WEBVTT - Plant Migration

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<v Speaker 1>Welcome to Stuff you should know, a production of iHeartRadio.

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<v Speaker 2>Hey, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Josh, and there's

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<v Speaker 2>Chuck and Jerry's here too, and this is stuff you

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<v Speaker 2>should know that we're all melting.

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<v Speaker 1>Addition, Yeah, I'm just a migrating fern.

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<v Speaker 2>Oh, that's a good one to be.

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<v Speaker 1>Blowing through of the forest looking for a new home. Sure,

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<v Speaker 1>I'm a spore.

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<v Speaker 2>What happens when you get their spore?

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<v Speaker 1>Well, I'll probably grow into a beautiful new fern because

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<v Speaker 1>ferns are pretty party.

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<v Speaker 2>That's awesome, and I'll bet you'll contribute to society and

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<v Speaker 2>all sorts of beneficial ways that ferns that were already

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<v Speaker 2>there couldn't necessarily do.

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<v Speaker 1>I hope. So there is fern stuff in here, and

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<v Speaker 1>I have a wonderful fern scene at my camp on

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<v Speaker 1>the other side of the feeder creek that goes into

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<v Speaker 1>the main creek. I call it. I even have a son.

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<v Speaker 1>This is fern forest, and it's a forest of ferns.

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<v Speaker 1>Is quite lovely.

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<v Speaker 2>God knows where they're from, because those things can travel

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<v Speaker 2>quite a bit, as we'll see.

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<v Speaker 1>Yeah, they could be from Alabamy easily.

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<v Speaker 2>I'm not kidding. Easily. Man, I've got a stat that's

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<v Speaker 2>gonna blow your mind in a second. Uh oh boy, Actually,

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<v Speaker 2>I'll just bust it out now, you ready? Yeah?

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<v Speaker 1>Yeah? How far can a fern travel?

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<v Speaker 2>A fern can travel. The Tasmanian tree fern in particular,

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<v Speaker 2>can send it spores five hundred to eight hundred kilometers.

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<v Speaker 2>It's three hundred to five hundred miles from the mother plant.

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<v Speaker 2>And get this, a single frond a fraud produces more

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<v Speaker 2>than seven hundred and fifty million of those spores.

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<v Speaker 1>Wow.

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<v Speaker 2>So you can understand that ferns, I mean, you find

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<v Speaker 2>ferns everywhere. They're really hardy. They can actually survive cold,

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<v Speaker 2>colder temperatures than you would think. They also thrive in

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<v Speaker 2>the tropics. They're like a really great pioneer plant. They

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<v Speaker 2>usually are among the first large plants that show up

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<v Speaker 2>in a newly cleared part of Earth. Right, this all

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<v Speaker 2>makes sense then, Okay, So what we're talking about then,

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<v Speaker 2>is that those ferns that showed up in this new

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<v Speaker 2>place and said, hey, let's get this, let's get this

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<v Speaker 2>biosphere going again, let's get this biome back into shape

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<v Speaker 2>after this wildfire or something like that. Or there's like

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<v Speaker 2>a stampede because there was a really great ice cream

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<v Speaker 2>truck that drove through one of those two. Those ferns

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<v Speaker 2>have migrated. They came from Tasmania apparently all the way

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<v Speaker 2>to wherever the ice cream truck was. Right now they're there,

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<v Speaker 2>and so they actually moved in that sense, which is

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<v Speaker 2>really surprising because plants are what are known as sessile organisms.

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<v Speaker 2>They don't move from place to place individually as organisms,

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<v Speaker 2>but as a species they can actually move around like inchworms.

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<v Speaker 2>Pretty good.

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<v Speaker 1>Yeah, it's pretty cool. I didn't really know much about this.

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<v Speaker 1>We're talking about plant migration and the idea, well not idea,

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<v Speaker 1>the very real fact that just like humans and animals

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<v Speaker 1>will go to more hospitable climbs as the climate may

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<v Speaker 1>change or just i don't know, just to seek a

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<v Speaker 1>better place to be, plants and trees and things on

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<v Speaker 1>mass do the same thing.

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<v Speaker 2>Yeah, and there's all sorts of ways that they do

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<v Speaker 2>that too. So they do it by dispersing their seeds

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<v Speaker 2>or their spores in that case, fern spores or single

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<v Speaker 2>cell organisms. They're not like a seed technically, but they

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<v Speaker 2>do the same thing. Right. They show up in a

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<v Speaker 2>place and set up shop and they start rocking out.

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<v Speaker 1>Yeah, that's right. And ferns, you know, it depends and

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<v Speaker 1>we'll get all into this stuff. But how fast this

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<v Speaker 1>happens depends on different factors. How far these plants can

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<v Speaker 1>migrate depends on different factors. Why this is happening is

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<v Speaker 1>generally climate change. Yeah, and plants are in trees, and

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<v Speaker 1>things are generally moving north or up in elevation if

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<v Speaker 1>they hit mountains.

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<v Speaker 2>Or south in the southern hemisphere exactly.

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<v Speaker 1>So that's sort of the general pattern. And we mentioned

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<v Speaker 1>ferns because, like you said, those spores can really haul.

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<v Speaker 1>Ferns also mature very quickly, and you know, the wind

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<v Speaker 1>can just that's that's why I got a fern forest

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<v Speaker 1>at my camp probably.

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<v Speaker 2>Yeah, So they check both of the boxes that you

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<v Speaker 2>need to be a fast migrating plant species. They produce

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<v Speaker 2>seeds or spores at a very young age, and their

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<v Speaker 2>seed or spore can travel very far distances, right right,

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<v Speaker 2>so they can move around. And also it doesn't hurt that,

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<v Speaker 2>like I said, ferns are adaptable. Trees and other plants

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<v Speaker 2>still move quite so fast. But they move, especially if

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<v Speaker 2>you look at the fossil record, a lot faster than

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<v Speaker 2>they actually should so if you pay attention to a

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<v Speaker 2>single organism saying oak, Those acorns don't travel terribly far.

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<v Speaker 2>They may get a little further away from the drip

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<v Speaker 2>line if a squirrel happens to bury it somewhere and

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<v Speaker 2>a new oak tree grows.

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<v Speaker 1>Sure.

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<v Speaker 2>I think it was Ander Samberg who described acorns as

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<v Speaker 2>solar powered factories for producing more oak trees.

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<v Speaker 1>Whoaa Andy Samberg said that?

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<v Speaker 2>No, Anders Sandberg. Oh, okay, he's a philosopher at Oxford.

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<v Speaker 1>That makes a lot more sense.

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<v Speaker 2>Yeah, yeah, Andy Samberg. He ate his lime accidentally in

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<v Speaker 2>his Corona bottle. That's that's what he's got.

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<v Speaker 1>You knew he's married too.

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<v Speaker 2>Patricia Arquette. No Arquette, You've.

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<v Speaker 1>Been guessing Patricia Arkette for a lot of things. Slightly.

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<v Speaker 1>I feel like he's married to Yeah, I feel like

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<v Speaker 1>that's come up before.

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<v Speaker 2>Maybe I don't know her name just rolls off the tone.

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<v Speaker 1>I know a big fan of hers. He is married

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<v Speaker 1>to what's her name, Joanna Newsom, the singer and harpist

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<v Speaker 1>oh Neatice. And if you like, if you're into architecture

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<v Speaker 1>and homes, you should seek out I don't know if

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<v Speaker 1>it's architectural digest or something. But someone did a spread

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<v Speaker 1>on their home and it is really something else.

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<v Speaker 2>Okay, so that's Andy Samberg per Yeah.

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<v Speaker 1>That would just checked a quick detour.

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<v Speaker 2>U Wait wait I wasn't done.

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<v Speaker 1>Oh no, good, go ahead.

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<v Speaker 2>So if you look in an individual tree, an oak tree,

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<v Speaker 2>those acorns don't go particularly far away from the tree,

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<v Speaker 2>as the old saying goes, But the fact that they

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<v Speaker 2>do fall away from the tree moons that very slowly

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<v Speaker 2>some of those seedlings are going to grow up a

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<v Speaker 2>little more northward or a little more southward. Then it's

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<v Speaker 2>mother plant, and very very slowly, the whole group of

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<v Speaker 2>oaks can move southward or northward right.

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<v Speaker 1>Over hundreds and thousands and tens of thousands.

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<v Speaker 2>Of years so long. The thing is, if you look

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<v Speaker 2>at the fossil record, they moved way faster than they should.

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<v Speaker 2>And there's actually a paradox that was named by a

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<v Speaker 2>guy named Clement.

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<v Speaker 1>Red right reads paradox.

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<v Speaker 2>Yeah, he's got a great, great title for it.

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<v Speaker 1>Of rapid plant migration. That's the full title.

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<v Speaker 2>It sounds almost like snake oil from the nineteenth century.

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<v Speaker 1>Yeah, it kind of.

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<v Speaker 2>So what is it?

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<v Speaker 1>Oh? Okay, I didn't ever seen me up. We're still

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<v Speaker 1>tight after all these years.

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<v Speaker 2>For sure.

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<v Speaker 1>So what he found from the fossil record, like you

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<v Speaker 1>were talking about, and as we'll see that that's one,

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<v Speaker 1>like you know, pretty good way to study this stuff,

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<v Speaker 1>especially pollen fossils.

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<v Speaker 2>Right, yeah, because they're so hardy.

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<v Speaker 1>Yeah. So he saw that trees were migrating a lot

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<v Speaker 1>faster than like the rate that you would think, and

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<v Speaker 1>so he like those oaks I think was one example

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<v Speaker 1>you gave on the British Isles after the last glacial period,

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<v Speaker 1>over a span of like ten thousand years or so,

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<v Speaker 1>they traveled about six hundred miles and it would normally

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<v Speaker 1>take about a million years if the steeds, if the

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<v Speaker 1>seeds were just dispersed in a typical way. But what

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<v Speaker 1>he figured was that what may be happening here is

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<v Speaker 1>like some weird weather event happens that sent things much

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<v Speaker 1>farther than usual, or like some deer or something eats

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<v Speaker 1>something and then poops out something really far away from

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<v Speaker 1>where it started, and so all of a sudden, this

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<v Speaker 1>animal has spread it via their poo poo.

