1 00:00:00,040 --> 00:00:02,599 Speaker 1: Hey y'all, Eve's here. We're doubling up today with two 2 00:00:02,640 --> 00:00:05,360 Speaker 1: events in history, one from me and one from former 3 00:00:05,400 --> 00:00:09,760 Speaker 1: host Tracy V. Wilson. One with the show Welcome to 4 00:00:09,760 --> 00:00:12,280 Speaker 1: this Day in History Class from how Stuff Works dot 5 00:00:12,320 --> 00:00:14,280 Speaker 1: com and from the desk of Stuff You Missed in 6 00:00:14,360 --> 00:00:16,840 Speaker 1: History Class. It's the show where we explore the past 7 00:00:16,960 --> 00:00:19,040 Speaker 1: one day at a time with a quick look at 8 00:00:19,079 --> 00:00:26,320 Speaker 1: what happened today in history. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. 9 00:00:26,400 --> 00:00:30,640 Speaker 1: I'm Tracy V. Wilson and it's November six. The Battle 10 00:00:30,680 --> 00:00:33,960 Speaker 1: of Cajamarca took place on this day in fifteen thirty two, 11 00:00:34,000 --> 00:00:37,640 Speaker 1: and it's also described as a massacre. This was committed 12 00:00:37,640 --> 00:00:41,040 Speaker 1: by Francisco Pizarro and his men against the Inca people 13 00:00:41,200 --> 00:00:45,960 Speaker 1: of what's now Peru. When this happened, the Inca Empire 14 00:00:46,000 --> 00:00:50,000 Speaker 1: had just been through an enormous epidemic and a civil war, 15 00:00:50,280 --> 00:00:53,640 Speaker 1: and the epidemic had actually sparked the civil war, and 16 00:00:53,760 --> 00:00:57,480 Speaker 1: Peror Huaia Capac, both of his governors, and multiple other 17 00:00:57,600 --> 00:01:01,760 Speaker 1: important leaders had died in this epidemick and then Wayna 18 00:01:01,840 --> 00:01:05,640 Speaker 1: Capac named one of his sons as his successor, but 19 00:01:05,720 --> 00:01:08,920 Speaker 1: that son died in the epidemic. Himself before he could 20 00:01:08,959 --> 00:01:12,240 Speaker 1: even be notified of the decision, and then his father 21 00:01:12,480 --> 00:01:15,720 Speaker 1: died also before news got back to him about the 22 00:01:15,720 --> 00:01:20,600 Speaker 1: death of his son. This interrupted the imperial line of succession, 23 00:01:21,040 --> 00:01:23,880 Speaker 1: and nineteen year old Huascar went to war against his 24 00:01:23,959 --> 00:01:27,280 Speaker 1: half brother Atahualpa, both of them being sons of the 25 00:01:27,360 --> 00:01:32,360 Speaker 1: previous emperor. The resulting civil war went on for four years, 26 00:01:32,400 --> 00:01:37,920 Speaker 1: with Atahualpa ultimately winning. This war had just ended when 27 00:01:38,000 --> 00:01:41,840 Speaker 1: Francisco Pizzarro arrived on the coast of what's now Peru. 28 00:01:42,560 --> 00:01:45,800 Speaker 1: He was following the example of Hernan Cortes's conquest of 29 00:01:45,840 --> 00:01:49,280 Speaker 1: the Aztec Empire. He was planning to take a small 30 00:01:49,400 --> 00:01:53,280 Speaker 1: force inland and capture Atahualpa, who was the ink of 31 00:01:53,320 --> 00:01:57,080 Speaker 1: viewed as a divine ruler. That was actually what Cortez 32 00:01:57,160 --> 00:02:00,200 Speaker 1: had done with the Aztec emperor markte Zuma. The sec kent. 33 00:02:01,000 --> 00:02:04,320 Speaker 1: Markazuma was killed when this happened, although it's not clear 34 00:02:04,400 --> 00:02:09,120 Speaker 1: exactly how we're by whom. Pizarro and his force of 35 00:02:09,200 --> 00:02:11,720 Speaker 1: just a hundred and sixty eight men took a treacherous 36 00:02:11,840 --> 00:02:14,959 Speaker 1: mountain road from the coast inland to Cahamarca, which is 37 00:02:14,960 --> 00:02:19,280 Speaker 1: where Ottawallpa was encamped. The city itself was almost empty, 38 00:02:19,320 --> 00:02:22,920 Speaker 1: with Ottawallpa's force of between forty thousand and eighty thousand 39 00:02:22,919 --> 00:02:26,640 Speaker 1: men not far away. Once they got into the city, 40 00:02:26,680 --> 00:02:30,760 Speaker 1: Pizarro concealed his men in buildings that were arranged around 41 00:02:30,760 --> 00:02:35,200 Speaker 1: Cohamarca's central square, and then they invited