1 00:00:01,320 --> 00:00:04,280 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,400 --> 00:00:13,920 Speaker 1: of iHeartRadio. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Holly 3 00:00:14,000 --> 00:00:17,720 Speaker 1: Frye and I'm Tracy V. Wilson. Tracy, I live for bubbles. 4 00:00:17,760 --> 00:00:21,800 Speaker 1: I know you do. Anyone who has spent more than 5 00:00:21,840 --> 00:00:24,360 Speaker 1: twelve minutes with me has seen me with the carbonated 6 00:00:24,400 --> 00:00:26,880 Speaker 1: beverage of some kind in my hand YEP, those are 7 00:00:26,880 --> 00:00:31,159 Speaker 1: the rules for me. I have been a This is 8 00:00:31,160 --> 00:00:33,920 Speaker 1: not an endorsement, but I sure have you know, paid 9 00:00:33,960 --> 00:00:35,559 Speaker 1: a lot of their bills. I'm sure I've been a 10 00:00:35,600 --> 00:00:38,199 Speaker 1: diet coke drinker literally since I was nine. I know 11 00:00:38,240 --> 00:00:42,400 Speaker 1: that's unhealthy and your parents would blanch, but that's just 12 00:00:42,400 --> 00:00:45,559 Speaker 1: what happened. But lately I have, at my doctor's suggestion, 13 00:00:45,720 --> 00:00:48,120 Speaker 1: trying to ease off of the colas, and I'm drinking 14 00:00:48,120 --> 00:00:51,240 Speaker 1: more sparkling water to substitute because I do like bubbles 15 00:00:51,240 --> 00:00:53,640 Speaker 1: a whole lot. And that's a work in progress. But 16 00:00:53,680 --> 00:00:55,880 Speaker 1: it did start to make me wonder when and how 17 00:00:55,920 --> 00:00:59,840 Speaker 1: we started adding bubbles to drinks, because I'm not the 18 00:01:00,200 --> 00:01:03,160 Speaker 1: person I know that's addicted to the bubbles. So today 19 00:01:03,200 --> 00:01:05,200 Speaker 1: we're going to talk about that, which means it is 20 00:01:05,760 --> 00:01:10,319 Speaker 1: largely an episode about Yakam Schweppe and some other dudes, 21 00:01:10,560 --> 00:01:14,560 Speaker 1: because everybody wanted to replicate natural effor vescence, particularly in 22 00:01:14,600 --> 00:01:16,679 Speaker 1: the eighteenth century, there was a lot of excitement in 23 00:01:16,720 --> 00:01:19,200 Speaker 1: the scientific community about whether or not they could do it. 24 00:01:20,480 --> 00:01:23,000 Speaker 1: So we also have a note on names, because, as 25 00:01:23,000 --> 00:01:25,840 Speaker 1: I mentioned, the guy we're talking about most today is 26 00:01:25,880 --> 00:01:29,039 Speaker 1: Yakam Schweppe. There's no S on the end of that name. 27 00:01:29,600 --> 00:01:33,000 Speaker 1: The company today that you would recognize is Schwepes with 28 00:01:33,080 --> 00:01:35,640 Speaker 1: an S and there's no apostrophe. We'll talk a little 29 00:01:35,640 --> 00:01:41,000 Speaker 1: bit about that transition, although it's not super well documented 30 00:01:41,080 --> 00:01:43,319 Speaker 1: when it became one versus the other. But just so 31 00:01:43,360 --> 00:01:47,240 Speaker 1: you're not confused about why sometimes we might make an 32 00:01:47,319 --> 00:01:53,200 Speaker 1: S sound and sometimes not. So first, we're just gonna 33 00:01:53,280 --> 00:01:56,640 Speaker 1: level set a little bit about how different kinds of 34 00:01:56,720 --> 00:02:00,360 Speaker 1: bubbly water are classified, because they're gonna come up throughout 35 00:02:00,400 --> 00:02:03,320 Speaker 1: the episode. I think some folks use some of these 36 00:02:03,400 --> 00:02:07,120 Speaker 1: terms almost interchangeably. Oh they do, and I will talk 37 00:02:07,160 --> 00:02:13,320 Speaker 1: about that. Yes, these are all considered carbonated waters, but 38 00:02:13,440 --> 00:02:16,959 Speaker 1: the manner in which they become carbonated and what other 39 00:02:17,040 --> 00:02:20,400 Speaker 1: things you might find in them that defines the actual 40 00:02:20,440 --> 00:02:26,040 Speaker 1: different types. So there's sparkling water. This is naturally carbonated water. 41 00:02:26,160 --> 00:02:28,880 Speaker 1: It comes from a spring or a well in which 42 00:02:29,000 --> 00:02:34,720 Speaker 1: gases are introduced into the water. Sodium, magnesium, and calcium 43 00:02:35,080 --> 00:02:39,240 Speaker 1: are usually naturally occurring in this water. The amounts can 44 00:02:39,280 --> 00:02:41,800 Speaker 1: really vary depending on the source, which is why different 45 00:02:42,000 --> 00:02:46,760 Speaker 1: sparkling waters can taste slightly different from one another. Yes, 46 00:02:46,800 --> 00:02:50,040 Speaker 1: even if they are unflavored. But we'll talk about flavors. 47 00:02:52,840 --> 00:02:58,640 Speaker 1: So Seltzer starts with uncarbonated water. It gets the carbonation 48 00:02:58,720 --> 00:03:03,000 Speaker 1: from the manufacturing par process. It can get flavoring, but 49 00:03:03,120 --> 00:03:07,400 Speaker 1: it doesn't have that mineral content that sparkling water does. 50 00:03:08,440 --> 00:03:12,519 Speaker 1: Club Soda or soda water is also carbonated in processing, 51 00:03:12,680 --> 00:03:17,280 Speaker 1: but also has minerals including sodium added. And then there's 52 00:03:17,440 --> 00:03:21,359 Speaker 1: tonic water. I don't know if anybody is using tonic 53 00:03:21,440 --> 00:03:26,560 Speaker 1: water to generically mean carbonated water. Tonic water is carbonated 54 00:03:26,600 --> 00:03:30,840 Speaker 1: in processing. It has quinine and other ingredients added to it, 55 00:03:30,880 --> 00:03:34,080 Speaker 1: including sugar or maybe some other sweetener. I see a 56 00:03:34,080 --> 00:03:37,600 Speaker 1: lot of like sugar free tonic water, sugar free tonic water. 57 00:03:37,600 --> 00:03:41,640 Speaker 1: I think I've seen like an agave sweetened tonic water. Yeah, 58 00:03:41,880 --> 00:03:45,600 Speaker 1: and also as a little caveat here, these terms are modern. 59 00:03:45,640 --> 00:03:48,400 Speaker 1: They were not all in play when early beverage carbonation 60 00:03:48,560 --> 00:03:51,480 Speaker 1: was being developed. But we wanted to include this because 61 00:03:51,480 --> 00:03:53,920 Speaker 1: it helps to understand the variations as we talk through 62 00:03:53,920 --> 00:03:56,400 Speaker 1: some of it. In most cases we are going to 63 00:03:56,480 --> 00:03:59,800 Speaker 1: use the modern definitions just for clarity. Uh. So that's 64 00:03:59,840 --> 00:04:02,720 Speaker 1: why we gave you that little rundown. I have thoughts 65 00:04:02,800 --> 00:04:04,880 Speaker 1: you might be having them too. We'll talk about them 66 00:04:04,880 --> 00:04:10,640 Speaker 1: on Friday. Sure. So to talk about Sheppa first, we 67 00:04:10,720 --> 00:04:13,680 Speaker 1: have to talk about Joseph Priestley and a handful of 68 00:04:13,720 --> 00:04:18,440 Speaker 1: other men because their work inspired Sheppa's experiments with gases 69 00:04:18,480 --> 00:04:22,479 Speaker 1: and water. So. Joseph Priestley was born in Yorkshire, England 70 00:04:22,480 --> 00:04:25,880 Speaker 1: in seventeen thirty three. His family worked in the wool 71 00:04:25,920 --> 00:04:30,600 Speaker 1: business making fabric. Joseph became a dissenting minister, meaning that 72 00:04:30,640 --> 00:04:33,200 Speaker 1: he did not align with the doctrines of the Church 73 00:04:33,240 --> 00:04:36,960 Speaker 1: of England. Priestley is a pretty interesting guy. Maybe a 74 00:04:37,120 --> 00:04:40,760 Speaker 1: podcast subject in the future. Yeah, he has a lot 75 00:04:40,800 --> 00:04:43,960 Speaker 1: of interesting stuff, both from a religious perspective and a 76 00:04:44,040 --> 00:04:49,360 Speaker 1: philosophical perspective and scientific uh, because he was also very 77 00:04:49,360 --> 00:04:52,960 Speaker 1: interested in science. He believed in the changing nature of 78 00:04:53,000 --> 00:04:56,360 Speaker 1: science that it is forever evolving as we learn new 79 00:04:56,360 --> 00:05:00,040 Speaker 1: things and apply that knowledge to our scientific thinking. He 80 00:05:00,080 --> 00:05:02,520 Speaker 1: wrote books and papers on science. He was a member 81 00:05:02,560 --> 00:05:05,279 Speaker 1: of the Royal Society of London, and starting in the 82 00:05:05,320 --> 00:05:08,960 Speaker 1: seventeen sixties, Priestly, like a lot of other science minded 83 00:05:09,000 --> 00:05:13,120 Speaker 1: people of his day, worked on experiments involving the chemistry 84 00:05:13,120 --> 00:05:16,160 Speaker 1: of gases, and one of his early efforts was adding 85 00:05:16,200 --> 00:05:20,160 Speaker 1: carbonation to water. So at the time, sparkling water from 86 00:05:20,240 --> 00:05:23,600 Speaker 1: natural sources was already popular and it was seen as healthful. 