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<v Speaker 2>Right, And this is how like large scale migration happens,

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<v Speaker 2>or I should say, rapid migration over long distances.

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<v Speaker 1>Right right, Yeah, it's the.

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<v Speaker 2>It's the unusual, not just the acorn falling and hitting

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<v Speaker 2>the ground. It's not just gravity assisted. It's animal assisted,

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<v Speaker 2>which is called zoochorey, or it's wind assisted, which is

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<v Speaker 2>called a nema corey, or water assisted, which is called hydrochory.

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<v Speaker 2>And that's just the way that some plants dispersed their seeds.

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<v Speaker 2>That's kind of on top of the normal way they

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<v Speaker 2>dispersed it, which is just dropping it from their leaves

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<v Speaker 2>or the spores blowing on the wind, which I guess

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<v Speaker 2>is one type of corey.

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<v Speaker 1>Yeah. So like if a squirrel loaded up its mouthful

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<v Speaker 1>of things m h and somehow found its way into

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<v Speaker 1>your camper, as you said off for Arizona.

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<v Speaker 2>That would be a freak event.

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<v Speaker 1>Sure it probably wouldn't be en mass, but you know,

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<v Speaker 1>that's a way a dree coud move.

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<v Speaker 2>All it takes is that one oak to make it

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<v Speaker 2>sure to just survive, and then it starts its own

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<v Speaker 2>new part of the range.

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<v Speaker 1>Yeah. Absolutely, And we al should should point out when

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<v Speaker 1>when was redoing this. This is a while ago, like

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<v Speaker 1>one hundred plus years ago, right.

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<v Speaker 2>Yeah, he was a geologist. I don't know if we said,

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<v Speaker 2>but his reads Paradox of Rapid Plant Migration came out

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<v Speaker 2>in eighteen ninety nine and it was a smash hit.

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<v Speaker 1>Yeah, so people, I mean for at least that long,

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<v Speaker 1>science has been sort of curious about this, this migration

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<v Speaker 1>happening at a rate that they would not expect.

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<v Speaker 2>Right. The thing is is it's really hard when you

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<v Speaker 2>throw in that X factor to calculate how fast and

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<v Speaker 2>actual species can migrate. And there's a few ways that

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<v Speaker 2>you can study that kind of thing. One, as you said,

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<v Speaker 2>is studying the fossil record, which is super helpful, but

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<v Speaker 2>it's not showing you what's going on contemporaneously or within

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<v Speaker 2>the last couple decades. This is ten thousand, a million

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<v Speaker 2>years ago something like that, right.

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<v Speaker 1>Yeah, So if you wanted to study something a little

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<v Speaker 1>closer to home timeline wise, you would maybe set up

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<v Speaker 1>what's called a permanent vegetation plot, so you would mark

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<v Speaker 1>off an area and you would go back there, you know,

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<v Speaker 1>every so often, like every six months or every year

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<v Speaker 1>or so, and just sort of chart what's happening. That's

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<v Speaker 1>one really good way. I think they've been doing this

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<v Speaker 1>for about one hundred years since in nineteen twenty, So

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<v Speaker 1>we've got a pretty good data set there. Something else

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<v Speaker 1>you could do is go somewhere, like, let's say you

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<v Speaker 1>dug up some cool scientific journal from a scientist from

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<v Speaker 1>you know, two hundred years ago that went and explored

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<v Speaker 1>some island, and while they may not have like charted

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<v Speaker 1>everything out exactly like you would in today's science, they

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<v Speaker 1>may have a really nice diary about all the plant

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<v Speaker 1>life there and things that they saw there and where

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<v Speaker 1>it might be. And you could go back to that

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<v Speaker 1>place and it's not quite as tight of a record,

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<v Speaker 1>but you could still get a pretty good idea of

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<v Speaker 1>what's happening.

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<v Speaker 2>Yeah, depending on whose journal you're working from. And back.

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<v Speaker 2>In twenty twelve, a Danish team of scientists followed the

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<v Speaker 2>record left by a nineteenth century geologist named Alexander von

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<v Speaker 2>Humboldt from Germany, who was just an interesting dude in

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<v Speaker 2>and of himself. Yeah, he called coffee concentrated some beams.

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<v Speaker 2>So he's that kind of guy.

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<v Speaker 1>Oh man, that's great.

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<v Speaker 2>They went back to Chimborazo Volcano in Ecuador, which Humboldt

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<v Speaker 2>studied in detail, and not only did he study the

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<v Speaker 2>vegetation there and he classified all sorts of new plants

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<v Speaker 2>that Europeans didn't know about at that point. He also

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<v Speaker 2>noted exactly where they were on the mountain as far

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<v Speaker 2>as the elevation went.

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<v Speaker 1>Super helpful, super helpful.

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<v Speaker 2>So based on this information, the twenty twelve Danes were

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<v Speaker 2>able to go back and recreate his trip, and then

0:12:20.280 --> 0:12:23.320
<v Speaker 2>they were able to note what plants were where, and

0:12:23.360 --> 0:12:26.240
<v Speaker 2>they found that everything, all species, on average, had moved

0:12:26.600 --> 0:12:29.360
<v Speaker 2>up the mountain by about an average of about five

0:12:29.440 --> 0:12:34.160
<v Speaker 2>hundred meters, which is significant. It's like almost a mile,

0:12:34.280 --> 0:12:35.680
<v Speaker 2>it's like eight tenths of a mile.

0:12:36.360 --> 0:12:39.280
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, yeah, that's the average. Yeah, there was a lot

0:12:39.280 --> 0:12:41.880
<v Speaker 1>of aeriation within that, but that's that's a long way

0:12:42.040 --> 0:12:44.680
<v Speaker 1>for sure. And what we found out, and I guess

0:12:44.840 --> 0:12:47.839
<v Speaker 1>this comes up a little later, but a plant can

0:12:47.920 --> 0:12:53.280
<v Speaker 1>find more hospitable climbs going up five hundred meters than

0:12:53.320 --> 0:12:56.480
<v Speaker 1>they might by going let's just say north, like ninety

0:12:56.480 --> 0:12:59.960
<v Speaker 1>to one hundred miles. Yes, so like a much quicker

0:13:00.520 --> 0:13:03.400
<v Speaker 1>road to better climbs if you just go up that

0:13:03.440 --> 0:13:04.320
<v Speaker 1>mountain for sure.

0:13:04.400 --> 0:13:10.839
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, that's kind of two ways they move is longitudinally yeah,

0:13:10.960 --> 0:13:12.760
<v Speaker 2>or altitudinally.

0:13:13.160 --> 0:13:15.520
<v Speaker 1>You gotta be in shape though, Oh, for sure, you're

0:13:15.520 --> 0:13:19.440
<v Speaker 1>gonna climb that mountain. Should we take a break?

0:13:20.080 --> 0:13:21.640
<v Speaker 2>I think we should. But just to wrap it up

0:13:21.640 --> 0:13:23.440
<v Speaker 2>real quick, there's a bunch of ways you can study

0:13:23.679 --> 0:13:25.720
<v Speaker 2>the movement of trees. But it's so slow and it

0:13:25.760 --> 0:13:28.880
<v Speaker 2>happens over such long timelines, longer than a human timeline,

0:13:29.000 --> 0:13:31.520
<v Speaker 2>that it's harder to do than you'd think. But we

0:13:31.600 --> 0:13:33.440
<v Speaker 2>still have figured out some ways to do it.

0:13:34.280 --> 0:13:36.640
<v Speaker 1>All Right, we'll be right back and we'll talk about

0:13:36.640 --> 0:13:37.960
<v Speaker 1>all this stuff in more detail.

0:13:38.040 --> 0:13:38.559
<v Speaker 2>Right for this.

0:14:00.160 --> 0:14:01.880
<v Speaker 1>One other way we failed to mention. Probably would have

0:14:01.920 --> 0:14:04.480
<v Speaker 1>been better to just say that before the break, But again,

0:14:04.800 --> 0:14:08.840
<v Speaker 1>still learning after sixteen years. Satellite images is another way

0:14:09.160 --> 0:14:13.720
<v Speaker 1>that you can study on the short term. You know,

0:14:13.760 --> 0:14:16.680
<v Speaker 1>the fossil pollen is much longer, and those plant plots

0:14:16.679 --> 0:14:20.720
<v Speaker 1>and things like that, vegetation plots our shorter term. But

0:14:20.800 --> 0:14:22.240
<v Speaker 1>satellite images can also help.

0:14:22.480 --> 0:14:25.000
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, if you want to catch like a venus fly

0:14:25.120 --> 0:14:28.600
<v Speaker 2>trap and the act of leap frogging over some other planet,

0:14:28.880 --> 0:14:31.040
<v Speaker 2>satellite image is going to help you with that. Fossil

0:14:31.120 --> 0:14:32.120
<v Speaker 2>record won't show you that.

0:14:33.120 --> 0:14:36.120
<v Speaker 1>Here's the thing with all this, though, it's not like

0:14:36.160 --> 0:14:38.040
<v Speaker 1>we're going to talk a lot about climate change because

0:14:38.040 --> 0:14:40.040
<v Speaker 1>that's what's spurring a lot of the movement right now.

0:14:40.720 --> 0:14:44.040
<v Speaker 1>But the Earth's climate has changed a lot over the

0:14:44.640 --> 0:14:47.160
<v Speaker 1>you know, over the years, and this is not some

0:14:47.480 --> 0:14:51.080
<v Speaker 1>new thing. There used to be periods of time where

0:14:51.120 --> 0:14:55.240
<v Speaker 1>the Sahara desert was quite green and there was grasses

0:14:55.240 --> 0:14:59.520
<v Speaker 1>growing there and tropical plants growing there, and elephants roaming

0:14:59.520 --> 0:15:03.560
<v Speaker 1>the Sahara and wildlife living there. And they've learned that

0:15:03.600 --> 0:15:06.520
<v Speaker 1>this is actually one of the things that helped move

0:15:06.680 --> 0:15:10.000
<v Speaker 1>you know, humans around, Like humans could actually migrate through

0:15:10.000 --> 0:15:12.960
<v Speaker 1>the Sahara with much more ease than they could before

0:15:13.080 --> 0:15:15.560
<v Speaker 1>during these green Sahara periods.

