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Speaker 1: Happy Saturday, everyone back. In the listener mail segment of

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Speaker 1: our podcast on the Anglo Zulu War, we mentioned a

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Speaker 1: previous episode from the archive on Death President Now, which

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Speaker 1: originally came out on MA We said perhaps we would

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Speaker 1: release that episode soon ish as a Saturday classic, and

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Speaker 1: we didn't exactly do it super soon, but here it

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Speaker 1: is not too late in the game. I hope you enjoy.

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Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff you missed in History Class from how

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Speaker 1: Stuff Works dot com. Hello, and welcome to the podcast.

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Speaker 1: I'm Tracy Wilson. So just really a couple of weeks ago,

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Speaker 1: we mentioned our rule of thumb about the sort of

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Speaker 1: the most recent history we normally talk about, so like

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Speaker 1: that's the late sixties, early seventies. Naturally, having just said that,

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Speaker 1: just now, we're going to do something today that breaks

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Speaker 1: that rule just a little bit um because I've been

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Speaker 1: looking for a while for a podcast subject that was

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Speaker 1: in some way related to a disabled person or disability rights.

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Speaker 1: And the trouble is a lot of these stories have

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Speaker 1: this distinctly inspirational overtone, and there's this whole thread of

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Speaker 1: like overcoming hardship, and it's very presented in a way

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Speaker 1: that ultimately comes off as being like an heartwarming, up

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Speaker 1: uplifting tail told too non disabled people about a disabled person. Right.

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Speaker 1: It seems like a very positive take on things initially,

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Speaker 1: but when you stop and think about it, you kind

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Speaker 1: of realize that it sets up people with disabilities as

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Speaker 1: other and having to overcome things to be equal. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: it's not really how it should be. Yeah, And it's

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Speaker 1: not that we never tell inspirational stories. I mean we

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Speaker 1: do that pretty off and on the show, like when

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Speaker 1: we talked about Elizabeth Blackwell, who was the first woman

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Speaker 1: to earn an empty in the United States. That was

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Speaker 1: a hugely inspirational story and event it especially inspired other women.

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Speaker 1: But if you told a story today about a woman

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Speaker 1: going to medical school, that would be just a story

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Speaker 1: about a woman going to medical school. Yes, However, if

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Speaker 1: we told not we necessarily, but like the American media,

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Speaker 1: if the American media told the story of a blind

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Speaker 1: doctor in eighteen forty nine, the tone would be pretty

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Speaker 1: similar to the story of a blind doctor. In drives

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Speaker 1: me a little bit nuts, yeah, um, and I know

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Speaker 1: it drives other people nuts also, So I was really

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Speaker 1: I've been on the lookout for a while for a

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Speaker 1: story that would not fit that mold, because I kind

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Speaker 1: of don't want the you know, the podcast to contribute

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Speaker 1: to that pattern of setting people up as being inspirations

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Speaker 1: for other people rather than you know, actual human beings

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Speaker 1: with agency and you of the ability to do things

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Speaker 1: on their own. Um. Which is why when we did

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Speaker 1: that threat on Facebook a couple of weeks ago that

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Speaker 1: said please tell us events to talk about and someone

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Speaker 1: said deaf president, now please, And I looked into what

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Speaker 1: that was about. I said, Okay, we're going to break

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Speaker 1: our rule. This happened in some of you may remember it.

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Speaker 1: I don't personally remember it. I do not either. It

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Speaker 1: was national news at the time, though, uh. And this

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Speaker 1: is essentially a student protest that changed the course of

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Speaker 1: both Galadet University. I have also heard it pronounced Galudet

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Speaker 1: with like the U sound. I've heard people pronounce it

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Speaker 1: both ways. And also deaf culture in America. That makes

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Speaker 1: it sort of exciting and new. It's very exciting and new.