87 00:05:24,400 --> 00:05:27,680 Speaker 1: I didn't trace it back to check, but I did 88 00:05:27,720 --> 00:05:30,440 Speaker 1: see some people mentioning that this is really like kind 89 00:05:30,520 --> 00:05:33,120 Speaker 1: of the origin of that phrasing of take the waters, 90 00:05:33,279 --> 00:05:35,479 Speaker 1: which is like, go to somewhere where there is a 91 00:05:35,560 --> 00:05:38,520 Speaker 1: natural spring to drink the bubbly water, because it is 92 00:05:38,640 --> 00:05:43,160 Speaker 1: naturally good for you. Priestley was among the many scientists 93 00:05:43,279 --> 00:05:47,039 Speaker 1: at the time wondering if they could supply bubbly water 94 00:05:47,640 --> 00:05:53,080 Speaker 1: by increasing its availability by artificially adding the bubbles. So 95 00:05:53,240 --> 00:05:56,800 Speaker 1: Priestley took a position as a minister in Leeds. When 96 00:05:56,800 --> 00:05:59,760 Speaker 1: when did that. He lived next to a brewery and 97 00:05:59,839 --> 00:06:03,880 Speaker 1: was scientifically curious about the vapors that the brewery gave off. 98 00:06:04,520 --> 00:06:07,440 Speaker 1: He eventually came to the determination that what he called 99 00:06:07,600 --> 00:06:11,960 Speaker 1: fixed air, which gave beer its bubbles, was the same 100 00:06:12,080 --> 00:06:16,279 Speaker 1: thing that made some spring waters bubbly. So today beer 101 00:06:16,320 --> 00:06:20,400 Speaker 1: can be made extra bubbly through forced carbonation, that's the 102 00:06:20,440 --> 00:06:23,200 Speaker 1: addition of carbon dioxide to the beer while it's in 103 00:06:23,240 --> 00:06:27,520 Speaker 1: a sealed container. But in Priestley's time, the bubbles only 104 00:06:27,560 --> 00:06:31,800 Speaker 1: came from the fermentation process naturally carbonated water. So what 105 00:06:31,839 --> 00:06:35,359 Speaker 1: we would classify today as sparkling water gets its bubbles 106 00:06:35,360 --> 00:06:39,200 Speaker 1: from volcanic gases that dissolve into natural water springs. So 107 00:06:39,279 --> 00:06:43,320 Speaker 1: the fixed air concept that Priestley was describing had more 108 00:06:43,360 --> 00:06:47,240 Speaker 1: to do with the water being infused with air in 109 00:06:47,279 --> 00:06:51,560 Speaker 1: a pressurized situation than like the source of the water. Yeah, 110 00:06:51,720 --> 00:06:54,360 Speaker 1: it wasn't like he had said, like this one kind 111 00:06:54,360 --> 00:06:56,800 Speaker 1: of air is fixed air, although he did figure out 112 00:06:56,839 --> 00:06:59,320 Speaker 1: that carbon dioxide was the way to do it. The 113 00:06:59,320 --> 00:07:02,920 Speaker 1: first test that Priestley did was really simple. He left 114 00:07:02,960 --> 00:07:06,760 Speaker 1: saucers of water out overnight above areas where the brewery 115 00:07:06,839 --> 00:07:10,840 Speaker 1: vapors rose up through the air, and then reported that 116 00:07:10,880 --> 00:07:13,440 Speaker 1: he found bubbles. He wrote in his findings quote, I 117 00:07:13,560 --> 00:07:16,600 Speaker 1: generally found the next morning that the water had acquired 118 00:07:16,600 --> 00:07:19,840 Speaker 1: a very sensible and pleasant impregnation. And it was with 119 00:07:19,960 --> 00:07:23,320 Speaker 1: peculiar satisfaction that I first drank this water, which I 120 00:07:23,360 --> 00:07:25,480 Speaker 1: believe was the first of its kind that had ever 121 00:07:25,560 --> 00:07:29,000 Speaker 1: been tasted by man. And from there he started working 122 00:07:29,040 --> 00:07:32,600 Speaker 1: on building a mechanism that could more effectively impregnate water 123 00:07:32,720 --> 00:07:36,280 Speaker 1: with bubbles. Priestley published a book on the method he 124 00:07:36,360 --> 00:07:39,960 Speaker 1: devised to add carbonation to water in seventeen seventy two. 125 00:07:40,520 --> 00:07:44,560 Speaker 1: This was titled Directions for Impregnating Water with Fixed Air 126 00:07:44,640 --> 00:07:47,880 Speaker 1: in order to communicate to it the peculiar spirit and 127 00:07:47,960 --> 00:07:52,160 Speaker 1: virtues of Piermont Water and other mineral waters of a 128 00:07:52,240 --> 00:07:55,840 Speaker 1: similar nature. In the beginning of the direction segment of 129 00:07:55,880 --> 00:07:58,840 Speaker 1: the book, he opens with quote, if water be only 130 00:07:58,920 --> 00:08:02,120 Speaker 1: in contact with figxed air, it will begin to imbibe it. 131 00:08:02,600 --> 00:08:05,880 Speaker 1: But the mixture is greatly accelerated by agitation, which is 132 00:08:05,920 --> 00:08:09,880 Speaker 1: continually bringing fresh particles of air and water into contact. 133 00:08:10,480 --> 00:08:14,280 Speaker 1: All that is necessary, therefore, to make this process expeditious 134 00:08:14,320 --> 00:08:18,520 Speaker 1: and effectual, is first to procure a sufficient quantity of 135 00:08:18,560 --> 00:08:22,000 Speaker 1: this fixed air, and then to contrive a method by 136 00:08:22,000 --> 00:08:25,160 Speaker 1: which the air and water may be strongly agitated in 137 00:08:25,200 --> 00:08:28,920 Speaker 1: the same vessel without any danger of admitting the common 138 00:08:29,000 --> 00:08:32,600 Speaker 1: air to them. And this is easily done by first 139 00:08:32,720 --> 00:08:36,480 Speaker 1: filling any vessel with water and introducing the fixed air 140 00:08:36,559 --> 00:08:40,720 Speaker 1: to it while it stands inverted in another vessel of water. 141 00:08:41,320 --> 00:08:44,239 Speaker 1: That every part of the process may be as intelligible 142 00:08:44,240 --> 00:08:47,360 Speaker 1: as possible, even to those who have no previous knowledge 143 00:08:47,360 --> 00:08:52,040 Speaker 1: of the subject. I shall describe it very minutely, subjoining 144 00:08:52,120 --> 00:08:56,120 Speaker 1: several remarks and observations relating to varieties in the process, 145 00:08:56,440 --> 00:09:00,559 Speaker 1: and other things of a miscellaneous nature. This book is 146 00:09:00,600 --> 00:09:03,320 Speaker 1: a pretty fun read, but it is one of those 147 00:09:03,320 --> 00:09:06,880 Speaker 1: things where the spellings are a little different and a 148 00:09:06,920 --> 00:09:09,760 Speaker 1: lot of the s's are the f so you really 149 00:09:09,800 --> 00:09:13,120 Speaker 1: have to be ready for some gymnastics to autocorrect as 150 00:09:13,160 --> 00:09:16,200 Speaker 1: you go, But it is a funread. He gives a 151 00:09:16,240 --> 00:09:19,520 Speaker 1: pretty basic run through of the process before delving into 152 00:09:19,520 --> 00:09:23,600 Speaker 1: the more finessed aspects of the science. As you'll see 153 00:09:23,600 --> 00:09:26,080 Speaker 1: in his method, there is some room for error here. 154 00:09:26,120 --> 00:09:30,000 Speaker 1: He describes it this way quote, Take a glass vessel 155 00:09:30,240 --> 00:09:33,160 Speaker 1: with a pretty narrow neck, and, having filled it with water, 156 00:09:33,320 --> 00:09:37,600 Speaker 1: lay a slip of clean paper or thin pasteboard upon it. Then, 157 00:09:37,760 --> 00:09:40,240 Speaker 1: if they be pressed close together, the vessel may be 158 00:09:40,360 --> 00:09:44,040 Speaker 1: turned upside down. Without danger of admitting