Ottawallpa to have 42 00:02:35,240 --> 00:02:39,400 Speaker 1: a meeting with them. The night before this meeting, Ottawapa 43 00:02:39,480 --> 00:02:42,639 Speaker 1: had held a ceremonial dinner to celebrate his victory over 44 00:02:42,720 --> 00:02:44,960 Speaker 1: his half brother, and this dinner went on late into 45 00:02:44,960 --> 00:02:48,799 Speaker 1: the night and involved lots of intoxicating beverages. So when 46 00:02:48,800 --> 00:02:51,960 Speaker 1: he entered Collamarca the next day, he was carried on 47 00:02:52,000 --> 00:02:54,880 Speaker 1: a litter with about seven thousand retainers, and they weren't 48 00:02:54,960 --> 00:02:58,160 Speaker 1: necessarily at their best. Most of them were also unarmed 49 00:02:58,919 --> 00:03:02,280 Speaker 1: because they were not coming there with a fighting force 50 00:03:02,760 --> 00:03:05,320 Speaker 1: or with any idea of having any kind of battle. 51 00:03:05,760 --> 00:03:09,960 Speaker 1: At A Wappa was a divine emperor, he expected to 52 00:03:10,000 --> 00:03:13,359 Speaker 1: be treated that way by this visitor to his empire. 53 00:03:14,560 --> 00:03:17,000 Speaker 1: Inside the city, at A Wappa was greeted by a 54 00:03:17,080 --> 00:03:20,600 Speaker 1: friar who talked to him about Christianity and also delivered 55 00:03:20,880 --> 00:03:24,840 Speaker 1: a Spanish document that was called the Requirement. The requirement 56 00:03:24,960 --> 00:03:28,520 Speaker 1: was meant to inform indigenous peoples that Spain had given 57 00:03:28,520 --> 00:03:33,320 Speaker 1: its representatives the moral, religious, and legal right to conquest. 58 00:03:34,200 --> 00:03:37,200 Speaker 1: Of course, the Requirement was often delivered in Spanish, and 59 00:03:37,240 --> 00:03:39,520 Speaker 1: that was often the language that the people they were 60 00:03:39,520 --> 00:03:43,200 Speaker 1: talking to did not speak. There was though an interpreter 61 00:03:43,440 --> 00:03:48,080 Speaker 1: in Cajamarca that day. During this exchange with the Friar, 62 00:03:48,640 --> 00:03:53,200 Speaker 1: the Friar had a Bible, and sources really differ about 63 00:03:53,280 --> 00:03:57,200 Speaker 1: what happened, but they all end up with the Bible 64 00:03:57,320 --> 00:04:00,560 Speaker 1: on the ground, either having been knocked down, were thrown, 65 00:04:00,760 --> 00:04:04,400 Speaker 1: or dropped. And when that happened, Pizara's men burst out 66 00:04:04,440 --> 00:04:08,840 Speaker 1: from hiding and they massacred nearly all of Otawappa's retinue, 67 00:04:08,960 --> 00:04:13,360 Speaker 1: and they took him prisoner. Paszarre's force saw almost no 68 00:04:13,640 --> 00:04:17,839 Speaker 1: casualties in this, while Ottawaba's force, being mostly unarmed, were 69 00:04:17,880 --> 00:04:23,839 Speaker 1: just massacred. Atawappa was Pizarro's prisoner until July fifteen fifty three, 70 00:04:23,839 --> 00:04:26,800 Speaker 1: when he was put on trial after there were allegations 71 00:04:26,839 --> 00:04:29,600 Speaker 1: that he was mounting an attack force. He was executed. 72 00:04:30,360 --> 00:04:34,800 Speaker 1: Pizarro attempted to use the emperors that followed Atawallpa as 73 00:04:34,800 --> 00:04:38,240 Speaker 1: his puppets, although one of them, named manco Inca ultimately 74 00:04:38,279 --> 00:04:41,920 Speaker 1: rebelled against Spain and established a completely separate Inca capital. 75 00:04:42,960 --> 00:04:46,560 Speaker 1: Tupac Amaru is considered to be the last Inca emperor, 76 00:04:46,839 --> 00:04:50,800 Speaker 1: and he was executed on September fifteen, seventy two, less 77 00:04:50,800 --> 00:04:55,920 Speaker 1: than twenty years after Ottawapa's execution. You can learn more 78 00:04:56,000 --> 00:04:59,520 Speaker 1: about this in the April four episode of Stuffy Miss 79 00:04:59,560 --> 00:05:01,680 Speaker 1: in History last called Coha Marca and the End of 80 00:05:01,720 --> 00:05:05,400 Speaker 1: the Inca Empire. Thanks to Casey Pigraham and Tandler Mayze 81 00:05:05,400 --> 00:05:08,200 Speaker 1: for their audio work on the show. You