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Speaker 1: I'm definitely lake outside kind of our stuff because it

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Speaker 1: is a little more modern, and researching it was a

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Speaker 1: very different process because of that. It's well documented and

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Speaker 1: so for background, Galatt University is a United States school

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Speaker 1: that's dedicated to the education of deaf and Heart of

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Speaker 1: Hearing students. It's also a bilingual university WHI has classes

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Speaker 1: taught in both American Sign language and in English, and

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Speaker 1: it's funding comes from both federal sources and non government sources.

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Speaker 1: There are also a few hearing students who enroll every year,

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Speaker 1: and usually these are people who want to have a

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Speaker 1: career that's in some way closely related to the deaf

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Speaker 1: and Heart of Hearing community. So if someone wants to

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Speaker 1: teach at a school for the deaf, or to work

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Speaker 1: with organizations for the deaf, things like that, a lot

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Speaker 1: of times those people will decide to go to college

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Speaker 1: at Caladet. And in addition to all of that, Galladet

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Speaker 1: is also really viewed as the heart of the deaf

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Speaker 1: community and of deaf culture in the United States. And

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Speaker 1: the school started in eighteen fifty six, so fairly recent

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Speaker 1: when compared to some other universities, and that was when

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Speaker 1: former Postmaster General Amos Kendall donated some of his land

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Speaker 1: outside of Washington, d C. To start a school for

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Speaker 1: blind and deaf children. And at that point, schools for

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Speaker 1: the deaf had really only existed in the United States

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Speaker 1: for less than forty years, so the concept was still

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Speaker 1: very new, and twelve of the first students at Kendall

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Speaker 1: School were deaf, and the other six of the students

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Speaker 1: that were enrolled that first go around were blind. A

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Speaker 1: year later, the school was incorporated as Columbia Institution for

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Speaker 1: the Instruction of the Deaf and dum and Blind, and

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Speaker 1: the school's superintendent was Edward Minor Gallaudet, whose father, Thomas

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Speaker 1: Hopkins Gallaudet, had founded the first permanent school for the

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Speaker 1: deaf in the United States, and that was in Hartford, Connecticut.

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Speaker 1: The elder Gallaudet had traveled around Europe to learn about

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Speaker 1: teaching methods for deaf children after he had met a

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Speaker 1: young deaf girl who really did not have any access

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Speaker 1: to education at all. Edwards mother, Sophia Fowler Galladet, was

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Speaker 1: deaf and also served as the Columbia Institution's matron. In

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Speaker 1: eighteen sixty three, Congress passed a bill to quote authorize

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Speaker 1: the Columbia Institution for the Deaf anddom and the Blind

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Speaker 1: to confer degrees, and President Abraham Lincoln signed this into

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Speaker 1: law in April eighteen sixty four, and so with this

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Speaker 1: the Columbia institution became the National College for the Deaf,

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Speaker 1: anddom President Lyndon Johnson signed an act creating the Model

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Speaker 1: Secondary School for the Deaf at Galladet in nineteen sixty nine,

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Speaker 1: and Richard Nixon signed a similar bill the year after

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Speaker 1: that creating an elementary school for the deaf, and these

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Speaker 1: two schools are actually part of Galladet today. Acts of

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Speaker 1: Congress have also continued to shape the university, changing the

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Speaker 1: name to Galadet College in honor of Thomas Hopkins Gaaladet

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Speaker 1: and also granting at university status in nineteen eighty six.

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Speaker 1: Diplomas for graduates of the school are also signed by

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Speaker 1: the current president, so it's easy to see all of

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Speaker 1: this governmental involvement in the establishment and development of the

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Speaker 1: school as a hearing nation attempting to see to the

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Speaker 1: best interests of its deaf citizens, and that was one

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Speaker 1: of the sentiments that actually sparked the Deaf president Now

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Speaker 1: protest in nine. Another piece of this was a schism

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Speaker 1: that end of starts with two different schools of thought

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Speaker 1: about the best way to provide education for deaf people,

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Speaker 1: and this goes all the way back to the earliest

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Speaker 1: days of schools for the deaf on one end, where

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Speaker 1: the oralists who thought that deaf people should learn to

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Speaker 1: speak and to read lips to better fit into a

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Speaker 1: hearing world. And then on the other end of the

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Speaker 1: spectrum are manualists who thought that deaf people should learn

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Speaker 1: sign language to communicate with each other. Edward Minor Galladet

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Speaker 1: supported the use of sign language. He knew when you

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Speaker 1: sign language because of his mother. On the other hand,

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Speaker 1: Alexander Graham Bell, inventor of the telephone, whose mother was

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Speaker 1: also deaf, was completely in favor of the oral method.