any or however 159 00:09:44,200 --> 00:09:47,800 Speaker 1: much common air into it. And when it is thus inverted, 160 00:09:47,840 --> 00:09:50,200 Speaker 1: it must be placed in another vessel in the form 161 00:09:50,240 --> 00:09:52,640 Speaker 1: of a bowl or basin with a little water in it, 162 00:09:53,080 --> 00:09:55,200 Speaker 1: so much as to permit the slip of paper or 163 00:09:55,240 --> 00:09:57,920 Speaker 1: pasteboard to be withdrawn and the end of the pipe 164 00:09:58,000 --> 00:10:01,640 Speaker 1: c to be introduced, so that pipe c he mentions 165 00:10:01,920 --> 00:10:04,920 Speaker 1: is essentially like a flexible tube. It was attached at 166 00:10:04,920 --> 00:10:08,079 Speaker 1: the other end to an animal bladder, usually a pig bladder, 167 00:10:08,400 --> 00:10:11,320 Speaker 1: and that bladder was connected to a bottle that contained 168 00:10:11,520 --> 00:10:14,400 Speaker 1: chalk and a small amount of water. And so to 169 00:10:14,480 --> 00:10:17,559 Speaker 1: create his fixed air that would be imbibed as Priestley 170 00:10:17,600 --> 00:10:20,440 Speaker 1: put it into the water in the first bottle. His 171 00:10:20,559 --> 00:10:24,560 Speaker 1: method required the addition of sulfuric acid to that second bottle, 172 00:10:24,840 --> 00:10:27,160 Speaker 1: which was then sealed with a cork and shaken, and 173 00:10:27,200 --> 00:10:30,160 Speaker 1: that would fill the bladder with gas CO two, and 174 00:10:30,200 --> 00:10:32,840 Speaker 1: then the bladder could be compressed to direct the air 175 00:10:32,960 --> 00:10:35,680 Speaker 1: into the first bottle. That would also just place some 176 00:10:35,760 --> 00:10:38,440 Speaker 1: of the water it initially contained into the bowl it 177 00:10:38,520 --> 00:10:41,200 Speaker 1: was sitting in, and then that bottle needed a good 178 00:10:41,240 --> 00:10:44,840 Speaker 1: shake to integrate the gas and water. Toda you've made 179 00:10:44,880 --> 00:10:50,600 Speaker 1: carbonated water. One of the earliest commercially available carbonated beverages 180 00:10:50,720 --> 00:10:53,120 Speaker 1: came out of this work. Very early in the process. 181 00:10:53,840 --> 00:10:56,160 Speaker 1: That was a drink that one of Priestley's friends made 182 00:10:56,240 --> 00:11:01,240 Speaker 1: called mister Beuley's Julip or mister Beuley's methetic Julip. Richard 183 00:11:01,320 --> 00:11:05,400 Speaker 1: Bully was an apothecary in Great Massingham, Norfolk, and introduced 184 00:11:05,440 --> 00:11:08,800 Speaker 1: his carbonated water in seventeen sixty seven or seventeen sixty 185 00:11:08,840 --> 00:11:12,880 Speaker 1: eight accounts very a little bit. Building on the work 186 00:11:13,000 --> 00:11:17,920 Speaker 1: of Bully, another apothecary, Thomas Henry, introduced his own fizzy 187 00:11:17,960 --> 00:11:22,440 Speaker 1: beverage using the same apparatus Priestley had developed. His product 188 00:11:22,520 --> 00:11:25,200 Speaker 1: was an imitation mineral water that he touted for its 189 00:11:25,240 --> 00:11:29,160 Speaker 1: medicinal qualities. Yet it even had like a dosage that 190 00:11:29,240 --> 00:11:32,640 Speaker 1: he recommended. We're going to talk about some criticisms of 191 00:11:32,679 --> 00:11:35,800 Speaker 1: Priestley's design after we first pause for a sponsor break. 192 00:11:45,440 --> 00:11:50,120 Speaker 1: Even though Priestley's design for imparting carbonation worked, that process 193 00:11:50,160 --> 00:11:52,960 Speaker 1: and setup that we described wasn't exactly something you could 194 00:11:53,000 --> 00:11:55,920 Speaker 1: do on a large scale. There were quite a few 195 00:11:55,920 --> 00:12:00,079 Speaker 1: critics of it because, in addition to being unwieldy and involving, 196 00:12:00,120 --> 00:12:01,720 Speaker 1: you know, the flipping of a bottle with a piece 197 00:12:01,720 --> 00:12:05,160 Speaker 1: of paper to close it. That animal bladder was really 198 00:12:05,200 --> 00:12:08,720 Speaker 1: an issue for people. It gave the water, according to critics, 199 00:12:08,760 --> 00:12:13,000 Speaker 1: a faint taste of urine. Nobody wants that. One of 200 00:12:13,040 --> 00:12:16,480 Speaker 1: those critics was a doctor from Scotland named John Mervyn Nuth, 201 00:12:17,480 --> 00:12:21,440 Speaker 1: and this entire idea of carbonating water had gotten really 202 00:12:21,480 --> 00:12:24,400 Speaker 1: really popular, and Nuth, like others, was in contact with 203 00:12:24,440 --> 00:12:26,760 Speaker 1: Priestley and also Benjamin Franklin. There are a lot of 204 00:12:27,440 --> 00:12:29,880 Speaker 1: I would love for someone to do a chart where 205 00:12:29,880 --> 00:12:33,600 Speaker 1: they track out all of the letters passing between various 206 00:12:33,640 --> 00:12:36,319 Speaker 1: people in the science community at this time and them 207 00:12:36,360 --> 00:12:39,800 Speaker 1: all talking about carbonation. But Nuth wanted to figure out 208 00:12:39,800 --> 00:12:42,240 Speaker 1: a way to get rid of that bladder section of 209 00:12:42,280 --> 00:12:45,280 Speaker 1: the apparatus and make it a little bit cleaner. In 210 00:12:45,320 --> 00:12:48,000 Speaker 1: seventeen seventy four he read a paper to the Royal 211 00:12:48,080 --> 00:12:52,200 Speaker 1: Society titled the Description of an Apparatus for Impregnating Water 212 00:12:52,240 --> 00:12:55,840 Speaker 1: with fixed Air. And this paper talks through his design 213 00:12:56,040 --> 00:12:59,880 Speaker 1: and also Nuth's real motivation, which was studying how the 214 00:13:00,080 --> 00:13:05,040 Speaker 1: efforvest water might have medicinal benefit. Nuth's apparatus used all 215 00:13:05,080 --> 00:13:09,560 Speaker 1: glass components, which had airtight seals connecting them. There were 216 00:13:09,679 --> 00:13:12,640 Speaker 1: three chambers stacked one on top of the other. The 217 00:13:12,679 --> 00:13:15,600 Speaker 1: bottom vessel was for the chemicals that would react to 218 00:13:15,679 --> 00:13:19,080 Speaker 1: create CO two, the middle vessel was for the water 219 00:13:19,200 --> 00:13:21,800 Speaker 1: that was being carbonated, and the top vessel was for 220 00:13:21,880 --> 00:13:25,480 Speaker 1: the water that was displaced from that middle vessel during 221 00:13:25,520 --> 00:13:30,400 Speaker 1: the process. Both Priestley's design and nuths required the water 222 00:13:30,480 --> 00:13:34,080 Speaker 1: to be processed multiple times to achieve full carbonation, but 223 00:13:34,200 --> 00:13:38,040 Speaker 1: the Nuth apparatus could be separated into the component pieces 224 00:13:38,080 --> 00:13:44,080 Speaker 1: for this agitation step. While Priestley had initially bristled Atnth's criticisms, 225 00:13:44,160 --> 00:13:47,280 Speaker 1: he really did acknowledge the improvement his device offered over 226 00:13:47,320 --> 00:13:52,239 Speaker 1: the initial design. Additionally, one of Priestley's friends, John Worldtier, 227 00:13:52,559 --> 00:13:56,320 Speaker 1: further improved the design by pressurizing it, and Nuth's device 228 00:13:56,480 --> 00:13:58,600 Speaker 1: was easy enough to use that people could have one 229 00:13:58,800 --> 00:14:02,000 Speaker 1: in their homes. A lot of wealthy people purchased them, 230 00:14:02,040 --> 00:14:05,560 Speaker 1: hoping to get the benefit of sparkling water without having 231 00:14:05,640 --> 00:14:08,000 Speaker 1: to go on holiday for it, or without having it 232 00:14:08,120 --> 00:14:11,240 Speaker 1: brought to them by the bottle. And that breaks us 233 00:14:11,320 --> 00:14:15,199 Speaker 1: to Johann Yakub Schweppe, who was born in Witzenhausen, Germany, 234 00:14:15,240 --> 00:14:19,840 Speaker 1: in seventeen forty so that community was largely agricultural, but 235 00:14:19,920 --> 00:14:22,360 Speaker 1: even as a boy, Yakub was believed by his parents 236 00:14:22,400 --> 00:14:24,720 Speaker 1: to be cut out for something very different from farming. 