0:15:15.680 --> 0:15:18.840
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, that's so fascinating that, you know, who knows when

0:15:19.200 --> 0:15:21.960
<v Speaker 2>we would have migrated out of Africa into Europe and

0:15:22.000 --> 0:15:25.080
<v Speaker 2>the ages had the green Sahara not happened. And isn't

0:15:25.080 --> 0:15:25.960
<v Speaker 2>that just nuts?

0:15:26.040 --> 0:15:29.120
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, like hundreds of miles it says here that they

0:15:29.120 --> 0:15:31.720
<v Speaker 1>would find tropical plants growing where they shouldn't be, growing

0:15:32.440 --> 0:15:35.880
<v Speaker 1>alongside you know, the desert stuff that survived. So that

0:15:36.040 --> 0:15:38.720
<v Speaker 1>was this weird sort of mixed up biome for a time.

0:15:38.920 --> 0:15:41.120
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, And the Green Sahara period there were a few

0:15:41.120 --> 0:15:43.000
<v Speaker 2>of them that had been documented, but they figured out

0:15:43.040 --> 0:15:46.400
<v Speaker 2>that they happened about every twenty three thousand years, right,

0:15:46.560 --> 0:15:48.920
<v Speaker 2>We're due for one in about twelve thousand years something

0:15:49.000 --> 0:15:54.160
<v Speaker 2>like that. And it's based on the tilt in Earth's axis.

0:15:54.480 --> 0:15:56.760
<v Speaker 2>That's neither here nor there. But the point is is

0:15:57.080 --> 0:16:01.440
<v Speaker 2>during these these periods where this was just a humid

0:16:01.840 --> 0:16:06.200
<v Speaker 2>kind of tropical forest, there was a mixture kind of

0:16:06.240 --> 0:16:08.400
<v Speaker 2>what you touched upon, of different like you said, a

0:16:08.480 --> 0:16:13.560
<v Speaker 2>hybrid biome of stuff that wouldn't necessarily live together under

0:16:13.560 --> 0:16:16.920
<v Speaker 2>normal circumstances, but got along just famously in the couple

0:16:16.960 --> 0:16:19.440
<v Speaker 2>thousand years that the Sahara was green and those plants

0:16:19.440 --> 0:16:20.320
<v Speaker 2>were growing together.

0:16:20.880 --> 0:16:22.520
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, it's just amazing to think about.

0:16:22.720 --> 0:16:25.640
<v Speaker 2>And then in North America we have another example too.

0:16:26.560 --> 0:16:30.400
<v Speaker 2>After the Laurentide Glacier, which is way up in the

0:16:30.520 --> 0:16:33.280
<v Speaker 2>Arctic right now, used to be down in Indiana and

0:16:33.320 --> 0:16:36.720
<v Speaker 2>northern New Jersey. Yeah, and when it retreated, it took

0:16:36.880 --> 0:16:40.080
<v Speaker 2>everything with it. It took bowlers, it carved out lakes,

0:16:40.080 --> 0:16:42.240
<v Speaker 2>it did all sorts of neat stuff. But what it

0:16:42.280 --> 0:16:45.240
<v Speaker 2>didn't leave behind was vegetation. So it left it was

0:16:45.280 --> 0:16:49.120
<v Speaker 2>like a giant ice cream truck basically. Yeah, it left

0:16:49.160 --> 0:16:51.760
<v Speaker 2>nothing behind, and it was just a great place for

0:16:51.840 --> 0:16:54.040
<v Speaker 2>plants to pioneer and colonie.

0:16:54.280 --> 0:16:56.160
<v Speaker 1>Yeah. I mean that's why you have pine trees in

0:16:56.200 --> 0:16:57.160
<v Speaker 1>New Jersey, right.

0:16:57.720 --> 0:17:00.360
<v Speaker 2>I would think so, yeah, or in the south because

0:17:00.400 --> 0:17:05.480
<v Speaker 2>they were too far they were trapped below or yeah,

0:17:05.520 --> 0:17:10.720
<v Speaker 2>below the Laurentide Glacier down in the southeast, even though

0:17:10.720 --> 0:17:14.440
<v Speaker 2>they normally would have been growing in the north, right,

0:17:15.200 --> 0:17:18.480
<v Speaker 2>And as the glacier retreated, the climate changed in that area,

0:17:18.520 --> 0:17:20.320
<v Speaker 2>and so the trees has moved on up. So that's

0:17:20.359 --> 0:17:21.920
<v Speaker 2>an example of migration as well.

0:17:22.480 --> 0:17:24.800
<v Speaker 1>Yeah. Oh wait, I thought they but I thought they

0:17:24.840 --> 0:17:27.240
<v Speaker 1>were It was more hospitable in the south for these trees,

0:17:27.960 --> 0:17:31.600
<v Speaker 1>and that migration sent them north. Yeah, that's what I said, right,

0:17:31.840 --> 0:17:36.439
<v Speaker 1>Oh okay maybe Yeah. The other thing we should talk

0:17:36.480 --> 0:17:38.640
<v Speaker 1>about as far as climate change goes, because, like I said,

0:17:38.640 --> 0:17:41.920
<v Speaker 1>we're going to mention that a lot is the rate

0:17:42.000 --> 0:17:45.600
<v Speaker 1>of change of the climate is increasing, as most people

0:17:45.600 --> 0:17:49.200
<v Speaker 1>agree on, and that is kind of where we are

0:17:49.280 --> 0:17:53.000
<v Speaker 1>now in discussing this is like, is the rate of

0:17:53.040 --> 0:17:56.840
<v Speaker 1>climate increasing too fast for the plant migration to catch up,

0:17:57.320 --> 0:18:00.720
<v Speaker 1>or in some cases are the plants migrating ahead of

0:18:00.760 --> 0:18:04.040
<v Speaker 1>that pace? And that's really sort of you know, a

0:18:04.080 --> 0:18:06.879
<v Speaker 1>lot of this episode is about this rate of change.

0:18:07.359 --> 0:18:10.119
<v Speaker 1>In the two hundred years since the beginning of the

0:18:10.119 --> 0:18:14.560
<v Speaker 1>Industrial Age, no coincidence, the temperature of the Earth has

0:18:14.680 --> 0:18:19.680
<v Speaker 1>increased more than one degree. And again, yeah we all

0:18:19.720 --> 0:18:21.920
<v Speaker 1>know now that you know, one degree is like a huge,

0:18:22.000 --> 0:18:22.520
<v Speaker 1>huge deal.

0:18:22.720 --> 0:18:24.879
<v Speaker 2>It's one point eight degrees fahrenheit.

0:18:25.520 --> 0:18:29.199
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, exactly, But zero point three seven of that change

0:18:29.359 --> 0:18:32.879
<v Speaker 1>over the past two hundred years has come since twenty eleven.

0:18:33.440 --> 0:18:37.840
<v Speaker 1>So it's people. Have you know, someone has stepped on

0:18:37.840 --> 0:18:40.439
<v Speaker 1>the gas here. Yeah, and it's happening much much faster,

0:18:40.960 --> 0:18:44.440
<v Speaker 1>and seemingly in many cases, fasting faster than these plants

0:18:44.480 --> 0:18:45.000
<v Speaker 1>can catch up.

0:18:45.119 --> 0:18:47.440
<v Speaker 2>Yeah. So plants are used to migrating, like they've been

0:18:47.480 --> 0:18:52.120
<v Speaker 2>migrating through our Earth's history, but these conditions are different.

0:18:52.440 --> 0:18:55.440
<v Speaker 2>It's not like it was before. Even when the Earth

0:18:55.560 --> 0:18:58.240
<v Speaker 2>was heating up after the last Ice Age, I think,

0:18:58.320 --> 0:19:00.320
<v Speaker 2>did you say that it took about an hour average

0:19:00.359 --> 0:19:03.960
<v Speaker 2>of fourteen hundred years to increase by one degree after

0:19:03.960 --> 0:19:05.119
<v Speaker 2>the last glacial period?

0:19:05.760 --> 0:19:07.919
<v Speaker 1>No, No, that was the setup. That would have been

0:19:07.960 --> 0:19:08.439
<v Speaker 1>very helpful.

0:19:08.440 --> 0:19:11.960
<v Speaker 2>Actually, I mean, think about it. So we've achieved one

0:19:11.960 --> 0:19:15.160
<v Speaker 2>degree in two hundred years, and after the last glacial

0:19:15.160 --> 0:19:20.600
<v Speaker 2>period ended the earth heated one degree every fourteen hundred years.

0:19:20.840 --> 0:19:22.240
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, that's called a rapid increase.

0:19:22.359 --> 0:19:24.360
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, Like you said, somebody's put their foot on the gas,

0:19:24.400 --> 0:19:27.520
<v Speaker 2>and that's somebody is Western industrialized nations, right.

0:19:28.119 --> 0:19:28.679
<v Speaker 1>Yeah.

0:19:28.720 --> 0:19:31.119
<v Speaker 2>So that's one thing that's really kind of putting the

0:19:31.720 --> 0:19:36.719
<v Speaker 2>heat on plants literally is their southernmost ranges or their

0:19:36.800 --> 0:19:41.720
<v Speaker 2>northernmost ranges, depending on what I guess, they're equatorial pointing

0:19:42.320 --> 0:19:47.000
<v Speaker 2>ranges where it's hotter. Those are the ones that are

0:19:47.000 --> 0:19:50.639
<v Speaker 2>really at stake. So are those plants ranges big enough

0:19:50.960 --> 0:19:53.000
<v Speaker 2>that they'll be able to survive that change in climate

0:19:53.040 --> 0:19:55.600
<v Speaker 2>and just keep moving northward or are they going to

0:19:56.200 --> 0:20:00.119
<v Speaker 2>be outpaced by the movement of the climate because the

0:20:00.160 --> 0:20:04.040
<v Speaker 2>climate is racing towards the poles, just like the plants are.

0:20:04.160 --> 0:20:05.719
<v Speaker 1>Right, Yeah, So who's faster.