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Speaker 1: So in the earliest days of education for deaf people

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Speaker 1: in the United States, educators really fiercely debated which method

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Speaker 1: was better, and the idea of signing versus speaking really

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Speaker 1: extended into every aspect of of people's lives. It affected

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Speaker 1: how doctors worked with deaf families, and how parents raised

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Speaker 1: their deaf children, and in some cases it even created

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Speaker 1: a schism within the deaf community itself between the deaf

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Speaker 1: people who could sign and consider themselves to be what's

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Speaker 1: now called culturally deaf and the deaf people who could not.

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Speaker 1: And to add to all of this context, every president

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Speaker 1: of Galadet University had been a man who could hear,

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Speaker 1: and we'll talk more about that after a quick word

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Speaker 1: from our sponsor. So in the earliest years after Galadet

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Speaker 1: was founded, it was a legitimate claim that there weren't

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Speaker 1: really any deaf people in the United States who were

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Speaker 1: qualified to be president of the school, because before that

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Speaker 1: point there had been really almost no way for a

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Speaker 1: deaf person to get a college education. They're just was

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Speaker 1: no educational system for deaf people in the United States.

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Speaker 1: At Galadet and at other schools for the deaf, whether

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Speaker 1: they taught manualist or oralist methods, were overwhelmingly people who

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Speaker 1: could hear. Some schools for the deaf did not allow

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Speaker 1: deaf teachers at all, believing them to be unqualified to

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Speaker 1: teach deaf students. And even as we were approaching the

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Speaker 1: part of history where this protest took place, Gallaudet continued

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Speaker 1: to be taught and run mostly by hearing people. This

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Speaker 1: went on for many years of its history. By the

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Speaker 1: nineteen eighties, only about twenty percent of the faculty and

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Speaker 1: administrative staff were deaf. In nineteen eighty three, Galladet's fourth president, Dr.

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Speaker 1: Edward C. Merrill, retired. He and all the presidents before

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Speaker 1: him had all been able to hear. As we mentioned,

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Speaker 1: he and others actually started to advocate for a deaf

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Speaker 1: president to lead the university, but that idea really did

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Speaker 1: not gain much traction. Then between nineteen eighty three and

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Speaker 1: nineteen eighty seven, Gallaudetts saw this series of presidents come

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Speaker 1: through in quick succession, and the resignation of the seventh president,

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Speaker 1: Jerry Lee, was really sudden and kind of caught a

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Speaker 1: lot of people by surprise. And that point the Board

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Speaker 1: of Trustees brought on a consultant to try to get

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Speaker 1: the best candidate for his replacement, and it put together

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Speaker 1: the search committee of faculty, staff, alumni, and students. At

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Speaker 1: this point, the argument that there weren't any qualified deaf

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Speaker 1: people that could be president of the university was really

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Speaker 1: completely invalid. That was gone. Uh. There were more than

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Speaker 1: one hundred deaf people in the United States who had

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Speaker 1: doctoral degrees, and many of them were Galada alumni, as

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Speaker 1: were some of the past hearing presidents, and had experience

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Speaker 1: in school administrations. So there were some options. There were

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Speaker 1: lots of options, and a pool of eighty seven applicants

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Speaker 1: was narrowed down to six finalists. Three of them could hear,

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Speaker 1: and three of them were deaf. Those six finalists were

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Speaker 1: then narrowed down to three. Dr Harvey Corson was a

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Speaker 1: deaf man who was superintendent of the Louisiana School for

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Speaker 1: the Deaf. Dr. I. King Jordan was a deaf man

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Speaker 1: who was at the time serving as Galadet's dean of

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Speaker 1: the College of Arts and Sciences. And Elizabeth Zenzer was

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Speaker 1: a hearing woman who was a stint chancellor of the

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Speaker 1: University of North Carolina at Greensboro. So at this point

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Speaker 1: we had two of the three final candidates who were deaf.