237 00:14:25,360 --> 00:14:28,440 Speaker 1: According to the official account of the Schwep's Company, which 238 00:14:28,480 --> 00:14:30,960 Speaker 1: is quite a fun book written by Douglas Simmons, in 239 00:14:31,040 --> 00:14:34,840 Speaker 1: nineteen eighty three, a traveling tinker offered to take Yakub 240 00:14:34,880 --> 00:14:38,000 Speaker 1: under his wing as an apprentice, and Yakub's father, Conrad, 241 00:14:38,120 --> 00:14:41,600 Speaker 1: agreed to that idea. But the tinker recognized that Yacum's 242 00:14:41,680 --> 00:14:45,320 Speaker 1: natural talents for working with his hands exceeded anything he 243 00:14:45,360 --> 00:14:47,239 Speaker 1: was going to be called to do as a handyman, 244 00:14:47,440 --> 00:14:51,240 Speaker 1: so he suggested two of the Schweppas that Yakub should 245 00:14:51,280 --> 00:14:54,280 Speaker 1: instead be sent to apprentice with a silversmith, But the 246 00:14:54,320 --> 00:14:57,040 Speaker 1: silversmith also thought that the work he could give Yakub 247 00:14:57,040 --> 00:14:59,640 Speaker 1: would be kind of less than the boy was capable of. 248 00:15:00,000 --> 00:15:03,560 Speaker 1: The next recommendation was that he apprentice under a jeweler, 249 00:15:03,760 --> 00:15:07,600 Speaker 1: and that finally was a pretty great fit. By seventeen 250 00:15:07,680 --> 00:15:10,840 Speaker 1: sixty five, Jakub Sweppa was working as a jeweler and 251 00:15:10,880 --> 00:15:14,840 Speaker 1: a watchmaker in Geneva, Switzerland. He married two years later 252 00:15:14,920 --> 00:15:18,360 Speaker 1: to Eleonora Roget and became a citizen of Geneva the 253 00:15:18,440 --> 00:15:21,640 Speaker 1: year after that. He worked under a jeweler named Jean 254 00:15:21,680 --> 00:15:25,320 Speaker 1: Luis Dunat and then formed a firm with Dunaut's son 255 00:15:25,520 --> 00:15:29,600 Speaker 1: under the name Dunat and Sheppa. Jacub handled most of 256 00:15:29,640 --> 00:15:32,800 Speaker 1: the day to day business and do not provided the capital. 257 00:15:33,600 --> 00:15:36,960 Speaker 1: Although he and Eleonora had nine children, only one of 258 00:15:37,000 --> 00:15:40,560 Speaker 1: them survived to adulthood. That was their daughter, Nicollard, who 259 00:15:40,560 --> 00:15:43,640 Speaker 1: went by Collette. Outlived both of her parents and they 260 00:15:43,640 --> 00:15:47,600 Speaker 1: were a very very close family. As an adult, already 261 00:15:47,600 --> 00:15:51,000 Speaker 1: well into his horology career, Sheppa started reading the writing 262 00:15:51,120 --> 00:15:53,360 Speaker 1: of Joseph Priestley and the other men who had been 263 00:15:53,400 --> 00:15:57,840 Speaker 1: working on carbonation, because he considered himself like an amateur scientist, 264 00:15:58,080 --> 00:16:00,960 Speaker 1: and it's estimated that Sheppa started him his own experiments 265 00:16:00,960 --> 00:16:04,920 Speaker 1: with bubbles at least by seventeen eighty, very possibly earlier 266 00:16:04,920 --> 00:16:08,360 Speaker 1: than that. He, like so many others, was trying to 267 00:16:08,440 --> 00:16:12,960 Speaker 1: build on previous devices to increase effectiveness, ease, and the 268 00:16:13,040 --> 00:16:16,160 Speaker 1: quality of the product they produced, and he got pretty 269 00:16:16,160 --> 00:16:18,760 Speaker 1: good at it. Although he seems to have kept the 270 00:16:18,800 --> 00:16:21,640 Speaker 1: details of his mechanism pretty secret. There are a lot 271 00:16:21,640 --> 00:16:25,480 Speaker 1: of times you'll read about throughout his career where it's like, oh, 272 00:16:25,600 --> 00:16:29,400 Speaker 1: when he went to this new place, he built boxes 273 00:16:29,440 --> 00:16:31,720 Speaker 1: around all of his devices, so even the people that 274 00:16:31,800 --> 00:16:36,120 Speaker 1: worked there didn't know what actually made them work unless 275 00:16:36,120 --> 00:16:39,480 Speaker 1: they had to know. Uh. So he was smart enough 276 00:16:39,520 --> 00:16:42,240 Speaker 1: to be secretive. But what he did do was share 277 00:16:42,360 --> 00:16:46,440 Speaker 1: the carbonated water he created, because he was making far 278 00:16:46,480 --> 00:16:48,960 Speaker 1: more of it than his household could consume, and he 279 00:16:49,040 --> 00:16:52,560 Speaker 1: already had a perfectly fine job and income. First, he 280 00:16:52,640 --> 00:16:55,840 Speaker 1: started offering it to doctors as something they could give 281 00:16:55,880 --> 00:16:59,520 Speaker 1: to their poor patients who couldn't afford to buy spring water. 282 00:17:00,480 --> 00:17:03,200 Speaker 1: That might not have cured anybody of anything, but at 283 00:17:03,280 --> 00:17:06,399 Speaker 1: least people had a way to stay hydrated. As he 284 00:17:06,560 --> 00:17:10,119 Speaker 1: continued to refine his method of carbonation, he also started 285 00:17:10,160 --> 00:17:13,760 Speaker 1: offering water to Geneva's middle and upper classes. He made 286 00:17:13,800 --> 00:17:16,800 Speaker 1: a nice living for himself in his watchmaking business, so 287 00:17:16,880 --> 00:17:19,480 Speaker 1: he wasn't charging for this water. He was just given 288 00:17:19,480 --> 00:17:23,000 Speaker 1: out free carbonated water all the time. That made people 289 00:17:23,119 --> 00:17:27,120 Speaker 1: a little wary. It was just odd to have somebody 290 00:17:27,200 --> 00:17:30,240 Speaker 1: giving away this product that was in demand. So soon 291 00:17:30,320 --> 00:17:33,320 Speaker 1: he started charging for it, and then he realized he 292 00:17:33,440 --> 00:17:36,280 Speaker 1: was doing well enough that he could just change careers. 293 00:17:37,160 --> 00:17:41,080 Speaker 1: He established Jay Schweppe and Company and started selling carbonated 294 00:17:41,119 --> 00:17:44,160 Speaker 1: water full time by the end of seventeen eighty three. 295 00:17:45,119 --> 00:17:47,680 Speaker 1: And this is one of those instances in history where 296 00:17:47,720 --> 00:17:51,439 Speaker 1: the seemingly unrelated career knowledge that an inventor possessed, in 297 00:17:51,440 --> 00:17:54,639 Speaker 1: his case being a jeweler and watchmaker, proved to be 298 00:17:54,680 --> 00:17:57,040 Speaker 1: the key to unlocking a problem that others had been 299 00:17:57,119 --> 00:18:00,640 Speaker 1: grappling with a little bit. Because he understood so innately 300 00:18:00,680 --> 00:18:04,159 Speaker 1: how things like clockwork machinery functioned, he was able to 301 00:18:04,200 --> 00:18:07,720 Speaker 1: apply some of that knowledge to create a carbonation device that, 302 00:18:08,119 --> 00:18:11,040 Speaker 1: like Priestley and Nuth, used the reaction of chalk and 303 00:18:11,040 --> 00:18:15,320 Speaker 1: sulfuric acid to create carbon dioxide. But Seppe's mechanism, which 304 00:18:15,320 --> 00:18:17,840 Speaker 1: got the nickname of the Geneva system, or sometimes you'll 305 00:18:17,880 --> 00:18:20,960 Speaker 1: see it called the Geneva apparatus, was automated with a 306 00:18:21,000 --> 00:18:24,760 Speaker 1: mechanical pump to move air into the water chamber and 307 00:18:24,960 --> 00:18:28,320 Speaker 1: an agitator, so there no longer had to be multiple 308 00:18:28,400 --> 00:18:31,879 Speaker 1: rounds of manual agitation of the water and CO two mixture. 309 00:18:31,960 --> 00:18:34,240 Speaker 1: So instead of taking your thing apart and standing there 310 00:18:34,280 --> 00:18:37,080 Speaker 1: shaking it. The pumps and the agitator would do all 311 00:18:37,080 --> 00:18:40,080 Speaker 1: of that for you. This was, of course more efficient, 312 00:18:40,280 --> 00:18:42,560 Speaker 1: and it also meant that it was a lot easier 313 00:18:42,600 --> 00:18:46,480 Speaker 1: to scale his device up to make much more carbonated water, 314 00:18:46,960 --> 00:18:51,320 Speaker 1: much faster, with better results than any previous version. By 315 00:18:51,359 --> 00:18:54,960 Speaker 1: the seventeen eighties, Yakub's water enterprise had gotten from just 316 00:18:55,160 --> 00:18:59,680 Speaker 1: dabbling in experiments with carbonation to being a substantial company. 