0:20:06.240 --> 0:20:10.160
<v Speaker 2>Well, it turns out if you talk about New England's trees,

0:20:11.160 --> 0:20:13.479
<v Speaker 2>they move something I think red oaks is what it

0:20:13.600 --> 0:20:17.280
<v Speaker 2>was that this University of Vermont group was studying. They

0:20:17.320 --> 0:20:20.119
<v Speaker 2>move something like a tenth to three tenths of a

0:20:20.240 --> 0:20:24.959
<v Speaker 2>mile a year, right, Yeah. The climate is moving something

0:20:25.080 --> 0:20:28.080
<v Speaker 2>like four to six miles a year. So the climate

0:20:28.160 --> 0:20:31.320
<v Speaker 2>is really kind of showing up as kind of the

0:20:31.960 --> 0:20:37.920
<v Speaker 2>Usain Bolt of this race. And I don't know the

0:20:38.320 --> 0:20:40.800
<v Speaker 2>plants are like me racing Usain Bolt.

0:20:41.440 --> 0:20:43.520
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, that lab group in Vermont, they all have t

0:20:43.640 --> 0:20:46.880
<v Speaker 1>shirts that just say you do the math exactly. It's

0:20:47.000 --> 0:20:49.320
<v Speaker 1>very smarty, but they get their point across for sure.

0:20:51.080 --> 0:20:53.359
<v Speaker 1>There's another example of and you know, we've kind of

0:20:53.359 --> 0:20:58.119
<v Speaker 1>been talking about northern movement, which is generally the pattern,

0:20:58.160 --> 0:21:03.080
<v Speaker 1>but not always. There's a rece Purdue name song Lend Fay.

0:21:03.359 --> 0:21:07.000
<v Speaker 1>I think Fay or Fhi. I don't know Fi. I

0:21:07.000 --> 0:21:10.480
<v Speaker 1>bet it's Fie who studied eighty six species of trees

0:21:10.520 --> 0:21:13.560
<v Speaker 1>in the eastern US over about thirty years from the

0:21:13.600 --> 0:21:17.359
<v Speaker 1>mid eighties to twenty fifteen. And it depends on what

0:21:17.440 --> 0:21:22.600
<v Speaker 1>the tree is. Hardwoods, scarlet oaks, red maples, magnolias are

0:21:22.680 --> 0:21:25.720
<v Speaker 1>moving west at about one and a half kilometers a

0:21:25.800 --> 0:21:29.679
<v Speaker 1>year because the Midwest is becoming more wet and the

0:21:29.720 --> 0:21:33.360
<v Speaker 1>conditions are good for those trees to grow. Soft woods,

0:21:33.920 --> 0:21:37.639
<v Speaker 1>shortleaf pines, red pines, bald cypress. They're actually moving north

0:21:37.720 --> 0:21:40.480
<v Speaker 1>about a kilometer of the year, a kilometer a year.

0:21:40.400 --> 0:21:40.560
<v Speaker 2>So.

0:21:42.080 --> 0:21:45.400
<v Speaker 1>Different plants and trees are moving in different directions at

0:21:45.440 --> 0:21:46.240
<v Speaker 1>different rates.

0:21:46.400 --> 0:21:51.119
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, it's very much akin to a neighborhood that's this

0:21:51.359 --> 0:21:54.280
<v Speaker 2>old settled in neighborhood with a bunch of mix of

0:21:54.359 --> 0:21:58.680
<v Speaker 2>people that's being gentrified. It's being pushed out and separated.

0:21:58.760 --> 0:22:02.000
<v Speaker 2>Not everybody, just the whole neighborhood doesn't just move. This

0:22:02.040 --> 0:22:05.560
<v Speaker 2>neighborhood breaks up and goes in different directions. And so

0:22:05.760 --> 0:22:09.159
<v Speaker 2>to ecologists in arborous like this is very concerning because

0:22:09.520 --> 0:22:13.160
<v Speaker 2>for a long time we've looked at groups of plants

0:22:13.680 --> 0:22:17.400
<v Speaker 2>as communities, like some some plants go with other plants,

0:22:17.400 --> 0:22:25.119
<v Speaker 2>like I think was it beach and uh, hickory, where

0:22:25.160 --> 0:22:25.480
<v Speaker 2>is it?

0:22:26.359 --> 0:22:29.040
<v Speaker 1>I don't know. I like hickory, though.

0:22:29.040 --> 0:22:31.920
<v Speaker 2>We can't we can't leave that in there. Oh yeah, hemlocks.

0:22:32.080 --> 0:22:34.920
<v Speaker 2>I knew it was an h. H. Tree. Beach and

0:22:35.000 --> 0:22:40.119
<v Speaker 2>hemlocks go together like peanut butter and chocolate, so to do,

0:22:40.280 --> 0:22:42.800
<v Speaker 2>like firs and spruces. Right, So when you find one

0:22:42.840 --> 0:22:44.600
<v Speaker 2>of these, you usually find the other one. And there's

0:22:44.600 --> 0:22:46.600
<v Speaker 2>also a bunch of other plants that kind of interact,

0:22:46.600 --> 0:22:49.080
<v Speaker 2>and usually some types of animals that hang out in

0:22:49.119 --> 0:22:51.320
<v Speaker 2>those same types of forests. So if you've got the

0:22:51.359 --> 0:22:56.080
<v Speaker 2>hemlocks going north and the beach going west, Who are

0:22:56.080 --> 0:22:57.800
<v Speaker 2>the hemlocks going to mix with and who are the

0:22:57.800 --> 0:22:59.800
<v Speaker 2>beach going to mix with when they start to set

0:22:59.840 --> 0:23:03.560
<v Speaker 2>up these new communities, And that was really troubling to ecologists,

0:23:03.760 --> 0:23:09.560
<v Speaker 2>but I think palinologists, these fossil pollen scientists have said

0:23:09.680 --> 0:23:12.640
<v Speaker 2>it's always been this way. Communities aren't permanent, they're kind

0:23:12.640 --> 0:23:15.560
<v Speaker 2>of instable. They just seem permanent to us because our

0:23:15.600 --> 0:23:19.000
<v Speaker 2>life years there are lifespans on the order of like

0:23:19.080 --> 0:23:22.200
<v Speaker 2>seventy eighty years, right right, This is it's a much

0:23:22.240 --> 0:23:26.560
<v Speaker 2>slower process, but it's a constantly changing turnover, so it's

0:23:26.600 --> 0:23:29.440
<v Speaker 2>not that big of a deal. But again, because of

0:23:29.480 --> 0:23:32.920
<v Speaker 2>the pace of climate change, when these hemlocks get further

0:23:32.960 --> 0:23:35.639
<v Speaker 2>north and the beach get further west, they're going to

0:23:35.720 --> 0:23:39.200
<v Speaker 2>have far less time to develop new connections and networks

0:23:39.560 --> 0:23:42.679
<v Speaker 2>with the new plants that they set up communities with.

0:23:43.960 --> 0:23:46.159
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, and the other thing too, you know earlier when

0:23:46.200 --> 0:23:51.920
<v Speaker 1>I mentioned that a series of trees might move up

0:23:52.000 --> 0:23:54.960
<v Speaker 1>a mountain side because it's a way quicker way to

0:23:55.000 --> 0:23:57.719
<v Speaker 1>get to a more hospitable climate than moving that ninety

0:23:57.720 --> 0:24:01.560
<v Speaker 1>miles north. Yeah, when they and this happens in other

0:24:01.600 --> 0:24:04.080
<v Speaker 1>cases as well, it's not just like up a mountain side.

0:24:04.280 --> 0:24:06.280
<v Speaker 1>But when they get to the place where they're going,

0:24:07.080 --> 0:24:10.959
<v Speaker 1>it may be a better place, may be more hospitable

0:24:11.000 --> 0:24:14.719
<v Speaker 1>climate wise, but other things aren't so great. So if

0:24:14.760 --> 0:24:17.320
<v Speaker 1>you move up that mountain slope, let's say you have

0:24:17.640 --> 0:24:21.440
<v Speaker 1>a shallower soil, and so those trees move up there

0:24:21.480 --> 0:24:24.040
<v Speaker 1>because the climate's better. But then they get there and

0:24:24.600 --> 0:24:26.640
<v Speaker 1>the soil is in as great, so they get squeezed

0:24:26.680 --> 0:24:29.280
<v Speaker 1>into where they can grow, maybe into like a tiny

0:24:29.320 --> 0:24:32.639
<v Speaker 1>little narrow band that's you know, potentially choking off the

0:24:32.680 --> 0:24:33.439
<v Speaker 1>rest of the forest.

0:24:33.640 --> 0:24:37.000
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, I've figured out it's kind of like hiding in

0:24:37.040 --> 0:24:39.760
<v Speaker 2>a closet during a house fire, Like you're going to

0:24:39.840 --> 0:24:41.680
<v Speaker 2>be safe in the short term, but in the long

0:24:41.760 --> 0:24:43.960
<v Speaker 2>term it's not a great strategy. But it's not like

0:24:44.000 --> 0:24:46.359
<v Speaker 2>the trees have any choice. They can't go back down.

0:24:46.720 --> 0:24:49.800
<v Speaker 2>It's too hot there, they can't move further up. There's

0:24:49.880 --> 0:24:53.240
<v Speaker 2>the soils in hospitable, so they're trapped and they're eventually

0:24:53.280 --> 0:24:55.480
<v Speaker 2>going to become a thinner and thinner band until they

0:24:55.520 --> 0:24:57.399
<v Speaker 2>just pop out of existence.

0:24:57.960 --> 0:25:00.440
<v Speaker 1>That's right. And the other thing that can happen when,

0:25:00.600 --> 0:25:02.640
<v Speaker 1>like you said, when they get to a new place,

0:25:02.680 --> 0:25:04.439
<v Speaker 1>and they don't have enough time to make new friends.

0:25:05.720 --> 0:25:07.760
<v Speaker 1>All of a sudden, that can open the window for

0:25:08.400 --> 0:25:10.919
<v Speaker 1>bad friends to show up. Yeah, and all of a sudden,

0:25:10.920 --> 0:25:13.880
<v Speaker 1>invasive species are there, and then you've got a whole

0:25:13.880 --> 0:25:14.719
<v Speaker 1>other set of problems.

0:25:14.880 --> 0:25:17.159
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, the ones that were like leather jackets with the

0:25:17.200 --> 0:25:21.360
<v Speaker 2>little silver studs on their shoulders, those are the ones

0:25:21.400 --> 0:25:23.320
<v Speaker 2>you gotta watch out for. Those plants.