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Speaker 1: The student body, the faculty, and alumni, along with many

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Speaker 1: deaf advocacy groups, had been lobbying for quite some time

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Speaker 1: for the university to have a deaf president. They had

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Speaker 1: also been getting letters of support from people like then

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Speaker 1: Vice President George Herbert Walker Bush, then Senators Bob Dole

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Speaker 1: of Kansas and Bob Graham of Florida, and other politicians

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Speaker 1: supporting the idea of putting a deaf person into the presidency.

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Speaker 1: Here's part of George Bush's letter on the matter. I've

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Speaker 1: become aware of the two basic principles that underlie the

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Speaker 1: disability rights movement. The right of disabled people to control

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Speaker 1: their own lives, and the right to integration and involvement

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Speaker 1: in society. Galladant University has a critical role to play

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Speaker 1: in advancing these principles. It is held in the highest

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Speaker 1: regard by deaf people throughout the United States and the world.

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Speaker 1: It provides an excellent education and a meaningful future for

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Speaker 1: thousand sens of deaf persons. More importantly, Galada University is

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Speaker 1: a symbol of leadership and opportunity, not only for deaf people,

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Speaker 1: but for all of us. His letter also points out that,

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Speaker 1: considering how Galadat is funded by the federal government, it

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Speaker 1: has an obligation to set an example in this matter.

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Speaker 1: Um the sentiment he's kind of expressing here a lot

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Speaker 1: of times you will hear today expressed as nothing about

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Speaker 1: us without us, which is basically, don't you go making

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Speaker 1: laws for people without consulting those people about those laws.

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Speaker 1: You may be well intentioned, but not well informed. Well,

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Speaker 1: and I feel like we should say, uh, everyone involved

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Speaker 1: in this story had good intentions, Like there was nobody

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Speaker 1: who was setting out to just make the make the

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Speaker 1: deaf community suffer. That's not what anybody had in mind. No,

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Speaker 1: And I'm sure everyone making decisions. They weren't just you know,

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Speaker 1: throwaway decisions. They were considering them thoughtfully, but sometimes not

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Speaker 1: always with all of the best information at hand. Write

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Speaker 1: a letter from the student body government informing the faculty

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Speaker 1: of a rally being planned to support the selection of

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Speaker 1: a deaf president began. The idea of a deaf person

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Speaker 1: being named president of this university is exceptionally important to

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Speaker 1: us and to the entire community of people concerned with

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Speaker 1: deafness and education, and in our view, now demands our action.

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Speaker 1: So the students had been rallying for a week in

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Speaker 1: advance of the announcement of who the next president would be.

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Speaker 1: They had been distributing flyers, even camping out on the

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Speaker 1: president's lawn. The student body president, Greg Libak, wrote to

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Speaker 1: Zenzer and asked her to withdraw her candidacy, which would

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Speaker 1: have guaranteed that the next president would be deaf. The

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Speaker 1: text of a flyer for a rally that was held

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Speaker 1: on March first reads as It's time. In eighteen forty two,

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Speaker 1: a Roman Catholic became president of the University of Notre Dame.

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Speaker 1: In eighteen seventy five, a woman became president of Wellesley College,

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Speaker 1: in eighteen seventy five, a Jew became president of Yeshiva University.

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Speaker 1: In ninety six, a black person became president of Howard University.

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Speaker 1: And in the Galludet University, presidency belongs to a deaf person.