317 00:19:00,280 --> 00:19:03,359 Speaker 1: He was expanding rapidly and he needed to hand over 318 00:19:03,480 --> 00:19:06,560 Speaker 1: some of the operation to someone else to manage. This 319 00:19:06,960 --> 00:19:10,520 Speaker 1: did not go well. He selected a friend for the job, 320 00:19:10,600 --> 00:19:15,000 Speaker 1: who immediately hired an engineer to replicate the Geneva system, 321 00:19:15,080 --> 00:19:19,480 Speaker 1: hoping to start his own competing business. But the engineer 322 00:19:19,520 --> 00:19:22,879 Speaker 1: who did so made a copy for himself while making 323 00:19:22,920 --> 00:19:27,879 Speaker 1: an inferior device for this unscrupulous manager. When all of 324 00:19:27,880 --> 00:19:30,639 Speaker 1: this came to light that everybody was essentially trying to 325 00:19:30,640 --> 00:19:34,520 Speaker 1: steal his ideas, uh Sweppa made the perhaps surprising but 326 00:19:34,760 --> 00:19:39,000 Speaker 1: ultimately kind of wise decision to salvage the situation by 327 00:19:39,000 --> 00:19:42,919 Speaker 1: going into business with that engineer who clearly understood how 328 00:19:42,920 --> 00:19:45,200 Speaker 1: the device worked. That was a man named Nicholas Paul. 329 00:19:46,160 --> 00:19:49,399 Speaker 1: He also went into business as part of this with 330 00:19:49,520 --> 00:19:51,280 Speaker 1: other men. They brought other men into the firm, so 331 00:19:51,440 --> 00:19:54,920 Speaker 1: Jacques Paul, who was Nicholas's father. They took on another partner, 332 00:19:55,000 --> 00:19:58,919 Speaker 1: a pharmacist named Henry Albert Gossa, and they formed a 333 00:19:58,960 --> 00:20:03,600 Speaker 1: company called Scheppa, Paul and Gossa. On occasion, if you're 334 00:20:03,640 --> 00:20:06,080 Speaker 1: reading up on this, Nicholas Paul is the one who's 335 00:20:06,119 --> 00:20:09,280 Speaker 1: credited with adding the compression pump to the Geneva system, 336 00:20:09,760 --> 00:20:12,560 Speaker 1: but that seems incorrect based on the timeline of when 337 00:20:12,800 --> 00:20:17,960 Speaker 1: Seppa was expanding before they made this deal. That partnership 338 00:20:18,040 --> 00:20:22,040 Speaker 1: began in seventeen ninety. The following year, Seppa moved from 339 00:20:22,240 --> 00:20:25,879 Speaker 1: Geneva to England, leaving production of carbonated water to his 340 00:20:26,000 --> 00:20:29,679 Speaker 1: partners while he tried to expand the market. This was 341 00:20:29,680 --> 00:20:32,960 Speaker 1: precipitated in a part by a man named William Belcom, 342 00:20:33,040 --> 00:20:36,280 Speaker 1: who was an English doctor living in Geneva. When Seppa 343 00:20:36,359 --> 00:20:40,320 Speaker 1: had taken on partners, it was decided that Belcom would 344 00:20:40,359 --> 00:20:43,159 Speaker 1: help with the effort to move into the British market 345 00:20:43,240 --> 00:20:46,560 Speaker 1: by using his contacts in the medical profession there to 346 00:20:46,640 --> 00:20:50,000 Speaker 1: like drum up interest in the product. The company planned 347 00:20:50,000 --> 00:20:53,920 Speaker 1: to send samples to various doctors both in England and Paris, 348 00:20:54,000 --> 00:20:57,800 Speaker 1: and Seppa would follow and set up a factory. This 349 00:20:57,880 --> 00:21:00,199 Speaker 1: seems to have been a time of some tension, a 350 00:21:00,280 --> 00:21:03,560 Speaker 1: power struggle among the partners, and the manner in which 351 00:21:03,600 --> 00:21:07,119 Speaker 1: the British plan was laid out in paperwork looks like 352 00:21:07,240 --> 00:21:10,399 Speaker 1: Seppa was sort of put out a disadvantage, as in, 353 00:21:11,359 --> 00:21:14,359 Speaker 1: if Goss and Paul decided it wasn't working, it was 354 00:21:14,520 --> 00:21:17,919 Speaker 1: their call and Fppa would not have his living expenses 355 00:21:17,960 --> 00:21:21,280 Speaker 1: in London covered anymore if that kind of decision was made, 356 00:21:22,160 --> 00:21:26,000 Speaker 1: And we'll see that that becomes an issue coming up. 357 00:21:26,080 --> 00:21:29,199 Speaker 1: We're going to see how things went in London. Spoiler alert, 358 00:21:29,359 --> 00:21:32,720 Speaker 1: not great initially. We'll talk about it after we hear 359 00:21:32,760 --> 00:21:34,879 Speaker 1: from the sponsors who keep stuff you missed in history 360 00:21:34,880 --> 00:21:47,680 Speaker 1: class going. Sheppa left Geneva at the end of seventeen 361 00:21:47,760 --> 00:21:50,000 Speaker 1: ninety one and he arrived in London just after the 362 00:21:50,040 --> 00:21:52,919 Speaker 1: New Year's seventeen ninety two and started to get their 363 00:21:52,960 --> 00:21:55,840 Speaker 1: new factory up and running at one forty one Dreary Lane. 364 00:21:56,320 --> 00:21:58,320 Speaker 1: It was kind of a bad neighborhood at the time. 365 00:21:59,200 --> 00:22:04,320 Speaker 1: London already had an established mineral water trade and bubbly 366 00:22:04,400 --> 00:22:07,080 Speaker 1: water was popular there. It wasn't as though Yakub Schweppe 367 00:22:07,480 --> 00:22:10,720 Speaker 1: was arriving to introduce a new concept. In the first 368 00:22:10,760 --> 00:22:14,720 Speaker 1: six months were very rough. Yakub additionally just really missed 369 00:22:14,720 --> 00:22:18,760 Speaker 1: his family. He suggested to his partners that summer, so 370 00:22:18,800 --> 00:22:21,280 Speaker 1: after he had been there five or six months, that 371 00:22:21,320 --> 00:22:24,800 Speaker 1: they should either shutter the London factory entirely or be 372 00:22:24,920 --> 00:22:28,000 Speaker 1: prepared to weather another seven or eight months of difficulty 373 00:22:28,400 --> 00:22:32,480 Speaker 1: before expecting any kind of success. I think, to his 374 00:22:32,600 --> 00:22:36,080 Speaker 1: surprise that's speculation, but it seems like he was a 375 00:22:36,080 --> 00:22:39,639 Speaker 1: little surprised. They decided to keep going and arrangements were 376 00:22:39,640 --> 00:22:42,560 Speaker 1: made for Sheppa's daughter Collette to travel to England so 377 00:22:42,640 --> 00:22:45,720 Speaker 1: that he would not be alone. But in the meantime, 378 00:22:45,800 --> 00:22:48,960 Speaker 1: sales in Geneva started to falter, and soon they just 379 00:22:49,000 --> 00:22:51,920 Speaker 1: wanted Sheppa to come home and fix it. He did 380 00:22:51,960 --> 00:22:54,480 Speaker 1: not go home, though he felt as though they were 381 00:22:54,520 --> 00:22:57,400 Speaker 1: backing out on the agreement to give the British plan 382 00:22:57,520 --> 00:23:00,359 Speaker 1: until the spring to see if it would work. He 383 00:23:00,400 --> 00:23:03,280 Speaker 1: wrote and basically said he'd be happy to sever tie 384 00:23:03,359 --> 00:23:07,040 Speaker 1: and run the entire company himself. As all of this 385 00:23:07,200 --> 00:23:10,600 Speaker 1: was playing out, France declared war on Britain. And on 386 00:23:10,680 --> 00:23:15,040 Speaker 1: February first, seventeen ninety three, in response to Britain expelling 387 00:23:15,080 --> 00:23:18,600 Speaker 1: the French ambassador. When King Louis the sixteenth was executed 388 00:23:18,680 --> 00:23:22,359 Speaker 1: on January twenty first, this puts Sveppa in an odd 389 00:23:22,440 --> 00:23:26,639 Speaker 1: and precarious position because all foreigners who had arrived in 390 00:23:26,680 --> 00:23:31,080 Speaker 1: Britain in the preceding year were ordered to leave. Technically, 391 00:23:31,240 --> 00:23:33,720 Speaker 1: he had been there a few weeks longer than the 392 00:23:33,760 --> 00:23:36,960 Speaker 1: cutoff would have been, but he was still worried. He 393 00:23:37,000 --> 00:23:39,560 Speaker 