromos is as well. I would be. I

381
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Speaker 1: would be surprised to find otherwise I would I would

382
00:21:26,480 --> 00:21:29,040
Speaker 1: be about as shocked as I possibly could be. So

383
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Speaker 1: you've got that. You have to have the support on

384
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Speaker 1: the operating system and for the so that your computer

385
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Speaker 1: can actually send information across I p v six protocols

386
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Speaker 1: and then through the Internet. Okay, I got that. Well.

387
00:21:42,800 --> 00:21:44,880
Speaker 1: Now you also have to make sure that all the

388
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Speaker 1: other devices on the Internet are working on the I

389
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Speaker 1: p v six protocols. So in some cases, with things

390
00:21:52,680 --> 00:21:54,800
Speaker 1: like routers and nodes, you may have to have a

391
00:21:54,880 --> 00:21:59,560
Speaker 1: firmware or software update so that you can either. Um,

392
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Speaker 1: it's almost like teaching these machines how to handle a

393
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Speaker 1: different format of information. Now, in some cases, you're gonna

394
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Speaker 1: have devices that are truly physically incapable of transmitting I

395
00:22:12,080 --> 00:22:15,359
Speaker 1: p v six UH data. They just they won't be

396
00:22:15,560 --> 00:22:18,919
Speaker 1: because they're limited to I p v four. And in

397
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Speaker 1: those cases, what would be required that you would have

398
00:22:21,200 --> 00:22:22,879
Speaker 1: to go in and replace them. You would actually have

399
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Speaker 1: to physically replace those machines with machines capable of running

400
00:22:25,800 --> 00:22:29,000
Speaker 1: I p v six protocols. Okay, I'll be right back,

401
00:22:29,080 --> 00:22:30,440
Speaker 1: let me go do that. Yeah, that that might take

402
00:22:30,440 --> 00:22:33,720
Speaker 1: you a while. Uh, but but that's that's a worst

403
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Speaker 1: case scenario. Most I would I don't even know if

404
00:22:36,440 --> 00:22:39,160
Speaker 1: I can say most many of the devices that are

405
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Speaker 1: currently connected to the Internet are capable of handling IPv

406
00:22:43,160 --> 00:22:47,240
Speaker 1: six with a software or firmware update. Then, uh, you've

407
00:22:47,280 --> 00:22:51,760
Speaker 1: got to essentially run a an Internet that's kind of

408
00:22:51,800 --> 00:22:54,439
Speaker 1: parallel to the one that every that most people are

409
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Speaker 1: using today. Because I p v six and I p

410
00:22:58,400 --> 00:23:03,200
Speaker 1: v four are not native lee compatible. Right, you can

411
00:23:03,320 --> 00:23:07,680
Speaker 1: force some compatibility with something that's called tunneling, but it's

412
00:23:07,720 --> 00:23:10,440
Speaker 1: not the same thing. So, for example, let's say I'm

413
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Speaker 1: on an I'm using an IPv for machine of some

414
00:23:14,720 --> 00:23:17,720
Speaker 1: sort or that the information I am sending is going

415
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Speaker 1: to have to pass through an I p v four

416
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Speaker 1: device before it moves on to an I p v

417
00:23:23,520 --> 00:23:26,959
Speaker 1: six destination. What it would need, what I would need

418
00:23:26,960 --> 00:23:29,280
Speaker 1: to do, or actually what the devices would need to do,

419
00:23:29,680 --> 00:23:34,280
Speaker 1: is to encapsulate my I p v six address within

420
00:23:34,359 --> 00:23:37,400
Speaker 1: an I p v four address. It's almost like you

421
00:23:37,480 --> 00:23:40,880
Speaker 1: are uh, it's it's like a pill, like you've slipped

422
00:23:40,960 --> 00:23:44,879
Speaker 1: this this thing into a different form factor so that

423
00:23:44,920 --> 00:23:47,240
Speaker 1: it can travel across the network. When it gets to

424
00:23:47,280 --> 00:23:50,600
Speaker 1: the destination, you pop the pill open and then you

425
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Speaker 1: get the I p v six. And by the way,

426
00:23:52,520 --> 00:23:55,600
Speaker 1: yes it does make those noises. Do not contradict me.