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Speaker 1: To show our solidarity behind our mandate for a deaf

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Speaker 1: person of our university, you are invited to participate in

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Speaker 1: a historical all caps rally. Yeah. So basically, everyone, seemingly

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Speaker 1: everyone involved, was really behind the idea of a deaf

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Speaker 1: person being named president. And with all of these factors combined,

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Speaker 1: like with such a huge outpouring of advocacy on the

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Speaker 1: part of the student body and the alumni and everyone else,

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Speaker 1: and you know, the Vice President of the United States

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Speaker 1: and senators and all of these other people saying that

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Speaker 1: we really think this is what's time. People pretty much

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Speaker 1: thought that what was going to happen was that either

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Speaker 1: Dr Corson or Dr Jordan, the two deaf candidates, one

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Speaker 1: of them would be selected as president. However, on March

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Speaker 1: the six the Board of Trustees announced that the next

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Speaker 1: president of Gallaudet would be Dr Elizabeth Senser. So basically

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Speaker 1: everyone had been expecting the Board of Trustees to announce

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Speaker 1: a deaf president, and what everyone was also expecting and

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Speaker 1: had been planning for, was for the Board of trustees

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Speaker 1: to come to the campus to announce the new president.

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Speaker 1: But instead, what they did is they sent out press

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Speaker 1: releases at six thirty in the morning, which was about

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Speaker 1: an hour and a half before anybody thought the announcement

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Speaker 1: was going to come. Does not perhaps surprising to find

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Speaker 1: out that the reaction was immediate and it was huge.

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Speaker 1: People were furious. A crowd had already been forming to

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Speaker 1: wait for the announcement, and at the encouragement of Gary

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Speaker 1: Olsen from the National Association of the Deaf, they spontaneously

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Speaker 1: marched to the hotel where the board had been meeting

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Speaker 1: to demand an explanation. When they got there, there was

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Speaker 1: basically a press conference going on. The chair of the board,

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Speaker 1: James Spillman, and Phil Braven, who was one of the

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Speaker 1: deaf trustees, were answering questions from reporters, and the protesters

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Speaker 1: interrupted and demanded to speak to the board. Eventually, some

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Speaker 1: of the protesters were allowed to meet with the board,

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Speaker 1: and during that meeting, Spilman allegedly said that deaf people

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Speaker 1: could not function in the hearing world. She denied, ever

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Speaker 1: having said this, claiming that it was a misunderstanding by

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Speaker 1: her interpreter. Regardless, it really solidified opinion against her, and

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Speaker 1: many people cited it in letters and speeches afterwards. So

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Speaker 1: she actually said it or not, it still really was

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Speaker 1: a big black became hugely associated with her, And there

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Speaker 1: are lots and lots of letters that were sent to

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Speaker 1: the board or to newspapers or things like that that

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Speaker 1: or like anyone who would say this should not be

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Speaker 1: running the school death. So as protesters talked to the board,

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Speaker 1: they didn't reach any kind of agreement, and eventually the

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Speaker 1: crowd dispersed, but by the morning a full scale civil

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Speaker 1: rights protest was in the works. That galled it. Students

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Speaker 1: were holding sit ins, they boycotted, they held rallies and marches,

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Speaker 1: They wrote letters in support of their objectives UM, and

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Speaker 1: in their letters and their speeches and their addresses that

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Speaker 1: they gave people aimed this as a civil rights issue. UH.

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Speaker 1: And additionally to all of that, they blocked access to

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Speaker 1: the campus by forming a human chain to keep the

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Speaker 1: faculty and administrators out, effectively shutting things down. And as

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Speaker 1: the news spread UH civil rights leader Reverend Jesse Jackson

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Speaker 1: wrote a letter of support to the students of the university.

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Speaker 1: This is a portion of it. The Board of Trustees

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Speaker 1: has an obligation to respond to student concerns with sensitivity.