1: wrote a letter to the British government explaining that he 394 00:23:39,640 --> 00:23:42,560 Speaker 1: had been working very hard to establish a factory and 395 00:23:42,600 --> 00:23:45,560 Speaker 1: that he thought it would ultimately benefit the country for 396 00:23:45,640 --> 00:23:48,840 Speaker 1: him to be there, so he stayed. Yeah. He also 397 00:23:48,880 --> 00:23:52,320 Speaker 1: had a number of people that he knew write letters 398 00:23:52,320 --> 00:23:54,080 Speaker 1: on his behalf that were kind of like, no, no, 399 00:23:54,160 --> 00:23:57,960 Speaker 1: he's this is a good thing. During this tenth time, 400 00:23:58,840 --> 00:24:02,520 Speaker 1: Sveppa definitely seemed to be operating under the impression that 401 00:24:02,600 --> 00:24:05,400 Speaker 1: the company was now his alone and that his partners 402 00:24:05,400 --> 00:24:09,080 Speaker 1: had completely backed out. But in Geneva, they still believed 403 00:24:09,119 --> 00:24:13,520 Speaker 1: that they were involved, and this caused disagreements, which escalated 404 00:24:13,560 --> 00:24:16,840 Speaker 1: to a point where Sweppa hired an attorney friend of 405 00:24:16,880 --> 00:24:20,600 Speaker 1: his to just settle the situation cut it all apart, 406 00:24:20,680 --> 00:24:23,600 Speaker 1: and it ended up in a scenario where Sweppa let 407 00:24:23,680 --> 00:24:27,119 Speaker 1: his partners have the Geneva operation and he stayed in 408 00:24:27,200 --> 00:24:31,360 Speaker 1: London operating once again under the name Jay Sweppa and Company. 409 00:24:32,160 --> 00:24:34,359 Speaker 1: Now this sounds, given how things had been going, like 410 00:24:34,400 --> 00:24:37,680 Speaker 1: a bad decision, but his decision was ultimately the right one. 411 00:24:38,280 --> 00:24:41,119 Speaker 1: Paul and Gossa really did not understand the business the 412 00:24:41,119 --> 00:24:44,800 Speaker 1: way Sheppa did, and the Geneva factory soon went under 413 00:24:44,920 --> 00:24:47,720 Speaker 1: As Paul and Gossa bickered and decided that they would 414 00:24:47,760 --> 00:24:50,440 Speaker 1: just go their separate ways. They each kind of made 415 00:24:50,480 --> 00:24:55,400 Speaker 1: an effort to get into doing their own bubbling water companies. 416 00:24:55,440 --> 00:24:59,640 Speaker 1: That did not work out, and conversely, things started rapidly 417 00:24:59,680 --> 00:25:03,760 Speaker 1: picking up in Britain. Collette was still just a teenager 418 00:25:03,960 --> 00:25:06,760 Speaker 1: at this point and was helping her father run everything. 419 00:25:07,320 --> 00:25:10,199 Speaker 1: Sppa couldn't afford to pay a full staff. He was 420 00:25:10,240 --> 00:25:13,360 Speaker 1: a jack of all trades, handling the invoicing and accounts 421 00:25:13,359 --> 00:25:16,640 Speaker 1: management as well as the overall management of the operation. 422 00:25:17,480 --> 00:25:20,240 Speaker 1: He also trained Collette how to do everything in case 423 00:25:20,280 --> 00:25:24,000 Speaker 1: something happened to him. This was a smaller operation than 424 00:25:24,040 --> 00:25:26,479 Speaker 1: he had left behind in Geneva, but it was still 425 00:25:26,560 --> 00:25:29,760 Speaker 1: a lot. He also decided to move to a different 426 00:25:29,800 --> 00:25:34,560 Speaker 1: part of London and relocated everything first to King Street, Holborn, 427 00:25:34,680 --> 00:25:39,080 Speaker 1: and then again to eleven Margaret Street, Westminster. Things may 428 00:25:39,119 --> 00:25:41,680 Speaker 1: have sputtered out had it not been for the fact 429 00:25:41,720 --> 00:25:46,400 Speaker 1: that Erasmus Darwin made a recommendation of using Speppa's Seltzer 430 00:25:46,400 --> 00:25:51,360 Speaker 1: water to treat bladderstones in his seventeen ninety six book Zunomia. 431 00:25:52,160 --> 00:25:56,240 Speaker 1: Their prominent doctors started recommending it and soon Spepa saw 432 00:25:56,320 --> 00:26:00,520 Speaker 1: a significant uptick in business. At this point he also 433 00:26:00,600 --> 00:26:05,000 Speaker 1: started running advertisements. So prior to this, doctor Belcom, who 434 00:26:05,080 --> 00:26:07,880 Speaker 1: had been their advisor in the British market, had told 435 00:26:07,920 --> 00:26:11,280 Speaker 1: them that running ads there without doctor endorsements in Britain 436 00:26:11,520 --> 00:26:13,520 Speaker 1: was just going to give him a really bad reputation. 437 00:26:14,440 --> 00:26:18,320 Speaker 1: So once he had those endorsements, he started listing out 438 00:26:18,320 --> 00:26:23,760 Speaker 1: his offerings in advertisements to readers. Three ascidilist soda waters ascidilists, 439 00:26:23,840 --> 00:26:28,879 Speaker 1: Rochelle saltwater, Seltzer water, spawwater, Puremont water. You're wondering what 440 00:26:28,920 --> 00:26:31,439 Speaker 1: Piermont water is. It is just named after a spring 441 00:26:31,520 --> 00:26:33,920 Speaker 1: called Piermont, which is where a lot of sparkling water 442 00:26:34,000 --> 00:26:37,600 Speaker 1: came from. Even though he had endorsements from the leading 443 00:26:37,600 --> 00:26:40,119 Speaker 1: physicians of the day, he still had to pay a 444 00:26:40,160 --> 00:26:43,960 Speaker 1: patent medicine tax on these products. But also what was 445 00:26:44,000 --> 00:26:46,360 Speaker 1: going on that's interesting is in the next few years 446 00:26:46,800 --> 00:26:49,720 Speaker 1: the term soda water actually came into existence, so then 447 00:26:49,720 --> 00:26:53,960 Speaker 1: he was also selling that. But though Speppa was finally 448 00:26:54,040 --> 00:26:57,680 Speaker 1: achieving his goal in the carbonated water business in Britain, 449 00:26:58,359 --> 00:27:01,479 Speaker 1: he was getting tired. He had not seen his wife 450 00:27:01,480 --> 00:27:05,440 Speaker 1: Eleonora since he left Geneva, and she died in seventeen 451 00:27:05,520 --> 00:27:08,399 Speaker 1: ninety six. While they had still not been able to 452 00:27:08,400 --> 00:27:11,520 Speaker 1: see one another because of the ongoing conflict in Europe. 453 00:27:12,160 --> 00:27:15,000 Speaker 1: As the eighteenth century came to a close, Yakub Schweppe 454 00:27:15,160 --> 00:27:18,240 Speaker 1: wanted to spend time with his daughter away from work, 455 00:27:18,800 --> 00:27:21,560 Speaker 1: so in May of seventeen ninety eight, he sold the 456 00:27:21,560 --> 00:27:24,919 Speaker 1: controlling interest in the company to three businessmen from the 457 00:27:24,960 --> 00:27:27,680 Speaker 1: island of Jersey, which is part of the Channel Islands. 458 00:27:28,280 --> 00:27:34,640 Speaker 1: Those men were FC. Lauzun, HW. Lauzun and RCG. Brohere. 459 00:27:35,520 --> 00:27:38,800 Speaker 1: An eighth of the company was still owned by Yakob, 460 00:27:38,800 --> 00:27:42,119 Speaker 1: and an eighth was put in Collette's name. Yakub and 461 00:27:42,200 --> 00:27:45,920 Speaker 1: Collette remained in their residence attached to the Margaret Street factory, 462 00:27:46,000 --> 00:27:50,240 Speaker 1: and the company was still Schweppe in Company. In this instance, 463 00:27:50,560 --> 00:27:53,840 Speaker 1: unlike the situation with the Geneva factory, Sweppa and his 464 00:27:53,960 --> 00:27:56,639 Speaker 1: daughter trained the new owners on how to run the 465 00:27:56,640 --> 00:28:00,560 Speaker 1: business successfully. They also had a provision in the agreement 466 00:28:00,640 --> 00:28:03,920 Speaker 1: that outlined the sale of the company that in seventeen 467 00:28:04,000 --> 00:28:07,560 Speaker 1: ninety nine, half the interest that Jacob and Collette still 468 00:28:07,600 --> 00:28:11,000 Speaker 1: had would be handed over to another man, Stephen Demul, 469 00:28:11,480 --> 00:28:13,959 Speaker 1: and then they would step away from the business entirely 470 00:28:14,000 --> 00:28:17,840 Speaker 1: and move back to Geneva. Collette married several years later 471 00:28:17,960 --> 00:28:20,840 Speaker 1: in eighteen oh six, to Henri Luis Maunoir, and the 472 00:28:20,840 --> 00:28:24,080 Speaker 1: couple lived in Geneva, so they stayed close to Yacub. 