427
00:23:57,960 --> 00:23:59,920
Speaker 1: That goes for all of you. I pointed at Chris,

428
00:24:00,040 --> 00:24:04,040
Speaker 1: but that point goes to you Internet and all of

429
00:24:04,040 --> 00:24:10,080
Speaker 1: your I p Goodness, Wow, that sounds awful, doesn't it. Anyway,

430
00:24:10,359 --> 00:24:13,680
Speaker 1: So tunneling is is an inelegant solution. It's not really

431
00:24:13,920 --> 00:24:15,560
Speaker 1: it's not really a solution. It's just kind of a

432
00:24:15,600 --> 00:24:20,240
Speaker 1: stop gap. Well, we have various systems convert over to

433
00:24:20,520 --> 00:24:23,280
Speaker 1: I p v six and there's nothing. You know, there

434
00:24:23,480 --> 00:24:26,159
Speaker 1: are a lot of initiatives that are suggesting that companies

435
00:24:26,200 --> 00:24:29,119
Speaker 1: and especially like Internet service providers s which make the

436
00:24:29,160 --> 00:24:35,360
Speaker 1: switch happen. But it's not necessarily uh mandated, right, it's

437
00:24:35,359 --> 00:24:38,560
Speaker 1: not like legally mandated. It's funny you should mention that

438
00:24:39,040 --> 00:24:41,760
Speaker 1: because I was reading on Network World. There's an I

439
00:24:41,840 --> 00:24:45,080
Speaker 1: p v six tutorial that Carolin Duffie Marsan wrote and

440
00:24:45,119 --> 00:24:49,120
Speaker 1: said that the government set The United States government set

441
00:24:49,119 --> 00:24:52,320
Speaker 1: a mandate of June of two thousand eight for agencies

442
00:24:52,359 --> 00:24:55,040
Speaker 1: to be able to say that their equipment could handle

443
00:24:55,080 --> 00:24:57,320
Speaker 1: i PP six. Now they're not. That doesn't mean that

444
00:24:57,320 --> 00:25:01,720
Speaker 1: they had to switch over. But um, people are are

445
00:25:01,800 --> 00:25:06,399
Speaker 1: saying that by two thousand twelve, Um, provided you know,

446
00:25:06,440 --> 00:25:10,800
Speaker 1: the world doesn't end in one of the many uh apocalypse. Yeah,

447
00:25:10,920 --> 00:25:14,040
Speaker 1: pop apocalyptic theories that are going on right now. Is

448
00:25:14,119 --> 00:25:17,840
Speaker 1: the plural for apocalypse apocalypse? I'm pretty sure Buffy the

449
00:25:17,880 --> 00:25:22,600
Speaker 1: Vampire Slayer asked that same question in between deaths. Um. Yeah,

450
00:25:22,680 --> 00:25:28,760
Speaker 1: but basically by um, they're saying that that network managers

451
00:25:28,760 --> 00:25:32,200
Speaker 1: in the United States, because we do have a disproportionate

452
00:25:32,200 --> 00:25:37,520
Speaker 1: share of uh, the world's Internet traffic. Um. But basically

453
00:25:38,000 --> 00:25:40,560
Speaker 1: web born here, so it makes sense. Well it's true,

454
00:25:40,600 --> 00:25:46,119
Speaker 1: but it has spread nicely to other parts of the world. Um.

455
00:25:46,119 --> 00:25:49,639
Speaker 1: But yeah, they're they're saying that if if websites aren't

456
00:25:49,680 --> 00:25:53,159
Speaker 1: starting to use i p V six, then the network,

457
00:25:53,400 --> 00:25:57,240
Speaker 1: then networks and the Internet are going to slow substantially,

458
00:25:57,280 --> 00:25:59,920
Speaker 1: and it's it's going to start to create uh try

459
00:26:00,000 --> 00:26:04,280
Speaker 1: aphic bottlenecks and problems. So um, it's not a mandate mandate,

460
00:26:04,320 --> 00:26:07,240
Speaker 1: but it's a you know, hey, you have a business,

461
00:26:07,240 --> 00:26:09,280
Speaker 1: it's running on the internet. If you don't upgrade this

462
00:26:09,359 --> 00:26:13,120
Speaker 1: by next year, people are going, your customers are going

463
00:26:13,160 --> 00:26:15,840
Speaker 1: to and you know what that is going to It's

464
00:26:15,840 --> 00:26:17,840
Speaker 1: going there is a mandate that's going to come close