0:25:24.440 --> 0:25:27.760
<v Speaker 1>If this all seems very kind of on too long

0:25:27.760 --> 0:25:31.240
<v Speaker 1>of a timeline for you to care, First of all,

0:25:31.400 --> 0:25:33.879
<v Speaker 1>you probably don't care much about climate change because that's

0:25:33.920 --> 0:25:37.639
<v Speaker 1>the whole name of the game there. Sure, but maple

0:25:37.640 --> 0:25:40.120
<v Speaker 1>syrup is a good example that Livia found Lyvia helped

0:25:40.200 --> 0:25:44.200
<v Speaker 1>u out. She did great job with this. The maple tree.

0:25:45.320 --> 0:25:47.280
<v Speaker 1>Which species is that? The sugar maple is one of

0:25:47.280 --> 0:25:49.600
<v Speaker 1>the two main species that we use to get that

0:25:49.680 --> 0:25:50.720
<v Speaker 1>delicious maple syrup.

0:25:50.760 --> 0:25:53.720
<v Speaker 2>I'm sorry, this isn't a side. Sugar maple are two

0:25:53.840 --> 0:25:57.040
<v Speaker 2>beautiful words that form an even more beautiful.

0:25:57.240 --> 0:25:59.119
<v Speaker 1>You are right on the money, my friend. You know,

0:25:59.600 --> 0:26:04.040
<v Speaker 1>sugar maple. It just sounds nice coming out of my mouth. Yeah.

0:26:04.119 --> 0:26:09.320
<v Speaker 1>They have been migrating north into Canada, and you might say, well,

0:26:09.320 --> 0:26:12.320
<v Speaker 1>that's great Canada is a fine place to live, and

0:26:12.359 --> 0:26:14.120
<v Speaker 1>I'm sure they love their maple serve up there too.

0:26:14.600 --> 0:26:18.480
<v Speaker 1>But in Quebec, the researchers have found that they're not

0:26:18.600 --> 0:26:22.600
<v Speaker 1>gonna go beyond their current range up there because they're

0:26:22.680 --> 0:26:25.919
<v Speaker 1>boreal forests up there. So the soil again, they the

0:26:25.920 --> 0:26:27.840
<v Speaker 1>climate might be better, but then they get up there

0:26:27.880 --> 0:26:30.840
<v Speaker 1>and the soil pH and the microbe content in the

0:26:30.880 --> 0:26:33.480
<v Speaker 1>soil is not what they're used to and not what

0:26:33.560 --> 0:26:36.720
<v Speaker 1>they work well with and grow well with. So they're

0:26:36.760 --> 0:26:38.359
<v Speaker 1>not doing well up there in the forest.

0:26:38.640 --> 0:26:42.200
<v Speaker 2>No, No, And that's it's the exact same position as

0:26:42.280 --> 0:26:44.720
<v Speaker 2>the trees that are trying to go up the mountain

0:26:44.760 --> 0:26:48.400
<v Speaker 2>are running into. Eventually, these trees that are moving into

0:26:48.440 --> 0:26:52.000
<v Speaker 2>the boreal forest areas, they're like they can't go any further,

0:26:52.240 --> 0:26:53.600
<v Speaker 2>Like they're not adapted to that.

0:26:54.160 --> 0:26:57.160
<v Speaker 1>Over a long enough timeline, yeah, maybe.

0:26:56.880 --> 0:26:59.320
<v Speaker 2>Those sugar maples could, like a few of them, could

0:26:59.359 --> 0:27:01.840
<v Speaker 2>land in the border royal forest and end up surviving

0:27:01.880 --> 0:27:04.800
<v Speaker 2>in that kind of soil and then they would be

0:27:04.800 --> 0:27:07.240
<v Speaker 2>adapted for and they'd start reproducing. And then as the

0:27:07.280 --> 0:27:10.879
<v Speaker 2>boreal forest moved closer to the Poles or the Arctic,

0:27:11.720 --> 0:27:15.080
<v Speaker 2>those trees would move where the boreal forest used to be. Right,

0:27:15.280 --> 0:27:18.720
<v Speaker 2>totally not a problem over a long enough time span. Again,

0:27:18.960 --> 0:27:22.440
<v Speaker 2>climate change has so drastically shortened that timespan that there's

0:27:22.480 --> 0:27:24.520
<v Speaker 2>probably not going to be time for this, and those

0:27:24.560 --> 0:27:28.000
<v Speaker 2>sugar maples will just run into that boreal soil and

0:27:28.160 --> 0:27:30.679
<v Speaker 2>just they it'll be like hitting a brick wall for

0:27:30.720 --> 0:27:31.480
<v Speaker 2>their species.

0:27:31.960 --> 0:27:35.040
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, another issue that can happen. And I know this

0:27:35.119 --> 0:27:38.200
<v Speaker 1>all just seems like doomsday stuff, kind of is it?

0:27:38.320 --> 0:27:43.440
<v Speaker 1>Kind of this though, Let's say, like the Amazon episode

0:27:43.440 --> 0:27:46.200
<v Speaker 1>that we talked about, when trees are moving out there,

0:27:47.119 --> 0:27:49.240
<v Speaker 1>they might be replaced by something and it may not

0:27:49.400 --> 0:27:52.720
<v Speaker 1>be an invasive species, but it may just be weeds

0:27:52.800 --> 0:27:56.560
<v Speaker 1>or grasses or something. Those aren't as good at capturing

0:27:56.560 --> 0:27:59.399
<v Speaker 1>carbon as those trees were, So then that accelerates the

0:27:59.400 --> 0:28:00.199
<v Speaker 1>problem even more.

0:28:00.880 --> 0:28:03.640
<v Speaker 2>Right, And then there's another if you want to keep

0:28:03.680 --> 0:28:09.640
<v Speaker 2>talking about these stay scenarios. Those boreal forests, they actually

0:28:09.840 --> 0:28:12.359
<v Speaker 2>are if you look at a map or if you

0:28:12.359 --> 0:28:16.320
<v Speaker 2>look at planet Earth from outer space, they're dark, which

0:28:16.359 --> 0:28:20.040
<v Speaker 2>means that they absorb more sunlight, more heat, more UV radiation.

0:28:20.640 --> 0:28:24.720
<v Speaker 2>Then the polar caps the ice that reflects it back

0:28:24.760 --> 0:28:28.080
<v Speaker 2>into space. So as those boreal forests advance further and

0:28:28.119 --> 0:28:31.560
<v Speaker 2>further north toward the toward the Arctic or the North Pole,

0:28:32.000 --> 0:28:34.200
<v Speaker 2>and there's less and less ice to reflect that there's

0:28:34.240 --> 0:28:36.919
<v Speaker 2>more and more heat for them to trap, which is

0:28:37.000 --> 0:28:40.360
<v Speaker 2>just going to heat the earth that much faster. It's

0:28:40.400 --> 0:28:43.200
<v Speaker 2>a positive feedback loop that's super duper negative.

0:28:44.280 --> 0:28:49.160
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, very negative. Maybe we should cover tropical things moving

0:28:49.480 --> 0:28:50.840
<v Speaker 1>north and then take a break.

0:28:50.920 --> 0:28:52.719
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, because I got some good stuff on that, man,

0:28:52.760 --> 0:28:53.560
<v Speaker 2>I'm super exciting.

0:28:53.640 --> 0:28:56.880
<v Speaker 1>Yeah. I mean it goes both ways. So you can

0:28:56.960 --> 0:29:01.200
<v Speaker 1>have like tropical plants and tropical zones like Florida, where

0:29:01.360 --> 0:29:03.200
<v Speaker 1>you know, the earth is warming, so they can move

0:29:03.240 --> 0:29:05.400
<v Speaker 1>further and further north, and all of a sudden, these

0:29:05.440 --> 0:29:08.520
<v Speaker 1>plants that are native to tropical zones are ending up

0:29:08.520 --> 0:29:13.520
<v Speaker 1>in areas where it's you know, not necessarily a tropical zone.

0:29:14.720 --> 0:29:18.360
<v Speaker 1>I can't remember which zone Atlanta.

0:29:17.920 --> 0:29:21.560
<v Speaker 2>Is, Atlanta's seven B and aight a seven.

0:29:21.920 --> 0:29:25.200
<v Speaker 1>I love that you know that stuff. But the point

0:29:25.360 --> 0:29:29.760
<v Speaker 1>is like these these like kill kill frost that you

0:29:29.880 --> 0:29:33.240
<v Speaker 1>might get that happen to I love that name kill frost,

0:29:34.040 --> 0:29:35.920
<v Speaker 1>Like it'll get really cold and frost over and like

0:29:36.000 --> 0:29:38.720
<v Speaker 1>kill things. Maybe that shouldn't be there if that's happening

0:29:38.800 --> 0:29:41.000
<v Speaker 1>less and less, and there's even less in the way

0:29:41.400 --> 0:29:44.280
<v Speaker 1>of those tropical plants moving northward.

0:29:44.280 --> 0:29:48.720
<v Speaker 2>Right, and so I guess climatologists are expecting that by

0:29:48.760 --> 0:29:51.240
<v Speaker 2>the end of the century, which seems like a long

0:29:51.280 --> 0:29:54.320
<v Speaker 2>way away. But buddy, that's like less than that's like

0:29:54.400 --> 0:29:58.280
<v Speaker 2>eight decades, seventy something years, maybe even seventy seven you

0:29:58.280 --> 0:30:02.120
<v Speaker 2>could say to be exact, But in seventy seven years,

0:30:02.320 --> 0:30:09.360
<v Speaker 2>climatologists expect all of Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, New Mexico,

0:30:09.880 --> 0:30:14.880
<v Speaker 2>Arizona and California, guessing the southern half to be tropical.

0:30:15.280 --> 0:30:18.280
<v Speaker 2>Those are subtropical. Now, if you want an example of

0:30:18.280 --> 0:30:24.680
<v Speaker 2>what a tropical country is, go to Ecuador, go to Guatemala.

0:30:24.880 --> 0:30:28.800
<v Speaker 2>Those are tropical, and Alabama and Arizona are going to

0:30:28.800 --> 0:30:32.080
<v Speaker 2>be like Guatemala by the end of the century. Yeah,

0:30:32.400 --> 0:30:34.200
<v Speaker 2>that's insane.