473 00:28:24,600 --> 00:28:27,640 Speaker 1: Yacub and Collette both went to Germany in eighteen fourteen 474 00:28:27,760 --> 00:28:32,080 Speaker 1: so Sweppa could visit his childhood home. Once back in Geneva, 475 00:28:32,240 --> 00:28:34,760 Speaker 1: he led a very active life. He was still close 476 00:28:34,800 --> 00:28:38,000 Speaker 1: with his daughter, He tended his beloved peach trees, he 477 00:28:38,120 --> 00:28:41,760 Speaker 1: visited with friends, and he continued to study various scientific 478 00:28:41,800 --> 00:28:45,680 Speaker 1: ideas as his whims desired. He died at the age 479 00:28:45,680 --> 00:28:49,920 Speaker 1: of eighty and Collette was his sole inheritor. After Yakub 480 00:28:49,960 --> 00:28:53,640 Speaker 1: Swppe sold his interest in the company, the new owners 481 00:28:53,760 --> 00:28:57,400 Speaker 1: of J. Shwppe and Company expanded into the US market, 482 00:28:57,440 --> 00:29:00,520 Speaker 1: and this was actually a pretty easy sell. In North America, 483 00:29:01,000 --> 00:29:03,920 Speaker 1: there was a very real desire in the early eighteen 484 00:29:04,000 --> 00:29:07,520 Speaker 1: hundreds to replicate the culture of Europe on many people's parts, 485 00:29:07,520 --> 00:29:10,880 Speaker 1: and Sheppa had the benefit of popularity in Europe to 486 00:29:11,000 --> 00:29:14,640 Speaker 1: use as marketing directly to that desire. Yeah, it's like, 487 00:29:14,720 --> 00:29:18,600 Speaker 1: this is the most popular sparkling beverage in London. Don't 488 00:29:18,640 --> 00:29:22,520 Speaker 1: you want to buy it? Yeah? As demand for carbonated 489 00:29:22,520 --> 00:29:26,120 Speaker 1: water grew in North America, h Sheppa which I don't 490 00:29:26,160 --> 00:29:28,600 Speaker 1: know when they started pronouncing it with the more American 491 00:29:28,640 --> 00:29:33,280 Speaker 1: pronunciation of Schwep. But this company soon learned how difficult 492 00:29:33,400 --> 00:29:37,800 Speaker 1: it could be to transport carbonated water long distances. You've 493 00:29:37,800 --> 00:29:42,960 Speaker 1: ever shaken up a bottle of anything carbonated, you understand this. 494 00:29:42,960 --> 00:29:46,000 Speaker 1: This problem was solved by some degree by simply building 495 00:29:46,040 --> 00:29:49,760 Speaker 1: more factories in more places. The business grew again in 496 00:29:49,840 --> 00:29:54,160 Speaker 1: eighteen thirty one when Schwep's Indian Tonic Water was introduced 497 00:29:54,160 --> 00:29:58,240 Speaker 1: to capitalize on the continually growing health goods market. We've 498 00:29:58,280 --> 00:30:00,600 Speaker 1: mentioned before in the show that kwineai has been used 499 00:30:00,600 --> 00:30:03,320 Speaker 1: to treat malaria for a long time, and because there's 500 00:30:03,440 --> 00:30:06,280 Speaker 1: quinine in tonic water and there was in the new 501 00:30:06,600 --> 00:30:09,920 Speaker 1: Schwep's tonic water, it was quickly adopted by the British 502 00:30:10,000 --> 00:30:12,280 Speaker 1: Empire to be shipped to all of the places the 503 00:30:12,280 --> 00:30:15,720 Speaker 1: British Empire was colonizing where malaria was an issue. So 504 00:30:15,800 --> 00:30:19,560 Speaker 1: this was a huge, huge contract. It's a huge contract. Also, 505 00:30:20,240 --> 00:30:23,720 Speaker 1: the amount of quinine in tonic water not necessarily enough 506 00:30:24,080 --> 00:30:26,800 Speaker 1: to help with the malaria. They didn't know that. They 507 00:30:26,920 --> 00:30:31,560 Speaker 1: just ranted more of it. The note the company had 508 00:30:31,600 --> 00:30:34,640 Speaker 1: been sold in eighteen twenty four. In eighteen thirty four 509 00:30:34,800 --> 00:30:37,520 Speaker 1: it was bought again, this time by John Kemp Welch 510 00:30:37,560 --> 00:30:40,560 Speaker 1: and William Evel. It appears that this is when the 511 00:30:40,680 --> 00:30:44,160 Speaker 1: name started to shift away from Schwepp and Company to 512 00:30:44,680 --> 00:30:49,600 Speaker 1: Schweps with the apostrophe. That apostrophe was eventually dropped two 513 00:30:49,680 --> 00:30:52,560 Speaker 1: years later in eighteen thirty six. The J. Schweppe and 514 00:30:52,640 --> 00:30:56,240 Speaker 1: Company name was still used on the document that established 515 00:30:56,240 --> 00:30:59,320 Speaker 1: that the company was the official purveyor of soda water 516 00:30:59,360 --> 00:31:02,800 Speaker 1: to the Royal family. That's a status that was reiterated 517 00:31:02,800 --> 00:31:06,800 Speaker 1: by Queen Victoria the following year when she took the throne. 518 00:31:06,800 --> 00:31:10,440 Speaker 1: This essentially cemented its success because everybody wanted to drink 519 00:31:10,440 --> 00:31:13,560 Speaker 1: what the queen drank. This was also selected as the 520 00:31:13,600 --> 00:31:16,800 Speaker 1: official drink of the eighteen fifty one Great Expo that 521 00:31:16,840 --> 00:31:20,240 Speaker 1: took place in Paxton's Crystal Palace. Talked about that on 522 00:31:20,280 --> 00:31:24,560 Speaker 1: the show before. You can still find a stylized image 523 00:31:24,600 --> 00:31:29,320 Speaker 1: of the fountain from that expo on the Schwep's logo. Today, 524 00:31:29,520 --> 00:31:32,600 Speaker 1: some product cans have a more detailed illustration of the 525 00:31:32,640 --> 00:31:36,440 Speaker 1: fountain as the background. Yeah, that's still a huge part 526 00:31:36,480 --> 00:31:41,840 Speaker 1: of their visual graphic identity. The popularity of carbonated waters eventually, 527 00:31:41,920 --> 00:31:44,640 Speaker 1: of course, led to the addition of flavored syrups to 528 00:31:44,720 --> 00:31:47,960 Speaker 1: create new sodas and then Cola's, and they can all 529 00:31:47,960 --> 00:31:51,240 Speaker 1: trace their roots back to the eighteenth century inventions of 530 00:31:51,280 --> 00:31:56,120 Speaker 1: a handful of innovators. Today, ownership of Schweps is a 531 00:31:56,160 --> 00:31:59,760 Speaker 1: lot more complicated than any partnership that Yakub Schweppe could 532 00:31:59,760 --> 00:32:04,320 Speaker 1: have ever conceived. The brand overall is held by Sunaury 533 00:32:04,440 --> 00:32:11,920 Speaker 1: Holdings Limited subsidiary known as Schwep's International Limited. Several different companies, 534 00:32:11,960 --> 00:32:15,960 Speaker 1: including Coca Cola, own the brand in various territories. The 535 00:32:16,000 --> 00:32:19,840 Speaker 1: company's offerings now include a variety of flavors of ginger ale, 536 00:32:20,120 --> 00:32:23,640 Speaker 1: a lot of sparkling water flavors, club soda and tonic water, 537 00:32:24,600 --> 00:32:29,440 Speaker 1: and now the isle of carbonated beverages at most US 538 00:32:29,560 --> 00:32:33,880 Speaker 1: grocery stores rivals the size of entire groceries in various 539 00:32:33,880 --> 00:32:37,120 Speaker 1: other countries. I have a question, Yeah, are the whole 540 00:32:37,120 --> 00:32:40,680 Speaker 1: lot of sparkling water flavors sparkling water or seltzer. We're 541 00:32:40,680 --> 00:32:44,160 Speaker 1: gonna talk about that behind the scenes, all right, all right, 542 00:32:44,600 --> 00:32:48,080 Speaker 1: good to now, Because I too was like rabbit hole, 543 00:32:48,200 --> 00:32:52,000 Speaker 1: rabbit hole. I went down a rabbit hole this morning. 