465
00:26:17,880 --> 00:26:20,359
Speaker 1: to it. Yeah, it's a fiscal mandate as opposed to

466
00:26:20,359 --> 00:26:23,280
Speaker 1: a legal one. But but the government has has dipped

467
00:26:23,280 --> 00:26:25,120
Speaker 1: a toe into that water and said, you know, look,

468
00:26:25,200 --> 00:26:28,040
Speaker 1: you have to be compatible. And I think that's probably

469
00:26:28,280 --> 00:26:30,480
Speaker 1: she just said agencies in her article, but I think

470
00:26:30,480 --> 00:26:33,879
Speaker 1: she probably means the federal government should be um ready

471
00:26:33,920 --> 00:26:37,240
Speaker 1: to go. And I think I think the there might

472
00:26:37,280 --> 00:26:39,600
Speaker 1: be a concern for some people out there who are

473
00:26:39,720 --> 00:26:44,480
Speaker 1: using older machines that may be using antiquated operating systems

474
00:26:44,520 --> 00:26:48,560
Speaker 1: that will not be able to handle I p V six. Yeah,

475
00:26:48,760 --> 00:26:50,640
Speaker 1: it's it's kind of making me think of the digital

476
00:26:51,160 --> 00:26:54,520
Speaker 1: uh transfer. Remember back when uh we went from analog

477
00:26:54,560 --> 00:26:57,639
Speaker 1: to digital for television transmission. I do remember that, Yeah,

478
00:26:57,720 --> 00:26:59,600
Speaker 1: and uh and there was a fear that it was

479
00:26:59,640 --> 00:27:04,840
Speaker 1: going to leave some customers completely without television service, which

480
00:27:04,960 --> 00:27:08,359
Speaker 1: you know, really TV serves a lot of purposes and

481
00:27:08,400 --> 00:27:11,159
Speaker 1: not just entertainment. So I could make a snarky comment

482
00:27:11,200 --> 00:27:13,119
Speaker 1: of oh no, I'll be without my more can mindy,

483
00:27:13,200 --> 00:27:16,960
Speaker 1: But let's be honest. TV has served a crucial role

484
00:27:17,320 --> 00:27:22,440
Speaker 1: in spreading information, particularly information that's very timely. Like there

485
00:27:22,560 --> 00:27:25,240
Speaker 1: is a tornado bearing down on you. Take cover, Yeah,

486
00:27:25,320 --> 00:27:27,120
Speaker 1: that that has been in the news quite a bit,

487
00:27:27,200 --> 00:27:30,000
Speaker 1: yes lately, and just go out to all the people

488
00:27:30,000 --> 00:27:33,560
Speaker 1: affected by that because we Chris and I both live

489
00:27:33,640 --> 00:27:36,760
Speaker 1: in an area that has been uh devastated by tornadoes

490
00:27:36,760 --> 00:27:39,919
Speaker 1: in the past, and so we are also familiar with

491
00:27:39,960 --> 00:27:42,959
Speaker 1: that situation. So yeah, I mean you need to know

492
00:27:43,000 --> 00:27:44,840
Speaker 1: these things, and that's how a lot of people get

493
00:27:44,840 --> 00:27:48,960
Speaker 1: their information exactly. So yeah, that I I think, Um,

494
00:27:49,000 --> 00:27:52,399
Speaker 1: you know, clearly the same sort of expectation comes with

495
00:27:52,400 --> 00:27:54,720
Speaker 1: people who are using the internet. The Internet is becoming

496
00:27:54,760 --> 00:27:59,359
Speaker 1: that kind of important outlet to the world, to getting

497
00:27:59,400 --> 00:28:02,960
Speaker 1: information and to really taking part in what it means

498
00:28:02,960 --> 00:28:06,159
Speaker 1: to be a citizen of the world today. Right. Well,

499
00:28:06,680 --> 00:28:12,040
Speaker 1: I mean I started using the internet, uh and at

500
00:28:12,119 --> 00:28:15,320
Speaker 1: that point I was enraptured with it. I loved using it.