can subscribe 82 00:05:08,200 --> 00:05:10,480 Speaker 1: to the Stay in History Class on Apple Podcasts, Google 83 00:05:10,520 --> 00:05:12,919 Speaker 1: Podcasts and wherever else you get your podcasts, and you 84 00:05:12,920 --> 00:05:26,720 Speaker 1: can tune in tomorrow for a Murderous Castle. Hello history lovers, 85 00:05:27,040 --> 00:05:30,200 Speaker 1: I'm Eves and you're listening to This Day in History Class, 86 00:05:30,520 --> 00:05:33,520 Speaker 1: a show that uncovers history one day at a time. 87 00:05:40,600 --> 00:05:46,440 Speaker 1: The day was November six. Swiss chemist Dr Albert Hoffman 88 00:05:46,640 --> 00:05:51,080 Speaker 1: first synthesized like sergic acid diaka lamide, better known as 89 00:05:51,200 --> 00:05:56,680 Speaker 1: LSD in Santos Laboratories in Fossils, Switzerland. LSD is a 90 00:05:56,720 --> 00:06:01,240 Speaker 1: psychoactive hallucinogenic drug that has since been used in psychiatry 91 00:06:01,560 --> 00:06:06,560 Speaker 1: and government research and recreationally. After Hoffman graduated from the 92 00:06:06,600 --> 00:06:10,360 Speaker 1: University of Zurich with a doctorate in medicinal chemistry, he 93 00:06:10,400 --> 00:06:14,880 Speaker 1: began working at the pharmaceutical company Sando's laboratories. In the 94 00:06:14,960 --> 00:06:19,000 Speaker 1: nineteen twenties, Sandos began producing drug compounds that were derived 95 00:06:19,080 --> 00:06:23,839 Speaker 1: from ergic agreeing fungus. For centuries, people had recognized the 96 00:06:23,880 --> 00:06:28,400 Speaker 1: effects of ergic, which when consumed could cause vomiting, headaches, 97 00:06:28,560 --> 00:06:33,560 Speaker 1: gang greene convulsions, and hallucinations. Ergic was also known for 98 00:06:33,640 --> 00:06:38,320 Speaker 1: its medicinal properties, and Sandos developed Gaynergen, a headache medicine 99 00:06:38,640 --> 00:06:43,680 Speaker 1: using ergotamine isolated from ergic fungus. As a research chemist 100 00:06:43,720 --> 00:06:48,080 Speaker 1: at Sandos, Hoffman worked with lysergic acid, a compound extracted 101 00:06:48,120 --> 00:06:52,720 Speaker 1: from ergic alkaloids. He studied derivatives of lysergic acid, and 102 00:06:52,800 --> 00:06:58,400 Speaker 1: he did experiments fusing lisergic acid with other compounds. Lysergic 103 00:06:58,440 --> 00:07:02,320 Speaker 1: acid is unstable, but Hoffman managed to synthesize a more 104 00:07:02,360 --> 00:07:06,400 Speaker 1: stable synthetic version that he called life Search. Salra diathy 105 00:07:06,440 --> 00:07:13,360 Speaker 1: limit on November Sidera is the German word for acid. 106 00:07:14,480 --> 00:07:17,000 Speaker 1: It was numbered twenty five because it was the twenty 107 00:07:17,040 --> 00:07:21,320 Speaker 1: five compound that Hoffman made for the project. LSD twenty 108 00:07:21,360 --> 00:07:23,920 Speaker 1: five did not seem like it had any useful medical 109 00:07:23,960 --> 00:07:27,400 Speaker 1: properties at the time, even though the research report noted 110 00:07:27,440 --> 00:07:31,440 Speaker 1: that the animals in the experiment became restless during the narcosis. 111 00:07:32,640 --> 00:07:36,400 Speaker 1: That urgate project was discontinued, but five years after the 112 00:07:36,440 --> 00:07:42,320 Speaker 1: initial discovery, Hoffman decided to return to LSD. He later wrote, 113 00:07:42,400 --> 00:07:46,520 Speaker 1: quote a peculiar presentiment. The feeling that this substance could 114 00:07:46,520 --> 00:07:51,040 Speaker 1: possess properties other than those established in the first investigations 115 00:07:51,080 --> 00:07:54,800 Speaker 1: induced me, five years after the first synthesis, to produce 116 00:07:54,960 --> 00:07:58,240 Speaker 1: LSD once again so that a sample could be given 117 00:07:58,280 --> 00:08:02,880 Speaker 1: to the pharmacological department for further tests. In ninety three, 118 00:08:02,920 --> 00:08:06,440 Speaker 1: as he searched for substances that could work as circulatory 119 00:08:06,480 --> 00:08:13,200 Speaker 1: or respiratory stimulants, he synthesized