544 00:32:52,080 --> 00:32:54,160 Speaker 1: Even though you had written the thing out and sent 545 00:32:54,200 --> 00:32:56,120 Speaker 1: it to me, I was like, really, and I just 546 00:32:56,200 --> 00:32:59,520 Speaker 1: I got very fixated on what was what? Yes, me too. 547 00:32:59,600 --> 00:33:04,440 Speaker 1: I found myself reading many things and being like, that's incorrect, 548 00:33:05,440 --> 00:33:09,160 Speaker 1: you're misnaming it. But right now I will talk about 549 00:33:09,560 --> 00:33:14,840 Speaker 1: fun listener Mailah and this is from our listener Foster 550 00:33:15,120 --> 00:33:20,520 Speaker 1: and who wrote to us about very old animals. Foster writes, 551 00:33:20,520 --> 00:33:23,520 Speaker 1: a Greetings Tracy V and Holly. My wife and I 552 00:33:23,560 --> 00:33:25,680 Speaker 1: have been listening for many years now, and I've written 553 00:33:25,680 --> 00:33:27,719 Speaker 1: a few times. I write you today to express our 554 00:33:27,720 --> 00:33:30,760 Speaker 1: surprise that you didn't mention the greenland shark in your 555 00:33:30,760 --> 00:33:34,840 Speaker 1: recent episode Very Old Animals. We postulated perhaps the historical 556 00:33:34,880 --> 00:33:37,480 Speaker 1: stories surrounding the other animals you covered were just more 557 00:33:37,520 --> 00:33:40,720 Speaker 1: interesting than anything related to greenland sharks, but we also 558 00:33:40,760 --> 00:33:43,440 Speaker 1: agreed that your excellent research skills could surely find some 559 00:33:43,600 --> 00:33:47,120 Speaker 1: historical curiosity about a creature that's believed to be capable 560 00:33:47,160 --> 00:33:50,280 Speaker 1: of living over five hundred years. I was just reading 561 00:33:50,320 --> 00:33:52,120 Speaker 1: up to refresh my memory, and while I knew we 562 00:33:52,200 --> 00:33:54,880 Speaker 1: believed that they don't reach sexual maturity until one hundred 563 00:33:54,920 --> 00:33:57,200 Speaker 1: years old, I did not recall knowing they had a 564 00:33:57,240 --> 00:34:01,720 Speaker 1: gestation period of eight to eighteen years. Can you imagine if, 565 00:34:01,760 --> 00:34:03,680 Speaker 1: on the off chance you were unaware of this very 566 00:34:03,680 --> 00:34:05,760 Speaker 1: long lived creature. I hope you enjoy learning about it, 567 00:34:06,000 --> 00:34:08,360 Speaker 1: and if, as we suspect, you couldn't find any interesting 568 00:34:08,440 --> 00:34:10,560 Speaker 1: historical stories about it, we'd love to hear about that 569 00:34:10,600 --> 00:34:14,320 Speaker 1: as well, perhaps on the episodes behind the scenes. Regardless, 570 00:34:14,360 --> 00:34:16,719 Speaker 1: the true reason for writing you is, of course, to 571 00:34:16,760 --> 00:34:19,839 Speaker 1: share photos of our two new cats, Sonjay, who's two 572 00:34:19,880 --> 00:34:22,719 Speaker 1: point five years old and an orange tabby, and Georgie, 573 00:34:22,920 --> 00:34:25,640 Speaker 1: a year and a half year old tortoise shell. After 574 00:34:25,680 --> 00:34:28,560 Speaker 1: having lost our previous cat, Madeline to old age last year. 575 00:34:29,000 --> 00:34:31,200 Speaker 1: Our new cat friends both came from the local shelter 576 00:34:31,239 --> 00:34:33,479 Speaker 1: where my wife has been volunteering on the cat side 577 00:34:33,520 --> 00:34:36,520 Speaker 1: every Sunday for the last five years. She finally got 578 00:34:36,600 --> 00:34:39,000 Speaker 1: to take cats home. I'm sure you can understand for her, 579 00:34:39,160 --> 00:34:42,200 Speaker 1: all the litterbox cleaning, cat bathes and pill popping is 580 00:34:42,239 --> 00:34:44,640 Speaker 1: easy compared to not being able to take home at 581 00:34:44,719 --> 00:34:47,160 Speaker 1: least one cat a week. Yes, I fully understand this. 582 00:34:47,880 --> 00:34:50,000 Speaker 1: As you'll see from the photos. Sanjay likes to sleep 583 00:34:50,160 --> 00:34:52,600 Speaker 1: like a passed out drunkard and Georgie loves to climb. 584 00:34:52,920 --> 00:34:55,200 Speaker 1: Georgie loves showing off how she can climb our ladder, 585 00:34:55,719 --> 00:34:58,719 Speaker 1: even leaning nearly vertical against a wall. They both look 586 00:34:58,719 --> 00:35:00,719 Speaker 1: forward to going outside on her This is every night 587 00:35:00,760 --> 00:35:04,239 Speaker 1: after dinner, especially Sanjay, who is slowly getting close to 588 00:35:04,280 --> 00:35:06,919 Speaker 1: walking around the block much like a cautious dog. Thanks 589 00:35:06,960 --> 00:35:09,240 Speaker 1: so much for your podcast. Keep living your best lives. 590 00:35:09,320 --> 00:35:12,040 Speaker 1: Cheers Foster. Okay, these cats are so stink and cute 591 00:35:12,080 --> 00:35:16,240 Speaker 1: and I one hundred percent understand this problem. And also 592 00:35:16,560 --> 00:35:19,640 Speaker 1: thank you to your wife for volunteering to take care 593 00:35:19,680 --> 00:35:22,480 Speaker 1: of kiddies, and it is so hard not to just 594 00:35:23,080 --> 00:35:26,840 Speaker 1: shove one in your pocket and run. You exactly nailed it. 595 00:35:26,880 --> 00:35:30,160 Speaker 1: Why we didn't talk about the Greenland shark. There aren't 596 00:35:30,200 --> 00:35:33,160 Speaker 1: a lot of interesting stories other than this is very 597 00:35:33,160 --> 00:35:36,799 Speaker 1: old and cool, which is great. And I think we 598 00:35:36,880 --> 00:35:38,880 Speaker 1: did say that in the behind the scenes, I think, 599 00:35:39,400 --> 00:35:42,520 Speaker 1: can we? I don't think so. I've I think we 600 00:35:42,640 --> 00:35:45,680 Speaker 1: mentioned sharks, but not specifically Greenlyn sharks. Okay, somehow I 601 00:35:45,680 --> 00:35:49,000 Speaker 1: thought we specifically mentioned this and the behind the scenes. 602 00:35:49,239 --> 00:35:53,080 Speaker 1: Maybe now I don't remember, but yeah, so that's that's 603 00:35:53,080 --> 00:35:56,480 Speaker 1: why you're exactly right. I find them fascinating. I love 604 00:35:56,600 --> 00:36:00,640 Speaker 1: sharks and I was lucky enough to work with sharks 605 00:36:00,680 --> 00:36:04,520 Speaker 1: some when I was volunteering at the aquarium, which was 606 00:36:05,000 --> 00:36:08,040 Speaker 1: just wild and interesting. And they're an animal that we 607 00:36:08,600 --> 00:36:10,600 Speaker 1: as much as we know about them, we don't know 608 00:36:10,680 --> 00:36:15,080 Speaker 1: much about them because, like in terms of behavioral clues, 609 00:36:15,160 --> 00:36:17,680 Speaker 1: they don't always tell us what's going on with them 610 00:36:18,120 --> 00:36:20,640 Speaker 1: in ways that we understand. So there's still a lot 611 00:36:20,680 --> 00:36:24,400 Speaker 1: of work being done on figuring out like how sharks 612 00:36:24,440 --> 00:36:28,920 Speaker 1: present things like illnesses or just like stress. So it's 613 00:36:28,960 --> 00:36:33,120 Speaker 1: pretty fascinating. Shark physiology is fascinating. I love sharks, but 614 00:36:34,080 --> 00:36:37,400 Speaker 1: as you said, because we don't have that level of 615 00:36:37,440 --> 00:36:40,520 Speaker 1: like interactivity with sharks very often, we don't have a 616 00:36:40,520 --> 00:36:43,279 Speaker 1: lot of good stories about their behavior. So that's the 617 00:36:43,280 --> 00:36:45,360 Speaker 1: scoop with sharks. But if you want to write to 618 00:36:45,440 --> 00:36:47,640 Speaker 1: us and send us kiddie pictures or talk about your 619 00:36:47,680 --> 00:36:50,719 Speaker 1: favorite veri old animal, please do You can do that 620 00:36:50,760 --> 00:36:53,759 Speaker 1: at History podcast at iHeartRadio dot com. You can also 621 00:36:53,840 --> 00:36:56,839 Speaker 1: find us on social media as Missed in History, and 622 00:36:57,160 --> 00:36:59,080 Speaker 1: if you have not subscribed to the podcast, you can 623 00:36:59,120 --> 00:37:01,520 Speaker 1: do that on the iHeartRadio app or anywhere you listen 624 00:37:01,560 --> 00:37:09,080 Speaker 1: to your favorite shows. Stuff you Missed in History Class 625 00:37:09,120 --> 00:37:13,120 Speaker 1: is a production of iHeartRadio. For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, 626 00:37:13,280 --> 00:37:16,880 Speaker 1: visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen 627 00:37:16,920 --> 00:37:17,920 Speaker 1: to your favorite shows.