0:30:34.400 --> 0:30:38.960
<v Speaker 1>I know, it's really and it's happening. It's not like

0:30:39.120 --> 0:30:41.320
<v Speaker 1>they've shown that it's currently happening.

0:30:41.480 --> 0:30:43.560
<v Speaker 2>Yes, and it's happening because, like you were saying, those

0:30:43.640 --> 0:30:47.440
<v Speaker 2>extreme cold events are becoming rarer and they're becoming warmer.

0:30:47.520 --> 0:30:49.600
<v Speaker 2>So the coldest day of the year is not as

0:30:49.640 --> 0:30:50.600
<v Speaker 2>cold as it used to be.

0:30:50.640 --> 0:30:53.680
<v Speaker 1>In other words, I think the scientific term is kill Frost.

0:30:54.000 --> 0:30:56.840
<v Speaker 2>I love that. That is definitely a band name.

0:30:57.520 --> 0:30:59.280
<v Speaker 1>Oh for sure, Mike. What are they though?

0:31:00.080 --> 0:31:01.280
<v Speaker 2>Oh? I don't know.

0:31:01.280 --> 0:31:03.440
<v Speaker 1>I think it's kind of heavy or something, right.

0:31:03.320 --> 0:31:06.800
<v Speaker 2>I don't know. Remember Destroyer they were great, They didn't

0:31:06.880 --> 0:31:09.800
<v Speaker 2>really destroy They had like kind of like a belying name,

0:31:09.840 --> 0:31:10.440
<v Speaker 2>you know what I mean?

0:31:10.880 --> 0:31:13.360
<v Speaker 1>No, that's true, so it could be like that. I

0:31:13.400 --> 0:31:16.440
<v Speaker 1>think he named the band that for that reason is

0:31:16.440 --> 0:31:17.560
<v Speaker 1>a bit of a tongue in cheek thing.

0:31:17.560 --> 0:31:18.840
<v Speaker 2>Maybe I knew I liked that.

0:31:18.960 --> 0:31:22.680
<v Speaker 1>Kay, yeah, Beharts who we're talking about?

0:31:22.800 --> 0:31:26.600
<v Speaker 2>Not Joy Tony.

0:31:27.040 --> 0:31:28.880
<v Speaker 1>I know it's a Dan I think.

0:31:28.800 --> 0:31:30.840
<v Speaker 2>Right, I don't know. I just know a couple of

0:31:30.880 --> 0:31:33.360
<v Speaker 2>Destroyer songs. I don't have to know the guy's life story,

0:31:33.400 --> 0:31:34.480
<v Speaker 2>do I Well?

0:31:37.240 --> 0:31:39.360
<v Speaker 1>Settle down? No, I wanted to look it up because

0:31:39.400 --> 0:31:43.400
<v Speaker 1>he is. He's also a part time member of maybe

0:31:43.440 --> 0:31:47.600
<v Speaker 1>my favorite all time band, the New Pornographers, like modern band.

0:31:47.640 --> 0:31:50.360
<v Speaker 1>Oh yeah, yeah, he's He's on most of their albums,

0:31:50.360 --> 0:31:51.800
<v Speaker 1>but hasn't done the past few.

0:31:52.240 --> 0:31:55.640
<v Speaker 2>Who was the singer for New Pornographers? Was it Nico case.

0:31:56.080 --> 0:32:00.520
<v Speaker 1>Well, she sings and Carl Newman sings, and also the

0:32:00.600 --> 0:32:03.959
<v Speaker 1>great Catherine Calder, who is the stuff you should know listener.

0:32:04.040 --> 0:32:06.320
<v Speaker 2>Oh Nat, oh wow, Yeah, I.

0:32:06.280 --> 0:32:07.840
<v Speaker 1>Found that out and I was like, oh, I got

0:32:07.840 --> 0:32:10.000
<v Speaker 1>to get in touch with her, and I did, and

0:32:10.040 --> 0:32:13.560
<v Speaker 1>now we are email buddies. And on the last New

0:32:13.560 --> 0:32:16.560
<v Speaker 1>Pornographer show in Atlanta, she's kind enough to meet me

0:32:16.880 --> 0:32:21.040
<v Speaker 1>behind the bus, as they say, in the back parking lot,

0:32:21.080 --> 0:32:23.040
<v Speaker 1>and we chatted for a while and she's just wonderful.

0:32:23.120 --> 0:32:27.160
<v Speaker 1>And she also gonna plug her other band because she

0:32:27.240 --> 0:32:30.800
<v Speaker 1>has put out a great album last year with her

0:32:30.920 --> 0:32:35.080
<v Speaker 1>band front person, So get front person. If you like

0:32:35.120 --> 0:32:39.880
<v Speaker 1>CYNTHI goodness and like a beautiful angelic voice, then get

0:32:39.960 --> 0:32:40.600
<v Speaker 1>front person.

0:32:41.080 --> 0:32:43.880
<v Speaker 2>Speaking of CYNTHI goodness, that's so funny you bring that up.

0:32:44.120 --> 0:32:47.320
<v Speaker 2>Just today I discovered an entirely new genre of music

0:32:47.400 --> 0:32:49.640
<v Speaker 2>called dungeon synth. Have you heard of it?

0:32:49.840 --> 0:32:50.760
<v Speaker 1>What? No?

0:32:51.160 --> 0:32:56.000
<v Speaker 2>Okay, okay. It's a really well named genre. But it

0:32:56.080 --> 0:33:00.560
<v Speaker 2>is synth super like cynthy synth, like eighties a synth.

0:33:01.000 --> 0:33:01.520
<v Speaker 1>I love it.

0:33:01.920 --> 0:33:04.440
<v Speaker 2>But the kind of synth that you would find is

0:33:04.520 --> 0:33:09.760
<v Speaker 2>like the score to a seventies hobbit, like cartoon movie,

0:33:09.800 --> 0:33:16.480
<v Speaker 2>animated movie, it's super wizardy and fantasy. It just evokes

0:33:16.520 --> 0:33:18.520
<v Speaker 2>all that stuff. It does such a good job of it.

0:33:18.560 --> 0:33:21.120
<v Speaker 2>But I've only heard one album. I can't remember whose

0:33:21.160 --> 0:33:25.560
<v Speaker 2>it was. But check out Frost. Checkout Dungeon Synth. Yeah,

0:33:25.640 --> 0:33:27.480
<v Speaker 2>Kill Frost is a Dungeon Synth band.

0:33:27.600 --> 0:33:31.640
<v Speaker 1>Nice work, all right, Dungeon Synth and the front Person album.

0:33:31.880 --> 0:33:33.360
<v Speaker 1>Their most recent Parade.

0:33:33.160 --> 0:33:36.880
<v Speaker 2>Is great, very nice. I think it time for a break.

0:33:37.280 --> 0:33:39.280
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, let's take a break. We'll be back with more

0:33:39.360 --> 0:33:40.680
<v Speaker 1>album reviews right after.

0:33:40.520 --> 0:34:05.120
<v Speaker 2>This, So, Chuck. One thing you can say about humans

0:34:05.320 --> 0:34:10.279
<v Speaker 2>is that we are action oriented. Sure, in a lot

0:34:10.360 --> 0:34:12.439
<v Speaker 2>of ways, I will give you that we sit around

0:34:12.480 --> 0:34:17.200
<v Speaker 2>in bicker and complain and moan and undermine one another.

0:34:17.840 --> 0:34:21.160
<v Speaker 2>But when the chips are down, we can invent our

0:34:21.200 --> 0:34:24.320
<v Speaker 2>way out of a lot of problems. And invention doesn't

0:34:24.400 --> 0:34:27.759
<v Speaker 2>have to necessarily mean that we, you know, put some

0:34:27.840 --> 0:34:30.480
<v Speaker 2>metal on metal and made it go on its own.

0:34:30.880 --> 0:34:34.920
<v Speaker 2>It can be something like inventing new areas for species

0:34:34.960 --> 0:34:37.840
<v Speaker 2>that are in danger of being lost to climate change

0:34:38.200 --> 0:34:42.399
<v Speaker 2>to settle and make another part of their range out of.

0:34:43.280 --> 0:34:45.560
<v Speaker 1>Well, sir, it sounds like you were talking about forest

0:34:45.880 --> 0:34:47.359
<v Speaker 1>assisted migration by God.

0:34:47.400 --> 0:34:49.440
<v Speaker 2>I am that's right.

0:34:49.320 --> 0:34:52.120
<v Speaker 1>And that is basically and we'll talk about the good,

0:34:52.239 --> 0:34:54.000
<v Speaker 1>the bad, and the ugly of this. That is human

0:34:54.040 --> 0:35:00.080
<v Speaker 1>being scientists getting involved in the ecosystem and nature and

0:35:00.520 --> 0:35:04.080
<v Speaker 1>spreading seed and sort of getting ahead of the pace

0:35:04.920 --> 0:35:07.719
<v Speaker 1>if the pace isn't where it should be to keep

0:35:07.800 --> 0:35:10.080
<v Speaker 1>up with climate change, saying well, let me give you

0:35:10.080 --> 0:35:14.920
<v Speaker 1>a little little help forward. And this can be kind

0:35:14.920 --> 0:35:19.560
<v Speaker 1>of thorny because it's it's humans, like I said, getting

0:35:19.560 --> 0:35:22.399
<v Speaker 1>involved in the ecosystem in ways that science has long said,

0:35:23.160 --> 0:35:25.680
<v Speaker 1>let nature work it out, and that's the best way

0:35:25.680 --> 0:35:27.640
<v Speaker 1>to do it, because you don't know what can happen

0:35:27.640 --> 0:35:28.839
<v Speaker 1>once you start messing around.