LSD again. That April, Hoffman 120 00:08:13,280 --> 00:08:16,600 Speaker 1: accidentally absorbed a dose of LSD while working in the lab. 121 00:08:17,160 --> 00:08:20,200 Speaker 1: Three days later, he intentionally ingested LSD so he could 122 00:08:20,240 --> 00:08:23,920 Speaker 1: test its effects. Soon after he took the dose, he 123 00:08:24,000 --> 00:08:27,880 Speaker 1: wrote in his journal that he felt dizziness, anxiety, symptoms 124 00:08:27,920 --> 00:08:31,160 Speaker 1: of paralysis, and a desire to laugh and that he 125 00:08:31,240 --> 00:08:35,920 Speaker 1: saw visual distortions. He asked his lab assistant to escort 126 00:08:36,000 --> 00:08:38,480 Speaker 1: him home, and they left the lab on a bicycle 127 00:08:38,640 --> 00:08:43,120 Speaker 1: since there were wartime restrictions on cars. Once home, Hoffman 128 00:08:43,200 --> 00:08:46,880 Speaker 1: said that the room spun furniture appeared threatening and his 129 00:08:46,960 --> 00:08:50,360 Speaker 1: neighbor had transformed into a quote malevolent and studious wick. 130 00:08:51,600 --> 00:08:54,000 Speaker 1: The zero point to five milligram dose he had taken 131 00:08:54,360 --> 00:08:57,080 Speaker 1: was around ten times larger than the threshold does he 132 00:08:57,080 --> 00:09:01,840 Speaker 1: should have taken, so the effects were intent. Hoffman wrote 133 00:09:01,840 --> 00:09:05,600 Speaker 1: a report incented to his supervisor's Other employees tried LSD 134 00:09:06,040 --> 00:09:08,440 Speaker 1: and soon it was determined to be a non toxic 135 00:09:08,559 --> 00:09:13,880 Speaker 1: psychotropic compound, and Hoffman continued to dose himself, convinced it 136 00:09:13,920 --> 00:09:18,000 Speaker 1: could be useful in psychiatric treatment. In nineteen forty seven, 137 00:09:18,120 --> 00:09:22,440 Speaker 1: Sandoz began offering LSD to researchers and medical professionals under 138 00:09:22,480 --> 00:09:27,000 Speaker 1: the brand name dels It for experimental trials. Psychiatry and 139 00:09:27,080 --> 00:09:31,240 Speaker 1: psychotherapy professionals, as well as Hoffman himself, had hoped that 140 00:09:31,280 --> 00:09:34,000 Speaker 1: the drug could be useful in therapeutic treatments for people 141 00:09:34,040 --> 00:09:39,120 Speaker 1: with schizophrenia. Military officials working with the Central Intelligence Agency 142 00:09:39,120 --> 00:09:43,400 Speaker 1: in the US also experimented with LSD in Project mk Ultra, 143 00:09:43,800 --> 00:09:47,200 Speaker 1: a program developed to figure out procedures for interrogation and 144 00:09:47,240 --> 00:09:51,760 Speaker 1: mind control. When casual recreational use of LSD picked up 145 00:09:51,800 --> 00:09:55,400 Speaker 1: in the nineteen sixties, Hoffman criticized misuse of the drug, 146 00:09:55,800 --> 00:10:00,000 Speaker 1: which was often taken without supervision or in dangerous amounts 147 00:10:00,200 --> 00:10:04,560 Speaker 1: and manufactured in poor conditions. Though it is relatively non 148 00:10:04,600 --> 00:10:08,120 Speaker 1: toxic and non addictive, many governments around the world banned 149 00:10:08,240 --> 00:10:11,439 Speaker 1: LSD after deaths related to his youth were reported and 150 00:10:11,520 --> 00:10:14,920 Speaker 1: it was found to post psychological risk for people susceptible 151 00:10:14,960 --> 00:10:19,200 Speaker 1: to psychosis. Scientific trials of l s D were shut down. 152 00:10:20,960 --> 00:10:23,080 Speaker 1: I'm e Jeff Coote, and hopefully you know a little 153 00:10:23,120 --> 00:10:26,600 Speaker 1: more about history today than you did yesterday. If you 154 00:10:26,640 --> 00:10:29,440 Speaker 1: have any burning questions or comments, you can leave us 155 00:10:29,480 --> 00:10:34,360 Speaker 1: a note at t d I h Z Podcast on Twitter, 156 00:10:34,679 --> 00:10:38,520 Speaker 1: Facebook or Instagram. If emails your thing, send us a 157 00:10:38,559 --> 00:10:42,559 Speaker 1: note at this day at I heeart media dot com. 158 00:10:42,559 --> 00:10:45,200 Speaker 1: Thanks again for listening, and we'll see you tomorrow.