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Speaker 1: There is no time to resolve this dispute equitably. The

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Speaker 1: problem is not that the students do not hear. The

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Speaker 1: problem is that the hearing world does not listen. The

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Speaker 1: entire nation owes the students of Galadat its gratitude for

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Speaker 1: reminding us once again that each of us has the

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Speaker 1: ability and the right to achieve I urged the Board

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Speaker 1: of the university to move forward and recognize the justice

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Speaker 1: of its students demands. By the day after the announcement,

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Speaker 1: the protesters had created a list of these four demands

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Speaker 1: to present to the board. They were Number one, Elizabeth

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Speaker 1: Senser must resign and a deaf person be elected president.

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Speaker 1: Number two, Jane Spillman must step down as chairperson of

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Speaker 1: the Board of Trustees. Number three, deaf people must constitute

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Speaker 1: a fifty one majority on the board. And number four,

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Speaker 1: there would be no reprisals against any student or employee

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Speaker 1: involved in the protest. These demands were presented to the

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Speaker 1: board in a three hour long meeting. However, the board

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Speaker 1: did not yield. So following that meeting, UH the board

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Speaker 1: had planned to make an announcement in the university auditorium

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Speaker 1: basically saying that they were not yielding their position. But

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Speaker 1: before Spellman could begin, a deaf faculty member named Harvey

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Speaker 1: Goodstein came on stage and announced it himself, and he

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Speaker 1: encouraged everyone to leave, which they did and spontaneously marched

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Speaker 1: to the Capitol Building and held an impromptu rally there.

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Speaker 1: I'm not sure if we have said that the school

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Speaker 1: is basically in Washington, d C. So a lot of

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Speaker 1: the rallying and protesting happened sort of in the context

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Speaker 1: of these huge important government billings for the government of

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Speaker 1: the United States. And the next day was Tuesday, March eight,

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Speaker 1: and while the campus was open, most of the students

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Speaker 1: boycotted their classes. It was about this time that the

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Speaker 1: protests formed the Deaf president Now Council, which included representatives

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Speaker 1: from the student body, the faculty, the staff, alumni, as

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Speaker 1: well as people who worked as interpreters, fundraisers, and legal liaisons.

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Speaker 1: Greg Libak, president of the student body, became one of

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Speaker 1: the protests prominent leaders. Also among the students leading the

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Speaker 1: protests were Jerry Covell and Brigitta Bourne, who had been

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Speaker 1: running mates to lead the student government, and Tim Raris

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Speaker 1: who was majoring in government, and together they were all

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Speaker 1: known as the Galadet four cited frequently is like the

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Speaker 1: foremost prominent student leaders of the protest. And the protest

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Speaker 1: was really ongoing, it became national news. And as these

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Speaker 1: meetings and protests and rallies went on, with both sides

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Speaker 1: becoming just more and more entrenched in their stances. Greg Libak,

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Speaker 1: Elizabeth Zensa, and actress Marley Matlin appeared on ABC's Nightline

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Speaker 1: on Wednesday, March ninth, talk about the protest. Nightline closed

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Speaker 1: captioned the broadcast for all viewers, with anchor Ted Copple

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Speaker 1: saying it was because the network had learned that many

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Speaker 1: deaf people did not actually have access to close captioning.

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Speaker 1: You can see this on YouTube today. It's pretty cool.

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Speaker 1: Which is also kind of one of the weird things

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Speaker 1: about working on this episode is like footage that still

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Speaker 1: exists of the events easy to find. It looks easy

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Speaker 1: to find and watch at your desk. So after several

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Speaker 1: days of protests and boycotts and sit ins and marches

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Speaker 1: and rallies and letters. Elizabeth Senser announced her resignation on

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Speaker 1: the night of March tenth, and so for a sort

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Speaker 1: of a brief moment, all of these rallies of protest

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00:20:52,880 --> 00:20:56,720
Speaker 1: briefly turned to celebration. But the students also recognize that

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Speaker 1: they still had a long way to go. A lot

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Speaker 1: of them started wearing buttons that said three and a half,

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Speaker 1: since at this point only half of one of their

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Speaker 1: four demands had actually been met. And at this point

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Speaker 1: it was Friday and spring break was scheduled to start,

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Speaker 1: but many students decided to stay on campus. The start