0:35:29.000 --> 0:35:32.880
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, like nature finds a way it does. These guys

0:35:32.920 --> 0:35:34.880
<v Speaker 2>are saying, the people who are in favor of this

0:35:35.040 --> 0:35:39.040
<v Speaker 2>are saying that made sense before July twenty twenty three,

0:35:39.480 --> 0:35:44.000
<v Speaker 2>which is probably the hottest month in Earth's history, at

0:35:44.080 --> 0:35:46.920
<v Speaker 2>least as a kid far as since it cooled basically,

0:35:47.719 --> 0:35:51.240
<v Speaker 2>and that followed the hottest June ever. Right, So they're

0:35:51.480 --> 0:35:54.080
<v Speaker 2>these ecologists that are like, no, we need to take

0:35:54.200 --> 0:35:56.960
<v Speaker 2>much more of an active hand in this, are saying,

0:35:57.000 --> 0:35:59.960
<v Speaker 2>like it's our obligation to do something. Not doing any

0:36:00.120 --> 0:36:03.439
<v Speaker 2>thing is going to be more destructive. It's like saying like, yeah,

0:36:03.480 --> 0:36:06.040
<v Speaker 2>we shouldn't move these people out of this house that's

0:36:06.080 --> 0:36:09.200
<v Speaker 2>being bulldozed over because we don't know what they're gonna

0:36:09.239 --> 0:36:11.759
<v Speaker 2>do in their new neighborhood. So we're just gonna stand

0:36:11.800 --> 0:36:15.000
<v Speaker 2>there and watch them die as the bulldozer crushes them

0:36:15.080 --> 0:36:18.560
<v Speaker 2>inside of their house. That's the that's a pretty good analogy.

0:36:18.600 --> 0:36:22.480
<v Speaker 2>If I do congratulate myself here, it's very much akin

0:36:22.560 --> 0:36:24.680
<v Speaker 2>to that. And so those of colleges have a pretty

0:36:24.719 --> 0:36:27.000
<v Speaker 2>good point, like it's like, yeah, it's not a great,

0:36:27.239 --> 0:36:30.680
<v Speaker 2>perfect solution, but it's way better than doing nothing.

0:36:31.600 --> 0:36:33.719
<v Speaker 1>Yeah. But and they're not they're not doing it willy

0:36:33.800 --> 0:36:37.440
<v Speaker 1>nilly though. They're very aware of the potential pitfalls like

0:36:37.960 --> 0:36:40.800
<v Speaker 1>you know, spreading disease and introducing something to an area

0:36:40.840 --> 0:36:43.080
<v Speaker 1>that could be really bad for other things in that area.

0:36:43.680 --> 0:36:46.120
<v Speaker 1>So they're not just out there, you know, with a

0:36:46.200 --> 0:36:50.319
<v Speaker 1>seed cannon blasting stuff all over the place, like like

0:36:50.440 --> 0:36:52.279
<v Speaker 1>Dolph Lunderin or something wearing.

0:36:52.080 --> 0:36:53.240
<v Speaker 2>Bike coat shorts.

0:36:55.719 --> 0:36:59.520
<v Speaker 1>There's a couple of different kinds though. There's there's forest

0:36:59.560 --> 0:37:03.680
<v Speaker 1>assistance migration. The one that's really sort of thorny is

0:37:03.840 --> 0:37:09.640
<v Speaker 1>assisted range expansion. So like, if you're spreading something within

0:37:09.680 --> 0:37:13.759
<v Speaker 1>the zone where it might still normally grow in like

0:37:13.760 --> 0:37:17.080
<v Speaker 1>two hundred years, that's one thing. If you're moving something

0:37:17.120 --> 0:37:19.560
<v Speaker 1>completely out of that range, like you know, they do

0:37:19.600 --> 0:37:22.160
<v Speaker 1>forecasting and stuff, and they're like, what might this area

0:37:22.239 --> 0:37:25.279
<v Speaker 1>look like one hundred miles from here one hundred years

0:37:25.280 --> 0:37:28.239
<v Speaker 1>from now? If they're moving something completely out of a

0:37:28.360 --> 0:37:31.239
<v Speaker 1>range that it would even potentially grow, that gets way

0:37:31.280 --> 0:37:34.520
<v Speaker 1>way trickier. And I think there's less of that happening.

0:37:34.200 --> 0:37:37.480
<v Speaker 2>Right, yes, for sure, Like, but you hit it on

0:37:37.520 --> 0:37:40.440
<v Speaker 2>the head. They're saying, like, Okay, by twenty one hundred,

0:37:40.480 --> 0:37:42.319
<v Speaker 2>what is this area going to be, Like is it

0:37:42.360 --> 0:37:44.719
<v Speaker 2>going to be like where these red oaks like to

0:37:44.800 --> 0:37:47.919
<v Speaker 2>live now in twenty twenty three? And if so, maybe

0:37:47.920 --> 0:37:49.600
<v Speaker 2>we can give them a head start and hope that

0:37:49.680 --> 0:37:54.600
<v Speaker 2>some of them will survive and adapt and start colonizing there. Right, Yeah,

0:37:54.600 --> 0:37:58.720
<v Speaker 2>it gets even prett clear than assisted range expansion. There's another,

0:37:59.160 --> 0:38:04.480
<v Speaker 2>even more radical one called species rescue or assisted species migration,

0:38:04.960 --> 0:38:08.520
<v Speaker 2>and that is where you take a plant completely out

0:38:08.600 --> 0:38:11.600
<v Speaker 2>of its normal range, out of what you would even

0:38:11.640 --> 0:38:13.560
<v Speaker 2>predict would be its normal range, and just move it

0:38:13.600 --> 0:38:17.080
<v Speaker 2>somewhere it would never be right. This is considered the

0:38:17.200 --> 0:38:22.160
<v Speaker 2>riskiest of the three by ecologists because you can easily

0:38:22.200 --> 0:38:26.400
<v Speaker 2>take something that's totally innocuous and benign under normal circumstances

0:38:26.719 --> 0:38:29.560
<v Speaker 2>and make it into an invasive species when you move it.

0:38:30.120 --> 0:38:33.120
<v Speaker 2>And the critics of this typically point to the Monterey

0:38:33.200 --> 0:38:34.520
<v Speaker 2>Pine as a good example.

0:38:34.960 --> 0:38:38.239
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, that's right. It's endangered in California. It is native

0:38:38.280 --> 0:38:42.879
<v Speaker 1>to California, but they have introduced it in Australia and

0:38:43.000 --> 0:38:45.200
<v Speaker 1>it's it's well, I don't know about wreaking habit, but

0:38:45.520 --> 0:38:49.680
<v Speaker 1>it's damaging the It's an invasive species in Australia.

0:38:49.760 --> 0:38:51.839
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, for sure. They consider it a weed and where

0:38:51.840 --> 0:38:54.040
<v Speaker 2>they see it, they pluck it. They do not like

0:38:54.120 --> 0:38:58.360
<v Speaker 2>those in New South Wales and Victoria, I believe states.

0:38:58.680 --> 0:39:02.200
<v Speaker 1>Now that's a weed, right, I don't know.

0:39:03.800 --> 0:39:06.080
<v Speaker 2>No, I'm gonna have to agree with you on that.

0:39:06.120 --> 0:39:08.520
<v Speaker 2>I think you just you just came up with a

0:39:08.560 --> 0:39:11.759
<v Speaker 2>brand new type of accent. Frankly, Yeah, can we hear

0:39:11.760 --> 0:39:15.360
<v Speaker 2>it again? No, Okay, I'm just gonna go back and

0:39:15.400 --> 0:39:16.000
<v Speaker 2>replay it.

0:39:16.719 --> 0:39:19.920
<v Speaker 1>You know what's funny though, is I use my the

0:39:20.000 --> 0:39:21.600
<v Speaker 1>lady on my phone that talks to me. What's it

0:39:21.640 --> 0:39:25.680
<v Speaker 1>called on Apple. I guess I don't use Siri, but

0:39:26.000 --> 0:39:28.840
<v Speaker 1>I still have a voice for maps and stuff, and

0:39:28.880 --> 0:39:31.800
<v Speaker 1>I use a I usually go between an Irish woman

0:39:31.960 --> 0:39:35.279
<v Speaker 1>and a Kiwi A New Zealander. Oh yeah, and the

0:39:35.360 --> 0:39:38.440
<v Speaker 1>New Zealander says rye and it always cracks me up.

0:39:38.560 --> 0:39:40.200
<v Speaker 2>That sounds like Matthew McConaughey.

0:39:40.760 --> 0:39:44.279
<v Speaker 1>It does. At the next street, take a rye.

0:39:44.520 --> 0:39:46.960
<v Speaker 2>I gotta hear that. Yeah, I didn't know you could

0:39:47.000 --> 0:39:50.440
<v Speaker 2>do something that. Gee whiz to an Apple iPhone make it.

0:39:50.400 --> 0:39:53.200
<v Speaker 1>Talk out, okay, some some regular old thing I don't do.

0:39:53.400 --> 0:39:57.239
<v Speaker 2>I'd like sounds. Digital sounds are one of those. Like

0:39:57.320 --> 0:39:59.320
<v Speaker 2>I don't have mesophonia, but if I do, it's for

0:39:59.360 --> 0:40:02.040
<v Speaker 2>a digital sound. Like when I get a new computer,

0:40:02.120 --> 0:40:04.040
<v Speaker 2>the first thing I do is turn off all sounds

0:40:04.080 --> 0:40:07.719
<v Speaker 2>on it. Like anything I have to go, Like I

0:40:07.760 --> 0:40:10.799
<v Speaker 2>have to change my text sound every month or so

0:40:11.000 --> 0:40:13.600
<v Speaker 2>because I'll just get like anxiety from it. I can't

0:40:13.600 --> 0:40:15.239
<v Speaker 2>stand text sounds, so I have to come up with

0:40:15.280 --> 0:40:17.319
<v Speaker 2>a new one. I do not like them.

0:40:17.840 --> 0:40:20.719
<v Speaker 1>Do you know what I do is I record? I

0:40:20.760 --> 0:40:24.319
<v Speaker 1>record my own text and phone rings and stuff. Oh yeah, yeah,

0:40:24.360 --> 0:40:27.200
<v Speaker 1>I record my voice like when my phone rings. I

0:40:27.239 --> 0:40:29.000
<v Speaker 1>never had my ringer on, but if it ever does,

0:40:29.080 --> 0:40:32.480
<v Speaker 1>it's me going ring ring, ring, ring thoughts. And if

0:40:32.520 --> 0:40:34.480
<v Speaker 1>I get a text, it's me going text.

0:40:34.520 --> 0:40:35.520
<v Speaker 2>Man, that's great.