501
00:28:15,359 --> 00:28:18,960
Speaker 1: But I couldn't fathom then imagining what people are talking

502
00:28:18,960 --> 00:28:21,840
Speaker 1: about now that the idea that internet access could be

503
00:28:21,880 --> 00:28:24,000
Speaker 1: considered a human right, and the fact that that debate

504
00:28:24,119 --> 00:28:27,840
Speaker 1: in two thousand eleven, just twenty one years later is

505
00:28:27,840 --> 00:28:33,600
Speaker 1: is stirring up and people are really talking about that possibility, um,

506
00:28:33,640 --> 00:28:35,800
Speaker 1: you know, and having access at that level, then we

507
00:28:35,880 --> 00:28:38,440
Speaker 1: have to be able to if if that is true,

508
00:28:38,480 --> 00:28:42,760
Speaker 1: if people really need that access over these networks, then

509
00:28:43,200 --> 00:28:44,560
Speaker 1: you have to make sure that they can get it.

510
00:28:44,560 --> 00:28:48,240
Speaker 1: And I be I p v six is more of

511
00:28:48,240 --> 00:28:51,280
Speaker 1: a necessity than anything else. And so yeah, you've got

512
00:28:51,280 --> 00:28:56,120
Speaker 1: these two two conflicting but equally important necessities. Right. You've

513
00:28:56,160 --> 00:28:58,360
Speaker 1: got the necessity to create a system that's going to

514
00:28:58,440 --> 00:29:00,760
Speaker 1: have the addresses that will allow people to connect to

515
00:29:00,760 --> 00:29:02,760
Speaker 1: the Internet in the first place. And then you have

516
00:29:02,880 --> 00:29:06,800
Speaker 1: the necessity of making sure that people are aware of

517
00:29:06,840 --> 00:29:09,680
Speaker 1: this change so that eventually they can switch over to

518
00:29:09,800 --> 00:29:15,920
Speaker 1: a machine that's capable of interacting interfacing with that system. Um.

519
00:29:15,960 --> 00:29:18,760
Speaker 1: I think most people, I mean, just based upon how

520
00:29:18,840 --> 00:29:22,560
Speaker 1: how people deal with electronics, the majority are going to

521
00:29:22,640 --> 00:29:25,360
Speaker 1: be fine because I think most people out there are

522
00:29:25,440 --> 00:29:29,720
Speaker 1: running a computer with an operating system that's recent enough

523
00:29:29,760 --> 00:29:31,720
Speaker 1: to interface with I p V six. There. I know

524
00:29:31,760 --> 00:29:35,320
Speaker 1: they are exceptions out there, but the majority is what

525
00:29:35,360 --> 00:29:38,440
Speaker 1: we have to look at really, um. And then you know,

526
00:29:38,480 --> 00:29:40,880
Speaker 1: it's kind of interesting. Google did a study back in

527
00:29:40,920 --> 00:29:43,560
Speaker 1: two thousand and eight where they wanted to see how

528
00:29:43,640 --> 00:29:46,560
Speaker 1: much of the how much, how much percentage wise of

529
00:29:46,600 --> 00:29:50,360
Speaker 1: Internet traffic was over the I p v six networks,

530
00:29:51,320 --> 00:29:54,000
Speaker 1: and they found that less than one percent of Internet

531
00:29:54,040 --> 00:29:57,400
Speaker 1: traffic in any country was I p v six two

532
00:29:57,400 --> 00:30:00,240
Speaker 1: thousand eight, which is ten years after the p v

533
00:30:00,360 --> 00:30:04,520
Speaker 1: six standard was finalized. So in a decade, less than

534
00:30:04,720 --> 00:30:10,360
Speaker 1: a percent of all traffic was over I p v six. Yep,

535
00:30:11,080 --> 00:30:13,040
Speaker 1: And I mean that was you know, it's only been

536
00:30:13,120 --> 00:30:16,320
Speaker 1: three years since then and we've already handed out the

537
00:30:16,440 --> 00:30:18,920
Speaker 1: last big block of I p v four addresses. So

538
00:30:19,000 --> 00:30:22,800
Speaker 1: hopefully we're going to see some some major movement in

539
00:30:22,840 --> 00:30:27,760
Speaker 1: the next few months to kind of create this parallel network.