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Speaker 1: of the weekend was fairly quiet, and then the board

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00:21:17,040 --> 00:21:21,359
Speaker 1: reconvened on Sunday. That night, the board held one last

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Speaker 1: press conference. In this event in which they made a

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Speaker 1: number of announcements. The first was that James Spellman had

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Speaker 1: resigned as the board chair. The second was that Phil Braven,

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Speaker 1: who was deaf, had been named as her replacement. The

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Speaker 1: third was that a task force was going to be established,

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Speaker 1: and that task forces job would be to figure out

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Speaker 1: the best way to get of the Board of Directors

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Speaker 1: to be comprised of deaf people. They also announced that

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Speaker 1: there would be no reprisals for the people who had

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Speaker 1: been participating in the protest, and their last announcement was

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Speaker 1: that I King Jordan's would be the next president. And

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Speaker 1: in the words of Greg Libak, quote, now we have

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Speaker 1: re act, we have everything. It's just the beginning for

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Speaker 1: all of us. And in the words of Jerry Koble,

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Speaker 1: he said, dp N has profoundly and significantly affected my life.

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Speaker 1: It made me more committed to serve my people. It

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Speaker 1: made me more determined to have America and the public

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Speaker 1: accept and respect deaf people. Allow deaf people to control

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Speaker 1: their destiny, and preserve the beauty, tradition, and values of

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Speaker 1: our culture and language. The ultimate goal is to see

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Speaker 1: deaf people empower themselves and know their rights, resulting in

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Speaker 1: necessary changes in all walks of life. So, in addition

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00:22:33,240 --> 00:22:36,600
Speaker 1: to serving as President, I King Jordan actually became a

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Speaker 1: huge advocate for deaf people and for the disabled community

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Speaker 1: in general. He was a lead witness in support of

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Speaker 1: the Americans with Disabilities Act. Kind of interesting side note

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00:22:46,520 --> 00:22:49,200
Speaker 1: about his story is that he was able to hear

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Speaker 1: when he was born, and he became deaf as a

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Speaker 1: result of an accident when he was in his early twenties.

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Speaker 1: He was a young man uh, and he enrolled at

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Speaker 1: Gallantet as a deaf person, but he did not yet

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Speaker 1: know how to sign, so he sort of had to

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00:23:06,880 --> 00:23:10,639
Speaker 1: learn how to do sign language and everything else at

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Speaker 1: the same time as he was studying at university. I

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00:23:15,160 --> 00:23:17,040
Speaker 1: would think that would be extremely stressful, and I think

403
00:23:17,040 --> 00:23:19,040
Speaker 1: that was extremely stressful. He actually did this talk at

404
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Speaker 1: my alma mater, which I found on the internet, which

405
00:23:21,760 --> 00:23:25,040
Speaker 1: I'll just makes it a weird circle of events where

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Speaker 1: he talks about the story and talks about how there

407
00:23:26,760 --> 00:23:29,080
Speaker 1: were some people who were very patient with him and

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00:23:29,119 --> 00:23:31,480
Speaker 1: some people who were not, in part because of the

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00:23:31,520 --> 00:23:34,680
Speaker 1: schism that we've talked about before between manual and oral instruction.

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Speaker 1: There were people who um really firmly believed that being

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Speaker 1: taught sign language was the only way to do it.

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Speaker 1: And we're not really patient with someone who knew how

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Speaker 1: to speak and not sign. So anyway, Uh. Following DPN,

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00:23:49,680 --> 00:23:52,119
Speaker 1: a number of other laws were passed that gave the

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Speaker 1: deaf community better access to jobs and schools and technology,

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Speaker 1: as well as legal protection. And the five years after

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00:23:58,880 --> 00:24:01,880
Speaker 1: the protest was over, there were more laws and bills

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00:24:01,960 --> 00:24:04,520
Speaker 1: passed related to the rights of the deaf community and

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00:24:04,640 --> 00:24:08,040
Speaker 1: access to resources and education than had been passed in

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Speaker 1: the entire previous history of the United States as a nation,

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Speaker 1: and the protests also united the deaf community in many ways.