0:40:36.160 --> 0:40:38.200
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, I get strange looks, but who cares?

0:40:38.239 --> 0:40:39.360
<v Speaker 2>Can I just use yours?

0:40:40.040 --> 0:40:42.640
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, I'll say to you if you want, thank you? Yeah,

0:40:42.760 --> 0:40:45.279
<v Speaker 1>or you can like you can make one specific for

0:40:45.360 --> 0:40:47.879
<v Speaker 1>you me, which is like maybe just her sweet voice

0:40:47.920 --> 0:40:49.719
<v Speaker 1>saying hello, hello, my love.

0:40:49.840 --> 0:40:52.440
<v Speaker 2>I used to have a ring tone with her singing

0:40:52.480 --> 0:40:55.360
<v Speaker 2>that part from What's Love Got to Do with It?

0:40:55.440 --> 0:40:55.520
<v Speaker 1>That?

0:40:55.719 --> 0:40:58.920
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, exactly, but she just kept saying that over and

0:40:58.960 --> 0:41:00.000
<v Speaker 2>over again. It's pretty great.

0:41:00.040 --> 0:41:02.200
<v Speaker 1>Oh, I'd love to hear that. It's also kind of maddening.

0:41:02.640 --> 0:41:05.160
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, no, it never was. Actually, I never got sick

0:41:05.200 --> 0:41:06.719
<v Speaker 2>of that one. I think that says a lot.

0:41:07.400 --> 0:41:10.080
<v Speaker 1>But it's better than deludoo doo.

0:41:10.200 --> 0:41:14.480
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, man, you just stressed me out. Sorry you got

0:41:14.480 --> 0:41:15.080
<v Speaker 2>anything else?

0:41:15.880 --> 0:41:18.239
<v Speaker 1>Uh? Now, I had a joke about your dislike of

0:41:18.280 --> 0:41:21.040
<v Speaker 1>digital sounds, but your love of craft work flies in

0:41:21.080 --> 0:41:22.680
<v Speaker 1>the face of that. But I won't even say it.

0:41:22.719 --> 0:41:24.319
<v Speaker 2>That's more a statement than a joke.

0:41:25.000 --> 0:41:26.600
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, but it is true.

0:41:26.640 --> 0:41:30.799
<v Speaker 2>It's quite accurate. I think that's it. Chuck.

0:41:31.440 --> 0:41:33.560
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, I got nothing else. This is uh, this is

0:41:33.600 --> 0:41:35.160
<v Speaker 1>a good one. Look out, you know, if you're in

0:41:36.280 --> 0:41:37.839
<v Speaker 1>if you're in New Mexico and you see a palm

0:41:37.880 --> 0:41:40.000
<v Speaker 1>tree growing, then watch out.

0:41:40.239 --> 0:41:43.319
<v Speaker 2>That's right. It means that you've gone tropical and you're

0:41:43.360 --> 0:41:44.120
<v Speaker 2>in trouble now.

0:41:44.640 --> 0:41:45.640
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, not in a good way.

0:41:45.960 --> 0:41:49.440
<v Speaker 2>Uh. If you want to know more about plant migration,

0:41:49.520 --> 0:41:51.440
<v Speaker 2>there's a lot of interesting stuff out there on the

0:41:51.440 --> 0:41:54.040
<v Speaker 2>internet to read and go do that and maybe go

0:41:54.080 --> 0:41:57.040
<v Speaker 2>become an ecologist and figure out how to save the planet.

0:41:57.120 --> 0:41:58.640
<v Speaker 1>Please and I agree.

0:41:58.680 --> 0:42:01.080
<v Speaker 2>Since Chuck's had agreed, it's time for a listener mail.

0:42:03.719 --> 0:42:06.120
<v Speaker 1>This is from William Lloyd. We did a shorty on

0:42:06.160 --> 0:42:12.919
<v Speaker 1>the NATO phonetic alphabet, and what we didn't consider was this.

0:42:13.880 --> 0:42:16.920
<v Speaker 1>Hey guys, being a pilot and prior Air Force, I

0:42:16.960 --> 0:42:19.080
<v Speaker 1>was glad that you did one on this topic. It's

0:42:19.120 --> 0:42:21.319
<v Speaker 1>not a correction. You guys did a good job, but

0:42:21.920 --> 0:42:24.560
<v Speaker 1>you missed what I think is the best part the numbers.

0:42:25.680 --> 0:42:28.520
<v Speaker 1>The NATO alphabet is kind of a misnumber because it

0:42:28.560 --> 0:42:31.839
<v Speaker 1>actually also includes number zero through nine. But you can't

0:42:31.880 --> 0:42:33.719
<v Speaker 1>really make a word starting from a number, so it's

0:42:33.760 --> 0:42:37.800
<v Speaker 1>purely pronunciation. Most numbers are the same with a notable

0:42:37.800 --> 0:42:43.000
<v Speaker 1>exception of niner. We use niner instead of nine because

0:42:43.160 --> 0:42:46.880
<v Speaker 1>over garbled radio it sounds like five, but mainly because

0:42:47.000 --> 0:42:53.279
<v Speaker 1>NATO countries speak German nine No in German nice. Three

0:42:53.480 --> 0:42:57.319
<v Speaker 1>is pronounced tree to not be confused with the antiquated

0:42:57.360 --> 0:43:03.960
<v Speaker 1>prefix three. SR. Four is two syllable syllables rhymes with lower,

0:43:04.000 --> 0:43:08.279
<v Speaker 1>so you'd say four sounds kind of funny to differentiate

0:43:08.280 --> 0:43:12.520
<v Speaker 1>it from you know, fo r and five is five

0:43:13.280 --> 0:43:16.680
<v Speaker 1>to keep the word fire distinct in some dialects. Huh,

0:43:17.200 --> 0:43:19.160
<v Speaker 1>all right, this is good stuff. I feel dumb that

0:43:19.160 --> 0:43:22.000
<v Speaker 1>we miss that. That's all interesting, but you're probably thinking,

0:43:22.000 --> 0:43:25.160
<v Speaker 1>does anyone actually say it like that? It depends. Niner

0:43:25.280 --> 0:43:28.399
<v Speaker 1>was pretty universal, plus we think it makes it sound cool,

0:43:28.440 --> 0:43:31.560
<v Speaker 1>which it does. Of course. The rest are much less common,

0:43:31.560 --> 0:43:33.759
<v Speaker 1>but depending where you are in the world and what

0:43:33.840 --> 0:43:37.800
<v Speaker 1>dialects are involved, they're useful from time to time. Signed

0:43:38.040 --> 0:43:39.640
<v Speaker 1>Tailwinds Decker.

0:43:40.080 --> 0:43:43.120
<v Speaker 2>That's awesome and also what a great nickname too. I

0:43:43.120 --> 0:43:45.319
<v Speaker 2>hope that's your nickname and your parents wouldn't actually name

0:43:45.320 --> 0:43:47.000
<v Speaker 2>you tail wings Well.

0:43:46.880 --> 0:43:49.279
<v Speaker 1>No, no, no, Decker is the name Tailwinds was the.

0:43:49.920 --> 0:43:52.719
<v Speaker 2>Oh the sign of yeah. The cheers are the one

0:43:52.800 --> 0:43:56.239
<v Speaker 2>love exactly. So Decker's the first name.

0:43:57.840 --> 0:43:59.480
<v Speaker 1>Well, I don't know it just a Decker Decker maybe

0:43:59.520 --> 0:43:59.960
<v Speaker 1>a call sign.

0:44:00.040 --> 0:44:02.960
<v Speaker 2>Actually, all right, well I love that. Thanks a lot, Decker,

0:44:03.120 --> 0:44:07.160
<v Speaker 2>much appreciated. I say Niner whenever the occasion arises, you know,

0:44:07.840 --> 0:44:08.319
<v Speaker 2>I like that.

0:44:08.360 --> 0:44:11.480
<v Speaker 1>You know, our our good friend, Joe Randazzo, formerly of

0:44:11.520 --> 0:44:14.840
<v Speaker 1>the Onion and at Midnight Fame, our our comedy writer friend.

0:44:15.600 --> 0:44:21.920
<v Speaker 1>He signs his emails yours with a comma Joe Joe Endazzo.

0:44:22.080 --> 0:44:23.359
<v Speaker 2>That's great, that's very well.

0:44:23.400 --> 0:44:26.320
<v Speaker 1>I think yours is. It's very very warn as is Joe.

0:44:26.400 --> 0:44:27.759
<v Speaker 2>Sure, that's perfect for.

0:44:27.760 --> 0:44:31.600
<v Speaker 1>Him and as always high to the kids. Yeah, Joe's kids.

0:44:31.600 --> 0:44:32.040
<v Speaker 1>So listen.

0:44:32.120 --> 0:44:35.600
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, the Randazzos there listening. Family, the flying Randazzos. They're

0:44:35.680 --> 0:44:40.239
<v Speaker 2>trepeze artists. Family, just waiting will happen? They should be Well,

0:44:40.400 --> 0:44:42.520
<v Speaker 2>we'll see a lot's gonna happen by the end of

0:44:42.560 --> 0:44:44.400
<v Speaker 2>the century apparently, so who knows.

0:44:44.480 --> 0:44:44.880
<v Speaker 1>That's right.

0:44:45.360 --> 0:44:46.520
<v Speaker 2>Well, if you want to get in touch with this

0:44:46.680 --> 0:44:49.359
<v Speaker 2>like Decker did and confuse me with your sign off,

0:44:50.120 --> 0:44:52.520
<v Speaker 2>I'd appreciate it. So with Chuck too, he loves that

0:44:52.680 --> 0:44:55.480
<v Speaker 2>kind of thing. You can wrap it up, spend it

0:44:55.560 --> 0:44:58.320
<v Speaker 2>on the bottom and send it off to stuff podcast

0:44:58.480 --> 0:44:59.799
<v Speaker 2>at iHeartRadio dot com.

0:45:03.160 --> 0:45:06.000
<v Speaker 1>Stuff you Should Know is a production of iHeartRadio. For

0:45:06.120 --> 0:45:10.279
<v Speaker 1>more podcasts my heart Radio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts,

0:45:10.440 --> 0:45:12.240
<v Speaker 1>or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.