540
00:30:28,000 --> 00:30:30,000
Speaker 1: And like we said, it is a parallel network. It's

541
00:30:30,040 --> 00:30:32,000
Speaker 1: not like it's not only the I p v four

542
00:30:32,120 --> 00:30:35,280
Speaker 1: network is necessarily going away overnight, although I would imagine

543
00:30:35,280 --> 00:30:38,920
Speaker 1: over time it would be phased out. But um but

544
00:30:39,080 --> 00:30:42,080
Speaker 1: for the meantime, both systems would be running in parallel,

545
00:30:42,200 --> 00:30:44,640
Speaker 1: and they both be you would have the same experience

546
00:30:44,680 --> 00:30:46,720
Speaker 1: on each It's not like if you're on I p

547
00:30:46,880 --> 00:30:48,840
Speaker 1: v six you would get one version of the website

548
00:30:48,840 --> 00:30:53,200
Speaker 1: that you're going to versus the one on IPv four. Um. Yeah,

549
00:30:53,280 --> 00:30:55,920
Speaker 1: just as a note, UH, you might if if you

550
00:30:56,000 --> 00:31:01,000
Speaker 1: aren't as familiar with UM I P addresses and you say, well,

551
00:31:01,040 --> 00:31:03,440
Speaker 1: wait a minute, you know these when you're talking about

552
00:31:03,480 --> 00:31:09,640
Speaker 1: everybody needing to upgrade their there UH websites addressed to

553
00:31:09,680 --> 00:31:12,080
Speaker 1: an a new I P address. You know, I don't.

554
00:31:12,080 --> 00:31:13,800
Speaker 1: I don't get that. I I go to how stuff

555
00:31:13,800 --> 00:31:16,320
Speaker 1: works dot com and I don't. I don't see that.

556
00:31:16,360 --> 00:31:17,840
Speaker 1: I go to how stuff works dot com. What is

557
00:31:17,880 --> 00:31:21,480
Speaker 1: this for UM octet number that you're talking about. Well,

558
00:31:21,520 --> 00:31:24,800
Speaker 1: that's the thing. Each address on the Internet, including the

559
00:31:24,840 --> 00:31:28,280
Speaker 1: server wear how stuff works dot Com is UH stored.

560
00:31:29,040 --> 00:31:33,080
Speaker 1: UM has an IP address, a numeric or and you

561
00:31:33,120 --> 00:31:35,880
Speaker 1: know when I p V six comes out alpha numeric

562
00:31:36,560 --> 00:31:40,920
Speaker 1: UH IP address, the thing is UM. You don't necessarily

563
00:31:40,920 --> 00:31:42,720
Speaker 1: see it. And that's because of the domain name servers.

564
00:31:43,280 --> 00:31:45,560
Speaker 1: That's a different system that we could talk about again

565
00:31:45,600 --> 00:31:47,840
Speaker 1: in the future. But yeah, that that basically layers on.

566
00:31:48,200 --> 00:31:51,800
Speaker 1: And when you buy a domain UH for your you know,

567
00:31:51,880 --> 00:31:55,800
Speaker 1: for your own personal website, you basically and that's how

568
00:31:55,840 --> 00:31:57,920
Speaker 1: you can change hosting companies. If you wanted to go

569
00:31:58,000 --> 00:32:02,200
Speaker 1: to you know, my host from you know, green and

570
00:32:02,240 --> 00:32:05,000
Speaker 1: Purple and Orange host, you can you can do that

571
00:32:05,080 --> 00:32:08,640
Speaker 1: because although their servers have different IP addresses, the domain

572
00:32:08,760 --> 00:32:11,520
Speaker 1: name that you have, you know, my website is really cool.

573
00:32:11,600 --> 00:32:14,840
Speaker 1: Dot com can be mapped to a different You basically say, hey,

574
00:32:14,880 --> 00:32:18,640
Speaker 1: don't go when somebody clicks on this name, go to

575
00:32:18,720 --> 00:32:21,200
Speaker 1: this I P address, not that IP address. So yeah,

576
00:32:21,240 --> 00:32:23,040
Speaker 1: that that system is underlying that. I don't know that

577
00:32:23,080 --> 00:32:25,760
Speaker 1: everybody necessarily is that. We didn't really mention it. Well,

578
00:32:25,760 --> 00:32:28,560
Speaker 1: the domain name server is really a separate thing anyway,

579
00:32:28,560 --> 00:32:31,800
Speaker 1: just like you were saying, uh that that's because as people,

580
00:32:32,000 --> 00:32:36,120
Speaker 1: we have trouble remembering um strings of digits in general.