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00:24:14,760 --> 00:24:19,600
Speaker 1: So the schism between oralists and manualists has continued until today,

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Speaker 1: with deaf people who know sign language sometimes considering themselves

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Speaker 1: quote culturally deaf while people who speak and read lips

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Speaker 1: are not. Tim Raris, who was one of the galladet

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00:24:29,920 --> 00:24:33,000
Speaker 1: for described it this way quote Before d p N,

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Speaker 1: I was not one to interact with deaf people who

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00:24:35,160 --> 00:24:38,359
Speaker 1: were not culturally deaf, like myself. Deaf people have a

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00:24:38,480 --> 00:24:42,119
Speaker 1: history of fighting among themselves. Yet during dp N we

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Speaker 1: all work together for that common goal a deaf president.

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Speaker 1: Never mind the mode of communication our president would choose

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Speaker 1: or his background, as long as he was deaf, and

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Speaker 1: together we accomplished that goal. So today, most children who

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Speaker 1: are deaf UH learned sign language. There's there's much less

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Speaker 1: debate on the front of UH, do I teach a

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Speaker 1: child sign sign language or do I not? A much

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00:25:05,000 --> 00:25:09,560
Speaker 1: bigger debate now is about cochlear implants, and that is

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Speaker 1: a whole other issue that we're not going to talk

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00:25:11,280 --> 00:25:14,639
Speaker 1: about on this podcast. That like a can of worms,

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Speaker 1: both medical and cultural. They beyond the scope of today's way,

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00:25:18,160 --> 00:25:21,399
Speaker 1: outside of the scope I King Jordan was president of

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Speaker 1: Galadet until December thirty one, two thousand and six, and

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Speaker 1: in a weird twist of events, after having been this,

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Speaker 1: you know, this historic person put into this role, the

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Speaker 1: end of his tenure as president was also marked with protests,

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Speaker 1: as the student body objected to the way the search

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Speaker 1: um for his replacement was handled and for the candidate

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Speaker 1: that was selected for that as well. Um, that story

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Speaker 1: does not have quite the civil rights implications as this

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Speaker 1: one did, but uh, it was kind of an odd

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Speaker 1: thing to have his entire time as president kind of

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Speaker 1: book ended by these two massive student protests. Yeah, part

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Speaker 1: of it. I mean, having worked in the university, I

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Speaker 1: can imagine that since he served for roughly eighteen years,

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Speaker 1: they haven't had to put together one of those committees.

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00:26:09,080 --> 00:26:11,920
Speaker 1: So it becomes kind of a starting from scratch every time.

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Speaker 1: Even if you have guidelines, it's still most of the

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Speaker 1: people that are in those positions have never done that

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Speaker 1: job before searching for somebody. He did have a long tenure,

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Speaker 1: so I haven't imagined there would be some what do

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Speaker 1: we do and students feel strongly about their universities, which

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Speaker 1: is good. I remember being just all angry about various

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Speaker 1: administrative decisions when I was in college. I know, it's okay, Yeah,

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Speaker 1: I was busy with other things. Thank you so much

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Speaker 1: for joining us for this Saturday classic. Since this is

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Speaker 1: out of the archive, if you heard an email address

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00:26:59,119 --> 00:27:01,720
Speaker 1: or a Facebook you are l or something similar during

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00:27:01,760 --> 00:27:04,440
Speaker 1: the course of the show. That may be obsolete now,

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Speaker 1: so here is our current contact information. We are at

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Speaker 1: History Podcasts, at how stuff works dot com, and then

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00:27:10,200 --> 00:27:13,480
Speaker 1: we're at Missed in the History. All over social media.

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00:27:13,760 --> 00:27:18,320
Speaker 1: That is our name on Facebook, Twitter, Tumblr, Pinterest, and Instagram.

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Speaker 1: Thanks again for listening. For more on this and thousands

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Speaker 1: of other topics. Is it how stuff works dot com.