581
00:32:36,160 --> 00:32:37,680
Speaker 1: I mean, I know there are people out there who

582
00:32:37,680 --> 00:32:40,640
Speaker 1: can rattle off pie to you know, a crazy number

583
00:32:40,640 --> 00:32:46,200
Speaker 1: of digits, but hey, what just happened? Hey will happen um,

584
00:32:46,240 --> 00:32:49,240
Speaker 1: but the uh, most of us have trouble with that,

585
00:32:49,320 --> 00:32:51,680
Speaker 1: and so of course the domain domain name server was

586
00:32:51,720 --> 00:32:54,800
Speaker 1: a solution for that, where we created um uh an

587
00:32:54,840 --> 00:32:58,280
Speaker 1: address system for U r l s or earls as

588
00:32:58,320 --> 00:33:02,760
Speaker 1: my buddy calls them um earls, and that we can, uh,

589
00:33:02,800 --> 00:33:05,040
Speaker 1: that's easier for us to remember, you know, how stuff works.

590
00:33:05,080 --> 00:33:06,960
Speaker 1: Dot Com is a lot easier to remember than a

591
00:33:07,000 --> 00:33:09,760
Speaker 1: string of numbers. So yes, same sort of thing that

592
00:33:09,800 --> 00:33:13,600
Speaker 1: the domain name servers will still be mapping, uh, the

593
00:33:13,600 --> 00:33:17,120
Speaker 1: the English or or not even English, but the the

594
00:33:17,160 --> 00:33:21,600
Speaker 1: word form of a website's address to its UM to

595
00:33:21,680 --> 00:33:23,760
Speaker 1: its IP address, whether it's I p V four or

596
00:33:23,800 --> 00:33:26,920
Speaker 1: I p v six, So that should not change. You

597
00:33:26,960 --> 00:33:30,840
Speaker 1: won't be expected to type in a you know, eight

598
00:33:31,040 --> 00:33:35,320
Speaker 1: sixteen bit value number in hexadecimal format in order to

599
00:33:35,440 --> 00:33:41,760
Speaker 1: visit your favorite websites to get your lulls. Yeah, I'm laite,

600
00:33:42,680 --> 00:33:47,320
Speaker 1: you sure are. Let me just say, alright, all right,

601
00:33:47,400 --> 00:33:50,520
Speaker 1: well that was a great discussion on I p V six.

602
00:33:50,680 --> 00:33:52,880
Speaker 1: I hope that that clears some stuff up for you

603
00:33:52,920 --> 00:33:54,600
Speaker 1: guys out there. I know that there are a lot

604
00:33:54,600 --> 00:33:56,640
Speaker 1: of you who have been wondering about this topic and

605
00:33:56,680 --> 00:33:59,120
Speaker 1: just kind of kind of curious about, you know, what's

606
00:33:59,120 --> 00:34:01,840
Speaker 1: the deal with this? Why is it necessary? And it's

607
00:34:01,880 --> 00:34:05,920
Speaker 1: necessary because we all wants our internets. So y'all, if

608
00:34:05,960 --> 00:34:08,440
Speaker 1: you have any other topics you want us to talk about,

609
00:34:08,560 --> 00:34:11,760
Speaker 1: you can let us know on Facebook and Twitter are handled.

610
00:34:11,800 --> 00:34:15,160
Speaker 1: There is tech Stuff h s W or you can

611
00:34:15,200 --> 00:34:17,839
Speaker 1: send us an email and that email address is tech

612
00:34:17,920 --> 00:34:20,640
Speaker 1: stuff at how stuff works dot com. Chris and I

613
00:34:20,680 --> 00:34:26,040
Speaker 1: will talk to you again, really soon. Be sure to

614
00:34:26,120 --> 00:34:28,880
Speaker 1: check out our new video podcast, Stuff from the Future.

615
00:34:29,239 --> 00:34:31,560
Speaker 1: Join how Stuff Work staff as we explore the most

616
00:34:31,560 --> 00:34:36,399
Speaker 1: promising and perplexing possibilities of tomorrow. The How Stuff Works

617
00:34:36,400 --> 00:34:44,439
Speaker 1: iPhone app has arrived. Download it today on iTunes. Brought

618
00:34:44,480 --> 00:34:47,680
Speaker 1: to you by the reinvented two thousand twelve camera. It's ready,

619
00:34:47,840 --> 00:34:48,279
Speaker 1: are you